bme 482 kevin sylvestre. 35 million cases of alzheimer’s disease (ad) in u.s. alone causes are...
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BME 482Kevin Sylvestre
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35 million cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in U.S. alone
Causes are widely studied Leading theory- Amyloid Cascade
Hypothesis Mismetabolism of APP leads to aggregation of
Amyloid beta (Aβ) Formation of neuritic plaques Initiating event in AD
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Peptide of 39-43 amino acidsMostly concerned with Aβ42
More fibrillogenicFormed by cleavage of Amyloid
Precursor Protein (APP)Aβ production follows a circadian
rhythm
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Study by Randy L. Buckner, et al “Cortical Hubs Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity: Mapping, Assessment of Stability, and Relation to Alzheimer’s Disease”
Identified as areas with disproportionately greater connectivity compared with other regions
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Obvious correlation across 127 samples
Both datasets demonstrate disproportionately high connectivity in same areas
Voxel by voxel comparison; r = 0.93
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Some hubs (A and B) are assosicated with common core network
Others associated with distinct networks (C and D) A: posterior cingulate B: dorsolateral pre-frontal
cortex C: Supramarginal gyrus D: Medial prefrontal
cortex
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Hubs maintain activity during both rest fixation and task performance states
Overlaps “default network”
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One can readily observe relation between connectivity (cortical hubs) and Aβ deposition
Formally, shown with visual plotting, and correlation of voxels for each of the values
Conclusion: Aβ deposition occurs preferentially in cortical hubs
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Voxel by voxel comparison
Demonstrates a high correlation
Demonstrates parametric relationship: greater level of functional connectivity across brain, greater level of Aβ deposition in AD
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Cortical hubs maintain activity across task states; may suggest hubs are vulnerable to Aβ deposition due to high, constant baseline activity
APP processing is activity dependant Neuronal stimulation increases the
abundance of Aβ These conclusions may indicate
mechanism for Aβ vulnerability
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Targeted treatment of AD will become possible
Cortical hubs indicate target areas
May provide insight in future treatments of other diseases
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“Cortical Hubs Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity: Mapping, Assessment of Stability, and Relation to Alzheimer’s Disease” Randy L. Buckner et. al.; J. Neuroscience. February 11, 2009 http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/29/6/1860?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&titleabstract=mapping&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=Consciousness&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT
“Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis” http://wiki.iop.kcl.ac.uk/default.aspx/Neurodegeneration/Amyloid%20Cascade%20Hypothesis.html
“Beta amyloid”. (2010, January 28). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_amyloid&oldid=340508037
“Alzheimer's Facts and Figures” http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_facts_figures.asp