booklet 01 make yourself ready
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Make Yourself Ready - Instructions Manual
Make yourselready.A short guide that will teach you how tomake products that can save your life in caseof Natural Disaster.They will help you:
Cook after a DisasterMake shelter after a DisasterTreat water after a DisasterGet an emergency radio 1
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Introd
uction
Make Yourself Ready Educational Package
Who made this booklet?This booklet was made as part of a Master Thesis for the Technical Uni-
versity of Delft, in the Netherlands. It was an assignment from a Product
Design student and was completed in August 2010. This project was
supervised by Professors Iemkje Ruiter and Henk Kuipers and was sup-ported by Ir. Lard Breebaart from Lard Design.
Contact inormation
Author: Joo Rocha
E-mail address: [email protected]
Project Client: Ir. Lard Breebaart
E-mail address: XX to be disclosed XX
URL: XX to be disclosed XX
Project Mentor: Prof. Henk Kuipers
E-mail address: XX to be disclosed XX
Chair Professor: Prof. Iemkje Ruiter
E-mail address: XX to be disclosed XX
University Inormation
Name: Technische Universiteit Delft
URL: http://home.tudelft.nl/en/
Address:
Postbus 52600 AA Delft
The Netherlands
Faculty Inormation
Name: Faculteit Industrieel Ontwerpen
URL: http://io.home.tudelft.nl/en/
Address:
Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering
Landbergstraat 15
2628 CE Delft
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Tel: 015 278 4750
Fax: 015 278 73 16
Delft, 2010
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Table o ContentsThese are the sections in this book
page 5IntroductionA short explanation of what is this booklet, what does it want to teach and how is
it organized
6 What is this booklet?
7 What does it want to teach?
8 How is this booklet made?
page 9
How to make a cooking stoveInstructions on how to build a simple anc cheap stove that you can use before
and after a Disaster. The stove can be made from several materials and con-sumes very little wood.
11 Introduction
13 Cooking Stove
page 23
How to make shelterInstructions on how to make waterproof shelter material from old plastic bags,
both by using electric tools or re. Also includes techniques to connect the pieces
of shelter material you make. includes information to estimate cost of making
enough shelter for your family.
25 Introduction27 Shelter material (using Electricity)
37 Shelter material (using Fire)
45 Union (Tarp to Line)
51 Union (Tarp to Tarp, xed)
59 Union (Tarp to Tarp, movable)
page 65
How to treat waterInstructions on how to treat water in four different ways. Includes estimation of
daily water needs of a person.
67 Introduction 71 Boiling water
75 Bleach
81 SODIS (also known as Solar Disinfection)
89 Tincture of Iodine
page 95
How to get a radio deviceInformation on organizations that can provide you with radios to be used in an
emergency. Includes suggestion of contact and request methods.
95 Introduction
100 Which instituitions can I contact?
105 Request a Radio
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IntroductionWhat is this booklet, what it wantsto teach, how is it organized andwho wrote it.
1
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Introd
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Make Yourself Ready Educational Package
What is this booklet?This booklet is a source of information for you, your family and your
community to build cheap products that you can use to survive in case
of a Disaster.
Why do I need this booklet?
If you live in an area that is frequently exposed to Natural Disaster (e.g. Flood,
Hurricane, Landslide, Earthquake, Storm, etc) it is possible that you are affected
someday. Maybe you have even already been affected.
We cannot stop Natural Disasters, but we can prepare for them in many ways.
In this booklet, you nd instructions on how to prepare for a Disaster, by making
simple products that you can use if your home is destroyed.
There are other steps in that you can take when preparing, you can consult them
in section C, Disaster Preparedness of the Educators Guide Book, part of this
package
For who are these instructions?
These instructions are for everybody to use. You do not have to have a special
position or job to be able to learn from this booklet. These instructions are for
you, for your family, your neighbors, or your work colleagues. If you are a teacher,
this is also for your students.
Maybe not everybody in your community can read this book, or understand its in-
structions. Maybe you can help them by explaining, showing how to make these
things or even organizing events where you teach a lot of people. You can nd
ideas, suggestions and information on the Educators Guide Book.
