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Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/02/09/3036037/boldt-decision-on-tribal-fishing.html[2/10/2014 1:12:36 PM] 48° Forecast Subscriptions Report News Customer Service Classifieds Jobs Cars Homes Apartments Legals Place an Ad HOME NEWS SPORTS BUSINESS OPINION LIVING & ENTERTAINMENT LOCAL DEALS RELATED STORIES: Boldt Decision cleared path for more landmark tribal rights changes George Hugo Boldt was not a man anyone would mistake for a revolutionary. He was a bespectacled and conservative Republican, a former Army officer who grew up in Montana and kept his close-sheared haircut intact throughout the turbulent ’60s and beyond. Among his many conservative credentials, Boldt was known as the federal judge who in 1970 held a group of Vietnam War protesters called the Seattle Seven in contempt of court and sentenced them to prison for six months. The only thing about Boldt that could be sports jackets and bow ties. And yet … The court ruling Boldt handed down 40 years ago this week is a decision now recognized as one of the most sweeping documents of economic and social reform in Pacific Northwest history. The central question in United States v. Washington concerned tribal fishing rights, but ripples from the decision went far and wide. It changed the empty concept of “tribal sovereignty” into something that needed to be taken seriously — or else. And it transformed the way state and tribal governments interact. News > Local News > Politics Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years Landmark 1974 ruling led to numerous changes in government-tribal interactions BY ROB CARSON Staff writer February 9, 2014 Billy Frank Jr., second from left, chairman of the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, speaks Wednesday in Shelton at a gathering of Western Washington treaty tribes marking 40 years since the decision by Judge George Hugo Boldt, in picture, in United States v. Washington. DEAN J. KOEPFLER — Staff photographer | Buy Photo

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  • Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune

    http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/02/09/3036037/boldt-decision-on-tribal-fishing.html[2/10/2014 1:12:36 PM]

    48° Forecast

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    Boldt Decision cleared path for more landmark tribalrights changes

    George Hugo Boldt was not a man anyonewould mistake for a revolutionary.

    He was a bespectacled and conservativeRepublican, a former Army officer who grewup in Montana and kept his close-shearedhaircut intact throughout the turbulent ’60sand beyond.

    Among his many conservative credentials,Boldt was known as the federal judge who in1970 held a group of Vietnam War protesterscalled the Seattle Seven in contempt of courtand sentenced them to prison for six months.

    The only thing about Boldt that could beconsidered radical was his fondness for plaidsports jackets and bow ties.

    And yet …

    The court ruling Boldt handed down 40 yearsago this week is a decision now recognizedas one of the most sweeping documents ofeconomic and social reform in PacificNorthwest history.

    The central question in United States v.Washington concerned tribal fishing rights,but ripples from the decision went far andwide.

    It changed the empty concept of “tribalsovereignty” into something that needed to betaken seriously — or else. And it transformedthe way state and tribal governments interact.

    News > Local News > Politics

    Boldt Decision on tribal fishing stillresonates after 40 yearsLandmark 1974 ruling led to numerous changes in government-tribalinteractionsBY ROB CARSONStaff writer February 9, 2014

    Billy Frank Jr., second from left, chairman of the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, speaks Wednesday inShelton at a gathering of Western Washington treaty tribes marking 40 years since the decision by Judge GeorgeHugo Boldt, in picture, in United States v. Washington. DEAN J. KOEPFLER — Staff photographer | Buy Photo

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  • Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune

    http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/02/09/3036037/boldt-decision-on-tribal-fishing.html[2/10/2014 1:12:36 PM]

    For Washington Indian tribes, it marked the beginning of a renaissance, fueled by money, powerand pride.

    For four decades, the Boldt Decision has shaped political issues in Washington, from those thatare purely tribal-based — gambling, tribal sales of cigarettes and gasoline, and tribal lawenforcement, for example — to broadly based issues that involve environmental regulation andland use throughout the state.

    The decision had consequences for native tribes not only in Western Washington but alsothroughout the United States — and to some extent for indigenous people around the world.

    “People from New Zealand and Australia come to ask us, ‘How did you do this?’ ” said Billy FrankJr., a Nisqually fisherman made famous by the case. “How did you get the United Statesgovernment to be on your side?”

    The answer, said University of Washington fisheries professor Richard Whitney, who recentlyappeared with Frank for a filmed chat about the Boldt Decision in its 40th year, is that there wasnothing radical about the ruling.

