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BMM 4753BMM 4753
RENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGYRESOURCESRESOURCES
Prof DrProf Dr HjHj ShahraniShahrani BinBin HjHj AnuarAnuarOffice A04Office A04--33--11--2020
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CLASS SCHEDULECLASS SCHEDULE
Day Time Venue
Monday 9:00-9:50 AM DPM
Tueday 9:00-9:50 AM DPM
Thursday 9:00-9:50 AM DPM
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
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TEACHING METHODSTEACHING METHODS
Method Units HoursLecture: 3 3 hours X 14 weeks 42
Tutorial: 0 0 hour X 14 weeks 0
Laboratory: 0 0 hours X 14 weeks 0
Total Hours 42
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
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This course introducesThis course introduces
the need and concept ofthe need and concept of
Renewable ResourcesRenewable Resources
such assuch asSolar Energy, Geothermal Energy, WindSolar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Wind
Energy, Bio Energy, Ocean, Wave andEnergy, Bio Energy, Ocean, Wave and
Tidal EnergiesTidal Energiesand other forms.and other forms.
COURSE SYNOPSISCOURSE SYNOPSIS
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
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CO1:CO1: Explain the current and contemporary issues ofExplain the current and contemporary issues of
renewable energy resourcesrenewable energy resources
CO2:CO2: Analyzing Solar and Geothermal Energy thermal energyAnalyzing Solar and Geothermal Energy thermal energy
conversion systems for different understandingsconversion systems for different understandings
CO3:CO3: Evaluate the energy potential in the wind andEvaluate the energy potential in the wind and
understand the parameters involvedunderstand the parameters involved
CO4:CO4: Analyzing Biomass conversion techniques into liquidAnalyzing Biomass conversion techniques into liquid
and gaseous forms for various Understandings andand gaseous forms for various Understandings and
design/estimate a biogas digester volume for specificdesign/estimate a biogas digester volume for specificunderstandingsunderstandings
CO5:CO5: Analyzing Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy conversionAnalyzing Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy conversion
devices for electricity generation and also evaluatedevices for electricity generation and also evaluate
other energy resourcesother energy resources Slide 5Slide 5
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
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COURSE OUTCOMESCOURSE OUTCOMES
By the end of semester, students should be able to:
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ASSESSMENT METHODSASSESSMENT METHODS
Assessments CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 Distribution
Test 1 20%
Test 2 20%
Quizzes 10%
Assignments 10%
Final Exam 40%
Total 100 %
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1.1. Renewable Energy ResourcesRenewable Energy Resources
John Twidell and Tony WeirJohn Twidell and Tony Weir
E & F.N.SponE & F.N.Spon
2.2. Solar EnergySolar Energy Principles of Thermal Collection and storagePrinciples of Thermal Collection and storage
S.P.Sukhatme,S.P.Sukhatme,Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1996.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1996.
3.3. Renewable Energy ResourcesRenewable Energy Resources -- Basic Principles andBasic Principles and
UnderstandingsUnderstandings
G.N.Tiwari and M.K.GhosalG.N.Tiwari and M.K.Ghosal
NarosaNarosa
4.4. Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion TechnologyRenewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology
N.K.Bansal et alN.K.Bansal et al
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990.
REFERENCESREFERENCES
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
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LECTURE SCHEDULELECTURE SCHEDULE
WEEK TOPIC
1 Introduction to Energy Resources
2 1 Solar Energy
3 1.2 Types of Solar Collectors
4 1.3 Thermal analysis of Solar FPC5 2.1 Geothermal Energy (GE)
6 2.2 Thermal Energy Conversion
7 3.1 Wind Energy
WEEK TOPIC
8 3.2 Energy availability in Wind
9 4. 1 Biomass
10 4.2 Biofuel and applications
11 5.1 Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy12 5.1 Ocean, Wave and Tidal Energy
13 6. Other Energy Resources
14 Revision
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Topic 1Topic 1
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGYBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGYINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
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SummarySummary
1.1. TerminologyTerminology2.2. World Energy ScenarioWorld Energy Scenario
3.3. TypesTypes -- Fossil and Renewable resourcesFossil and Renewable resources
4.4. Environmental impactEnvironmental impact Global warmingGlobal warming
5.5. Need for utilization of renewable resourcesNeed for utilization of renewable resources
6.6. Classification of renewable resourcesClassification of renewable resources
7.7. Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia
Topic 1Topic 1INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGYBMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY
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1. 1 Terminology1. 1 Terminology
Energy The word energy is derived from the Greek en (in) and ergon
(work).