When should make these products?
Most of these products can be produced with very little material and could be
made even after the Disaster. But this is not the right way of doing it. The reason
why we suggest you make these things is to be PREPARED, so it is better if you
make them BEFORE a Disaster comes.
Are these the only things I need to be ready or a Disaster?
No. If you make these products, you will be more prepared for a Disaster, but this
is only the start. We know it is difcult to buy or make all the things your family
needs to be ready for a Disaster, so we decided that we can show you the start.With only these products, you are not completely prepared for Disaster, but you
are in a much better situation that if you had nothing.
If you want to know a more complete list of things you must know and have to be
ready for a Disaster, check section C, Disaster Preparedness in the Educators
Guide Book, part of this package.
Can I copy this book?
Yes, we encourage you to copy this book and spread it around in your commu-
nity. We only ask you to keep the sections together, so if you want to copy the
shelter section, copy the whole section. In this way, you always have the contact
information from the authors together with the instructions, and this can help youif you have problems. If you have trouble making something, or have a sugges-
tion, it is easier to communicate with us, if you keep the contact information with
the sections you print.
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Make Yourself Ready - Instructions Manual
What does it wantto teach?This Booklet teaches you how to make a cooking stove, how to makematerial to make a shelter, how to treat contaminated water and how get
access to an emergency radio.
What kind o products does this booklet teach?
This booklet only has information on products and techniques that are very
simple and cheap to make and use. All the products can be produced with very
few tools and all the techniques are easy to understand.
This booklet is full of smart, simple tricks.
This booklet teaches is How to...:
Make a cooking stove
Make shelter
Make shelter material using electricity
Makesheltermaterialusingre
Makeunionswiththesheltermaterial(xed,movableandwithline)
Treat water
byboilingit
withbleach
byexposingittothesun(SODIS)
withTinctureofIodine
Getanemergencyradio
Can I adapt these techniques and products?
It depends. We strongly advise you not to change the water treating techniques
because it is possible that if you treat water in a different way, it does not become
pure and you get sick by drinking it.
If you want to adapt the other techniques (especially the cooking stove and theshelter material), we encourage you to do so. When we wrote this booklet, we did
not know who was going to read it, so it is possible that you know techniques and
products that are better for your situation, with the materials you have. Please
feel free to experiment safely.
How do teach these techniques to the people in my community?
The instructions you have read were made in a way to be as simple as possible,
so the most people can understand them. In spite of this, if you want to teach
people how to make these products, it is much easier for them to learn if you
help them by showing and contributing with your experience. Not everybody will
understand these instructions, and the help of an experienced person (e.g. you,
after trying for yourself) will greatly improve their learning.
For ideas on how to teach these contents, check the Educators Guide Book, full
of advise on how to teach and prepare educational activities.
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How is this bookletmade?This booklet was designed to be of the best use for people interestedin making their own Disaster survival material. It is organized in semi-
independent sections that you can copy independently and is written and
illustrated in a way to maximise understanding.
Are the suggested materials the only possible?
Maybe. Again, we advise you not to adapt methods and techniques related to
treating water, but for the other topics, you can use other materials that are avail-
able to you and have the same function.
To do this, it is important to understand what is desired of each material. For ex-
ample, in the instructions for treating water with bleach, we suggest you measurethe water using 3 emply 0,33cl Soda cans. Naturally you can use other ways of
measuring the water, what is important is to make sure that the functions of the
materials stay the same.
What kind o measurements are used?
We used liters for liquids and body measurements for sizes. When we wrote
this book, we knew that maybe people in your community do not use the same
type of measuring units as we do (e.g. inches, centimeters, yards, feet, meters
and so on). Because the measurements that are related to the size of objects do
not have to be perfectly accurate, we used simple body measurements such as
inches, ngers and hands.
For measurements used for the water treatment techniques, we used liters, but
provided a way of measuring a liter, by using 3 common 0,33cl Soda cans, for
example.
Is there more inormation that is not in this booklet?
