Bone Cancer (osteosarcoma)

CaroLea Casas&

Brittany HoguePeriod 3

Osteosarcoma Defined

Initially discovered in bones of animals such as bears in Europe (1776)First Human Case Discovered in 1788 in PhiladelphiaOsteosarcoma itself is a division of bone cancer that targets specific areas around the body, most often at joints.

Victims

The majority of those affected are in their teenage years. The cancer also affects certain patients above the age of 40. Factors such as ethnicity are irrelevantBiggest majority of those affected are teenage boys of above average height.

CausesExact Cause UnknownRisk Factors Include Predisposition to:

Li-Fraumeni SyndromeRothmund-ThomsonRetinoblastoma

Loss of Mitotic Control Through p53Broken BonesGrowth Spurts

Radiation Exposure

Infection SitesSymptoms include pain and swelling:

distal femurproximal tibiaproximal humerus

Symptoms may worsen at night or during exerciseEarly symptoms often overlooked

Athletic Adolescents often sustain injuries which would elicit the same result“Growing Pains”

Diagnosis

X-ray or CT/MRI Scan of suspected area is orderedScans also taken of Chest and Lung cavityPleural Cavity scan often reveals metastases

Tumor/Metastases identification results in a biopsy of the area

Biopsies often performed by the surgeon slated to remove the tumor

Malignant Tumors mandate start of a therapy routine

Therapy/TreatmentChemotherapy

Loosen Cancerous HoldShrink Tumor SizeAim to Kill 90% of cancerous cells

SurgeryRemovalLimb SalvageAmputation

ChemotherapyCheckup Visits

Prognosis

Mortality Rate:400 New Cases per year in the USKills 1470 people per year Worldwide.

Prognosis:70% Survival Rate for those whose disease has not metastasized at the time of diagnosis30-50% Survival Rate for those people whose cancer has metastasized

Surviving Patients can expect to live a long, healthy life in remission

Case Study - Nina

• http://www.cancer.iu.edu/osteosarcoma/patients/stories/nina.php

Prostate Cancer

By Joshua Kim and Jordan Fox

History

• Prostate was first described by Niccolo Massa (1536)

• Prostate was first illustrated by Andreas Vesalias (1538)

• Prostate cancer was discovered in 1853

Who does it affect?

• Men • Over 50 years of age• Average age of a man

diagnosed with cancer is 70

How is it diagnosed?

• Biopsy is the only way to diagnose prostate cancer

• Many ways to gather information about prostate cancer (cytoscopy, transrectal ultrasonography, etc.)

Suspected Causes

• Age

• Race

• Genetics

• Diet

• Lifestyle

• Medications

Affected Body Parts

• Prostate

Treatment

• Surgery

• Radiation therapy

• Active surveillance

• High-intensity focused ultrasound

• Chemotherapy

• Cyosurgery

• Hormonal therapy

Treatment Continued

Survival Rates

• With treatment:White men- 99.9%Black men- 97.6%

• Without treatment:Most men don’t die from prostate

cancer itself, but rather from symptoms developed without treatment

Overall Mortality Rate

• 31,728 per year

according to

wrongdiagnosis.com

Skin Cancer (Melanoma)Presented by Lemuel James and Vincent Graham

About Skin Cancer• Its circa origins date as far back as 2,400

years ago• Most skin cancers are classified as non-

melanoma, usually starting in either basal cells or squamous cells.

• Melanoma is a cancer that begins in the melanocytes -- the cells that produce the skin coloring or pigment known as melanin.

Who• People with fair skin those with a genetic

predisposition, and people who spend large amounts of time outdoors are at a greater risk for developing skin cancer.

• One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in the course of a lifetime.

Diagnoses• any change on the skin, especially in• scaliness, oozing, bleeding, or change

in the appearance of a bump or nodule • a change in sensation, itchiness,

tenderness, or pain

Common Treatments• Surgery is often used as a

treatment for skin cancer.

• Radiation Therapy is treatment with high-energy rays (such as x-rays) to kill or shrink cancer cells.

Common Treatments (cont.)• Photodynamic Therapy will be

injected with a light-activated drug, which targets cancerous cells.

• Topical Chemotherapy is when medication is placed directly onto the skin rather than being given by mouth or injected into a vein.

Survival Stats• the 5-year survival rate is 99%;

survival rates for regional and distant stage diseases are 65% and 16%.

Mortality Rate• Although melanoma accounts for

only a small percentage of skin cancer, it is far more dangerous than other skin cancers and causes most skin cancer deaths.

• Deaths Per Year 8,650

Melanoma of the Skin Death Rates* by State, 2005

Case Study• Ronald Reagan had a small basal

cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer, on his nose.

• It was removed on July 31, 1987

L e u k L e u k e m i ae m i aTaylor MontanoTaylor Montano

Abby StoverAbby Stover

p. 3p. 3

Leukemia….the Leukemia….the beginningbeginning

Leukemia: ( British Leukemia: ( British English: leukaemia)English: leukaemia)

(Greek: leukos-“white”; (Greek: leukos-“white”; amia -“blood”)amia -“blood”)

Caner of the blood or Caner of the blood or bone marrow bone marrow

It is characterized by It is characterized by abnormal production of abnormal production of blood cells, usually blood cells, usually white blood cells white blood cells (leukocytes)(leukocytes)

Leukemia…the Leukemia…the beginning beginning

(cont. )(cont. ) Leukemia was not officially Leukemia was not officially

diagnosed until 1845, when John diagnosed until 1845, when John Hughes Bennett diagnosed it in Hughes Bennett diagnosed it in Edinburgh.Edinburgh.

Other European physicians in the Other European physicians in the 19th century noticed that their 19th century noticed that their patients had abnormally high patients had abnormally high levels of white blood cells, and levels of white blood cells, and they called the disease “weisses they called the disease “weisses blut,” meaning “white blood” blut,” meaning “white blood”

LeukemiaLeukemia…the …the

beginning beginning (cont. )(cont. ) In 1970, it was In 1970, it was first confirmed first confirmed that some that some patients could be patients could be cured of leukemiacured of leukemia

In 1980s and In 1980s and 1990s the cure 1990s the cure rates for leukemia rates for leukemia were around 70%were around 70%

Types of Types of LeukemiaLeukemia

In 1913, there were four types of leukemia

–Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Affects lymphoid cells and usually grows slowly. Causes more then 15,000 new cases of leukemia each year. 8,190 new cases in the U.S. in 2004

–Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Affects myeloid cells and usually grows slowly at first. Causes nearly 5,000 new cases of leukemia each year 4,600 new cases in the U.S. in 2004

Types of Types of LeukemiaLeukemia

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL):(ALL): Affects lymphoid cells and Affects lymphoid cells and

grows quickly.Causes more then grows quickly.Causes more then 5,000 new leukemia each year.5,000 new leukemia each year.