Forms of energy
Heat Work
Chemical Energy (In Fuels Or Batteries),
Kinetic Energy (In Moving Substances),
Electrical Energy,
Gravitational
Potential Energy (by virtue of its elevation)
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Power is the rate at which energy is converted from one form to
another, or transferred from one place to another.
watt (W) is defined as one joule per second.
kilowatt is 1000 watts, i.e. 1000 joules per second, and there are
3600 seconds in an hour, so 1 kWh = 3600 x 1000 = 3.6 x 10
6
Joules (i.e. 3.6 MJ).
kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a measure energy of power used for a given
time period. If the power of an electric heater is 1 kW, and it
runs for an hour, we say that it has consumed one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of energy.
1 Mtoe = 41.9 PJ is a measure of energy often simply expressed in
unit 'million tonnes of oil equivalent.
TopicTopic 11 -- INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
1. 1 Terminology ..contd1. 1 Terminology ..contd
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Alternative energyAlternative energy
refers to any source of usable energy intended torefers to any source of usable energy intended to
replace fuel sources without the undesiredreplace fuel sources without the undesired
consequences of the replaced fuels.consequences of the replaced fuels.
Renewable energyRenewable energy
refers to energy which comes from natural resourcesrefers to energy which comes from natural resources
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermalsuch as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermalheat, which is naturally replenished.heat, which is naturally replenished.
1. 1 Terminology ..contd1. 1 Terminology ..contd
TopicTopic 11 -- INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
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1. 2 World Energy Scenario1. 2 World Energy Scenario
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1.1. 2 World Energy Scenario . World Oil & Gas Production2 World Energy Scenario . World Oil & Gas Production
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1. 2 World Energy Scenario1. 2 World Energy Scenario
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1.31.3 Types of Energy ResourcesTypes of Energy Resources
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1.41.4 EnvironmentalEnvironmental ImpactImpact and Climate Changeand Climate Change
Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), 1854-2000. Carbon dioxide data from 1958 weremeasured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii; pre-1958 data are estimated from ice cores
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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and Climate ChangeEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change
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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and Climate Change .contdEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change .contd
atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have varied between about 200 and 300 parts per million by volume (ppmv). But
during the twentieth century they rose beyond this range, increasing to 370 ppm by 2001. Projections by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest they could rise to around 700 ppmv by the end of the
twenty-first century if no action is taken to limit emissions.
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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and ClimateEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change .highlightsChange .highlights
Air pollution, acid rain,
The depletion of natural resources
The dangers ofnuclear radiation
Global climate change caused by emissions of greenhouse gasesfrom fossil fuel combustion. Greenhouse gases, principally water
vapour, carbon dioxide and methane. Allowing solar radiation to
enter but inhibiting the outflow of infrared radiation. The natural
'greenhouse effect is essential in maintaining the earth's surface
temperature at a level suitable for life, around 15 C.
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1.41.4 Environmental Impact and ClimateEnvironmental Impact and Climate Change .highlightsChange .highlights
The principal contributor to these increased emissions is carbondioxide from the combustion of fossil fuels if not curbed, the surface
temperature is predicted to rise by 1.4 to 5.8 C. Such rises will
probably cause an increased frequency of climatic extremes, such as
floods or droughts, and serious disruption to agriculture and natural
ecosystems. Mean sea levels are likely to rise by around 0.5 m by theend of the century, which could inundate some low-lying areas.
Beyond 2100, sea level rises could occur if major Antarctic ice
sheets melt.
The threat of global climate change caused by carbon dioxide
emissions from fossil fuel combustion is one of the main reasonswhy there is a growing consensus on the need to reduce such
emissions. Reductions in the range 60-80% may be needed by the
end of the twenty-first century and, ultimately, a switch to low- or
zero-carbon energy sources such as renewables.
