[book] threatened frogs of madagascar (2007)

8/8/2019 [BOOK] Threatened Frogs of Madagascar (2007)

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T H R E A T E N E D F R O G S O F

MadagascarFranco Andreone, Mike Bungard & Karen Freeman


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Our intention is to provide

some basic information on

the conservation of the

highly diverse and threat-

ened amphibians of Mada-

gascar. With more than 235

species of frogs found only

in Madagascar, the island is

one of the richest froggy

places in the world. The

frogs of Madagascar, how-

ever, suffer from a series

of threats, including habitat

alteration, deforestation,

pollution and collection for

the pet-trade. Therefore, in

September 2006 a sympo-

sium specically dedicated

to the conservation of the

Malagasy amphibians was

held in Antananarivo, Mada-

gascar. The ACSAM (A Con-

servation Strategy for the

Amphibians of Madagascar)

identied several essential

measures necessary for

promoting the conservation

of Malagasy frogs. Among

these, education and public

awareness play an important

role.

This booklet, aimed at a

wide audience and written

in different languages, is

intended to show the beauty

and importance of these

animals, the amphibians, that

are disappearing all around

the world and are one of

the most endangered ver-

tebrates. It is not intended

to be an identication

manual or a scientic book,

although it has been written

in a scientic way. We hope

that looking at its beautiful

photographs the reader will

fall in love with the Malagasy

frogs, and will help us in

their protection.

ForewordFranco Andreone, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Torino,Italy; email [email protected] Bungard, The Living Rainforest, Hampstead Norreys, Newbury, Berkshire, RG18

0TN, UK; email [email protected]

Karen Freeman, Madagascar Fauna Group, BP 442, Toamasina 501, Madagascar; email

[email protected]

Design

Toby Marsden, www.toby.org.uk

Thanks to

Gonalo de Sousa Miranda Rosa, Paolo Eusebio Berg, Cristina Girard, Jean Nol,

Ingrid Porton & Guillaume Zitoun

Photographs

All photographs by Franco Andreone, except for: Mike Bungard (pp. 6, 7) Karen Free-

man (pp.11 bottom, 26, 27, 28), Gonalo de Sousa Miranda Rosa (p. 29), Ch Weldon

(p. 22)

Printed on 30 September 2007 by Tipolito Subalpina, 10090 Cascine Vica - Rivoli (Torino)

REGIONE PIEMONTE MUSEO REGIONALE DI SCIENZE NATURALI TORINO

(ITALY) in collaboration with the Madagascar Fauna Group, The Living Rainforest and St.

Louis Zoo

Realised within the framework ofA Conservation Strategy for the Amphibians of

MadagascarandAmphibian Specialist Group / IUCN

Front cover:Mantella expectata from the Isalo Massif

Back cover: Spinomantis phantasticus from the Anjanaharibe-Sud Massif


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The island of Madagascarlies 400km off the eastcoast of Africa and has been

separated from the main-

land for at least 165 million

years. Because Madagascar

has been isolated for so long

many of the islands plants

and animals are unique and

are found nowhere else on

Earth. Madagascar was once

cloaked in forest. Now only

about 10% of the original

forest remains. Almost

half of this is dense humid

rainforest found along the

east coast. The south of the

island is much drier; here

spiny desert dominates the

landscape, while the west

is home to fragmented dry

evergreen forests and vast

savannah plains.


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Sadly most Malagasy people

live in poverty, especially in

rural areas. Education is

expensive and, though

a third of children are

privately schooled,

one third receive no

education at all and

only 45% of adults can

read and write.

Increasingly large areas of

rainforest are being con-

verted into agriculturalor grazing land to provide

food for a growing human

population and to grow

crops like vanilla and coffee

for export. Such conversion

leads to loss of rainfor-

est habitat and is already

contributing to the loss of

Madagascars special wildlife.

Much of the wood from

rainforest trees is used as

building material or as re

wood by people too poor

to buy less environmen-

tally damaging alternatives.

Poverty is one of the driving

forces behind destructive

deforestation.

If the issue of poverty canbe solved we have a much

better chance of preserving,

and conserving, ecologically

important areas like the

rainforests of Madagascar.

In Madagascar there are18 ethnies or karazana,originating from several im-migration events from Africaand Indonesia started around2000 years ago.

An arboreal treefrog, Boophisluteus, mating.

