book of abstracts -...

Conference organised by

Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw together

with

O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University

Bloomington (IU)

Book of abstracts

Everything in its place

– empowering local and regional communities

27-30 of June 2019, Warsaw

Faculty of Grography and Regional Studies

University of Warsaw

2

Content

I. Thematic Session: “Territorial marketing of European regions and cities” Coordinators: Sylwia Dudek-Mańkowska, Anna Dąbrowska ........................................................................................... 4

1. Territorial marketing communication. How we do this in Warsaw, Robert Zydel ...................... 4 2. Urban Impact, Urban technologies – a challenge for city identity?, Dominik Zalewski, Aleksandra Balkiewicz-Żerek ............................................................................................................... 4 3. Measuring promotional activity of cities and identifying its barriers, Sebastian Brańka ........... 4 4. New brick to the old walls. How complex creation of a place brand online can bring social attention?, Dorota Petryk, Sylwia Dudek-Mańkowska ....................................................................... 5

II. Thematic Session: “Government communication: Building of economic development territorial coalitions” Coordinator: Filipe Teles ............................................................................................. 6

1. Spatial interactions between business and residential urban location, Katarzyna Kopczewska 6 2. (The absence of) developer obligations in Poland, Tomasz Zaborowski, Tomasz Ossowicz, Demetrio Muñoz Gielen ...................................................................................................................... 6 3. Strategic dimension of urban and regional resilience concept, Grzegorz Masik ........................ 7 4. 20 years of regional development strategies in Poland - experience in engaging stakeholders, Wojciech Dziemianowicz ..................................................................................................................... 7 5. Building territorial coalitions for strengthening the potential of functional urban areas in Poland, Dagmara Kociuba ................................................................................................................... 7

III. Thematic Session: “Government communication: Engaging citizens Coordinator: Ewa Stokłuska 9 1. American-Style Graduate Capstone Projects: Capstone, Clients, Community, Frank Nierzwicki 9 2. How to change the rules of the game? Urban movements in Polish cities, Tomasz Sowada ..... 9 3. Let’s meet at the urban courtyard! The role of the community engagement in micro-scale urban regeneration in Krakow, Magdalena Miśkowiec ...................................................................... 9 4. Activity of local communities versus selected indicators of social and economic development of Polish municipalities, Hanna Michniewicz-Ankiersztajn, Iwona Józefowicz ................................. 10 5. Different forms of the citizen participation in the urban renewal programs implementation. Case of Warsaw Metropolitan Area municipalities, Rafał Florczyk................................................... 10

IV. Thematic Session: “Government communication in the multi-level political system – a case of regional policy” Coordinators: Joanna Krukowska and Piotr Żuber ............................................... 12

1. Changing role of local and regional authorities in realisation of European regional policy, Jacek Szlachta .............................................................................................................................................. 12 2. Metropolitan Governance through cooperation – Does it really works?, Maciej Fijałkowski .. 12 3. Local and regional governments in transborder co-operation networks on the example of Poland, Sylwia Dołzbłasz ................................................................................................................... 12 4. Regional diversification of GDP at NUTS 3 level in selected EU countries in 2004-2016, Agnieszka Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska, Maciej Stawicki ...................................................................... 13 5. Spatial range of economic incentives’ diffusion – testing core-periphery model in reference to regional and local cohesion policy, Maria Mikos .............................................................................. 13

V. Thematic Session: “European comparative research” Coordinator: Paweł Swianiewicz ............ 14 1. Comparative results of surveys among local politicians, Hubert Heinelt ................................. 14 2. Local Autonomy Index – Comparative Study of 39 European Countries in 1990-2014 period - Nicolas Keuffer .................................................................................................................................. 14 3. Comparative picture of decentralization in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990 - Paweł Swianiewicz ....................................................................................................................................... 15 4. Housing policy in Berlin and Paris. Comparative study, Barbara Jaczewska, Anna Grzegorczyk 15

VI. Thematic Session: “Metropolitan Governance” Coordinator: Marta Lackowska ...................... 16

3

1. Consensus – conflict – indifference. Political dynamics of metropolitan policy-making in Poznan city region, Łukasz Mikuła ..................................................................................................... 16 2. The question of planning areas of public space in metropolitan region (the case of Warsaw and its suburbs), Dorota Mantey ...................................................................................................... 16 3. Spatial changes in the command and control function of cities based on the corporate center of gravity model, Piotr Raźniak, Sławomir Dorocki, Anna Winiarczyk-Raźniak ................................. 17 4. Integrated Territorial Investments in Poland: a Gate for the European Funds or a Way to Learn the Governance Complexity, Aleksander Noworól ........................................................................... 17

VII. Thematic Session: “Territorial reform” Coordinator: Paweł Swianiewicz ............................... 18 1. Local government reform – slowly from below, or rapidly from above? Jan Erling Klausen .... 18 2. “Municipal divorces - the under-researched topic of territorial reforms”, Paweł Swianiewicz, University of Warsaw ........................................................................................................................ 18 3. “Amalgamation reform of Portuguese parishes”, Filipe Teles, University of Aveiro ................ 18

VIII. Thematic Session: “Local Public Finance” Coordinator: Julita Łukomska ................................ 19 1. Financial incentives for city sprawl in Poland, Jarosław Neneman ........................................... 19 2. Fiscal and political determinants of local government involvement in public-private partnership (PPP), Roman Asinski and Agnieszka Kopańska ............................................................. 19 3. V4 municipalities and their readiness for the adoption of the Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programmes, Karolina Zubel ................................................................................................. 19 4. The impact of SEZs in Poland on local public finance, Adam Ambroziak, Julita Łukomska....... 20

IX. Thematic Session: “Flood risk management and spatial planning” Coordinator: Artur Magnuszewski ............................................................................................................................ 21

1. Vistula river flood exposition map of the City of Warsaw case study of the Adapt City program, Artur Magnuszewski, Maciej Lenartowicz ......................................................................... 21 2. High-resolution precipitation data for Poland area, Jan Szturc, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej ........................................................................................................................... 21 3. Adapt-City – local government perspective, Iza Jakubczak (Biuro Infrastruktury UM St. Warszawy) ......................................................................................................................................... 21 4. Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans in Poland – how we need them to be?, Wojciech Szymalski ........................................................................................................................................... 22

X. Thematic Session: “Ecosystem services: linking the human and the ecological perspectives” Coordinators: Marta Derek and Sylwia Kulczyk ............................................................................ 23

1. Progress in ecosystem services approach and its perspectives for environmental management, Małgorzata Stępniewska ............................................................................................ 23 2. Strategic environmental assessment – a perfect example of a procedure to use the ecosystem services approach?, Joanna Przybyś.................................................................................................. 23 3. Poland; Beyond agricultural production: using remote sensing to map farmlands’ biodiversity, Edyta Woźniak (oraz Kofman, W., Aleksandrowicz, S., Rybicki, M., Lewiński, S., Wajer, P., Łączyński, A., Milewski, T., Niszczota, S., Slesiński, P.) ....................................................................................... 24 4. Tourism and ecosystem services – opportunities and challenges, Sylwia Kulczyk, Marta Derek 24 5. Using CoDesign to recognize the awareness of young urban planners about Ecosystem, Szymon Chmielewski, Malwina Michalik-Śnieżek, Agnieszka Kułak ................................................. 25 6. Culitural ecosystems services and wellbeing policies for tourism – transnational and national challenges and opportunities, Anna Dłużewska, Anja Tuohino, Fernando Correia .......................... 25

4

I. Thematic Session: Territorial marketing of European regions and cities Coordinators: Sylwia Dudek-Mańkowska, Anna Dąbrowska

On the local government level a number of attempts are made in adapting marketing instruments, so far well know and with success implemented in business/commercial sphere, to the needs of cities and regions. The territorial marketing activities of European cities and regions observed in recent years are a response to growing competition among local governments. Convenient geographical

location, raw materials, supply of qualified labour, investment areas, but also “support by local government”, fresh air or interesting opportunities to spend free time are products that the local

government can offer to targeted customers: tourists, investors, companies, residents, associations or students. During this session we want to share good marketing practices among local governments in

Europe and indicated success factors of place marketing.

