blood william harvey- father of physiology: discovered that blood circulated through the body in...
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BLOOD
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William Harvey- father of physiology: discovered that blood circulated through
the body in 1628.
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Blood..a liquid “tissue”???
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How are Tissue Classified ?(AGAIN)
Epithelial- lining or covering and glandular tissue.
Muscle- highly specialized to contract
Nervous- irritability and conductivity
Connective- Connects body parts; Must be living cells surrounded by a matrix. Example: Bone (cells sitting in lacunae in hardened matrix of calcium salts in Collagen fibers)
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Blood is considered to be a type of connective tissue. Even though it has a different function in comparison to other connective tissues it does have an extracellular matrix.
The matrix is the
plasma and erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are suspended in the plasma.
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Blood
The only fluid tissue in the human body
Classified as a connective tissueLiving cells = formed elementsNon-living matrix = plasma
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Introduction
• Blood, a type of connective tissue, is a complex mixture of cells, chemicals, and fluid.
• Blood transports substances throughout the body, and helps to maintain a stable internal environment.
• The blood includes
• Red blood cells – oxygen carrying cells
• White blood cells – fights infections
• Platelets – assist in the clotting of blood
• Plasma – water, proteins, vitamins, cellular wastes, etc.
• A blood hematocrit is normally 45% cells and 55% plasma.
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Red Blood Cells
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are biconcave disks that contain one-third oxygen-carrying hemoglobin by volume.
• When oxygen combines with hemoglobin bright red oxyhemoglobin results.
• Deoxygenated blood (deoxyhemoglobin) is darker.
• Red blood cells discard their nuclei during development and so cannot reproduce or produce proteins.
• Typical Red Blood cell counts (Approx. 5 million per drop)
• 4,600,000 - 6,200,000 cells per mm3 for males
• 4,500,000 - 5,100,000 cells per mm3 for females.
• The number of red blood cells is a measure of the blood's oxygen carrying capacity.
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• The average life span of a red blood cell is 120 days.
• The number of red cells is held relatively constant by the hormone erythropoietin (produced by kidneys)
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin)
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
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Control of Erythrocyte Production: Homeostasis
Figure 10.5
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Hypoxia
Prolonged oxygen deficiency due to deoxyhemoglobin (red blood cells not binded to O2) leads to cyanosis
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White Blood Cells • White blood cells (leukocytes) help defend the body against
disease.
• Normally a milliliter of blood contains 5,000 to 10,000 white blood cells.
• There are five types of white cells that can be distinguished by physical features.
1. Neutrophils have fine cytoplasmic granules and a multi-lobed nucleus when red staining • They comprise 54-62% of leukocytes.• Ingest and destroy bacteria
2. Eosinophils have coarse granules that stain deep red, a bi-lobed nucleus, • 1-3% of circulating leukocytes.• Control allergic reactions by removing chemicals
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Neutrophil – multi-lobed nucleus. Fine cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophil –cytoplasmic granules when red stained
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3. Basophils have fewer granules that stain blue• Fewer than 1% of leukocytes.• Release heparin and histamine, which
increases blood flow• Cause body’s response to allergens.
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4. Monocytes are the largest blood cells, have variably shaped nuclei
• Make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes.
• Can engulf and kill larger invading objects
5. Lymphocytes are long-lived, have a large, round nucleus,
• 25-33% of circulating leukocytes.
• Important for production of antibodies.
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Monocyte – kidney, oval, or lobe shaped nucleus.
Lymphocyte – large round nucleus.
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Blood Plasma
• Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood.
• Plasma is mostly water (90+%) but contains a variety of substances.
• Plasma functions to transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH.
• Plasma proteins fall into three groups
1. The albumins help maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of the plasma proteins.
2. The globulins, comprising 36% of the plasma proteins, are designated as alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.
• Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins
• Gamma globulins are a type of antibody
3. Fibrinogen (4%) plays a primary role in blood coagulation.
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• Plasma also carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Oxygen is carried in low levels in the plasma but mostly by the red blood cells.
• Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma as carbonic acid.
• Additionally, there are molecules called lipoproteins that help transport lipids throughout the bloodstream
• Chylomicrons – transport dietary fats from small intestine
• VLDL – transport triglycerides from liver to adipose tissue
• LDL – Delivers cholesterol to cells (Considered to be “Bad” cholesterol.)
• HDL – transports broken down chylomicrons to liver. (Considered to be “Good” cholesterol.)
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Hemostasis
• Hemostasis refers to the stoppage of bleeding.
• Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis:
1. Blood vessel spasm
• Roughly cutting a blood vessel causes the muscle in its walls to contract in a reflex, or engage in vasospasm.
2. Platelet plug formation
• Platelets stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net.
• A platelet plug is most effective on a small vessel.
3. Blood coagulation
• A variety of chemicals and proteins are used to form a clot
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ABO Blood Group• This refers to the type of antigens and antibodies found in the
blood stream.
• It allows doctors to determine what type of blood to give if a transfusion is necessary.
• The wrong blood can cause agglutination in a patient leading to death.
• Antigens – molecules on the outer surface of the cell
• Antibodies – molecules floating in plasma that help fight infections.
• Type O is most common (47%) and has no antigens but both A and B antibodies
• Type A is next (41%) and has A antigens and B antibodies.
• Type B follows (9%) and has B antigens and A antibodies.
• Type AB is least common (3%) and has A and B antigens and no antibodies.
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Phenotypes
Genotypes
Type A AA, Ao
Type B BB, Bo
Type AB AB
Type O oo
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Was Charlie Chaplin the father?
• In 1944 the actress Joan Barry (blood group A) sued Charlie Chaplin (blood group O) for support of her child (phenotype B).
• The blood group evidence was presented in court.
• The jury supported Joan Barry’s claim. Were they right?
The mother must be Heterozygous A (Ao)
The child must be Heterozygous B (Bo, inheriting the “o” from mother)
The child must have inherited a “B” from the father.
Charlie Chaplin was Homozygous O (oo) and therefore could not have been the father.
?
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• The Rh factor on blood refers to the positive or negative part of the blood type.
• Rh+ blood has an extra molecule on the blood cell.
• Rh- blood does not have this extra molecule.
• It can lead to problems like erythroblastosis fetalis
• Occurs when an Rh- woman and an Rh+ man conceive a child.
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