The most famous animals

found only in Madagascar

are the lemurs. At present

more than 90 species of

lemur live in Madagascar,

but in the past there were

many more different kinds,

including a giant ground liv-

ing lemur which is thought

to have been the same size

as a gorilla. Other extinct

species include the elephant

bird, which laid the largestegg of any bird, living or

extinct.

Today the island is also fa-

mous for its endemic frogs,

chameleons, geckos and

tortoises. The biggest cha-

meleon in the world lives

on Madagascar, alongside

the smallest species. 99% of

Malagasy frogs are endemic

and 95% of the islands

plants are found nowhere

else.

The rst people to ar-

rive on Madagascar came

from Indonesia and Ma-

laysia about 2000 years

ago followed by Arabs and

Polynesians. Europeans rst

landed there in the 1500s.

Now there are estimated to

be 18.4 million people living

on the island.

Black and white ruffed lemur,Varecia variegata. Lemurs areundoubtedly the most knownanimals of Madagascar and maintouristic attraction.

The famous baobab roadnext to Morondava, W-Mada-gascar. Baobab represent oneamong the peculiar biodiversityoffshoots of Madagascar, withseven endemic species.


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Madagascar has

always been an im-

portant place for

frogs. The earliest known

ancestor of frogs and toads

appeared around 230 million

years ago in what now is

Madagascar. There are more

than 6,190 species of frogs

worldwide, 4% of which live

in Madagascar (more than

235 described species). Sci-

entists expect this number

to rise as more species are

found. The diversity of Mala-

gasy frogs is truly incredible

with combinations of bright

warning colours, camou-

age, skin texture, shapes

and sizes.

Amazing

diversity


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Frogs are found all over

Madagascar in various habi-

tats, but the vast majority of

species can be found in the

east of the country. Origi-

nally the eastern coast of

Madagascar was dominated

by different types of rainfor-

est. Much of this has now

disappeared, having been

converted into agricultural

land or being used for its

valuable wood. There are

still some large tracts of

rainforest left in Madagascar,

some of which is protected,

such as the Parc National de

Masoala (230,000ha). How-

ever some of the smaller

areas of rainforest are home

to several species of frog

that are found nowhere else

on the island. These small

pockets of rainforest are

surrounded by farm land

that is unsuitable habitat for

frogs to either cross or live

in. It is these isolated popu-

lations that face the greatest

threat of extinction.

Dyscophus antongilii. The tomato frogis one of the most known frogs ofMadagascar, and object of specialconservation interests, being the onlyfrog species listed in CITES I. Thismeans its trade is totally forbidden.

Boophis ankaratra.

This is a frog speciesdescribed from theAnkaratra Massif,and inhabiting highaltitude rainforests.

Spinomantis aglaveifrom RanomafanaNational Park.


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While the adult Boophis

lichenoides is well camou-

aged, the tadpole has black

and yellow bands. The black

and yellow bands sug-

gest that the tadpole may

secrete toxins in some way,

but as the species has only

recently been discovered

scientists are unsure of the

true use of such aposematic

colours.

There are many different

ways of responding to the

same habitat. Many of the

mantellas are terrestrial

(land dwelling) and spend

most of their lives on the

banks of streams. Some

frogs spend much of their

lives climbing and living

in trees (arboreal). But

for each different lifestyle

there are a different set of

challenges particularly

for reproduction. A typi-

cal frog lays eggs in water.The tadpoles emerge and

develop (metamorphose)

into froglets, which in turn

become adult frogs. For

frogs from tropical rainfor-

ests and from arid areas,

laying eggs directly into

water may not be an option.

Either the eggs are eaten

by predators or they dry

out, so many species vary in

parts of their lifecycle. Typi-

cally species of terrestrial

frogs living next to streams

lay their eggs close to the

water on the ground, while

arboreal frogs tend to de-

posit their eggs on the tips

or edges of leaves above

water. When developed, the

young tadpoles wriggle free

of the egg clump and drop

into the water to continue

to develop into froglets.

The widely dis-tributed and stillabundant Heterixalusmadagascariensisis a frog preferringopen and savannahhabitats, and does notpenetrate the closerainforests.