Abstracts:

1. Territorial marketing communication. How we do this in Warsaw, Robert Zydel

In my presentation, I will illustrate how the Marketing Department derogate from promoting the local government unit in Poland to much wider marketing communication strategy. Nowadays, every self-government unit requires research, fast-acting social media, distinctive and appealing graphic formats and good media exposure. Presenting the Marketing Department through case studies of specific projects, I will delineate our approach of acting for and together with the local community.

2. Urban Impact, Urban technologies – a challenge for city identity?, Dominik Zalewski, Aleksandra Balkiewicz-Żerek

New technologies are one of the key drivers of urban development. Many cities all over the world want

to be called “smart” and thus invest in technology-based innovations in urban planning, development

and management, expecting to increase the efficiency of their public services (e.g. transportation,

healthcare, waste management or public safety) and provide the economic and environmental

sustainability. Technology becomes an integral element of contemporary cities. Sensors, cameras,

public furniture or signboards might be found not only in master-planned, built from scratch high-tech

cities, but also in old and established cities that invest in their technological transformation. The urban

informational ecosystems are spreading rapidly. User-centric cities decide to create “living labs” or

startup accelerators that integrate citizens and small entrepreneurs with technology providers or

scientists working to solve problems faced by local communities. Many researchers focus on the

impact of these technological changes on cities, though little interest has been paid so far to this

phenomenon from the place branding perspective. Will new technologies affect the city identity? How

do policymakers of technologically advanced cities communicate their places to key stakeholders? A

few case studies of city branding initiatives will be presented to address these questions.

3. Measuring promotional activity of cities and identifying its barriers, Sebastian Brańka

The paper focuses on the issue of city promotion, as one of the key instruments within territorial marketing. From the theoretical point of view the paper illustrates the contemporary trends in researching territorial marketing showing the parallel terms of territorial marketing, promotion and branding all used in academic literature. The Author relies on peer-reviewed literature to provide an overview of the methods used in practice to measure promotion in place marketing and to identify its barriers. In this part the Author focuses on methodological aspects of the research and empirical findings. Furthermore the paper provides the results of an exhaustive empirical research among the 51 biggest Polish cities conducted by the author. In this respect the paper presents some of the quantitative methods applicable in researching city promotion i.e.: the taxonomic „development

5

pattern method” in synthetic evaluation of promotional activity of cities, the Ward method in classifying barriers to promotional activities and statistical tests in identifying the determinants of promotional activity in cities. In the conclusions the Author presents the state of the art in researching place promotion, based on own experiences and international peer reviewed literature.

4. New brick to the old walls. How complex creation of a place brand online can bring social attention?, Dorota Petryk, Sylwia Dudek-Mańkowska

Statistics Poland reports up to 17 millions social media users in Poland in 2018, which is almost a half of the population - with Facebook and Instagram apps on top followed by other Internet channels such as Messenger, YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, Snapchat etc. Information, education, integration, socializing, networking and communication are concerned simultaneously as main online media functions as well as puzzles that can be gathered together into a picture of the perfect marketing tool. Starting from data regarding online channels used in Polish provincial capitals, through diverse national and international examples of country, region, city and local examples of place branding and place awareness building we eventually try to define a range of new online-based marketing approach of places and regional incentives.

6

II. Thematic Session: Government communication: Building of economic development territorial coalitions

Coordinator: Filipe Teles

Recent years have revealed a significant change in the geography of economic development, from mainly national dynamics to regional systems within markets that are becoming internationally

relevant. Territorial and economic cohesion are seen as major challenges that regional policy is aimed at, with collective interplay from many and diverse actors and organizations. These policies have had a strong focus on innovation-driven models as drivers of regional development and economic growth.

These often follow mimetic policy approaches, such as best practice models from well performing regions. However, this kind of policy diffusion has stressed the need for region-specific policies aimed

at particular challenges. This session will identify and explore gaps in the research agenda of territorial alliances for economic development and the role of local and regional authorities in these

processes, ranging from economic, technological, and social to sustainability perspectives.

Abstracts:

1. Spatial interactions between business and residential urban location, Katarzyna Kopczewska

Immensely reach menu of theories and empirical evidence in regional and urban studies is still missing a link between business and residential location within city, with special insight into firms profitability and housing valuation. This paper compares the theories of business and housing location and performance with special insight into spatial externalities to show what elements are common. Overview proves that current localisation models which approach evolutionary and co-evolutionary economic geography as by Boschma and Gong & Hassink avail of reach history of location models. Neither of old models is out-of-date, while its joint application may shed some new light into interactions which appear. This builds the fundamentals for spatial statistical analysis of those two processes, till now treated in general separately. We compare the existing models and studies in both streams and check empirically if spatial distributions of companies and their profits are linked to spatial distributions of the flats and their observed prices. We hypothesise that there exist visible links and spatial interactions between both. We also are to prove that there is no single pattern of behavior and the mixture of models is observed in reality. We also claim that breaking of assumptions of theoretical models causes problems in modelling and discovering relations (multi-nodal spatial urban structure, satisficers vs. maximizers, externalities, interactions and feedback loop) and in tracking the persistence of spatial behavior (slow and costly adjustments of location). In an empirical illustration we use geo-located point big data for firms and flats in Warsaw in 2016.

2. (The absence of) developer obligations in Poland, Tomasz Zaborowski, Tomasz Ossowicz, Demetrio Muñoz Gielen

In Poland urban development is often carried out by commercial developers. While in many other EU countries and the rest of the world public bodies do use different public value capture tools to commit developers to the provision of public urban infrastructure, developers in Poland do almost not contribute. Formal obligations, imposed on landowners that profit from various kinds of public planning, development or land management activities (e.g. planning levy and betterment charge), either do not provide any significant revenues or do only provide minimum results in practice. Besides the formal tools, several informal ones have developed in practice, none of them providing satisfying results, mainly because Polish public law, again in a sharp contrast with many other countries, does not allow municipalities and developers to negotiate contributions in exchange of the administrative approval of the land-use plan. Adding up to this general failure of Polish public value capture, most of urban development is done without land-use plans, basing on ad hoc planning permissions that impose almost no requirements on developers. As a consequence, most of the times, developers of privately

7

owned land provide only a minimum package of the most indispensable road infrastructure. In case of small developments local access roads are often not paved and developments are lacking basic technical infrastructure as sewage system. The invalid planning and land management system does not generate incomes that could allow municipalities to provide necessary non technical infrastructure (e.g. schools and parks). In result many Polish new urban developments are very poorly equipped with all kinds of urban infrastructure.

3. Strategic dimension of urban and regional resilience concept, Grzegorz Masik

The concept of urban and regional resilience in recent years has been given its strategic dimension. Resilience strategies are being created in the world more and more often, which is a response to the more frequent and more intense natural, social and economic phenomena. It is not only growth and development that is of value to local governments and central governments, but also the ability to absorb negative phenomena and the ability to continuously transform socio-economic systems.