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There is a depletion of reservesThere is a depletion of reserves withwith
associatedassociated hazards of pollutionhazards of pollution..Global heat balanceGlobal heat balance
The dependence for oil/natural gas on otherThe dependence for oil/natural gas on othercountries may destabilize the Energycountries may destabilize the Energy SecuritySecurity
Building stockpilesBuilding stockpiles
Diversification of energy supply sourcesDiversification of energy supply sources
Energy efficiencyEnergy efficiency
Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentDevelopment ofDevelopment of renewable energyrenewable energy sourcessources
Energy conservationEnergy conservation
TopicTopic 11 -- INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources
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EnergyEnergy efficiencyefficiencyis said to be achieved when energy intensity in a
specific product, process or area of production
or consumption is reduced without
affecting output, consumption or comfort levels.
ReductionReduction
in energy consumption
leads to sustainable development
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1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights
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Sustainable developmentSustainable development Defined as development that meets the needs
of the present, without compromising theability of future generations to meet their own
needs. Future energy requirements will not be met by
any single energy resource or technology.
Renewable energy technologies may play a
"complementary" role rather than an"alternative" role.
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1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights
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Renewable Energy In Developing CountriesRenewable Energy In Developing Countries
Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing
countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and
distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be
difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can
offer a viable alternative.Renewable energy projects in many developing countries have
demonstrated that renewable energy can directly contribute to
poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating
businesses and employment.
Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect
contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for
cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can
also contribute to education, by providing electricity to
schools.
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1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights
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RenewableRenewable EnergyEnergy InIn DevelopingDeveloping CountriesCountries
Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems
installed per capita (but not the number of watts added). More
than 30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30
watts, are sold in Kenya annually. For an investment of as littleas $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to
charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a
fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day.
In India, a solar loan program sponsored by UNEP has helped
100,000 people finance solar power systems in India.Similar solar projects in other parts of developing world like Tunisia,
Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico
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1.51.5 Need For Utilization Of Renewable ResourcesNeed For Utilization Of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights
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Main forms of renewable energy
1. Wind power2. Hydropower
3. Solar energy
4. Biomass
5. Ocean
6. Geothermal Energy
Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are
replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from
the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in
the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind,ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels
and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Each of these
sources has unique characteristics which influence how and where
they are used.
1.1. 66 Classification of Renewable ResourcesClassification of Renewable Resources .highlights.highlights
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1.61.6 Classification of renewable resourcesClassification of renewable resources .schematic.schematic
Renewable energy potentials
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1.71.7 Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia
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Consumption MalaysiaAsia
(excl. Mid-East)World
Industry 11,259 752,092 2,140,474
Transportation 11,392 335,749 1,755,505
Residential 3,135 731,518 1,845,475
Commercial & public services 1,941 101,129 511,555
Agriculture 106 64,834 166,287
Others 579 79,643 333,981
Total Final Energy Consumption 28,412 2,064,965 6,753,276
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR IN MALAYSIA YEAR 1999
1,000 tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe)
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1.71.7 Resources in Malaysia .highlightsResources in Malaysia .highlights
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1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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Increasing
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1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
TopicTopic 11 -- INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCESINTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
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1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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Generation Fuel Options
The New Five-Fuel Diversification Strategy replaces the Four-FuelDiversification Strategy, in which the fifth fuel under the New Strategy is
non-hydro renewable energy (RE) alongside the existing four fuels utilised
for power generation, namely, oil, gas, coal and hydro. The Four-Fuel
Strategy and subsequently the New Five-Fuel Strategy has been successful
in bringing down oil consumption for power generation from more than80% in the 1980's to about 32% in FY1998 and further down to about 4%
in FY2000. The Government is also looking into efficient energy utilisation
and consumption through the National Energy Efficiency Strategy. There
are therefore no firm plans at present for the introduction of nuclear
power generation, although TNB maintains an interest in nuclear powertechnology through a continuing programme of technical and manpower
training. TNB has the largest generation capacity of over 7,500 MW that
accounts for over 62% of the total power generation of Peninsular
Malaysia.