One of the most distinctive

features of several species

of Malagasy frogs is their

bright colours. Many animals

throughout the world use

colour to advertise their dis-

tastefulness to predators, for

example poison dart frogs

from South America. These

warning colours are referred

to as aposematic. The col-

ourful members of the fam-

ily Mantellidae in Madagascar

such asMantella aurantiacaandMantella baroniproduce

alkaloids in their skin; toxins

which are distasteful to

predators. Many scientists

have suggested that the

frogs gain the poison from a

diet of insects such as ants,

which contain alkaloids.

However, some frogs dont

rely on bright warning col-

ours for protection but use

camouage instead. Some

Malagasy species take their

camouage to an extreme,

not just having colour that

matches their environment

but skin that mimics lichen

and plants (such as Boophis

lichenoides and arboreal spe-

cies of the genus Spinoman-

tis).

Scaphiophryne

gottlebei. This species,named rainbowfrog for its wonder-ful colouration, is oneof the endemic frogsof the Isalo, an aridsandstone massif insouthern Madagascar.

The golden frog,Mantella aurantiaca ,is likely the speciesmost requested bythe internationalpet-trade.


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Other arboreal species

lay their eggs on leaves of

plants such as Pandanus

(screw pine); the water

held in between the base

of the leaves acts as a frog

nursery. Alternative nursery

pools can be holes in tree

trunks or bamboo particu-

larly for frogs like the climb-

ing mantella (Mantella laevi-

gata) which lays a single egg.

In fact, to make sure thattheir tadpole has enough

food to help it develop, the

adult female lays food eggs

for the tadpole to eat dur-

ing metamorphosis. Some

tadpoles are carnivorous

and eat insect arvae and

other tadpoles. Some other

tadpoles are lter feeders

while others eat both plant

and dead animals.

Like many other frog spe-

cies globally, several Mala-

gasy species still lay eggs

directly in water or someuse foam nests. The males

ofPlatypelis grandis guard

the eggs and even the tad-

poles until the end of meta-

morphosis. Egg guarding is

found in other frog species

around the world such as

Epipedobates tricolorfrom

Ecuador as well as another

Malagasy species,Mantidac-

tylus argenteus, where the

male guards the eggs.

Clearly, Malagasy frogs are

adapted to specic lifestyles

that are dependent on the

surrounding ecosystem,

whether it is rainforest,

swamp or deciduous for-

est. Habitat destruction

removes breeding areas,

which in turn helps deplete

populations.

Tadpoles ofSpinomantis sp.Several mantelline frogs of Mada-

gascar lay eggs out of the water.The egg clutch and tadpole thusdevelop on the ground or on theleaves. During the heavy rainfallsthey drop in water where theycontinue the development.

Mantella expectata .A typical anuran

tadpole that developsin water.


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One species, the climbing

mantella (Mantella laevigata),

lays its eggs in water lled

tree hollows. This means

that in order to reproduce

the species must have access

to several different habitats.

If these habitats are sepa-

rated by farmland or roads

the frogs cannot reach them

and therefore will be unable

to breed.


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a major impact on the sur-

rounding land; often these

activities break up the re-

maining environment leaving

small fragments of suitable

habitat for animals. Suitable

habitats become separated

and frogs nd it difcult to

reach their breeding places

and cannot reproduce. This

is particularly a problem for

frogs that require differ-

ent habitat for different lifestages. Some species like

the black and green man-

tella (Mantella viridis) are

entirely terrestrial during

adulthood but as tadpoles

are completely aquatic.

Some tadpoles need stag-

nant water (Scaphiophryne

spp.) while others can only

develop in streams (Manti-

dactylus lugubris). Ideally

the environment needs to

remain intact or we must

ensure that patches of

suitable habitat are large

enough to support healthy

populations of frogs.

The more aquatic species

seem to be less vulnerable

to habitat conversion as

they can survive in most

waterways, providing thereis very little pollution and as

long as there is rainforest

nearby, preferably gallery

forest lining the riverbank.

Those species that are

adapted to arid areas are

naturally tougher and more

used to seasonal changes in

their surroundings and are

more resilient to habitat

One of the lastrainforest parcel in theTolongoina area, SE-Madagascar. Here it wasdiscovered one of the

most threatened spe-cies of frogs,Mantellabernhardi.

The biggest threat to

Malagasy frogs is loss

of habitat, either by

deforestation or through the

conversion of pristine rain-

forest into agricultural land.

Most of the Malagasy frogs

live on the eastern part of

the island where deforesta-tion is particularly extensive.

