Bonding-Ch.8-9

TypesofBonding

I.________________________________holdseverythingtogether!II.Allbondingoccursbecauseof________________________III.Electronegativitydifferenceandbondcharacter

A.A________________________________________________betweentwoatomsresults

ina__________________________________________whenthosetwoatomsformabond.B.Ionicandcovalentbondingarenotdistinctcategoriesas__________________________It’sjustthatoneismoreprevalentthantheother.C.ENisnottheonlyfactor.Whethertheyaremetalsornonmetalsalsomatter. IV.CovalentBonding(____________bonding)A.Bondthatexistsbetween____________B.Involves____________________________________C.Includes:1.Polarcovalent-____________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.NonpolarCovalent-_____________________________________________________________________________________________________D.Whetherthesebondscanceloutornotgivesrisetothefollowing____________________________(moreonthislater)a.hydrogenbonding:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b.dipole-dipole:___________________________________________________________c.dispersionfoces:________________________________________________________V.IonicBonding

A.Bondthatexistsbetween________________________

B.Involvesthe____________________________________fromthe____________________________________C.Ionicsolidshavea________________________structure.VI.MetallicBondingA.Bondingthatexistsbetween____________B.Electronsare____________________________________________________________C.Electronsactlike___________________________________________________________1.giverisetopropertiessuchas_______________________________________________2.themore________________________or________________________,themore________________________________________________(thisisverygeneral-notarule)

NatureofBondingI.CovalentbondnatureA.Twonucleihavemultipleelectrostaticforcesactingwithinit.1.________________________________________________2.________________________________________________B.Attractiveforces________________________atan________________________________

Bonding-Ch.8-9

1.Accordingtothegraph,________istheoptimalbondlength.2.Thisisthe________________________________wherethe_____________________________________________________arebalanced.C.________________________holdbondtogether.II.IonicbondnatureA.Metalshave______________________andwouldmorelikely______________________toanonmetal(whichhave_________________________________).B.Ionicstructuresareheldtogetherby______________________(___________________________________________________________________________).C.Ioniccompoundismorestablebecauseallionsinvolved__________________________D.Cationsandanionsinanioniccrystalarearrangedinalattice(______________________)that_________________________________betweenionswhile____________________________________________.III.Properties:A.Ioniccompoundsareorderly(_______________)sotheyare_____________________________________________B.Moleculesdon'tusuallyformorderedstructuresso____________________________________________________________IV.Bottomline:Allelementswanttobondbecausetheyform_____________________________________________V.Moreonthisinlaterchapters... VI.Onemorething...A.Ionicbondstrength1.____________________________________________________________2.The______________________________,the_______________icattraction.3.PredictedbyCoulomb’sLaw:a.

i.F=______________________________ii.ke=______________________________iii.q1&q2=______________________________iv.r=______________________________4.Electrostaticattractionis...a.______________________________b.___________________________________betweencharges.5.The________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bonding-Ch.8-9

LewisStructures-CovalentBonding

I.Allsmalleratomsaremorestablewith____________________________(______________)A.Exceptfor______________(______________)B.Someatomswith____________________________canhave______________(__________________________________________).II.LewisStructuresshowhowmoleculesshareelectrons.A.Alinerepresentsa_______

B.Unshared/lonepair-____________________________

III.Howtodrawthem:A.CountthetotalnumberofvalenceelectronsB.Arrangetheatoms(Cisusu.middle.Also,elementthatisleastabundantisinthemiddle).C.Drawsinglebondsbetweenallatomsandsubtractthenumberusedfromtotal(oneline=2electrons!)D.Placetherestoftheelectronsaroundouterelementsuntilallofthemhaveeight.1.Extraelectrons?Putthemonthecentralatom.2.Needelectrons?Moveelectronsfromouteratomstocreatedoubleandtriplebonds.E.Checkwork!1.Doesthenumberofelectronsinstructureequalthetotalnumberofvalenceelectrons?2.Doeseveryelementfollowtheoctetrule?

IV.Resonancestructures:moleculesthathavemorethanonepossibleLewisstructure.A.Shownthroughadoublesidedarrow:↔ B.Actualstructureisan______________(likeanaverage)ofalltheresonancestructures.C.Therefore,the__________________________________________bondspresent.