3,830 new cases in the US in 3,830 new cases in the US in 2004 2004

Acute myeloid Leukemia (AML):Acute myeloid Leukemia (AML): Affects myeloid calls and grows Affects myeloid calls and grows

quickly. Causes more then quickly. Causes more then 13,000 new cases of leukemia 13,000 new cases of leukemia each year.each year.

11,920 new cases in the US in 11,920 new cases in the US in 20042004

Who it affects?Who it affects? Chromic Chromic

Lymphocytic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL):Leukemia (CLL): People over 55 People over 55

years old and years old and almost never almost never affects childrenaffects children

Chronic Myeloid Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML):Leukemia (CML): Mainly affects Mainly affects

adultsadults

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL):

–Most common in children but can affect adults

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML):

–In both adults and children

Lifestyles and Lifestyles and Environment…Environment… The increase of childhood The increase of childhood

leukemia in modern times leukemia in modern times may be lifestyle-related. may be lifestyle-related.

The immune systems of The immune systems of children, having less children, having less exposure to infection as a exposure to infection as a infant, may not respond as infant, may not respond as well. well.

Our immune systems have Our immune systems have evolved to respond to evolved to respond to infections shortly after infections shortly after birth, usually through the birth, usually through the mother's antibodies during mother's antibodies during breast-feeding.breast-feeding.

Affected Affected Region…Region…

Acute lymphocytic leukemia: Acute lymphocytic leukemia: affects the body’s blood making system, including affects the body’s blood making system, including

bone marrow and the lymphatic system. bone marrow and the lymphatic system. It develops from lymphoblasts in the bone marrowIt develops from lymphoblasts in the bone marrow

Bone marrow:Bone marrow: the soft, inner component of bones. the soft, inner component of bones. All forms of blood cells are produced in the bone All forms of blood cells are produced in the bone

marrow marrow Leukemia develops in the bone marrow, but Leukemia develops in the bone marrow, but

quickly spreads into the blood, and eventually quickly spreads into the blood, and eventually into the lymph nodes and other parts of the into the lymph nodes and other parts of the body.body.

TYPE OF LEUKEMIA

GENE NAME

Acute Lymphocytic Leuekmia

MLLT2, MYC, ZNFN1A1,LAF4

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

AF10, CBFB, NUP98, NUP214, HOXA9, CREBBP,ARHGEF12,CDX2, LCP1, CEBPA, DEK, FUS, RUNX1

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

DLEU1, DLEU2

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

AXL

SymptomsSymptoms In many cases, the 1In many cases, the 1stst symptoms of leukemia symptoms of leukemia

are very vague.are very vague. The type of symptoms one may receive The type of symptoms one may receive

depend on the type of leukemia that they depend on the type of leukemia that they have.have.

Broad symptoms are:Broad symptoms are:~fatigue

~Malaise (vague feeling of bodily discomfort)

~abnormal bleeding

~excessive bruising

~weakness

~loss of exercise tolerance

~weight loss

~bone or joint pain

~infection or fever

~abdominal pain “fullness”

~enlarged spleen, lymph nodes, and liver

TreatmentsTreatments The choice of treatment depends mainly The choice of treatment depends mainly

on the following: on the following: The type of leukemia (acute or chronic)The type of leukemia (acute or chronic) Your ageYour age Whether leukemia cells were found in Whether leukemia cells were found in

your cerebrospinal fluid your cerebrospinal fluid

It also may depend on certain features of It also may depend on certain features of the leukemia cells. the leukemia cells.

Treatments of Treatments of LeukemiaLeukemia

There are five major approaches to the treatment of leukemia: There are five major approaches to the treatment of leukemia: 1.1. ChemotherapyChemotherapy::

to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs; to kill leukemia cells using strong anti-cancer drugs; 2.2. Interferon TherapyInterferon Therapy::

to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote to slow the reproduction of leukemia cells and promote the immune system's anti-leukemia activity;the immune system's anti-leukemia activity;

3.3. Radiation TherapyRadiation Therapy:: to kill cancer cells by exposure to high-energy to kill cancer cells by exposure to high-energy

radiation; radiation; 4.4. Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT)Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT): :

to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy to enable treatment with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy; and and radiation therapy; and

5.5. SurgerySurgery:: to remove an enlarged spleen or to install a venous to remove an enlarged spleen or to install a venous

access device (large plastic tube) to give medications access device (large plastic tube) to give medications and withdraw blood samples. and withdraw blood samples.

Treatments for Treatments for Acute Acute

LeukemiaLeukemia Acute Leukemia:Acute Leukemia: Needs to be treated right awayNeeds to be treated right away

The goal of treatment:The goal of treatment: Make the body go into remissionMake the body go into remission

destroy signs of leukemia in the body and make destroy signs of leukemia in the body and make symptoms go awaysymptoms go away

Maintenance TherapyMaintenance Therapy after people go into remission, more therapy may be after people go into remission, more therapy may be

given to prevent a relapse.given to prevent a relapse.

Many people with acute leukemia can be Many people with acute leukemia can be cured. cured.

Treatments for Treatments for Chronic Chronic

LeukemiaLeukemia Chronic Leukemia:Chronic Leukemia: without symptoms, you may not need cancer without symptoms, you may not need cancer

treatment right away.treatment right away. The goal of treatment:The goal of treatment:

Watchful waiting:Watchful waiting: not getting cancer treatment right awaynot getting cancer treatment right away your doctor will watch your health closely so that treatment your doctor will watch your health closely so that treatment

can start when you begin to have symptoms.can start when you begin to have symptoms. Treatment can often control the disease and its Treatment can often control the disease and its

symptoms. symptoms. Maintenance Therapy:Maintenance Therapy:

can be received to help keep the cancer in remission, can be received to help keep the cancer in remission,

Treatments Treatments for Chronic for Chronic LeukemiaLeukemia

but chronic leukemia can seldom be cured but chronic leukemia can seldom be cured with chemotherapy.with chemotherapy.