Most of the habitat loss in

Madagascar is driven by

poverty as people convert

rainforest and other habitats

to farmland in order to

feed themselves and their

families. Farming practices

such as tavy(slash and burn

farming) have a dramatic

effect on the environment,

altering habitat not only for

frogs but also for Madagas-cars other unique species.

Pressure on habitat such as

tavyor logging (for building

material or fuel for res) has

Threats

Rainforests of Mada-gascar are heavilycut to make spacefor riceelds, to get

rewood and to

obtain charcoal. Thisis indeed one of themost evident threatsfor the forest frogsthat are often highlyspecialised and needan intact habitat.


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sensitive to chemical chang-

es in their environment.

They can absorb chemicals

from their surroundings.

Because of their sensitivity

they are often studied to as-

sess the impact of changes

brought on either naturally

or caused by human activity.

Fortunately the threat from

pollution is fairly small scale

in Madagascar, probably

because subsistence farmerscannot afford fertilisers for

their crops and commercial

farming is not extensive

enough to cause wide-

spread damage. The conver-

sion of rainforest into

farmland and grazing for

cattle has endangered many

frog species as they struggle

to adapt to living on land

modied by people. Some

species are quite tolerant

of habitat modication, but

those that fail to t in with

people will die out in theabsence of the rainforest

they depend on.

Forest streams are the natural habitat

of great part of Malagasy frogs: in

some rainforests is indeed possible to

identify up to 80-100 species.

change and degradation.

However, species which

have always had small

ranges or are totally de-

pendent on pristine forest

are most at risk if deforest-

ation continues. Since only

a fraction of Madagascars

tropical forest remains, the

frogs found only here face

almost certain extinction if

the current rate of destruc-

tion is sustained.

Frogs are extremely sensi-

tive to their surrounding

environment; not just the

habitat but also chemicals

and light levels. Frogs and

toads are especially vulner-

able to increased exposure

to ultraviolet light, which

can lower their immunity

to diseases. Such exposure

is caused by the thinning of

the ozone layer, allowing

more harmful light to reach

the land surface. Pollution

from human activity is the

main cause for recent rapid

climate change and the deg-

radation of the ozone layer.

All frogs and toads have

highly permeable skin; this

means the skin easily draws

in moisture and needs to

stay moist if it is not to dry

out. As frogs skins readily

absorb moisture they are

The green mantella,Mantella viridis , is oneof the critically en-dangered species ofMalagasy frogs.


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Some species of Mala-

gasy frogs are collect-

ed by local people for

food, particularly large spe-

cies of the genusMantidac-

tylus, such asM. guttulatus in

central-eastern Madagascar,

and Boehmantis microtympa-

num from the south-east.

In Malagasy these frogs are

known as radaka or baka-

ka. Other species that are

hunted for food include

Boophis goudotifrom the pla-

teau region, and Hoplobatra-

chus tigerinus a frog species

introduced from South East

Asia. Over-hunting or col-

lecting for food, particularly

when coupled with habitat

changes, can often threaten

frog populations.

Amphibians as bush-meat

Hundreds ofBoophis

goudoti being pre-pared for cooking(high plateau ofMadagascar)

A frog-killing fungus

A section of the skinof a frog affected bythe chytrid fungus.The surface appearshighly keratisined.

Amphibians are expe-

riencing a dramatic

decline worldwide.

Apart from habitat

alteration, one of the major

threats to frog populations is

the spread ofBatrachochytri-

um dendrobatidis, a fungus

that attacks only amphib-

ians, commonly called Bd

and can result in a disease

called chytridiomycosis. The

origin of this fungus is not

well known, but it has been

found in many parts of the

world, in both altered and

pristine environments. The

fungus works by preventing

gas exchange through the

frogs permeable skin, ef-

fectively suffocating the frog.

Where the fungus has been

found, frog populations have

been greatly affected. Many

species have already been

attacked, and have either

become extinct or expe-

rienced dramatic declines

in population sizes. At the

moment there is no known

cure and the only solution is

to remove amphibian popu-

lations from the wild, taking

them into captivity until the

habitat is restored and the

zoospores (transmittable

part of the fungus) are killed.

Chytrid fungus has yet to be

discovered in Madagascar,

and many studies are being

conducted to monitor the

health of wild frog popula-

tions. Because Madagascars

frogs have been isolated

from infections such as

chytridiomycosis, it is

unlikely that they would

have developed any form of

resistance to the fungus. If

there is no resistance then

the accidental introduction

of chytrid to Madagascar

would have a devastating

effect on such an important

and unique group of animals.