    It was, in fact, a conservative reading, he said, a strict law-and-order interpretation entirely inkeeping with Boldt’s character and his view of the law.

    “It was one of the most significant decisions of the century,” Whitney said. “Not just because of thefishing situation, but because of the fact that a federal judge would look at the law and say, this iswhat the law requires, and everybody has to live up to it. Not just the tribes and not just the state,but everybody.

    “That principle — that we are going to abide by the law — is what keeps this country alive,”Whitney said.

    SHOWDOWN

    Armed law enforcement officers use tear gas and force to arrest tribal protesters in a fishing encampment on the Puyallup

    River in 1970. (Courtesy Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission).

    Boldt’s tough reaction to the Seattle Seven — plus the fact he himself was a sport fisherman —gave tribes serious misgivings when it was announced in 1970 that he would be the judge topreside over the high-profile fishing case.

    Hank Adams, who had served as the tribes’ unofficial tactician and political organizer through mostof the 1960s, considered trying to have Boldt removed, but then thought better of it.

    An Assiniboine-Sioux, Adams played a key role in elevating the fishing dispute on the Nisquallyand Puyallup rivers to the national stage.

    For years, state fisheries managers had restricted net fishing on Puget Sound rivers at certaintimes of the year to protect salmon runs. Indian fishermen routinely ignored the restrictions,arguing they had a treaty right to fish whenever and however they pleased. And they got arrested.

    Beginning in 1964, Adams, Frank, Ramona Bennett and other Indian activists began turning the

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  • Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune

    http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/02/09/3036037/boldt-decision-on-tribal-fishing.html[2/10/2014 1:12:36 PM]

    arrests into media events, organizing rallies and inviting Marlon Brando, Jane Fonda, Dick Gregoryand other celebrities to the riverbanks to help sway public opinion.

    The demonstrations sometimes erupted into brawls, with television cameras capturing the actionfor the national news.

    “The timing was everything,” Bennett said Wednesday at a celebration of the Boldt Decision heldat the Squaxin Island Tribe’s casino complex. “It was in the middle of the peace movement andthe civil rights movement.

    “There was a change going on,” she said, “and we got to be part of that change.”

    At the anniversary celebration — attended by more than 1,000 tribal members from across thestate — Bennett, Frank and Adams regaled the crowd with reminiscences of the Fish Wars,describing armed confrontations with police, beatings and repeated jailings.

    “We got dragged out of the river and into the jail,” Frank said. “We were willing to die for theserights, and we still are.”

    STUNNING RULING

    In 1970, the federal government filed United States v. Washington on behalf of the tribes, arguingthe state was denying tribes rights guaranteed in treaties signed in the 1850s.

    The treaties confined the tribes to reservations but contained a phrase that became critical at trial:“The right of taking fish, at all usual and accustomed grounds and stations, is further secured tosaid Indians, in common with all citizens of the territory.”

    The 203-page decision Boldt delivered Feb. 12, 1974, is complex, but the part most shocking atthe time was his formula for deciding how many of the salmon and steelhead should go to thetribes and how many to non-Indians.

    Boldt interpreted the words “in common with” to mean the tribes were entitled to up to 50 percentof the harvestable catch, an almost inconceivable change considering tribal members made upless than 1 percent of the state population and non-Indian fishermen routinely were taking 95percent of the fish.

    It was hard to tell who was more stunned by Boldt’s ruling: the state or the tribes. Attorneysrepresenting the tribes had floated the idea that the phrase “in common with” could mean 50percent, but even they thought it was a stretch.

    For thousands of sport and commercial fishermen, the ruling was a bombshell. It cut their catch inhalf and put most out of business.

    Boldt was mocked on bumper stickers — “Can Judge Boldt, not Salmon;” “A dead Boldt is a goodBoldt.” — and was hanged in effigy in front of federal courthouses.

    AFTERSHOCKS

    Forty years later it is difficult to imagine the extent of the outrage and indignation the BoldtDecision caused.

    Fawn Sharp, currently president of the Quinault Indian Nation on the Olympic Peninsula, hadbarely learned to walk when Boldt handed down his ruling.

    She doesn’t remember the day of the decision,but she said she would never forget the angerand resentment she felt from white people foryears afterward. Sharp recalls being afraid to goto the white fishing town of Westport becauseIndians had their tires slashed there.