Yes. When this booklet was made, we tried to keep it simple so more people
could understand it and learn from it. Also, we think that is better to have some
information that is easily accessible, than to have all the possible information in a
non accessible way. So we made this book smaller but easier to understand.
However, because we know there is much additional information that can be use-
ful, we have included ways of getting that information. We did this by includingsmall text boxes on the left of the text, like the one you can see on this page.
Useful Information
Name o Source:Address of Source
Example:
World Health Organi-zation Inormation
Http://www.who.int/
water_sanitation_
health/en/
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...Make aCookingstove
How to...
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IntroductionThis chapter has instructions on how to make a cooking stove from
simple and cheap (maybe even free materials). This stove works with
firewood and, because of the way it works, it requires very little wood
to work. These instructions are for a family stove, capable of preparing
meals for around 4 - 6 people (depending, naturally on the size of pots
and pans used)
What type o Stove
The stove described in this chapter is a Rocket Stove. The Rocket Stove was
invented by Dr. Larry Winiarski, while working for the Aprovecho Research Cen-
ter organization.
This stove was invented precisely to be simple to make and cheap to use, so it is
very adequate for Disaster Preparedness.
The way the stove works is based on the insulation of the chimney. If the chim-
ney is insulated, it will heat up faster and stay hot for longer. A hot chimney allows
for a better burning of the fuel and reduces the smoke from the re. A well made
Rocket Stove can have no smoke and can be used inside the house with noproblems.
How to make the stove
The stove is very simple to make with simple materials. You just need to make
a chimney with a shape like an L and protect the chimney, so it does not lose
heat.
When the stove is ready, you put wood in the short side of the L shaped chim-
ney and put a pan or pot on top of the taller side, the chimney.
Which materials are neededThe only requirement for the stove materials is that they resist heat and are as
light as possible. Metal sheet is the best material and can be found in many
places, including in food cans or piping tube. You can also use sheet metal and
bend it into the shapes you need, but it is much easier to use materials that are
Useful Information
Approvecho ResearchCenter
http://www.
aprovecho.net/index.
html
Instructions on othertypes o stoves
http://rocketstoves.
org/capturing_heat/
pdf/capturing_heat.
pdf
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already in the shape you need (a tube)
Naturally, using better materials leads to better results. The best material for the
chimney is chimney pipe. If you make your Rocket Stove with chimney pipe, it
can really last for a very long time.
If you make a Rocket Stove with food cans, it will last approximately two months
and then you have to make it again.
How much will it cost
The cost of a Rocket Stove can change a lot, depending on which materials you
use. If you make it from reused materials (e.g. food cans), it can be very, very
cheap. If you use the best material (e.g. chimney pipe), it is more expensive, but
not even that much.
A Rocket Stove, made with chimney pipe can cost around US20$. If made with food cans, it can cost nothing.
If you nd this too expensive, you might try to negotiate a price for mateirials inlarge quantities for everybody in the community that is interested in making a
stove. Buying in large quantities is almost always cheaper than buying
individually.
What else can I use it or
The Rocket Stove was developed for cooking, but you can use it in other ways.
You can obviously use it to treat water by boiling it and you can use it to warm up
your house. However, if you want to use it to warm up your house, the best way
is not to just start a re and let it burn.
If you want to warm up a room, a more efcient way is to put a medium rock (e.g.
as big as a small chicken) on the stove and let the stove warm up the rock for a
while. The rock will become hot and then release the heat gradually.
When doing this, you should let the rock to heat up until you cannot touch it and
then, extremely carefully, put the rock in a safe place (e.g. somewhere from
which the rock will not fall, or children can get burnt).
This method will release heat for a few hours, without consuming so much re -
wood.
Testing and adapting this stove
From our experience, this stove is simple enough to be fabricated with no previ-
ous experience. Despite this, you will notice that as you get more familiar with it(after producing a few or using one for a long time), it becomes easier to under-
stand how it works and how you can adapt it. We encourage you to try to adapt
this stove to your needs. The most important factors you must remember is that
the chimney must be insulated and the entry point for the wood should allow the
air to enter and be pre-heated.