Stem Cell Transplants:Stem Cell Transplants: offer some people with chronic leukemia the offer some people with chronic leukemia the

chance for a curechance for a cure

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Percent

1Type of people with Leukemia

Survival Rate 5 year survival rate of white people withleukemia in the US 1992-99

5 year survival rate of African Americanpeople with leukemia in the US 1992-99

survive 5 years for leukemia in the US1992-99

of people with Leukemia survive after 5years in the US 1983-90

5-year survival rate for black peoplewith leukaemia is in the US 1983-90

5-year survival rate for people withleukaemia in the US 1983-90

5-year survival rate for white peoplewith leukaemia in the US 1983-90

5-year survival rate for white childrenunder 15-years old with acutelymphocytic leukaemia in the US 1983-90

5-year survival rate for white childrenunder 15-years old with acute myeloidleukaemia in the US 1983-90

Created by: Taylor Montano and Abby Stover

Statistics:

http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/l/leukemia/stats.htm

Case StudyCase Study A 66-year-old man with a past medical history of A 66-year-old man with a past medical history of

chronic bronchitis, alcohol abuse, and a macrocytic chronic bronchitis, alcohol abuse, and a macrocytic anemia which had been incompletely worked up anemia which had been incompletely worked up because of the patient's refusal to undergo a bone because of the patient's refusal to undergo a bone marrow biopsy, was in his usual state of health when marrow biopsy, was in his usual state of health when he developed weakness, lightheadedness, fatigue, he developed weakness, lightheadedness, fatigue, fever without chills, night sweats, and a worsening of fever without chills, night sweats, and a worsening of his chronic bronchitis symptoms. his chronic bronchitis symptoms.

He saw his primary care physician and blood work He saw his primary care physician and blood work performed at that time revealed significant anemia performed at that time revealed significant anemia (hemoglobin: 5.0 g/dL, hematocrit: 15.1 %). The (hemoglobin: 5.0 g/dL, hematocrit: 15.1 %). The patient was subsequently admitted for transfusion patient was subsequently admitted for transfusion therapy and work-up of his anemia including a bone therapy and work-up of his anemia including a bone marrow biopsy. marrow biopsy.

Case Study… Case Study… Final DiagnosisFinal Diagnosis PERIPHERAL BLOODPERIPHERAL BLOOD: :

MACROCYTIC ANEMIA WITH NUMEROUS MACROCYTIC ANEMIA WITH NUMEROUS BLASTSBLASTS

BONE MARROW, BIOPSY AND ASPIRATE BONE MARROW, BIOPSY AND ASPIRATE WITH PARTICLE PREPARATIONWITH PARTICLE PREPARATION:  :   ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA, FAB M0 ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA, FAB M0

SUBTYPE, WITH MARKED  MEGAKARYOCYTIC SUBTYPE, WITH MARKED  MEGAKARYOCYTIC DYSPLASIA WITH AN ABNORMAL KARYOTYPE: DYSPLASIA WITH AN ABNORMAL KARYOTYPE: 46,XY,inv(3)(q21q26)[17],-7[3][cp17]/46,XY[246,XY,inv(3)(q21q26)[17],-7[3][cp17]/46,XY[2]]

Mortality RateMortality Rate

21,013 per year, 1,751 per month, 404 21,013 per year, 1,751 per month, 404 per week, 57 per day, 2 per hour, 0 per per week, 57 per day, 2 per hour, 0 per minute, 0 per second minute, 0 per second (21,014 deaths in the U.S. (21,014 deaths in the U.S. since 1999).since 1999).

1 death occurs every 9 minutes in the 1 death occurs every 9 minutes in the USA for leukemiaUSA for leukemia

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Number of Deaths

1

Type of Leukemia and who it affected

Mortality Ratedeaths for leukemia in the US 2004

male deaths for leukemia in the US2004female deaths for leukemia in the US2004deaths for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemiain the US 2004male deaths for Acute LymphocyticLeukemia in the US 2004female deaths for Acute LymphocyticLeukemia in the US 2004deaths for Chronic LymphocyticLeukemia in the US 2004male deaths for Chronic LymphocyticLeukemia in the US 2004female deaths for Chronic LymphocyticLeukemia in the US 2004deaths for Acute Myeloid Leukemia inthe US 2004male deaths for Acute MyeloidLeukemia in the US 2004female deaths for Acute MyeloidLeukemia in the US 2004deaths for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia inthe US 2004male deaths for Chronic MyeloidLeukemia in the US 2004female deaths for Chronic MyeloidLeukemia in the US 2004

Created by: Taylor Montano and Abby Stover

Statistics:

http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/l/leukemia/stats.htm

Works CitiedWorks Citied http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case159/dx.hhttp://path.upmc.edu/cases/case159/dx.h

tmltml http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/l/leukemihttp://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/l/leukemi

a/stats.htma/stats.htm http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemhttp://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukem

ia-topic-overview?page2ia-topic-overview?page2==

http://leukemia.org/hm_llshttp://leukemia.org/hm_lls http://emedicinehealth.com/leukemia/artihttp://emedicinehealth.com/leukemia/arti

cle_em.htmcle_em.htm http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/canchttp://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/canc

er/cancer_leukemia.htmler/cancer_leukemia.html

Pancreatic Cancer

Rebecca BecerraGabriela BecerraPeriod 3

What is Pancreatic Cancer?

Abnormal cell growth in the pancreas

History

Pancreas first described in 300BC Ancient physicians in Egypt, Greece, China

recognised a combination of symptoms(Jaundice), physical signs and an outcome

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771)– Pathologist– One of the first to discover the tumors in the

pancreas

Who does it affect?

90% of patients are 55 yrs and older

More common among males and African Americans

Causes

Risks:– Old age, race, gender,

smoking, obesity, diabetes, cirrhosis of liver etc.

Gene Mutations– NF1 and MEN1

Increased risk of tumors in pancreas

– P16 Exocrine pancreatic cancer

Location of the NF1 gene

Diagnosis

Imaging Tests– CAT scan– MRI– Upper gastrointestinal

Biopsy– Sample of tissue– Surest way to diagnose

pancreatic cancer

CT scan shows a pancreatic adenocarcinoma (mass) causing obstruction of both the common bile duct (cbd) and pancreatic duct (pd).

Treatment

Surgery– Curative Surgery– Palliative Surgery

Radiation– External Radiation Beam

Chemotherapy– Gemcitabine– 5-Flurouracil

Statistics 2009 4th leading cause of cancer death in the US

42,470 people will be diagnosed

– 21,050 Men– 21,420 Women

35,240 will die Survival Rate 5.5%

Case Study

Les Niewiara 43yrs First symptoms

– Discomfort of lower abdomen, yellowing of the skin loss of appetite etc

Malignant tumor Surgery

– Unable to remove whole tumor Chemotherapy

– Nausea, loss of taste sensation, tired and lethargic

Follow Ups– CT Scans and Cancer Marker Tests

Lauren Yapo & David Chou

Basic History Who does it affect? How is it diagnosed? What parts of the body are affected? Common Treatments Survival Statistics Overall Mortality Rate RAS genes in Cervical Cancer Case Study

When- 400 BC Who- Hippocrates Where- Greece

He discovered cervical cancer, but he also believed that it was something that would never be curable.