D.Bondorder:1.Singlebond=___,doublebond=___,triplebond=___ 2.Bondordersforresonancestructuresarean__________________________________ofallthebondspresent.Forexample:Fornitrate,thebondorderis___E.Anoteaboutbondlength.Withallthingsbeingequal,______________________________________________________________,etc.1.Thebondlengthofabondwithabondorderof1.33is______________________________________________________________2.Ifthebondorderisthesame,__________________________________________________________________________________V.Ions:Don'tforgettoplace______________aroundionsandto__________________________________________________

Bonding-Ch.8-9

VI.ExceptionstoOctetRuleA.Someare____________________________:______________B.Somecanbe__________________________:P,S,Cl,As,Se,Br,Kr,Sb,Te,I,Xe1.Because________________________________________________________2.Placeanyextraelectronsonthecentralatomoftheseevenifitalreadyhaseight!VII.AcidicandbasicLewisstructures:__________________________________________VIII.Amorethoroughmethodofcheckingyourstructure:____________________________A.Moleculeswillbearrangedinthestructureinwhich______________________________________________________________________________________B.Formalcharge=__________________________________________C.Calculateformalchargeforeachatominstructure!D.Thisexplainstheoctetruleexceptions(Ex.BeF2).

� VSEPR

I.VSEPRstatesthat____________________________A.Electronswillorientthemselves____________________________B.Lonepairs,sincetheyare________________________________________,will________________________________________________________C.Thisisusedtopredict____________________________(Thinkin3-D!!!)II.Refertothetablesummarizingtheshapes.A.Angularmeansbent.

Polarity

I.Electronegativity(Table8.10onp.316):__________________________________________.A.Usedtodetermine____________________________B.Ifdifferenceis...1.>2.0=ionic2.0.5<x<1.6=polarcovalent3.0.5>=nonpolarcovalent4.For______________,thebondis____________________________.Thebondis__________________________________________C.Thetrendintypeofbondisthesameasthetrendregarding___________________________________________________II.Dipole:Moleculethathas____________________________(__)ononeendanda__________________________________________(__)ontheother.III.Dipolemomentshows____________________________(____)IV.Howtodeterminepolarity:A.Ifalldipolemoments(polarbonds)____________________________Iftheydonotcancelout,themoleculeis__________________________________________B.Generally,__________________________________________.DONOTexplainusingonlythesymmetryargument!

Bonding-Ch.8-9

OrbitalHybridization

I.Theshapesweknowdon'tmatchshapesfromCh.6!!!A.Aselementsformabond,theirorbitalsbecomea________________________________________________________B.Youcandetermine________________________________________________________ 1.Lookattableagain...hybridization=_______________________________________________________________________________2.Ex:NH3=1lonepair&3atoms=4orbitals.Thus,itis_______hybridized.II.MultipleBonds(memorize)A.Asinglebondisknownasa________(___)bond.

B.Adoublebondcontains__________(___)bondand________(___)bond(________________________________________).C.Atriplebondcontains________________(___)bondand________(___)bonds.D.πbondis________________σ bond.E.Also,πbonds___________________________andleadsto________________________(moreaboutthisinOchem)F.Ifmany______________________πbondsarepresent,moleculesmayconductelectricity.G.Examples...

OtherTheories

I.Aswithatomictheory,bondtheories/modelshavegonethroughmanyrevisions.A.ValenceBondTheoryvs.MolecularOrbitalTheoryB.LewisStructures,BallandStickModel,Space-FillingModelII.Thoughtheyhaveallprovedbeneficial,alltheoriesandmodelshavelimitations.

Bonding-Ch.8-9

Spectroscopy

I.Re:EMSandmatterII.ThisrelationshipcanbeusedtoextractinformationregardingatomsandmoleculesA.Re:MassSpecandPES1.MassSpec:usedmagnetizeddeflectiontodeterminemass2.PES:usedX-raystoremoveanyandallelectronsB.OthermethodscanbeusedtodeterminewhatatomsandbondsmakeupamoleculeIII.________________________________________A.Uses___________________________________B.__________________________________________,whichcausesthese_______________________________________________C.Whenthese_______________________________________________________________________________________________D.Commonlyusedtofind_________________________________________________IV.______________________________A.Uses_________________________________B.Onlyworkson________________________________________________V.______________________________A.Uses____________________whichcausesattractionbetweennucleiandelectronswhilecausingrepulsionbetweennuclei,____________________________B.____________________________________________________________C.Thedatashowsthat_______________________________________________________D.Canbeusetodeterminethe______________________________VI.______________________________A.Uses______________________________B.Causesthe____________________________________________________________C.Canalsobeusedto______________________________D.Certainfunctionalgroupsabsorbcertainwavelengths

VII.Summary(weakesttostrongestwaves):A.______________________________B.______________________________C.______________________________D.______________________________E.______________________________