Simple modifcations are:
- increasing chimney lenght (stove will be less efcient, but will produce much
less smoke (it is possible it does not produce ANY smoke)
- Making stove from other materials (The same principle of this stove can beachieved even if it is made of clay or bricks)
- Adapt stove to be a bread oven (This is more complex, but it is possible to
extend the chimney and use the empty space between chimney and casing as an
oven for bread)
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Having a cooking stove lets people prepare bettermeals and this helps the return to normal life aftera Disaster. However, after a Disaster, it is com-mon that people loose their cooking conditionsand go back to simple methods (e.g. simple fires).
This cooking stove can be made with very simplematerials and requires very little wood to work,being cheaper to operate. The described stove isappropriate for a family of up to 4-6 people and iseasily adaptable for more.
What you will need
A-1Smallmetalbarrel
B-2mediumfood
cans
C-1mediumfood
can,tallerthanwide
D-10,33clsoda
can
E - Tin scissors
F-Canopener
G - Aluminium foil
H-Woodashes
I-Marker
CookingStove
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3 of 24
Open Can A on bothsides
We will start by
making a part of the
chimney.
Using the can opener
or another tool, re-
move the top and the
bottom of can A.
This can should now
be a tube.
2 of 24
Name the parts
For the rest of the in-
structions, it is easier
to name the major
components:
2mediumcans:
A & B
1slim,tallcan:C
1sodacan:D
Use the marker to
write the letters on the
cans
1 of 24
Measure parts
Before you start, make
sure the three most
important components
are suited to make a
Rocket Stove:
stack the medium
cans and put them
next to the small metal
barrel.
The stacked cans
should be slightly
shorter (around 4
ngers).
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4 of 24
Open can B
Can B is the lower
part of the chimney.
Using the can opener
or another tool, re-move ONLY the top of
can B.
The can should now
look like a bucket.
6 of 24
Cut side o can BWith the cutline
drawn, the can B can
now be cut.
Using the tin scissors,
carefully cut along the
line you made in the
previous step (5).
If it is difcult to start
the cutting, try to
make a little starting
hole in the can B, witha small nail or other
sharp object. Insert
the scissor in the hole
and cut.
5 of 24
Mark side o can B orcutting
The can B needs to
be cut, but before, we
have to mark where
to cut.
Place can C on the
side of can B and, with
the marker, trace itscountour on can B.
Now you should have
a can B with a circle
drawn into it.
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9 of 24
Cut top o barrelThe top of the barrel
you cut in step 7 and
marked on step 8 will
be used as a cover for
the stove.
Using the tin scissors,
cut in one inch inside
of the line.
You will end up with
a disc with hole in the
center that is slightlysmaller than the diam-
eter of can A.
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Mark top o barrel
We will use the top of
the barrel as the cover
for the stove, so we
must cut a hole into it.
But rst, we need to
draw the line for the
hole.
Take can A and put iton top of the cut barrel
cover, in the center.
Using the marker,
trace a line around the
base of the can A.
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Cut top o barrel
The small metal barrel
will be the outer cas-
ing of this stove. You
need to open it.
Using the tin scissors
or the can opener,
remove the top of the
small metal barrel.
KEEP the cover!
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10 of 24
Compare barrel withcan B and mark it
Later in the process,
you will need to align
the hole on the side of
can B with a hole on
the side of the barrel.
Put can B next to the
barrel and place can
C against barrel, at
the same height of
the hole in the side of
can B.
Using a marker, draw
the circumference of
can C in the barrel.
12 of 24
Cut can CUsing the can opener,
cut the top AND the
bottom of can C.
You should be left with
a tube shape.
11 of 24
Cut side o barrel
Using the drawing of
can C, made on the
previous step, you
now can cut an hole
on the side of the
barrel.
Use tin scissors and
cut around the drawncircle, slightly on the
inside.
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15 of 24
Use cans A and B andmake chimney
To make the chimney
for the Rocket Stove,
place can A (the tube)
on top of can B (the
bucket) and connect
them in place.