1900’s – Many advanced inventions and techniques for the treatment of cervical cancer. (Colposcope, Pap technique, Pap screening, Spatula to scrape the cervix with, Bethesda System)

Women Usually over 40 Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) Usually have had many sexual partners Smoking cigarettes Birth control pills Having many children Weakened immune system

Colposcopy– The doctor uses a

colposcope to look at the cervix. The colposcope combines a bright light with a magnifying lens to make tissues easier to see. It is not inserted into the vagina. A colposcopy is usually done in the doctor’s office or clinic.

Biopsy– The doctor removes tissue to look for

precancerous cells or cancer cells. Most women have their biopsy in the doctor’s office with local anesthesia. A pathologist checks the tissue with a microscope.

Punch Biopsy: The doctor uses a sharp, hollow device to pinch off small samples of cervical tissue.

LEEP: The doctor uses an electric wire loop to slice off a thin, round piece of tissue.

Endocervical curettage: The doctor uses a curette to scrape a small sample of tissue from the cervical canal. Some doctors may use a thin, soft brush instead of a curette.

Conization: The doctor removes a cone-shaped sample of tissue. A conization, or cone biopsy, lets the pathologist see if abnormal cells are in the tissue beneath the surface of the cervix. The doctor may do this test in the hospital under general ansthesia.

Cervix More if malignant

Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Or any

combination of the three methods.

Treats the cancer in the cervix and the area close to the tumor

May remove the cervix and uterus (total hysterectomy). However, for very early cervical cancer, a hysterectomy may not be needed.

Some need a radical hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, and part of the vagina)

With either total or radical hysterectomy, the surgeon may remove both fallopian tubes and ovaries.

High-energy rays to kill cancer cells Affects cells only in the treated area Radiation therapy is suggested instead of surgery for the

small number of women who cannot have surgery for medical reasons. Most women with cancer that extends beyond the cervix have radiation therapy and chemotherapy. For cancer that has spread to distant organs, radiation therapy alone may be used.

External Radiation: The radiation comes from a large machine outside the body.

Internal Radiation: Thin tubes containing a radioactive substance are left in the vagina for a few hours or up to 3 days.

Anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells Called systemic therapy because the drugs

enter the bloodstream and can affect cells all over the body

Usually given through a vein Usually receive treatment in an outpatient

part of the hospital at the doctor’s office, or at home. Rarely, a woman needs to stay in the hospital during treatment.

Stage IA: This is microinvasive, or very early cervical cancer. The five-year survival rate ranges from 96 to 99 percent. Treatment options for stage IA include surgery.

Stage IB: In this stage, the cancer is visible without the use of a microscope. Five-year survival rates for this stage of cervical cancer are 80 to 90 percent. Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Stage II: In stage II, cancer has spread outside the uterus to adjacent tissue, but has not reached the lower third of the vagina or all the way to the lateral wall of the pelvis. Five-year survival is 65 to 69 percent. Common treatment for stage II cervical cancer include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Stage III: Stage III cervical cancer indicates that the cancer has advanced beyond the parameters for stage II or has caused changes in the kidney. Five-year survival is 40 to 43 percent. Common treatments include chemotherapy and radiation.

Stage IV: Stage IV is the last stage of cervical cancer. In this stage the cancer has left the pelvis and affected more distant organs. The five-year survival rate for this stage of cancer is 15 to 20 percent. Types of treatment include chemotherapy and radiation.

Abnormalities in RAS genes have not yet been fully investigated.

No correlation was found between RAS gene alterations and patient survival time.

The expression and mutation of the H-RAS oncogene occurs in cervical cancer but their determination adds no useful prognostic information.

66 Year Old Woman with Cervical Cancer Background

– Presented to the emergency department with complaints of vaginal bleeding and passing of large clots with abdominal pain of 8 out of 10 using a numeric pain severity scale.

– Found to have a large cervical mass, which was biopsied and confirmed as carcinoma.

– The final diagnosis was a stage IIB cervical cancer.

Workup– White blood cell count, 3130 cells / mm ^ 3– Hemoglobin, 7 g / dL– Hematocrit, 20%– Platelet count, 110 / mm ^ 3– Albumin, 2.3 g / dL– Blood urea nitrogen, 24 mg / dL– Creatinine, 1.8 g / dL– Sodium, 137 mEq / L– Potassium, 4.5 mEq / L– Glucose, 86 mg / dL– Magnesium, 2.0 mEQ / L– Calcium, 9.5 mg / dL– Total bilirubin, 0.7 micromol / L

History– Medical

Pregnant 7 times. Pap smear was 8 years ago and was abnormal, but she didn’t follow up

with her physician. Positive for hypertension.

– Social Smokes approximately 1 pack of cigarettes a week. Drinks 4 beers per day.

– Family Two grandparents and an aunt who had cancer. Her mother, sister, and aunt have hypertension and diabetes

The treatment plan for this patient is cisplatin 30 mg / m ^ 2 intravenously (IV) weekly with concurrent pelvic radiation therapy daily.

The patient was treated in the outpatient setting without difficulty until her second week of treatment, when she developed severe diarrhea and abdominal cramping.

Pancreatic Cancer“Silent Killer”

Alan Nguyen

Daniel Garcia

Pancreatic Cancer History

• One of the first men to discover a tumor in the pancreas was Giovanni Battista Morgagni

• Discovered around the 17th century

• Discovered around Greece, China, Egypt.

Who does it affect?

• Affects more men than women

• Common in smokers and obese people

• Usually people between age 60 and 80

• African Americans

Symptoms

• Abdominal Pain• Back Pain• Depression• Diarrhea• Fatigue• Indigestion• Jaundice• Loss of Appetite

• Nausea and Vomiting• Paleness• Weakness• Weight Loss

Diagnosis/Causes

• Abdominal CT scan and MRI• Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

• One of the main factors of pancreatic cancer is smoking

• 20-30% of patients are smokers

• Diets high in red meat, also low in vegetables and fruits

• Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene

• Gingivitis or Periodontal disease

• Family History

What parts of the body are effected?

