book, abul k. abbas: basic immunology
DESCRIPTION
In this lecture: General warm up, why do we need immune system Simple schema of the immune system 3 lexical dataTRANSCRIPT
Gábor Koncz
Lectures 1-9, 25-26,29-30
Book, Abul K. Abbas: Basic Immunology
In this lecture:
1. General warm up, why do we need immune system
2. Simple schema of the immune system
3. 3 lexical data
Do we need immune system?
Bacteria
Viruses
parasites
Virus
3 hrs
3 hrs
DiversityFast development
PATOGENS
GENERATION TIME OF PATHOGENS
In the active phase of the HIV 10billion viruses develop/day
Bacteria may divide in every 20 minutes
The human microbiome
We live in a potentially hostile world filled with infectious agents of diverse size, shape, and composition which would very happily use us as „petri
dishes”…
HIV Flu S. aureus
Streptococus. Salmonella Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lysteria Pneumocystis carnii
Andida albicans Trypanosoma brucei
Schistosoma mansoni
How can we survive????
1. The interest of microbes
The human microbiome
Normal bacterial flora can be differnt in each person
Tightly regulated balance between commensal flora and the immunen system
Transplantation of bacteria?
2. The immune system
THE TWO ARMS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEMDifferentiation between harmless and harmful impactsDETECTION OF STRESS AND DANGER SIGNALSINNATE IMMUNITY
Differentiation between self and non-self structuresAntigen-specific recognitionADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
INNATE IMMUNITY- immediate reaction- not antigen-specific- no memory
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY- developes in several days- specific- has memory
Neutralization and elimination of foreign and harmful structuresCOORDINATED AND REGULATED ACTIONS
Both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity are required for elimination of pathogens
THE TWO ARMS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Granulocytes, NK
cells and Complement componentsB and T cells
Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Granulocytes, NK
cells and Complement components
Immune system
Innate immunity Adaptive Immunity T cells B cells
Intracellularpathogens
Extracellularpathogens
The simplest Schema of the immune system
The main functions of the immune system:
Recognition
Communication
Elimination (effector functions)
Innate immunity Adaptive Immunity T cells B cells
Intracellularpathogens
Extracellularpathogens
Recognition
Communication
Elimination
The simplest Schema of the immune system
THE ANTIGENDefinition and properties
Antigenic determinant (epitope)
Antigen recognition by B and T cells
Any chemical structureSoluble or corpuscleSimple or complex
Originated from the body or comes from outsideGenetically self or non-self
Natural or artificial
• ANTIGEN (Ag) - any substance, which is specifically recognized by the mature immune system of a given organism
DEFINITIONS
• ANTIGENICITY– capability of an antigen to bind specifically with certain product of the adaptive immunity: TCR or BCR/antibody,
– immunogenicity - capability of an antigen to induce an (adaptive) immune response,
– tolerogenicity - capability to induce immunological tolerance, specific immune non-responsiveness
DEFINITIONS
FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNOGENICITY I.
From the aspect of our body:
• Genetics (self/non-self)– species (evolutionarily nonconserved molecules)– individual differences (e.g. MHC polymorphism – see later)
• Age – newborn – less reactive immune system– elderly – no new lymphocytes
• Physiological condition (pl. immunodeficiencies, starvation)
FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNOGENICITY II.
From the aspect of the antigen:
• Physical-chemical properties of the Ag
– size/complexity (bigger more epitopes, role of carrier)– corpuscular (cell, colloid) or soluble– denatured or native (different epitopes!)– degradability (by APCs)
• Availability (crystalline proteins of the eye are not presented to lymphocytes)
FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNOGENICITY III.
From the aspect of vaccination:
• Dose• Route
– intradermal/subcutan > intravenous > oral > intranasal (oral vaccine against polio virus!)
Part of the antigen which directly interacts with the antigen-binding site of a defined immunoglobulin (BCR / antibody) or TCR
ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT (=EPITOPE)
B cell epitope T cell epitope
recognized by B cells
• proteins polysaccharides lipids DNA steroids etc. (many artificial molecules)
• cell or matrix associated or soluble
recognized by T cells
• proteins mainly (8-23 amino acids)
• requires processing by APC