The starting point in resilience strategy is not to ask: Is the city resilient? but rather to ask: What degree of resilience does this city want to pursue? Another feature of the resilience strategy compared to other strategies is not focus on the outcomes but on the ability to absorb, adapt to, transform from and prepare for shocks and future stresses.

An example of the strategic actions undertaken is the initiative ""100 Resilient Cities"" implemented by the Rockefeller Foundation in one hundred cities around the world. As part of this strategy, special attention is paid to activities undertaken by cities to make them inclusive, integrated, robust, resourceful, reflective, redundant and flexible. Other initiatives and studies indicate that the important attributes of urban resilience are the combination of such attributes as adaptability, connectivity, diversity, efficiency, redundancy, interdependence.

Strategies for building regional resilience assume similar activities with the difference that it is indicated that regional governments should be a link between the activities of the central government and local self-governments as well as social and business organizations at the regional level. In these strategies, the emphasis is on diversity, dispersion, mutuality and modularity.

4. 20 years of regional development strategies in Poland - experience in engaging stakeholders, Wojciech Dziemianowicz

In the presentation, I would like to discuss my own experience in creating regional development strategies in Poland. As the main expert in the process of creating strategies in several regions of our country (in each of the four generations of these strategies), I notice a diverse approach of residents, institutions and business. Regional authorities also have a differentiated approach to building consensus around strategic plans, which is evident, for example, in the process of consultations on strategy projects. The main hypothesis that I would like to present concerns the process of learning to participate in the process of building a strategy.

5. Building territorial coalitions for strengthening the potential of functional urban areas in Poland, Dagmara Kociuba

Functional urban areas of voivodeship centers (VC FUA) are recognized as drivers of the socio-economic development of Poland. The implementation of Integrated Territorial Investments (ITIs) permitted the designation of their spatial range primarily based on cooperation instead of imposed delimitation. One of the essential element of FUAs' functioning is inter-municipal cooperation. The objective of the article is to present practical aspect of building coalitions of territorial government units in VC FUAs in Poland, and the role of the core city in the process. The analysis covered the formal-legal and cooperation aspects, corresponding to particular parts of the paper. The first part involves a review of the delimitation of VC FUAs and overview of the process of formalization of their governance structures under ITI Unions. The second part presents results of questionnaire surveys conducted in

8

the first quarter of 2019 among communes currently belonging to ITI Unions. Detailed analyses concern the implementation of joint projects qualified to 26 categories from the pre-accession period to 2014-2020 perspective involving financing from EU and national funds, as well as own resources. This permitted the determination of how the temporal and spatial range and thematic scope of the implemented projects changed, and revealed the involvement of both single communes and the core city in the implementation of joint undertakings. The analyses provided the basis for the preparation of recommendations in the scope of improvement of the efficiency of building territorial coalitions for strengthening the potential of functional urban areas.

9

III. Thematic Session: Government communication: Engaging citizens Coordinator: Ewa Stokłuska

Civic engagement is one of the pillars of sustainable development – and the local government, due to its scale and responsibilities, is particularly well suited to host participatory arrangements. It is also a field for experiments enhancing the quality of local democracy and an incubator for new bottom-up political movements. The session focuses on the theories and practices of civic participation in the

local (urban) policy-making. More specifically, it aims to reflect on the role of institutional infrastructure and features of networks involving local governments and local civil society. The

presentations will build mainly upon the Polish and American experiences in the areas of planning and urban regeneration. The discussion will focus on the performance of various institutional

arrangements used to engage citizens and civic organizations in policy design, implementation, and evaluation.

1. American-Style Graduate Capstone Projects: Capstone, Clients, Community, Frank Nierzwicki

In my presentation, I will review how an academic capstone project is conceived, organized and delivered to the client and the community at-large. The learning outcomes are the focus of any academic course and they will be discussed during this presentation. The most important item in any Indiana University capstone course is the development of the academic-client-community relationship. Examples of relationship building between academics, practitioners and elected officials during the presentation.

2. How to change the rules of the game? Urban movements in Polish cities, Tomasz Sowada

One of the actors on the scene of social participation in city management are urban movements. The heterogeneous character and wide-ranging collective identity of movements make the research in this field appealing to sociologists, geographers or representatives of political sciences. Their activity is also interesting because of common tendency to the empowerment of city dwellers.

In Poland, urban movements in their present form have been active for over a decade. This is a time span which enables observing them in a dynamic context and assessing the influence of their activities on management and planning in Polish cities. The purpose of the presentation is to summarise the present activity of urban activists and answer the question: Are they able to carry out the change in city management and spatial planning? I will focus on the following aspects of the problem discussed:

Collective identity of Polish urban movements;

Activity of Polish urban movements;

Impact of movements on the attitudes of residents and local authorities.

Each of the above-mentioned subjects will be discussed on the basis of the studies carried out in four cities: Białystok, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Opole and Poznań. Referring to the obtained results, I will consider:

Two main factions emerging from the general picture of Polish urban movements;

The dominant subject matter and form of actions taken by the movements;

Relations between individual actors of the participation process in a city;

Impact of urban movements on the management and planning of cities in both material and symbolic dimension.

3. Let’s meet at the urban courtyard! The role of the community engagement in micro-scale urban regeneration in Krakow, Magdalena Miśkowiec

10

According to the recent urban regeneration policy shift, interventions are required at local-scale development. That approach aims at integrated micro-projects promoting spontaneous regeneration and social integration with the local community involvement. In particular, within Urban Regeneration policies public participation is introduced as a tool to reflect public concerns and to guide the urban space transformation. In recent years, studies regarding regeneration were spatially focused on city centers, main public spaces, historical sites, and post-industrial land uses. However, not much attention was paid to the renewal of semi-public spaces reserved particularly for local residents. At the same time, urban courtyard areas become one of the significant sites within the latest Regeneration Programmes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the behaviors and social attitudes towards engagement in semi-public spaces regeneration. The research was conducted based on the “Centrum D” urban courtyard case study in Nowa Huta, the city of Kraków. The study was carried out using in-depth interviews with three groups of stakeholders: 1) local community leaders, 2) municipal officials, and 3) participatory practitioners. The analysis of qualitative data sets reveals the correlations between the perceived 1) problematics of the urban courtyard area, 2) role of the community participation, 3) challenges for participatory process and 4) solutions to overcome these challenges. The findings are expected to add insights into the discussion on community participation within micro-scale regeneration inside cities urban setting.

4. Activity of local communities versus selected indicators of social and economic development of Polish municipalities, Hanna Michniewicz-Ankiersztajn, Iwona Józefowicz

Over the past twenty years a steady increase in the civic involvement of Poles has been observed. Although the feeling of having an influence on national affairs is relatively small, it can be seen to have grown in relation to matters connected with the functioning of local communities (The citizens’ feeling of influence on public affairs, 2018, Survey Report No. 33/2018, CBOS). Civic participation is also determined by social and demographic features as well as the characteristics of the region in which it takes place. This survey aims to identify the relationships between the level of social and economic development of the area and the level of the local communities’ activity. The relation between these two levels is determined based on source materials (selected local development indicators and NGO database). Out of many forms of association practised by residents for the purposes of undertaking and implementing local initiatives, registered associations operating for the benefit of local development were selected for analysis. The survey covered all Poland split into territorial units for statistics (NTS 5), which made it possible to illustrate the phenomenon and the relationships between the features using a spatial approach.