1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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OilIn the early eighties, oil-fired generation contributes to a
substantial proportion of TNB's output and operating costs were
significantly affected by excursions in oil prices since late 1973.
Despite current low prices of fuel oil, oil-fired generating plants
are not considered to be strongly competitive options for longterm planning purposes, in view of the uncertainties of future
prices, and other available alternatives. In TNB, oil requirement
has reduced over the years.
1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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Natural GasNatural gas has become an important fuel for gas turbines and
combined-cycle plant developments, both for TNB and IPPs. The
Phase II of the Peninsular Gas Utilisation Pipeline Project has
made available natural gas to the West Coast and South of
Peninsular Malaysia in the late 1991.With the completion of the gas pipeline project and the
advent of Independent Power Producers (IPP) in 1994, gas
utilisation in power generation has increased tremendously. To-
date, gas contributed to about 76% of the total generation
capacity mix.
1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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Coal
Coal is also commercially available from foreign sources and this
fuel is an option for our power generation development studies.
Current indications are that imported coal will be a competitive fuel
source for electric power generation in Malaysia. The third phase
Port Klang Power Station, which was scheduled to becommissioned in 2001, comprises two 500 MW coal-fired units
capable of burning coal/gas/oil. In addition, the Janamanjung
Power Station which is a 2,100 MW coal-fired plant, is expected to
come online in year 2003.
More coal-fired plants (including IPPs) have been proposedin the years beyond 2000 for security of power supply and to
conform with the diversification of fuel usage in power sector as
required by the national fuel policy. Currently coal-fired generation
constitutes about 5% of the total generation capacity mix.
1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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HydroelectricityIt is estimated that the indicative hydro potential in Peninsular
Malaysia totals some 16 TWh/year. Nine major hydro stations
with a capacity of 1,874 MW are currently in service. This total
capacity includes the recently commissioned Pergau
Hydroelectric Station (in 1997) which contributes a total peaking
capacity of 600MW. Three other hydroelectric projects have
been identified and under planning stage namely, Ulu
Terengganu (300MW), upgrading of Kenyir Hydro station
(300MW) and Ulu Jelai's mixed pumped storage (1,000MW-1,200MW) with 300MW conventional hydro scheme.
1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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Renewable EnergyRenewable energy (RE) has been identified and finalised by the
Government as the fifth fuel under the New Five-Fuel
Diversification Strategy. The RE focus would be on biomass,
especially from palm oil and wood wastes. The target of
contribution towards the total electricity generation mix from REis 5% by 2005 and 10% by 2010, after which this ratio could be
maintained thereafter.
1.71.7 Resources inResources in Malaysia .highlightsMalaysia .highlights
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1. Malaysia will become a net energy importer before 2020 and is therefore
committed to find alternative means of energy that are sustainable.2. Country's energy requirement was estimated to rise by 6.3 percent annually
and by 2030, the level would have reached 28 percent.
3. Malaysia in the midst of implementing a number of initiatives with regard to
policy review, research and development (R&D) and applications and had given
emphasis to the R&D of renewable energy since the 7th
Malaysia Plan.4. In total, 185 projects related to the development of technologies focusing on
harnessing energy from resources such as biomass, solar, hydro, wind and tidal
waves costing RM158 million have been carried out.
5. Biomass would be a feature in the source of renewable energy mix for the
country in the near future since Malaysia has an abundance of the resources.6. Steps to develop a renewable energy technology roadmap in five focus areas
comprising biomass, solar, wind, micro-hydro and tidal power.
7. The use of renewable energy plays an ever increasing role in meeting the
requirements of our energy security and the effects of climate change due to
the greenhouse gases emission
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1.71.7 Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia .Bernama April 27, 2010.Bernama April 27, 2010
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Energy Mix For The FutureEnergy Mix For The FutureA judicious mix of fossil, nuclear and renewable
sources with appropriate technologies backed by a
scientific analysis for efficiency, emissions, economics,
and reliability, as applicable to different power
capacity slots, must be developed to facilitate the
optimum use of the available energy resources and
meet the energy requirements of the country.
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1.71.7 Resources in MalaysiaResources in Malaysia .future.future
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