• Pancreatic cancer starts in the pancreas

• Can spread to the abdomen or the back area

Common Treatments

• Surgery only 20% can be removed

• Chemotherapy

• Gemcitabine- a form of chemotherapy which helps after tumor has metastasized

• Works on 25% of patients

• Radiation

Survival Statistics

• Depending on the time of diagnosis of a 5 year span- with treatment

• 16.4% when cancer is in primary site

• 7% when cancer has spread past the primary site

• 1.8 percent when cancer has metastasized

Mortality Rate

• Each year 35,240 people die from pancreatic cancer

• Less than 5% of patients are alive 5 years after diagnosis.

• More than 42,000 people are diagnosed with this cancer every year

Case Study

• In 2006 Berkson BM and colleagues published a peer-reviewed paper on the long-term survival of a man with biopsy-proven metastatic pancreatic cancer using the ALAN (alpha-lipoic acid/low dose naltrexone) protocol

• The patient is alive and well, and working, eight years following diagnosis.

How to prevent

• Vitamin D reduces chances of getting cancer by up to 50%

• Vitamin B6, B12, could help in prevention also

• Not smoking

• Balanced diet and exercise

Testicular Cancer

By: Ethan Gerdts

And

Lauren Lejuwaan

Background of Testicular Cancer

• The first case of testicular cancer is unknown, yet it is a cancer that has been relevant for quite a while.

• In the 1950’s, testicular cancer really started to soar, raising rates dramatically and infecting more men than ever before.

Who Does It Effect?• Men of all ages

– More common in men ages 20-54

• White men are 5 times more likely to contract the disease than any other race.

• Testicular cancer is more common among men with:– Un-descended testicles– Congenital Abnormalities– Personal History of Testicular Cancer– Family history of Testicular Cancer

Causes of Testicular Cancer

• There is no exact cause that can be pinpointed as the direct cause of testicular cancer. – However, scientists are researching the

always-dangerous mutated p53 gene as being the main cause of this cancer.

• Despite the fact that there is no exact cause, there are risk factors which include:

Risk Factors of T.C.

• The 4 mentioned before (un-descended testicles, congenital abnormalities, personal history of testicular cancer, and family history).

• Other risk factors include:– HIV infection– CIS– Race and ethnicity– Body size

Testicular Cancer Diagnosis

• Men usually have a lump on a testicle or they may notice the testicle is swollen or larger.

• Sometimes the lump causes pain.

• Men with testicular cancer may mention a feeling of heaviness or aching in the lower abdomen or scrotum.

Diagnosis Cont’d

• The other ways of diagnosis include– Ultrasounds of the testicular area– Blood tests for tumor markers– A plethora and wide range of imaging tests.

• Despite the fact that testicular cancer is almost symptom-less, these procedures are used to diagnose the disease in an early stage.

What Parts Are Effected?

• As it is named Testicular Cancer, the main part of the body affected is the testis, which are enclosed in the scrotum.– Other parts affected:

• Lymph Nodes• Urinary Tract• Scrotum• Penis• Any other part of the body that the cancer might

spread to

Affected Parts Cont’d

Treating Testicular Cancer

• The main treatment is the surgical removal of the infected testicle, in which case an artificial testicle can replace it.– This is the most commonly chosen path to cure

testicular cancer, due to the fact that radiation/chemotherapy can permanently damage the non-cancerous testicle.

– This procedure is known as an Orchiectomy

• Chemotherapy• Radiotherapy

Statistics

• Only about 5% of all testicular cancer victims die– Approximately 360 victims yearly

• If the cancer has spread around or above the lymph nodes, the survival rate decreases to 71%, versus the 95% survival rate of non-masticulated testicular cancer.

Case Study

• In 1995, a 31-year-old man was admitted to a hospital with an enlarging testicular mass that had been present for one year, left leg pain, weakness, and numbness of a six-month duration.

Case Study Cont’d

• Some abnormalities were noticed on physical examination including: – Tenderness over the left iliac crest – An eight-centimeter, non-tender mass in the right

testicle

• Through all these grave problems the man experienced due to testicular cancer, he still managed to survive after a right radical orchiectomy (removal of the testis) was used as treatment

Luckily, Testicular Cancer is a SICKNESS not a DEATH

SENTENCE!

COLON CANCER

By: Tim Hwang and Kris Lam

Period 3

What is colon cancer?

• Colon cancer is the growth of tumors of the colon and rectum arising from the inner wall of the large intestine.

• The origin of the cancer is unknown, however researchers dated the earliest cases throughout the ancient and medieval times.

Facts

• Globally, cancer of the colon and rectum is the third leading cause of cancer in males and the fourth leading cause of cancer in females.

• It is common in the Western world and is rare in Asia and Africa.

Symptoms

• Some symptoms of colon cancer include: fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, change in bowel habits, narrow stools, diarrhea or constipation, red or dark blood in stool, weight loss, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating.

Cont.

• Cancers causing partial bowel obstruction can cause symptoms of constipation, narrowed stool, diarrhea, abdominal pains, cramps, and bloating.

Causes

• Factors that increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer include high fat intake, a family history of colorectal cancer and polyps.

• Among first-degree relatives of colon cancer patients, the lifetime risk of developing colon cancer is 18%.

Cont.

• 5 % of colon cancers are due to hereditary colon cancer syndromes.

• Hereditary colon cancer syndromes are disorders where affected family members have inherited cancer-causing genetic defects from one or both of the parents.

Where?• Colon cancer affect the large intestine,

specifically the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the anus.

Treatments

• Colonoscopy is a procedure that enables a gastroenterologist to evaluate the appearance of the inside of the colon (large bowel). 

Cont.

• Polypectomy- endoscopists remove most precancerous polyps during colonoscopy.

• “The success rate of complete polypectomy was 95% and complete removal required an average of 1.6 polypectomies.” (Monkewich)

Statistics

• In the United States the five-year survival rate for tumors in the ascending colon is about 63%.

• For the transverse colon, the survival rate is about 59%, and in the descending colon, it's about 66%. 

• The five-year survival for stage 1 colon cancer is 93%, but it drops to 59% for stage 3 colon cancer.

Mortality

• Each year, more than 50,000 people die from colorectal cancer in the United States.

• Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death due to cancer for men and women combined. (Lung cancer is the first.)

An Unexpected Challenge

• Patti, a 61 year old grandmother, has stage 3 colon cancer. She had pain in her abdominal area, and she decided that it was time for a colonoscopy.

• As of now, she still has stage 3 colon cancer and has had four chemo treatments.