5. Different forms of the citizen participation in the urban renewal programs implementation. Case of Warsaw Metropolitan Area municipalities, Rafał Florczyk

Citizen participation is an important aspect of preparing, implementation and evaluation of revitalization programmes because it helps to achieve urban renewal targets. It is nowadays a significant issue in polish local policy. The revitalization act of 9 october 2015 gives polish local authorities opportunity to set up and implement not only municipal revitalization programmes but also local revitalization programmes (based on transitional rules) which are easier to prepare. In case of implementing municipal revitalization programme, municipalities are obligated to constitute Committee of Revitalization – institution composed of diversified local actors (e.g. politicians, enterpreneurs or NGO members) which gives opinion about the urban renewal process and supports local dalogue. Transitional rules do not impose specific requirements of citizen partipation in revitalization process but they give only general outlines assuming its advanced forms. This arbitrariness causes the differetiation in the formalized solutions of the participation problem (including composition of established institutions and their competences) - it is the main hypothesis of this paper.

Analysis of seven cities located in Warsaw Metropolitan Area reveals that municipalities constitute different institutions: Committees of Revitalization, Teams/Groups of revitalization or others forms

11

engaging various local actors. Another important aspect is the real impact of these institutions on implementation of the urban renewal process – which level of Arnstein's participation ladder do they achieve?

Results show that there is a difference between Committees of Revitalization and other formal ways of participation considering their tasks and composition. All analysed forms place on the low levels of Arnstein's participation ladder."

12

IV. Thematic Session: Government communication in the multi-level political system – a case of regional policy

Coordinators: Joanna Krukowska and Piotr Żuber

Globalisation in general and the way in which Common Market is functioning in particular have brought in recent years a lot of questions about political and institutional future of the European Union. One of the topic of academic and political discussions is appropriateness of European and

national policies to citizen’s expectations. What is the role of regional policy in this regard? Can still this policy in the time of Brexit and the rise of populism in Europe offer something important to

European Citizens beyond money for development projects? How to restore credibility of the European Institutions and Governments towards citizens? What would be the role of regional and

local authorities in this regard?

Abstracts:

1. Changing role of local and regional authorities in realisation of European regional policy, Jacek Szlachta

Since the major reform introduced in 1988 European Cohesion Policy has been broadening the number of its stakeholders involved in its realisation. Their role in programming and realisation of the policy also has been evolving. In brief we observe that the role of regional level (and regional authorities in particular) is decreasing while cities (especially those of metropolitan status) and member states are gaining more attention and power. The Presentation will present the process, explain the factors fuelling changes and describe the current role of local and regional authorities in the realisation of EU Cohesion policy. Against this background will be formulated recommendations concerning the future role of regional and local authorities in Polish governance system.

2. Metropolitan Governance through cooperation – Does it really works?, Maciej Fijałkowski

Under inspiration of the OECD and various scholar works (e.g. F. Barca) EU cohesion policy around 10 years ago started to pay more attention to so called place based or territorial integrated development. The concept is about using unique potential of places through cooperation between different level stakeholders with the leading role of local authorities having political mandate to act for the benefit of the community. In the 2014-2020 financial perspective it is implemented the concept of Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI), which is EU wide instrument to promote place based development. In Poland this instrument is used primarily to promote integration of metropolitan areas through enhanced cooperation of local authorities in realisation of integrated, place based strategies going beyond borders of their respective municipalities. One of being realised projects of this kind is ITI for realisation of the strategy for Warsaw Metropolitan Area. Presentation will explain how was created this particular ITI, what is its main focus, what are major successes and constraints in cooperation between stakeholders and what is the role of European funds in forming notion and identity of Warsaw Metropolitan Area.

3. Local and regional governments in transborder co-operation networks on the example of Poland, Sylwia Dołzbłasz

The main objective of the paper is to identify regularities in the shaping of transborder cooperation networks and to assess the role of local and regional governments in the process of network creation and functioning on the example of Poland’s borderlands. The basis of the analysis was a comprehensive research of over 1400 organizations that realized over 800 transborder projects under the European Territorial Cooperation and European Neighbourhood and Partnership programs implemented on the Polish borders (on both sides) in 2007-2013. Analysis of the transborder cooperation networks using the Social Network Analysis (including its indicators) allowed to determine the nature of network connections on the Polish borderlands as well as the role and significance of local and regional

13

governments. It also enabled the identification of centralized and decentralized network models. Additionally, taking into account the geographical location of cooperating organizations and links between them allowed to indicate possible schemes for shaping a transborder cooperation networks in a spatial context. The use of network analysis (SNA) in the comparative study of transborder co-operation networks along all Polish borders allowed to examine discrepancies in transborder co-operation networks as well as to identify a number of regularities significant for the functioning of borderlands.

4. Regional diversification of GDP at NUTS 3 level in selected EU countries in 2004-2016, Agnieszka Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska, Maciej Stawicki

The article concerns the discussion on internal disparities in the level of development of EU member states. The aim of the study was to identify changes in the level of economic development of regions (NUTS 3) of EU countries which joined the EU in 2004. The value and dynamics of GDP changes at the NUTS 3 level in selected EU countries was presented using the GDP per capita ratio and GDP per capita in percentage terms in relation to the EU-28 average. The analysis takes into account the division of regions according to Eurostat into: rural, urban and intermediate. The time range covers the years 2004-2016. The source of statistical data is Eurostat. The basic statistical measures were used in the elaboration of the empirical material. It was found that the examined EU countries are internally different in terms of the level of economic development. In rural regions, the dynamics of development changes was smaller in relation to other types of regions.

5. Spatial range of economic incentives’ diffusion – testing core-periphery model in reference to regional and local cohesion policy, Maria Mikos

The main goal of EU regional policy is obtaining cohesion. However, development strategies differ in terms of investment’s concentration. Paper presents the theoretical models of regional policy, illustrated with case-study of Polish strategies. Using spatial interactions model the range of economic incentives’ diffusion was estimated. Dynamic analysis of 1996-2017 NUTS4 panel data enabled the assessment of development strategies’ results. The outcome was confirmed with L-moments analysis of entrepreneurship distribution over time. Method derived the period of the highest efficiency of cohesion policy. Author also made an attempt to mark out factors responsible for failure of smart policy in Poland.

14

V. Thematic Session: European comparative research Coordinator: Paweł Swianiewicz

Last decades have brought almost explosion of multilateral comparative studies of local governments in Europe. Several of those new initiatives involved also collection of new empirical data based on the

joint research protocol, and covered often more than dozen of countries within a single research project. Interestingly, only some of them have attracted joint European funding, several of them have relied on informal academic networks and voluntarism of enthusiast scholars. The session will show

several examples of such initiatives, present some of their results and discuss demand on further comparative studies.

Abstracts:

1. Comparative results of surveys among local politicians, Hubert Heinelt

For about 20 years, a group of scholars organised into the standing groups on Local Government and Politics (LOGOPOL) of the European Consortium of Political Science (ECPR) and/or the European Urban Research Association (EURA) have carried out surveys on political leaders performing different roles within local government (mayors, councillors and CEOs). The main aim of these surveys has been to shed light on issues such as values, policy priorities, behaviour, role definition, perception of self-influence, patterns of recruitment, leadership style or attitudes towards local government reforms of these political leaders. It has attempted at identifying patterns of similarities and differences among these political leaders and the factors influencing them. The proposed paper depicts the trajectory and research approach of this joint endeavour as well as their main results. Among them, the building of typologies on local government, the decline in the power of assemblies or the different notions of democracy leaders are presented.