There are two ways of
doing this:
-wrapping the cans
tightly in aluminium foil
-covering the connec-
tion in a thin layer of
clay.
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Insert can C in barrel
Take can C and insert
it in the small metal
barrel.
Do not insert it all the
way, just 1 inch or so,
to secure it in place.
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Crimp can C
Can C will have to be
inserted through the
holes in can B and the
small metal barrel.
To make it t, make
a 1 inch cut along
the one of the sides
and press the can to
become more funnel-
shapped on that side.
The reduced side will
be easier to insert in
the made holes.
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16 of 24
Place chimney inside
barrel
In the previous step
(15), you connected
the medium cans andmade a chimney, now
you insert the chim-
ney inside the casing,
aligning the holes on
side.
Make sure it is cen-
tered with the small
metal barrel. This is
why, on step 14, you
did not insert can C all
the way in the metal
barrel.
18 of 24
Cut tabs on barrelBecause a Rocket
Stove has to have an
insulated chimney, we
will need to cover the
metal barrel casing.
To prepare for this,
make 8 cuts down the
side of the barrel, with
around 2 inches in
lenght.
This will create 8 tabsthat can be folded
down, later on.
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Insert can C throughbarrel and chimney
Having the chimney
inside the case and
aligned with it, you
can now push the can
C into the chimney.
Take plenty of care not
to damage the chimey,but do insert the can C
into it.
This concludes the ba-
sic chimney structure.
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21 of 24
Place barrel top coverand bend tabs
Take the barrel cover
you cut on step 9 and
place it on top of the
bent tabs.
If it does not t, cut a
bit around it with tin
scissors.
Make sure its central
hole is also centered
with the chimney andfold down the rest of
the tabs. This locks
the cover in place.
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Bend hal the tabs tothe inside
To prepare for the
securing of the cover,
fold down half of the
tabs you made by cut-
ting the barrel in step
18. Fold every other
tab.The bent tabs should
be at the same level
or higher than the bor-
der of the chimney.
19 of 24
Fill barrel withinsulation
The chimney of a
Rocket Stove has to
be insulated and there
are several ways of
doing this. You can
leave it with no insula-
tion, just the trapped
air between chimney
and casing, or ll that
space with something.
We recommend wood
ash because it is light,
cheap and highly insu-
lating. Fill it to the top
of the chimney.
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22 of 24
Cut can D
Although the Stove
is almost done, you
still need to make a
tray for the putting of
rewood.
Use can D and cut its
top and bottom and
also along it, so you
end up with a single
at piece of thin metal.
24 of 24
Put tray in placeThe last step in mak-
ing the Rocket Stove
is to insert the newly
made tray into the can
C, which is the re-
port, where you put
the re wood from.
To use the stove,
place wood on top
of the small tray you
made and leave clear
the space under the
tray.
23 of 24
Make tray rom can D
Using the metal from
the previous step (22),
make a tray.
First make to cuts,
one on each side,
of roughly one inch
in lenght and 1 inch
away from the border(see illustration).
Next, take the longer
tabs made by the side
cuts and fold them
down. You should
have a T shaped
tray.
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...Makeshelter
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Shelter
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IntroductionThis chapter is about protecting yourself and your family from bad
weather and other environment conditions. We think that making shelter
is the best way to do it and in here, you will find several techniques that
you can use at very little or no cost. With these techniques you will be
able to make your own shelter material and make the best of it.
What type o Shelter Material
The shelter material that you can learn in this chapter is made from old plastic
bags. It is quite light and does not let water in. It is very easy to make and repair
and, if you can get enough plastic bags, can be also very cheap. Because each
person makes his/her own shelter material, you can adapt the methods we sug-
gest and even invent a new way to making this shelter material, also known as
plastic tarp.
How to make the Shelter Material
The general idea behind the indicated techniques is that plastic melts easily.
Because most plastic bags in the world are made of the same type of plastic
(Polyethylene), it is quite easy to melt different plastic bags together. When we
melt a lot of plastic bags together, we can make a bigger piece of plastic that can
be used for many things like shelter and water collection and storage.