For this reason hygiene dur-

ing eld surveys is essential,

and amphibians must not be

transferred from one site to

another.


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Information on Malagasy

frogs is limited as study-

ing such a diverse group

of animals is a complex and

time consuming. Sometimes

nding them in the rst

place is a major achieve-

ment; some species for

example have an extremely

small range. In some cases

an entire species is only

found near one stream or

on one mountainside.

We still dont know enough

about how many different

species there are, the size

of their populations, how

they breed or the kind

of habitat they need. This

knowledge is essential for

protecting and conserving

endangered frogs, so contin-

ued research is a necessity.

Although many frog species

are protected by law it is

almost impossible to police

collection of frogs. Most

animals are smuggled out of

the country so there is no

accurate census of exporta-

tion. We just dont know

how many frogs have been

taken so far or how many

are left.

Research

A still undescribedspecies of the genusBoophis. Recent es-timates indicate thata huge number ofMalagasy frogs stillwaits to be formallynamed.

Between 1996 and

2002 over 140 mil-

lion amphibians were

traded worldwide. In 1998

alone over 31000 golden

mantellas (Mantella auran-

tiaca) were exported from

Madagascar for the global

pet trade. The illegal pet

trade is the most lucra-

tive trade after the illegal

drug trade and is the major

source of income for many

people living in the third

world. Because animals are

so valuable in the trade too

many are taken from the

wild. Species most com-

monly traded are green

mantellas (Mantella viridis),

harlequin mantella (Mantella

cowani), the Barons mantel-

la (Mantella baroni) and the

expected mantella (Mantella

expectata). Golden mantel-

las (Mantella aurantiaca) and

tomato frogs (Dyscophus

spp.) are particularly prized

by collectors. Because they

are active in the daytime

and are brightly coloured,

they are not only easy to

catch but are also popular

pets. Due to such high

demand for these species

they are being collected in

huge quantities and taking

consistently large numbers

of animals from the wild in

this way will eventually lead

to their extinction. There

are 9 critically endangered

frog species, 21 endangered

and 25 which are vulner-

able in Madagascar if trade

and habitat loss continues.

Some species are protected

by complete trade bans or

restricted trade laws to

control export but this can

be difcult to regulate.

The pet trade

The harlequin man-tella,Mantella cowani .This is the mostthreatened frog ofMadagascar, survivingat only a few spots onthe high plateau. Untilrecently it was alsocollected for the pettrade, but luckily this

has been stopped.


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There is no doubt that

Malagasy frogs face

a myriad of threats;

the illegal pet trade, habitat

loss and environmental

pollution. We know what

the threats are but the real

question is to how to stop

these threats from wip-

ing out entire species. By

far the biggest threat to

amphibians and many other

animal groups is the loss of

primary habitat, particularly

on the eastern side of the

island (rainforest). One of

the most effective ways of

preserving species in such

areas is to create reserves

or protected areas and

to save the small forest

fragments. In the past large

tracts of rainforest in Mada-

gascar have disappeared,

mainly to make way for rice

elds, to get charcoal and

provide grazing land for

cattle.

Approximately 10% of the

original cover now remains

and around 2,000 km of

forest is lost annually.

However, new initiatives

such as the debt for nature

swap negotiated by the

World Wide Fund for

Nature (WWF) and the

establishment of several

new national parks (run by

the National Association for

Management of Protected

Areas, ANGAP) have helped

to slow the decline in Mada-

gascars biodiversity.

Other non-governmental

organisations (NGOs) are

also working in Madagas-

car such as the Mada-

gascar Fauna Group,

Durrell Wildlife

Conservation Trust,

Conservation Inter-

national and WCS

to name a few.


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31

total trade bans. For exam-

ple species in Appendix I

are protected by complete

trade bans, and species in

Appendix II have restricted

levels of trade. However,

international trade may help

preserve some species and

their rainforest habitat by

encouraging local com-

munities to maintain the

rainforest and therefore

have a sustainable sourceof income by collecting a

regulated number of frogs.

Involvement of local com-

munities is perhaps the

most important step in any

successful conservation

project. Throughout the

world it is important to

understand how we t into

our environment and the

implications of our actions.