Lymphmoma

By: Kristyn Grime and Brandon Reed

B-cell

Reed-Sternberg Cell

Hodgkin Lymphoma

•Discovered by Thomas Hodgkin (a British physician) in 1832

•Infection of b-cell/Reed-Sternberg cell

•Caused by genetic mutations, suppressed immune system, and environmental chemicals

•Treated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, biological therapy, and surgical removal

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

T-cell

•After Hodgkin’s lymphoma was found, all other lymphomas were classified as non-Hodgkin

•Infection of t-cells

•Caused by genetic mutations, suppressed immune system, and environmental chemicals

•Treated by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, biological therapy, and surgical removal

Age Groups

•Affects mostly age groups from 25-35 and from 60 up

•The main reason for the 60 and up age group is due to a weaker immune system caused by old age

•When mutated cells occur in lymphocytes the immune system is too weak to eradicate the cell and so it starts to spread.

•for the 25 to 35 age group it is unknown the exact cause of the cancer

Gender• Three times more likely to develop in

men than in women.

• Suggested that the female hormone protects against disease because as women age their risk for developing the disease increases and almost evens out with men’s chances as their hormones decrease in their body naturally.

• Also it is suggested that the male hormone could make men more susceptible to lymphoma and as they age, and naturally have less and less of the hormone, their risk for developing lymphoma decreases.

Areas

• Lymphoma is most present in the Western World, such as the U.K., America, and Germany, than in places like Africa or Asia.

• It is believed that this is due mostly to high exposure to fatty foods, alcohol, and pollution.

Symptoms

• Lymphoma has many symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, reoccuring fevers, night sweats, fatigue/lack of energy, and rashes.

Tests• A blood test cannot confirm lymphoma but it can tell if something

is wrong. • Another example of a test would be imaging of some sort. We

could take an x-ray, CT scan, MRI, or a PET scan to see what is going on in the body.

• A third example is a biopsy. A biopsy is when a tissue is removed

from the area so it can be tested for cancerous cells.• Last but not least, a bone marrow sample may be used. Non-

Hodgkin lymphoma can spread to the bone marrow so it is always good to look at a sample to make sure it hasn’t spread.

Areas of the Body• Lymphoma can be found in any parts of the body

containing lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are found mostly in lymph nodes but can also be found in other organs in the body

• Lymphocytes are part of the lymphatic system which runs throughout the whole body but is highly concentrated in key areas such as: lymph nodes, the liver, lungs, bone marrow, spleen, pleura, bone, skin, and mucos linings such as nose stomach and eyes

• Because the lymphatic system is so widely found throughout the body it makes the cancer easy to spread.

N - lymph nodesH - liver (hepatic)L - lung (not shown)B - bone marrowS - spleenP - pleura (lung lining - not shown)O - boneD - skinM - mucos at linings- nose, stomach, eyes, etc

Treatments

• chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical removal, bone marrow removal, and immunotherapy

Survival Rates

• Type Mortality 5/10/15 year survival estimatesLymphoma 27,000 varies widely by type and stageNon Hodgkin’s 19,000 53%/43%/37%Hodgkin’s 1,400 83%/74%/66%

• The five-year relative survival rate for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients has risen from 31% in 1960 to 52% in 2001. - LLS 

Case study

• A 23-year-old healthy woman presented with a month-long history of persistent headache of increasing severity

• Family history was remarkable for a paternal aunt who died at age 23 years of Hodgkin's lymphoma

• Pathologic evaluation demonstrated a fibrous tumor composed of small lymphocytes and scattered plasma cells consistent with nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin's lymphoma . Reed-Sternberg cells were present

• The patient entered complete remission after three cycles of chemotherapy and remains in ongoing complete remission.

http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/22/20/4228

Brain Cancer

By

Modesto Andrew Alfonso III

Justin Allan Magallanes

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma (cont.)

• Highly malignant brain tumor that originates from the cerebellum.

• 1925 doctors Bailey and Cushing discovered it.

Cause

• As of today, unknown cause.

• Research still continuing.

Diagnosis

• Neurological exam, reflexes, eye and mouth movement etc.

• CAT and MRI • Biopsy

Symptoms

• Loss of balance, difficulty walking, handwriting that becomes worse, or slow speech

• Morning headache or a headache that goes away after vomiting

• Nausea and vomiting • Unusual sleepiness or change in energy level • Change in personality or behavior • Unexplained weight loss or weight gain.

Who does it affect?

• The majority of victims are under the age of 15.

• 14.5% of malignant brain tumors in children.

Survival Rate

• 32.1 percent for Caucasian men

• 33.5 percent for Caucasian women

• 37.7 percent for African-American men

• 37.5 percent for African-American women.

Mortality Rate

• 0.3 percent died under age 20 • 4.2 percent between 20 and 34 • 8.3 percent between 35 and 44 • 15.2 percent between 45 and 54 • 19.2 percent between 55 and 64 • 23.9 percent between 65 and 74 • 19.5 percent between 75 and 84 • 5.5 percent 85+ years of age.  

Treatment Plans

• Surgery is the first option that neurologists would choose. Take all visible tumor without too much risk to surrounding tissue.

• Radiation and Chemotherapy still an option, but surgery considered first.

Case Study

• A 13 year old had an operation for posterior fossa medulloblastoma.

• Symptoms included headaches and vomit.

• Even after treatment, reoccurence of the cancer and tumor.

Chondrosarcoma

Isabelle Liwanag

Natalie Khoury

When, Who, and Where It Was Described

• Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma was originally described by Lichtenstein and Bernstein in 1959

Who Does it Effect Most?

• It is most common between the ages of 50 and 70

• Between males and females is equal.

Symptoms

• Large mass on the affected bone

• Swelling or redness at the tumor site

• Feeling pressure around the mass

• Limping or decreased use of the affected limb

• Pain that is usually worse at night and may be relieved by taking anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen

• Pain that is not usually relieved through rest

• Pain that may be present for years but increases gradually over time

Diagnosis• Biopsy- a procedure in which tissues samples are removed from the

body for examination under a microscope; to determine if abnormal cells are present

• X-ray- a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, ones, and organs on film

• Blood tests- a complete blood cell count and analysis of hormones and other blood chemistry that could indicate the presence of cancer

• CAT/ CT scan- a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images of the body.

• MRI- a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body

Suspected cause

• The exact cause is not known• scientists suspect that genetic abnormalities or

damaged chromosomes might have something to do with it.

• Some believe there is a link between chondrosarcoma and repeated trauma to the site of the bone cancer, but it’s not clear whether the injury makes the cancer more likely or the cancer makes the site weaker and more susceptible to injury.

What Part Of The Body Does It Effect?

• It can occur anywhere in the body where cartilage is present.

• Most often attacks cartilage cells of the: thigh bone, arm, pelvis, knee, or spine.