2. Local Autonomy Index – Comparative Study of 39 European Countries in 1990-2014 period - Nicolas Keuffer

Local autonomy has been the subject of increasing scrutiny in recent decades, with many comparative studies being published. Furthermore, it has been advocated as a key tool of good governance by many international institutions. In parallel, disciplines such as law studies, economics, sociology and political science intensively suggest definitions of the concept, discuss its basic characteristics, or describe indicators that can be used to measure it, according to their specific prism. However, because of its interdisciplinary and multi-dimensional nature, and also because of the extreme heterogeneity of territorial profiles and local government systems, there has been no commonly agreed upon theoretical framework describing the core elements of local autonomy, nor there has been a single, broadly accepted way of measuring degrees of local autonomy. Addressing the need to grasp the main challenges of European local government and governance, the European Commission launched a research project to improve the state of knowledge about the topic both in a theoretical and an empirical perspective. The aim of the “Local Autonomy Index project”, led at the IDHEAP of the University of Lausanne, was to provide a basis on which to analyse and report changes in the extent of decentralisation in 39 European countries over the period from 1990 to 2014. The measurement of local autonomy, that had to go beyond recording the share of funds managed by local authorities and had also to capture the extent to which local authorities have a say in how these funds are spent, was based on a codebook containing 11 variables. It makes it possible, first, to show both a consolidation of the position of European local governments and a remarkable variation in the extent of autonomy they enjoy. In a second step, we created and validated a “Local Autonomy Index” (LAI) of 7 weighted dimensions in order to reduce complexity. The overall ranking places the Nordic countries together with Switzerland, Poland and Germany among the countries providing the greater extent of autonomy to the local government in 2014. In a third phase, we used the LAI and its 7 constitutive dimensions as tool for comparative analysis and showed, on the one hand, the country-specific patterns of local autonomy and, on the other hand, what are the drivers and effects of local

15

autonomy. The value of the LAI, of the results and of the data gathered within this collaborative research conducted across Europe are already recognised by both the practical and academic fields – for example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has recently provided 10 recommendations for policy-makers to make decentralisation work based on our study on local autonomy, raising the question of its geographical and temporal extension.

3. Comparative picture of decentralization in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990 - Paweł Swianiewicz

After political turn-over of 1989-1990 in post-communist Central-Eastern Europe decentralization was

one of the flagships of the transformation in most of the countries of the region. But in spite of those

verbal declarations the real transfer of powers to sub-national jurisdictions was often very limited. The

most striking features of local government architecture in the Central East European region are its

diversity and dynamism, which makes every static description out-of-date after relatively short period.

The paper analysis that complex picture focusing on three dimensions:

1. Territorial organization – territorial reforms of both local and regional level have been a common

feature for most of the countries of the region

2. Vertical power relations – the concept of Local Autonomy Index is used extensively showing

trajectories of central-local relations throughout the 1990-2014 period. The hypothesis of the

European convergence of local autonomy is tested in this context, as well as the impact of

European integration.

3. Horizontal power relations within local governments – in this part the main focus is on variation

and evolution of types of political leadership (following Mouritzen and Svara 2002 typology). The

trend towards more personal leadership, including direct election of mayors will be documented.

4. Housing policy in Berlin and Paris. Comparative study, Barbara Jaczewska, Anna Grzegorczyk

Development of housing policy occurs as a result of adopted aims of policy, instruments and a structure of existing housing systems. We conducted comparative research into the housing systems in Berlin and Paris, in order to identify differences in the formulation of housing policy, both in terms of its objectives and instruments and its influence on residential segregation. As regards methodology, we used van der Heijden's "middle-way approach" (2013) Historical analysis showing divergent approaches to housing policy in the cities studied was coupled with an examination, informed by convergence theory, of contemporary processes occurring in cities, attempting to give appropriate weight to both global and local processes conditioning residential segregation. The use of this approach allowed us to find a balance between generalization and specificity taking into account historical factors (such as a city's developmental path) and cultural context.

For each city, we identify the periods which have had the greatest influence on the shape of its housing policy, highlight specific policy instruments used, and demonstrate the relationship between policy and residential segregation Historical events and past housing policy have significantly influenced today's situation. Socio-economic and demographic factors have also been contributors, as have spatial conditions together with planning, legal and administration systems. We highlighted the role of ideological factor, which become part of housing culture and institutional structure of housing market. It goes in accordance with our last conclusion that is, although market forces are important factor shaping housing policy pattern, a style of reaching purely political objectives is also influential.

16

VI. Thematic Session: Metropolitan Governance Coordinator: Marta Lackowska

Metropolitan governance is one of the never ending stories of public administration - started about a century ago, having gone through its ups and downs in different moments in different countries and

still provoking vivid discussions both among local politicians and practitioners and among academics. In the session, we will focus in particular on:

intermunicipal cooperation in metropolitan regions, challenges to spatial planning, and soft spaces of planning as a

tool to solve them, creation of public spaces in metropolitan regions possibilities to learn from foreign metropolises.

Abstracts:

1. Consensus – conflict – indifference. Political dynamics of metropolitan policy-making in Poznan city region, Łukasz Mikuła

The rise of new regionalism agenda in 1990s gave way to new conceptual models of managing city-regional scale of urban development – collectively labelled as ‘metropolitan governance’ approach, somewhat in opposition to more traditional views of ‘metropolitan reform’ and ‘metropolitan government’. Built on ideals of networking, partnership, flexibility and constant negotiation between stakeholders this kind of ‘bottom-up’ voluntary cooperation is especially important in countries where formal institutionalization of metropolitan areas is very weak or selective – as in case of Poland. However, important questions arise about limits to effectiveness of this approach when consensus-based non-binding policies turn out to be insufficient to properly address the crucial development problems and challenges.

The empirical part of the paper presents metropolitan governance arrangements in their practical (which also means ‘political’) dimensions on the example of Poznań city region. Still considered to be one of national leaders in metropolitan bottom-up integration it has recently changed its metropolitan-wide priorities from the more visionary strategic approach to spatial development issues towards daily routine of managing EU funds within Integrated Territorial Management (ITI) scheme. The paper offers a broad review of current policy-making efforts in Poznań city region identifying most important conflicts it the background of officially praised metropolitan cooperation arrangements. Key sectoral policies under scrutiny are spatial planning, public transit, highways, water and sewage system, waste management and education. The primary data source are direct interviews with leading political figures and officials within the metropolitan area, confronted with policy documents and financial datasets.

2. The question of planning areas of public space in metropolitan region (the case of Warsaw and its suburbs), Dorota Mantey

Mass suburbanization, which began in Poland in the 1990s, drew attention to the problem of chaotically and hurriedly built-up suburban areas, which results in the creation of monofunctional suburbs, deprived of basic services and public spaces. On the one hand, it forces suburban residents to use recreation spaces away from their place of residence and makes it difficult to build local ties, and on the other hand, it does not allow to fully use the potential of suburban zone as a recreational area for the inhabitants of the metropolis. The presentation concerns the problem of the avoidance of reserving land for the statutory category of the area of public space. This problem affects the entire metropolitan area and touches not only suburbs, but also cities (including Warsaw). It results in the random localization of local public spaces and the lack of planning public spaces of supra-local importance, which are significant for the functioning of the entire metropolitan area. The presentation will show the results of the analyses of the studies of conditions and directions of spatial development

17

of Warsaw and selected municipalities from its suburban zone, as well as different approaches to the obligation to planning public spaces at the municipal level.