In this booklet you will nd two ways of making the plastic material (e.g. with a
clothes iron and with a cooking pan lled with coal). However, what you need to
melt plastic bags together is only heat (e.g. like the clothes iron and the re in the
pan) and pressure (e.g. pressing down the clothes iron or the cooking pan).
You can, naturally, invent your own ways of giving heat and pressure to the
plastic bags.
Which materials are neededAs you can imagine, plastic sheet is absolutely necessary to make shelter mate-
rial. Plastic bags are made of plastic sheet and because plastic bags are found
basically everywhere, we suggest you use plastic bags.
There are other things you will need (e.g. the source of heat and pressure and
Useful Information
Oxam and Interna-tional Federation othe Red Cross
Plastic Sheeting -inormation on thespecication and useo plastic sheeting inhumanitarian relie
http://plastic-sheet-
ing.org/
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something to prevent the sticking of hot plastic to the hot surface), but most of
them are quite adaptable. As an example, if you do not have oven paper (also
known as parchment paper), you can use cotton or linen fabric as an anti-stick-
ing material between plastic and the iron or the pan.
How much will it cost
This technique is quite cheap, and from our calculations, it is usually cheaperthan buying plastic sheeting rst hand. To help you understand how much it may
cost you, we estimate that it costs around EUR 0,46 to produce one square me-
ter of shelter material, if you are using the method of the cooking pan with re in-
side. If you use the clothes iron method, the costs become around EUR 0,33 per
square meter. Naturally, you can see that using a clothes iron is a cheaper way.
If you manage to use free plastic bags, either price will drop EUR 0,33.
Other Non-Governmental Organizations often recommend that when a family
plans on buying or making shelter, a good estimate is to count XX square meters
per person.
It has been suggested that 3,5m2 is the required plastic sheeting for one person.
(Number of persons X 3,5m2) X Price per Square meter
If you nd this too expensive, you might try to negotiate a price in large quanti-
ties for everybody in the community that is interested in making shelter. Buying in
large quantities is almost always cheaper than buying individually.
What else can I use it or
The shelter material that you will produce is basically a light, exible and water-
proof material. We suggest it for shelter because it can be very useful for that.
But there are other applications where this type of material can be useful.If you use this material to make something shaped as a bag, you can ll it with
water, for example. You can then make products to collect and to store water.
However, it must be said, the described techniques sometimes leave very very
small holes that are not a problem if the material is used for shelter, but impede
its use for water storage.
The material can also be used to improve normal, Pre-Disaster living conditions
and even to produce diverse simple products, like bags and impermeable cloth-
ing.
What are the other techniques
In this booklet you can also nd techniques to connect and x different parts ofplastic tarp. We are condent that you probably are already familiar with your own
ways of making shelter. However, we believe that this knowledge can be useful
for you to adapt on.
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The most efficient way of making shelter mate-rial is to use a clothes iron to press on the plasticbags, in this section, you can find instructions onhow to do so.
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SheltermaterialUsing Electricity
What you will need
A-Plasticbags
B - Clothes iron
C-Scissors
D-Anti-Sticky
Material(canbeoven
paperorcottonfab-
ric)around4handsin
lengthand2inwidth.
E-Soap
F-Waterinabig
bowl
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200C
0C
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3 of 22
Turn of clothes ironAssuming your chosen
anti-sticking material
is safe to use, turn off
the clothes iron.
Never leave a clothes
iron on, if you are not
near and paying atten-
tion to it.
2 of 22
Test anti-stickingmaterial
Lay anti-sticking mate-
rial on a at, clean,
even surface. Lay it
at and let the already
hot clothes iron on it.
Wait 3 minutes.
If your chosen anti-
sticking material is not
burned after the three
minutes, you can use
it for the remainder of
this process.
1 of 22
Turn on clothes iron
Set the temperature
on the clothes iron for
200C or***.
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4 of 22
Select Plastic Bags
Not all the plastic bags
will be good enough
for this technique.
Especially if you use
plastic bags that camefrom waste, it is very
likely that some will
not be usable.