• It sometimes occurs in the larynx, trachea, chest wall ribs, shoulder blade, or skull.

• Cancerous Healthy

Treatments

• Surgery- to remove the tumor• Physical therapy- to regain strength and use of

the affected area after surgery• Chemotherapy- may be required if the cancer

has spread to other parts of the body• Radiation therapy- could be used after surgery

to kill any of the remaining cancer cells

Survival Statistics/Mortality Rate

• Survival rate: grade 1 lesions (do not metastasize) - 5 year survival rate, 90%

• Grade 2 chondrosarcomas have only a 10-15% risk of metastasis

• Grade 3 lesions (metastasizes) – 29%• Tumor recurrence typically occurs 5 to 10

years after surgery.

Case Study• 34 year old man• Felt a sensation for one year in the left hip and thigh• He noticed a large, hard lump behind his left hip• A biopsy revealed chondrosarcoma• An osteotomy was performed at the base of the iliac spine and the

muscles were freed from the inner side of the pelvis • The articular cartilage of the sacrum was removed in order to create

good conditions for bone healing.• The resected mass included the major part of the ilium tumor, the

distal part of the paraspinal muscles, and the greater portions of the gluteus medius, minimus, and maximus muscles.

• The anterosupenior iliac spine was reattached to the pelvis with cencelage wire

• Tumor in the left iliac in the pelvis

Parathyroid CancerParathyroid CancerParathyroid CancerParathyroid Cancer

By Katie and DanielleBy Katie and Danielle

Definition:• “A rare cancer that forms in tissues of one

or more of the parathyroid glands (four pea-sized glands in the neck that make parathyroid hormone, which helps the body store and use calcium)”

Basic History

• A. de Quervain (1868-1940)– First wrote about in 1909

• Switzerland

www.cryptomundo.com/.../matterhorn_yeti.jpg

2 Types• Carcinoma comes from epithelial cells

(BAD)

• Adenoma comes from glandular cells

(BENIGN)

Demographics• Japan

(mostly)

Diagnosis

• Hard to diagnose cuz it’s a sneaky little fiend.

• Glands thought to have adenoma D: (WHICH is fancy for cancerous glands)

• Looks like benign hyperparathyroidism• CT Scan, MRI Scan, or Biopsy

Treatment• Surgery!!

• Radiation

Who it effects • Most cases have been among Japanese,

though anyone can get it.

• 1 in 2000 people get it (which means its kinda rare).

What it effects (of the body, that is)

• Parathyroid gland, duhh.

• Kidneys

• Bones

Suspects• Hyperparathyroidism

www.clipartof.com/details/clipart/38400.html

Symptoms (YUCK!)• Fatigue• Mainly related to

hyperparathyroidism

• Weight loss (to the point of anorexia)

• Weakness• Excessive Thirst

• Constipation• Excessive Urination• Nausea• Vomiting• Bone Pain

Lifespan w/o treatment• You will die. Plain and simple.

Mortality Rate• Over 50% see the

Reaper.

30-65% have recurrent disease

Case Study• “NORRIS EH. Carcinoma of the

parathyroid glands with a preliminary report of 3 cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1948 Jan;86(1):1–21”

woRks SiTEd• http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics/types/

parathyroid/• http://www.jurnaluldechirurgie.ro/jurnal/docs/

jurnal208/cancer%20paratiroidian.pdf• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/

PMC1290959/

Retinoblastoma

Kayla Nishida

Kristen Chikami

Period 3

What is Retinoblastoma

• A rare type of cancer in the eye

• Tumor in the retina

• 200-500 new cases occur annually

History

• Peter Pawius- 1st description of tumor resembling retinoblastoma

• 1809 James Wardrop-tumor arose from retina

• 1864 Virchow: glial cells form tumor

History cont.

• 1891 Flexner: rosettes within tumor

• Verhoeff coined term retinoblastoma-cells resemble retinoblasts

Who it affects

• Children• 90% of patients

diagnosed at 5 & under

• Average diagnosis age: 18 months

• Gender & Race have no effect

Symptoms

• Leukocoria: white pupil, cat’s eye reflex

• Strabismus: eyes point in different directions

• Redness, poor vision, irritation

• Cross eyed

Causes

• Mutations or deletions in chromosome 13

-specifically RB1 gene

-tumor suppressor gene

How it’s diagnosed

• Ophthalmologists do a dilated-pupil examination

• Ultrasound-detects large tumors in eyes

• CT or MRI-detects if cancer has spread outside of eye

Body parts affected

• Eyes-typically only one eye-75% for one, 25% for both

• Retina-tissue at back of eye that detects light & color

• Can spread beyond eye if not treated

Treatment

• Radiation

• Chemotherapy

• Cryotherapy

• Photocoagulation

• Enucleation

Survival Statistics

• 86-92% of survival rates

Mortality Rate

• Developing Countries: 60% or higher

• US: 1-2%

Case Study

• Robert Emeritus

• Diagnosed at less than one in 1938

• Right eye enucleated, artificial eye

• Normal childhood

• Grateful and Blessed• http://www.retinoblastoma.net/survivors_rob.html

Lung Cancer

By: Nicolas Galasso &

Cody Jolley

Basic History

• Rarely seen before the mid 1900’s

• In the mid 1900’s, an epidemic spread throughout the world

• Correlation between tobacco and lung cancer established in 1950

• TTF1, NKX2-8, and PAX9 tumor causing genes

Affection

• Women often survive longer than males

-suspected cause is estrogen• Women were thought to be more

susceptible to developing lung cancer than men

Diagnostics

• Often diagnosed too late for curative treatment

• Chest x-ray is used first

• A biopsy may be performed

• Sample of sputum will be examined

• CT scan is often performed

X-ray: Circle indicates a lung tumor

Classification

• Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)

-Squamous cell lung carcinoma

-Adenocarcinoma

-Large cell lung carcinoma

• Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)

• Less common then non-small cell lung carcinoma

Effected AreasCancerous LungHealthy Lung

•SCLC tends to arise in primary and secondary bronchi

•NSCLC is located in the central bronchus, or peripheral lung tissue

Treatments

• Surgery• Small cell: chemotherapy

-Chemo can cause side-effects • Non-small cell: Radiotherapy

Survival Statistics

• Survival rates in men and women have increased steadily

• Survival rates dramatically decrease the longer one has lung cancer

Mortality Rate

There are around 1.3 million deaths per year worldwide from lung cancer

Female rates are now near males

Mortality rates per 100,000 in 5 year periods

Case Study

• Mr. R was 46 years old when he discovered his cancer.

• Admitted into the hospital for the first time in April 2004

• He complained of chest pain, and shortness of breath

• Smoked for 31 years , and 3 packs a day.