3. Spatial changes in the command and control function of cities based on the corporate center of gravity model, Piotr Raźniak, Sławomir Dorocki, Anna Winiarczyk-Raźniak

The aim of this paper is to discuss changes in the spatial distribution of cities that perform the command and control function created by the largest corporations in the years 2006 and 2016 based on the method of gravity centers. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy as well as for the global scale. A shift of the center of gravity of the command and control function of cities was based on the Corporation Potential Index. Generally centers of gravity were found in Europe, but the shift occurred in the easterly direction. This also pertains to sector indices, although the centroids of knowledge-based sectors such as information technology and healthcare shifted the most in the direction of Asia. At the same time, information technology was the only sector whose centroid shifted to the west in the study period. Moreover, the magnitude of the shift of the center of gravity of the number of corporate headquarters in the studied cities does not converge to the shift of the centroid based on the value of the financial potential reflected by the Corporation Potential Index. In the fluctuating economy, further research on perspectives of the command and control functions of cities should also be studied in the future, to understand the trends of C&C function.

4. Integrated Territorial Investments in Poland: a Gate for the European Funds or a Way to Learn the Governance Complexity, Aleksander Noworól

Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI) is the instrument of European Union Cohesion Policy, implemented during programming period 2014-2020. Poland included that instrument to the national development policy, signing the Partnership Agreement with the European Commission in 2014. The tool was designed to promote the development of functional areas, especially on a metropolitan scale, and to strengthen the cooperation ability of local actors. Based on the review of concepts of the metropolitan governance, the author briefly presents results of evaluation studies and researches contracted by Polish Government during years 2017-2018 (including his analyses). Conclusions of those studies are deepened by qualitative investigations disclosing means the process of ITI implementation is carried out by the Krakow Metropolis Association (KMA). The choice of KMA has been made based on authors’ experiences of cooperation with the Association in the preparation of ITI Strategy and the provision of consulting services. Tools used by KMA, taking under consideration juridical and cultural conditioning, demonstrate how the ITI instrument can become – beyond financial support for communes – a real creator of a supportive ecosystem of entities. Conclusions of the paper put forward what is the meaning of “metropolitan governance” in the current Polish development policy and what challenges should be undertaken to anchor the successful outcomes of previous experiences.

18

VII. Thematic Session: Territorial reform Coordinator: Paweł Swianiewicz

Municipal boundaries in Europe are far from being stable. Especially beginning of 21st century brought revival of territorial reforms across Europe. It is difficult to find a country with no municipal

boundary changes at all, and in at least 20 countries there have been systematic, comprehensive territorial reforms implemented after 2000. The session will draw a picture of the scope, reasons

behind and actual consequences of such reforms. It will also discuss what is already known and what areas require more in-depth studies in the future.

Abstracts:

1. Local government reform – slowly from below, or rapidly from above? Jan Erling Klausen

In countries across Europe, local government reforms have changed the territorial structure of towns and cities substantially. While reforms of many long-standing systems in "western" Europe during the post-war period entailed dramatic chance virtually overnight, due to imposition of central of provincial governments, other countries experienced change largely driven from below, in the form of voluntary amalgamations. Since the early 1990s emerging local governments in Central-Eastern Europe have added complexity to the overall pattern of territorial change, providing new insights and opening up for enhanced knowledge about the drivers of change, and the patterns of change that emerges. Klausen will provide a brief exposition of common patterns of territorial change across Europe, and discuss key assumptions about the drivers of change.

2. “Municipal divorces - the under-researched topic of territorial reforms”, Paweł Swianiewicz, University of Warsaw

Territorial-administrative organization belongs to the most important and highly debated topics of

political geography. The paper focuses on boundary changes on a municipal level. Territorial

amalgamation reforms have attracted a lot of attention of scholars from different disciplines, recently

resulting also in meta-analyses of studies of impacts of those reforms. But the opposite process – of

territorial fragmentation (splits or “divorces” of municipalities) has not attracted sufficient attention

of academic community. And in the practice of Central and Eastern Europe this type of reforms has

been at least equally frequent and equally important as territorial consolidation reforms. Immediately

after 1989/1990 turn-over we could note massive territorial fragmentation in several countries of

former Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and some others. But also more recently, within last 20

years there have been several cases of “municipal divorces”. The paper provides inventory and draws

general picture of such changes in 7 countries of the region (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary,

Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia) and discusses both factors beyond the divorce

initiatives as well as possible consequences for local democracy and local public service provision.

3. “Amalgamation reform of Portuguese parishes”, Filipe Teles, University of Aveiro

This presentation aims to contribute to the debate about territorial reforms in Europe by presenting and discussing the characteristics of Portuguese freguesias. These civil parishes stand out as a special case in European landscape since all municipalities have sub-municipal units (SMUs) that have evolved to become full-fledged, lower-tier local government units. These SMUs are – de facto – a division of the municipal territory into small units of governance and of democratic representation, significantly under the discretionary authority of the municipality’s government. The presentation will focus on the recent territorial reform which reduced significantly their number, and will describe their historical evolution, legal framework, and organization, as well as competencies, services, and finances. The analysis is – finally – focused on the future of SMUs in Portugal.

19

VIII. Thematic Session: Local Public Finance Coordinator: Julita Łukomska

Every person is affected by local government fiscal policies. Individuals and businesses may select a location. Local governments are increasingly taking an active role in economic development, working

to attract and retain businesses and residents using different instruments. Tax competition among local governments for new businesses and service competition for new residents are obvious ways of such activities. What are strategies of local leaders related to public finance to enhance development

and quality of life in concrete localities? What are instruments for financing local development?

Abstracts:

1. Financial incentives for city sprawl in Poland, Jarosław Neneman

To increase the number of inhabitants’ is a commonly stated top objective in municipal strategies across European countries. As the influence of a municipality on the fertility rate is limited, the struggle for more inhabitants is a zero-sum-game. As long as new inhabitants come from the municipalities of a similar size, the game is fair. A municipality with a better infrastructure (both physical and social) make people vote with their feet. The problem arise when new inhabitants come from an shrinking city. Still, it's OK that people prefer living outside cities as they get richer - we are free people. However there are negative externalities due to city sprawl, that are ignored by both moving inhabitants and welcoming municipalities. The magnitude of this phenomenon is to a certain degree linked to incentives of the system of municipalities' financing. Money follow inhabitants (mainly the share in PIT and property tax), whereas some cost stay in a city. Moreover, in Poland, if a new inhabitant builds its house on a former agricultural land, on a revenue side, a local community gains only (PIT and a property tax), as farmers do not pay PIT and pay only a small land tax linked to the price of rye. How to reduce the incentives for municipalities? a) move some inhabitants' tax revenue to a higher administrative level b) replace part of tax revenues linked to inhabitants to revenues linked to, say area. c) tax farmers d) introduce an "exit tax". Some of the PIT revenues shall stay for a certain period in a city rather than follow the moving inhabitant.

2. Fiscal and political determinants of local government involvement in public-private partnership (PPP), Roman Asinski and Agnieszka Kopańska

In this article, we estimate the main determinants of local government’s engagement in public-private partnership (PPP) projects using logistic panel regression. We use data from 2478 municipalities and cities in Poland from 2009 to 2016. The results show that municipalities with higher levels of indebtedness have a higher probability of opening PPP tenders while local units that are more dependent on central grants or receive more European grants are less engaged in PPP. We found also that the mayors of municipalities and cities with stronger electoral competition also engage in PPP with a higher probability. These results are important for discussions on the efficient use of PPP. They show that local government decisions made in conditions of fiscal constraint and political struggle can blur the PPP’s value-for-money aim.