    “Westport was like a no-no place,” she said.“There was a lot of fear.”

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  • Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune

    http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/02/09/3036037/boldt-decision-on-tribal-fishing.html[2/10/2014 1:12:36 PM]

    Billy Frank Jr. , left, greets old friends during the 40th

    anniversary celebration of the Boldt Decision on Wednesday

    near Shelton. (Dean J. Koepfler, staff photographer).

    Boldt also ruled that tribes had the right toregulate the fishing of their members,independent of state laws and regulations. That,in the eyes of many non-Indians, was anunacceptable and un-American positionbecause it granted a small portion of thepopulation “special rights” over others.

    “You can’t have superior rights,” said JackMetcalf, a state senator at the time and later aU.S. representative. “You can’t have a hereditaryaristocracy that has more rights than otherpeople.”

    Many nonnative fishermen refused to obey federal bans on fishing, and the state refused toenforce them. Slade Gorton, the Washington State attorney general at the time, vowed to appealthe ruling (which he did without success) to make sure it was vacated.

    James Johnson, then an assistant attorney general and now a member of the Washington StateSupreme Court, called Boldt’s decision “an aberration” and said he was confident it would beoverturned.

    The state’s resistance led the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals to compare Washington with states inthe Deep South that refused to abide by federally mandated desegregation.

    “Except for some segregation cases … the district court has faced the most concerted official andprivate efforts to frustrate a decree of a federal court witnessed in this century,” appellate courtjustices said of the Boldt Decision.

    RULING’S MEANING

    The irony of the Boldt Decision is that the 50/50 allocation formula, which appeared to be the mostrevolutionary aspect, turned out to be largely meaningless, at least as it related to salmon.

    A handful of well-financed Indian fishermen profited in the years immediately following the ruling,but by then the salmon fishery in Puget Sound was so nearly destroyed by development andlogging there was little left to fight over. The tribes’ annual harvest is lower now than in 1974.

    More significant was the extent to which Boldt’s decision reinforced the notion of tribal sovereigntyand elevated the legal status of the treaties.

    Boldt said the state and tribes should “co-manage” fishing resources off the reservations. Furtherreadings of the case established that the state has an obligation to protect fish habitat, to ensurethe tribes’ rights to fish in perpetuity.

    That created a powerful legal incentive to protect the environment and include tribes in land-usedecisions.

    The Boldt Decision and its allocation formula were extended to include shellfish, including themultimillion-dollar geoduck harvest.

    The legal status it gave the treaties and the concept of tribal sovereignty figured prominently in thePuyallup Land Claims Settlement and the state’s accords, which made possible the tribes’ highlyprofitable gaming operations.

    BATTLE NEVER ENDS

    As the tribes celebrate the anniversary of the Boldt Decision this week, yet another federal court

  • Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune

    http://www.thenewstribune.com/2014/02/09/3036037/boldt-decision-on-tribal-fishing.html[2/10/2014 1:12:36 PM]

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    sub-proceeding is in the news — one that could cost the state an estimated $1.9 billion.

    The treaty tribes argued that hundreds of culverts installed at road crossings by the state blockfish from passing through them and therefore reduce the amount of harvest available to the tribes.Last year, a federal court judge gave the state a 17-year deadline to fix the fish-blocking culverts.

    “We prefer to collaborate with the state,” said Frank, head of the Northwest Indian FisheriesCommission since it was founded immediately after Boldt. “However, the state’s unwillingness towork together and solve the problems of these salmon-blocking culverts in a timely manner left uswith no alternative except the courts.”

    “The fight never stops,” Frank said. “You fight for your culture, your way of life.”

    Rob Carson: [email protected]

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    Mark Davis · Top Commenter · Tacoma Community College

    And thus ended the bountiful fish runs. One need look no farther than Indian over fishing to find thereason for salmon runs being decimated.

    Reply · · Like · Yesterday at 11:36am2

    Lawrence Moe Butler · Works at Puyallup Tribe of Indians

    Funny... Sport fishermen catch just as many, if not more than tribal fishermen.

    Reply · · Like · 21 hours ago1

    James Jones · Top Commenter · University of LaVerne, LaVerne, CA

    The Bodt decision was as rediculous as the casinos for indians "only"!!

    Reply · · Like · Yesterday at 8:06am1

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  • Boldt Decision on tribal fishing still resonates after 40 years | Politics | The News Tribune

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