For instance, destruction of

rainforests will lead to many

amphibian, reptile, bird,

mammal and plant species

becoming extinct, as well as

contributing to soil erosion.

To quote Madagascars

President Marc Rav-

alomanana This is not just

Madagascars biodiversity, it

is the worlds biodiversity.

Madagascars amazing and

unique biodiversity, includ-ing its incredible frogs, is

for everyone to both help

protect and admire. Work-

ing with and alongside the

Malagasy people, we hope

in a small way to contribute

in conserving this incredible

island.

A beautifulMantellanigricans, a typical in-habitant of the rain-forests of northernMadagascar

The Madagascar Fauna

Group is an association

of zoos from around

the world that assist the

Malagasy government with

biodiversity conserva-

tion by supplying funds,

expertise and helping to

run eld research projects.Successful reserves and

protected areas cannot

be created unless there is

rm understanding of the

biology of the target spe-

cies to be conserved. For

many of Madagascars frog

species very little is known

about their distribution,

population density, breeding

behaviour and general biol-

ogy, making conservation

very difcult. Hence many

of the NGOs working on

the island are collecting data

on the basic biology of frog

species. We do know that

more than 80% of known

species of threatened frogs

in Madagascar are covered

by the current system of

reserves/protected areas,

which helps to protectpopulations. For some

species, particularly the

colourful mantellas, the il-

legal pet trade forms a very

real threat. The Convention

of International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES)

goes some way to help-

ing maintain populations

by regulating the number

of frogs that are exported

each year, or in some cases

stopping all trade in them

altogether.

For instance, recent recom-

mendations have been made

to suspend the commer-

cial collection ofMantella

cowaniand add two species

ofScaphiophryne to CITES

Appendix II. The CITES

Appendices are lists of

plants and animals that have

restricted levels of trade or

Studying frogs in theforest always needscapacity of adaptationand long walks


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33

TheAmphibian Specialist Group (ASG) is a network of

conservation professionals working within the IUCN/SSCframework to promote amphibian research and conserva-

tion worldwide. The ASG strives to raise amphibian con-

servation to the next level by stimulating, developing, and

executing practical programs to conserve amphibians and

their habitats around the world. The ASG has recently pub-

lished the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP),

a comprehensive ve-year plan designed to halt the current

extinction crisis. The ACAP can be downloaded for free

from www.amphibians.org. This plan represents a template

for amphibian conservation at all scales from global to local

scale.

A Conservation Strategy for the Amphibians of Madagascar

(ACSAM) is a project designed to achieve the conservation

of the amphibians of Madagascar. ACSAM is a monumental

effort by committed individuals that represents an impor-

tant step forward in implementing the ACAP at the national

level. The ACSAM has the potential to serve as a model for

developing National Action Plans for amphibian conserva-

tion in many other parts of the world. News about the

ACSAM can be downloaded at www.sahonagasy.org.

A Conservation Strategyfor the Amphibians of

Madagascar

ACSAM

Madagascar Fauna Group

BP 442, Morafeno, Toamasi-

na 501, Madagascar

www.savethelemur.org

Museo Regionale di Scienze

Naturali

Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123,

Torino, Italy

www.regione.piemonte.it/

museoscienzenaturali

The Living Rainforest

Hampstead Norreys,

Newbury, Berkshire,

RG18 0TN, UK

www.livingrainforest.org

St. Louis Zoo

1 Government Road, Saint

Louis MO 63110, USA

www.stlzoo.org

The Amphibian Specialist

Group / Madagascar Chairc/o Wildlife Conservation

Society, Antananarivo,

Madagascar

www.sahonagasy.org

The International Society for

the Study and Conservation

of Amphibians

Vertbrs: Reptiles &

Amphibiens, Musum

national dHistoire naturelle,

25, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris,

France

www2.mnhn.fr/alytes/

The site ofAmphibiaWeb,

addressed to the conserva-

tion of the amphibians, with

detailed sheets and photo-

graphs of all the amphibian

species

www.amphibiaweb.org

The Global Amphibian

Assessment

The GAA webpage, for the

threatened amphibians of the

world

www.globalamphibians.org

Conservation International

Madagascar

6 Rue Razandratandra,

Ambohidahy, BP 5178,

Antananarivo 101,

Madagascar

www.conservation.org


18/19

otes


19/19

[book] threatened frogs of madagascar (2007)

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