3. V4 municipalities and their readiness for the adoption of the Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programmes, Karolina Zubel

Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) is an on-tax financing model focused on providing financing and technical assistance for residential retrofits launched in California in 2008. It is a type of financing mechanism used to collect the repayment for money that was lent for investments in building improvements that meet a ‘valid public purpose’, e.g. save or produce energy. Typically, investors lend

20

money up-front to local governments and then get repaid regularly through an additional charge on a tax bill building upon an existing relationship municipalities have with their citizens – the property tax system. As a result, the PACE programme makes municipalities key actors of the whole process given the importance of interactions they have respectively with investors, contractors and residents. Apart from the US, the programme already exists in China, Australia and South Africa. Nonetheless, each country where a stable property taxation is in place, can offer this instrument to home-owners interested in improving their living conditions. Currently, the programme is being piloted in Spain and it is very likely that it will soon accelerate further to other EU countries, including V4 where energy efficiency is recently gaining on importance. The overall aim of this paper is therefore to analyse readiness of V4 municipalities for the effective implementation of the PACE and to identify the enablers and barriers to its implementation. Based on the existing literature on organisation and management of local governments, the nature and significance of PACE in relation to neoliberal urban policies will be discussed.

4. The impact of SEZs in Poland on local public finance, Adam Ambroziak, Julita Łukomska

Special Economic Zones were established to support restructuring processes and reduce high unemployment in Poland in the mid-1990s. Their effects have been analysed by many distinguished researchers. Some of them pointed to an ambiguous positive effect of their functioning on the regional development, unemployment and local entrepreneurship. It seems, however, that an equally important issue is their impact on the finances of the municipality where they were located. It should be noted that after Poland's accession to the EU, entrepreneurs could independently indicate the locations of their investments and further sub-zones of a given SEZ. Therefore, Polish SEZs are highly fragmented, and most of their sub-zones are located along communication routes, close to large industrial and services centres of western and north-western Poland.

Municipal authorities were often involved in the process of attracting investors and establishing a SEZ subzone. Apart from SEZs income tax exemption established by central law, municipalities often granted public aid in the form of property tax relief, which was compensated from the central budget. However, it cannot be considered that the presence of companies in SEZs was neutral to local budgets. On one hand, enterprises in SEZs were exempt from income tax, thus the municipal budgets did not benefit from that taxation (shares in CIT constitute revenue of the municipal budget), but on the other hand, a) employment should increase, what should lead to increase in personal income tax payments from employees (shares in PIT are part of municipal revenues), b) transport equipment should be developed and, as a result, vehicle tax that is local budget revenue should increase, as well as, c) entrepreneurship should expand, and, as an effect, income tax from companies cooperating with those located in the SEZ should rise. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the directions and strength of the impact of SEZ on the selected revenue sources of municipalities in Poland. This will be determined by a counterfactual analysis of the revenues of municipalities with and without SEZs in the years 2004-2017, taking into account number of employees, value of investments and number of companies in special economic zones.

21

IX. Thematic Session: Flood risk management and spatial planning Coordinator: Artur Magnuszewski

Flood risk estimation on the urban areas has many dimensions. It requires hydrodynamic modelling, probability calculation, assessment of exposition and vulnerability. The session could discuss the problem of flood risk calculated for flooding caused by the rivers and urban floods caused by the torrential rains. There are different approaches to estimate the risk of urban floods it would be

interesting to discuss that. Flood risk maps are standard document required by the EU Flood Directive, urban flooding is a new field of research developing fast in the context of climate change.

Abstracts:

1. Vistula river flood exposition map of the City of Warsaw case study of the Adapt City program, Artur Magnuszewski, Maciej Lenartowicz

Major Vistula river floods in the City of Warsaw were observed in the past and are still creating a problem in the context of spatial planning and emergency situation management. It is difficult to predict exactly place of river flood but altenative approach to the problem is GIS analysis and delineation of city areas having different level of exposition to risk of river flood. This metod requires a hydrodynamic modeling of the river flow. The result of modeling gives information on level of water in the river at given probability. Having ordinates of water table it is possible to extrapolate that surface to surrounding areas and perform analysis on DTM. Such method was used in the project ADAPTCITY PL “Preparation of a strategy of adaptation to climate change with use of city climate mapping and public participation” financed by LIFE13 INF/PL/000039 grant. The 100 years recurence flood range and flood depth was used to calculate the volume of flooded buildings and calculate the risk of given district level. Adding the thematic layers we have obtained the City of Warsaw map of Vistula flood exposition. It is important to realize that 25 % of the Warsaw theritory lays in the flood zones. Presented method of flood risk estimation can be used in spatial planning and making decision on loction of volnurable infrastructure of the city.

2. High-resolution precipitation data for Poland area, Jan Szturc, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej

Precipitation is an essential input data for numerous applications in meteorology and hydrology, such as quantitative precipitation estimation, weather forecasts and warnings, hydrological modelling, agricultural meteorology, etc. These applications require real-time reliable rainfall data with a high temporal and spatial resolution. Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB) as the national meteorological and hydrological service operates different tools for real-time measurements such as telemetric rain gauges, weather radar network, and the Meteosat satellite. Each technique provides data with different space-time resolution and burdened with different kinds of errors. Rain gauges supply accurate direct measurements, but only at discrete points so reproduction of spatial distribution is limited by the density of a gauge network. On the other hand, weather radar data provide trustworthy information about spatial variability of rainfall but are affected by numerous errors of different structures. An accuracy of satellite rainfall estimates is questionable, nevertheless they deliver valuable information for those areas where there is no other data. Therefore, multi-source algorithms have been designed and implemented into RainGRS system, which quality controls and then merges them into one estimated GRS (gauge-radar-satellite) precipitation field. The next step is precipitation nowcasting, i.e. forecasting with a very short lead time – approximately up to 2 hours. The models, operationally working at IMGW-PIB, apply an extrapolation approach by means of advection of a precipitation field. For longer lead times forecasts are provided by mesoscale numerical weather prediction models COSMO and AROME.

3. Adapt-City – local government perspective, Iza Jakubczak (Biuro Infrastruktury UM St. Warszawy)

22

abstrakt

4. Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans in Poland – how we need them to be?, Wojciech Szymalski

The article analyses the past exercise of Polish local authorities with Local Energy Action Plans (Plany Gospodarki Niskoemisyjnej) and Local Adaptation Strategies (Miejskie Plany Adaptacji). The analysis takes into consideration the content and role of the plans as well as its formal position in the planning system of local authorities in Poland. Author seeks for similarities and differences of those extraordinary plans with the ones that are obligatory according to Polish law, specially local spatial plans and policies and local heat, energy and gas supply plans. As a result of the study author stipulates about how the extraordinary plans impact local policies, whether it is good or wrong to have them in the already implemented form and what could have been done to make local policies better, without imposing on local authorities additional planning exercises.

23

X. Thematic Session: Ecosystem services: linking the human and the ecological perspectives

Coordinators: Marta Derek and Sylwia Kulczyk

Combining natural, social and economic aspects, the concept of ecosystem services (ES) operationalizes the idea of sustainable development. With its highly utilitarian approach, ES has

already proved its usefulness where only socio-ecological relations have to be taken into consideration, including spatial planning and management, nature conservation or education. Still, the implementation of the concept poses numerous challenges of conceptual and methodological

character. This session aims to address these problems both from the perspectives of scientists and practitioners.