• Had a large past medical history

• He got a CT scan which showed 3.5 cm tumor NSCLC in his right bronchi.

• Many procedures were done

• Discharged from the hospital on 10/30/04

Breast Cancer

By: Stephanie Gower

andJena Rubio

History

• Discovered in Egypt in 1600 BC• Edwin Smith Papyrus describes 8

cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast

Parts of the Breast Affected

• 80% of the breast cancers are ductal cancer (cancer of ducts or adjacent/ surrounding the duct)

• 10 – 15% are lobular cancer (cancer in the lobules)

• Rest are other types of cancer like inflamatory, medullary cancer etc.

Who Breast Cancer Affects• The chances of breast cancer is 1 in 300 women

among the age group up to 30 yrs.• The chances of breast cancer increases to 1 in

90 women among the age group up to 40 yrs. • The chances increases even more up to 1 in 45

as the age reaches 50 Yrs.• The chances are 1 in 30 as the age increases to

60 yrs.• In 2005, 186,467 women and 1,764 men were

diagnosed with breast cancer • 41,116 women and 375 men died from breast

cancer

Causes of Breast Cancer

• About 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary

• Caused by a mutated BRCA 1 and 2 genes• Both BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are tumor

suppressor genes• BRCA 1 is involved in DNA damage repair• BRCA 2 is involved in the repair of

chromosomal damage

Statistics

More Causes of Breast Cancer

• P53 gene

• “Guardian Angel” cause it prevents genome mutation

• Tumor Suppressor gene

• More than 50 percent of human tumors contain a mutation or deletion of the P 53 gene

• When mutated, the cells start to divide uncontrollably

Treatment• Surgery, either mastectomy or lumpectomy --

also called breast-conserving therapy. There are also different types of mastectomies and lumpectomies.

• Radiation therapy delivers precise amounts of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells

• Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Side effects can include nausea, hair loss, early menopause, hot flashes, fatigue, and temporarily lowered blood counts.

• Hormone therapy uses drugs to prevent hormones, especially estrogen, from promoting the growth of breast cancer cells that may remain after breast cancer surgery.

• Biological Therapy such as Herceptin, works by using the body's immune system to destroy cancer cells. Herceptin targets breast cancer cells that have high levels of a protein called HER2.

• Surgeryalso called breast-conserving therapy. There are also different types of mastectomies and lumpectomies.

Survival Statistics• According to the American Cancer Society,

about 1.3 million women will be diagnosed with breast cancer annually worldwide about 465,000 will die from the disease.

• Breast cancer death rates have been dropping steadily since 1990, because of earlier detection and better treatments. About 40,910 breast cancer deaths are expected in 2007.

Case StudyBy Andrea Fishbach, MS, MPH

• Diana was pregnant at age 40 • She decided that it was time to finally put

together that family tree she'd been putting off for years

• She found out that many of her relatives had died of cancer

• She got tested for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. The results came back positive

References• http://www.medicainfo.com/cancer/breast-cancer-causes

-types.html• http://www.cdc.gov/Cancer/Breast/statistics/• http://www.medicainfo.com/cancer/breast-cancer-causes

-types.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1• http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/breastcancer/

BRC_causes.html• http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/breast-

cancer-treatment• http://www.imaginis.com/breasthealth/statistics.asp• http://www.genetichealth.com/

BROV_A_Case_Study.shtml

Thyroid Cancer

By: Samantha Gianetti, Irene Lee, and Zeleka Shawel

Thy-What? Thy-Roid.• Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer;

however, it accounts for only 1% of all cancers in the US .• Several types:

– Papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic, and variants

• It’s a cancerous tumor or growth located within thyroid gland.

• In U.S., 20,000 new patients annually

• Outlook with this cancer is excellent

• Cancer is usually curable with surgery and rarely causes pain or disability.

Basic History

• German pathologist, Max Askanazy, first discovered epithelial cells found in thyroid gland.

• Emil Theodore Kocher (physician/medical researcher) specialized in thyroid gland.

• 1872: Kocher performed first successful thyroidectomy

• 1901: Kocher performed 2,000 operations

• 1909: Kocher Won Nobel Prize for his work

Emil Theodore Kocher

Who’s Affected?

• Affects both men and women, but more common in women.– Children if exposed

thyroid to radiation

• Occurs in:– All age groups– Ethnicities– Most common in

Hispanics

Thyroid Cancer Patients Aged 15-44

Thyroid Cancer Patients Aged 55-64

Diagnoses

• Determinant of cancer:– Fine needle biopsy used to

determine either benign/malignant.

• Likely thyroid cancer if patient has symptoms of following: – Lump/nodule in front of neck– Hoarseness/ difficulty

speaking – Swollen lymph nodes – Difficulty swallowing/

breathing– Pain in throat/ neck/ jaw/ ear

Abnormal cell growth in the thyroid

Suspected Causes

• Exposure to radiation• Family history of

cancer• Mutations of the p53

tumor suppressor gene and point mutations of the RET gene (a proto-oncogene) in thyroid nodules

Mutated Thyroid Gland

What’s Affected

• Mostly lymph glands in the neck

• Cancer can spread to blood vessels causing them to mutate

• Possibly lungs and bones

Common Treatments

• Surgery• Radioactive iodine treatment • External beam radiation therapy • Chemotherapy• Patients often elect for surgery to remove most of

cancer.• After treatment, patient has to take thyroid hormones to

help replace glands body used to make and to keep cancer from returning.

Thyroidectomies to remove nodules

Survival Stats

• 95% survival rate• 1 out of 100 patients die of papillary carcinoma

with a tumor roughly 25 years later

Mortality Rate

• Flat rate of .5 per 100,000 • Estimated 1,630 men and women will die of

thyroid cancer in 2009

5 year survival rate in ages 45-545 year survival rate in ages 75-99

Case StudyLisa Laird Di Rosso

• Found a lump in her neck – Doctors first said it was an infection– Then said it was just a prominent lymph node– 13 years later they discovered that it was cancer

• After surgery she was given potassium supplements, heparin to prevent blood clots, and an artificial thyroid supplement

• Will be on thyroid medication forever and has routine visits to endocrinologist – Leads an otherwise normal life

Sources

• Wikipedia.com• Mahalo.com/thyroid-cancer• http://www.cancernews.com/data/Article/241.asp • http://www.thyroid.org/patients/brochures/

ThyroidCancer_brochure.pdf • http://www.thyca.org/thyroidcancerfacts.htm• Dotnetcharting.com• http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/

article_117300.asp