Abstracts:

1. Progress in ecosystem services approach and its perspectives for environmental management, Małgorzata Stępniewska

In the recent years, the competences of Polish researchers within the scope of the mapping and assessment of ecosystem services (ES) have increased substantially. At the same time, mobilising activities of the European Union have stimulated adoption of ES approach into strategic documents at national level. Despite of relevant scientific potential and growing political interest, the implementation of ES into planning and decision-making processes at regional and local scales is in an initial phase. The presentation discusses the experiences of Department of Integrated Geography, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (geokompleks.amu.edu.pl/en/) with developing ES mapping and assessment methods and cooperation with different groups of stakeholders for knowledge dissemination, methods testing and delivering relevant outcomes. The actions undertaken have included, among others, engagement in enhancing ES mapping for policy and decision-making (Esmeralda project, http://www.esmeralda-project.eu/), innovating and implementation of nature-based solutions (Connecting Nature project, https://connectingnature.eu/), measuring and improving urban agriculture (FEW-meter project, https://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/few-meter/), fostering innovative climate action (TeRRIFICA project, https://twitter.com/terrifica_), and facilitating the communication and knowledge exchange (ECOSERV Symposia, https://www.es-partnership.org/community/regional-chapters/europe/poland/). The experience gained have allowed to draw recommendations for future actions aimed at the strengthening linkages between communities of ES researchers and practitioners.

2. Strategic environmental assessment – a perfect example of a procedure to use the ecosystem services approach?, Joanna Przybyś

The best known practical benefit from the ecosystem services approach is the possibility to assign the

economic value to environmental (ecosystem) resources. It should facilitate the analyses during the

decision-making process in planning and policy making and seems to be a very practical and useful

concept. A perfect place to implement this concept should be strategic environmental assessment

(SEA). A procedure conducted before the adoption of plans and programmes, the implementation of

which may cause significant negative environmental impacts is obligatory in the European Union and

in many other countries. During the procedure all possible environmental consequences of

implementation of a given project are analysed in order to select the least damaging way to achieve

the document’s goals and – if necessary – to propose mitigation measures. What may seem surprising,

the ES approach, although promoted, is seldom used during SEAs in practice, not only in Poland but

also in other EU Member States.

http://geokompleks.amu.edu.pl/en/main-page-2/

http://www.esmeralda-project.eu/

https://connectingnature.eu/

https://jpi-urbaneurope.eu/project/few-meter/

https://twitter.com/terrifica_

https://www.es-partnership.org/community/regional-chapters/europe/poland/

https://www.es-partnership.org/community/regional-chapters/europe/poland/

24

The presentation concentrates on the legal and organisational aspects of SEAs in Poland and other EU

Member States, trying to identify the most important obstacles hindering the implementation of

ecosystem services approach during the SEA procedure.

3. Poland; Beyond agricultural production: using remote sensing to map farmlands’ biodiversity, Edyta Woźniak (oraz Kofman, W., Aleksandrowicz, S., Rybicki, M., Lewiński, S., Wajer, P., Łączyński, A., Milewski, T., Niszczota, S., Slesiński, P.)

The main objective of agriculture all over the world is to supply multiple provisioning ecosystem services. However, the agriculture also plays a very important role in conservation of biodiversity in rural landscape. The main purpose of this study is to identify relationships between biodiversity and agriculture by analyzing internal structure of landscape.

The spatial pattern of agricultural landscape in terms of the spatial distribution of arable lands, permanent crops, rangelands and pastures is relatively easy to assess using land cover databases. Analysis of its internal diversity needs, however, more detailed information. The launch of the constellation of Sentinel satellites has opened new opportunities in monitoring of agricultural areas as it provides images in regular basis with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The use of time series of radar and optical Sentinel images has increased substantially a number of recognised crop/land cover classes, as well as the accuracy of the classification. Exploring these possibilities, this study has three specific aims:

to map internal structure of agricultural areas and other land covers, using remote sensing data;

to analyze biodiversity of a given area using landscape metrics

to correlate landscape metrics calculated with farmland bird index, pollution data and protected areas data.

These two aims will be achieved using the case of two Polish regions (Greater Poland, Wielkopolska, and Warmian-Masurian, Warmia i Mazury). They differ in agriculture practices, air and water contamination, and nature and biodiversity protection.

The results prove that there are strong relationships among agricultural landscape pattern, biodiversity, and state of the environment.

4. Tourism and ecosystem services – opportunities and challenges, Sylwia Kulczyk, Marta Derek

The paper aims to identify and discuss opportunities and challenges for implementing ecosystem

services (ES) concept in tourism research.

Tourism is widely recognized as an important element of human well-being and natural values are one

of the crucial tourism attractions. At the same time, significant environmental threats arise as a

consequence of tourism development. Therefore, there is an urgent need of an approach that

integrates both ecological and social aspects and could help to plan and manage tourism in a

sustainable way. These opportunities are offered by ES concept.

To implement the ES concept in tourism research possesses also some challenges. These are:

The ambiguity of the term “tourism”, which has no clear limits and can be interpreted in

various ways. In ecological research, only the forms that are strictly based on nature (eg.

ecotourism) are included;

The variety of approaches to tourism within ES concept – tourism can be researched as

material or non-material phenomenon, from social or ecological perspective, and in variety of

spatial and temporal scales.

The complexity of tourism system that includes different types of users – both tourism

enterprises and tourists themselves;

25

The internal diversity of tourism that covers variety of activities for which different

combinations of natural elements are needed;

The diversity of tourists attitudes to nature.

5. Using CoDesign to recognize the awareness of young urban planners about Ecosystem, Szymon Chmielewski, Malwina Michalik-Śnieżek, Agnieszka Kułak

Urban strategic planning helps enable cities to meet their needs and improve the quality of life. However, the concept of ecosystem services, which economically explains to the citizens, the benefit of specific urban ecosystems, still remains unappreciated by Polish urban planning practice. Considering this problem in the regional scale of Lublin (Poland) as a case study, we undertake a research experiment to estimate the probability of ecosystem services implementation in regional spatial planning practice. Seeing the contradiction between the expectations of Lublin dweller, expressed in Foresight Lublin 2050 document (2018) as “Lublin green city”, and the realm of losing high vegetation areas for development, this paper set up to answer the question of the awareness of young spatial planners in the field of ecosystem services. To answer this question we adopt a CoDesign as a participatory design practice, as a method of urban planning workshops organized for young practitioners without suggesting the participants on the importance of ecosystem services we compare different urban planning concepts in terms of tree count as well as high vegetation area. The comparative analysis of two ALS laser scanning datasets (2011 and 2017) provide information about disappearing high vegetation hot spots, those areas have been selected as workshop case studies. The analysis of design works led to the conclusion that young planners are more likely to preserve urban trees rather maximize build up areas This gives hope that the vision outlined in the foresight document will come true.

6. Culitural ecosystems services and wellbeing policies for tourism – transnational and national challenges and opportunities, Anna Dłużewska, Anja Tuohino, Fernando Correia

The aim of the paper is to present the results of a comparative study about cultural ecosystem services (CES), wellbeing and tourism policies in UK, Finland and Poland. We start with a review of the theoretical background and academic conceptualizations of CES and wellbeing tourism, and go on to review indicative policies at transnational and national levels in selected case countries. We compare the countries’ policies related to tourism, wellbeing and CES, and we discuss conceptual linkages between them. The results indicate substantial differences at European level, starting from Finland and UK, where the policies analysed show important linkages between the three study areas, to Poland where tourism, wellbeing and CES are treated separately and with only moderate or weak linkages. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges in transferring CES and wellbeing concepts to different cultural-linguistic and political-administrative national and transnational contexts, but highlight also potential opportunities for transfer of learning and experiences between the countries studied.

book of abstracts -...

Documents