Do not use bags that
are too ragged and
destroyed or bags that
are dirty with grease
or oil.
Use only clean, in
good condition bags.
6 of 22
Wash Plastic BagsIn step 4, we said that
you should only use
clean plastic bags.
Clean plastic bags are
the best start.
However, it is a good
idea to wash your
bags to remove further
bits of dirt and/or
grease and oil.
Use water and soap.
5 of 22
Cut Plastic Bags
Plastic bags have
handles and bottoms
that make it difcult to
melt them together.
You should cut the
top and the bottom of
each selected bag,
which will make itmuch easier for later
use.
After cutting, each bag
looks like a tube, with
no top and no bottom.
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Lay down severallayers o plastic bags
Take a few (2 - 4)
pieces of plastic bag
from the one you
treated before and
lay them down on the
anti-sticking material.
Put them on top of
each other.
The more layers, the
more resistant the re-sulting shelter material
will be, but also the
more difcult to handle
and store.
8 of 22
Prepare work surace
During our experi-
ments, we realized
that the quality of
the working space is
very important for the
result.
Please arrange your
working space to haveit clean, as even as
possible, with plenty of
room to use.
Lay down the anti-
sticking protection.
7 of 22
Dry Plastic Bags
After washing the
bags, you must have
them dry before you
try to melt them
together.
Find a way of drying
your bags, preferably
in the outside, with
wind and sun.
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200C
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Lay down Anti-Stickcover
Take another piece of
anti-sticking material
and put it on top of the
stack of plastic bag
pieces.
Make sure it covers
the entire pile of plas-
tic bag pieces.
12 of 22
Turn on clothes ironNow that the basic
set-up is set, it is time
to turn on the clothes
iron.
You should set it for
the same tempera-
ture that you used on
step 1. In this case, it
means 200C or ***.
Wait until you can
sense the iron is hot.
11 of 22
Check set-up
At this point you
should have a small
pile of anti-sticking
material, some plastic
bags and another
layer of anti-sticking
material.
On the picture on theright, you can see the
sideways image of the
layered setup.
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Observe resultingpatch
At the end of iron-
ing, if you remove the
anti-sticking material
(it should come off
very easily), you are
left with a more rigid
and water proof plastic
sheet.
If you nd defects in
your plastic sheet, you
can always x it with
plastic patches that
you iron on again, on
top of holes.
14 of 22
Pay attention tooverheating
Using a clothes iron
really makes things
easier, but still, you
must take care no to
overheat the plastic.
If you leave the iron
too long on the samespot, you run the risk
of overheating and
creating holes in the
plastic.
13 of 22
Start ironing
Using one hand to
hold the anti-sticking
material in place and
on top of the plastic
pile, start ironing.
Start in a corner and
move in a way that
does not create air
bubbles in the result-
ing patch.
Use circular move-
ments to go over the
entire plastic bag pile.
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Repeat to make morepatches
By now you know how
the plastic melting
process works, but
you probably do not
have enough to make
shelter.
Before you can extend
the size of the shelter
material you make,
you must repeat previ-
ous steps to make
more pieces of fused
plastic, like shown in
step 15.
18 of 22
Lay down anti-stickycover
Take another piece of
anti-sticking material
and put it on top of
the pile of the plastic
bag patches you just
placed in step 17.
Make sure it covers
the entire pile of plas-
tic bag patches.
17 of 22
Lay 2 or more patchesoverlapping each other
When you have
enough plastic pieces,
like the one shown in
step 15, you can con-
nect them.
To connect two or
more plastic patches,you will iron them
together. All working
conditions are the
same as before.
Lay two plastic pieces,
one overlapping the
other by 2 inches.
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Observe resultAgain, you are left
with a more rigid and
water proof plastic
sheet.
If you nd defects in
your plastic sheet, you
can always x it with
plastic patches that
you iron on again, on
top of holes
When well made, theconnection between
two plastic bag parts
will leave no seams.
20 of 22
Pay special attentionto overlapping areas
Because we are
connecting patches of
plastic and not making
new patches of plas-
tic, you do not need to
iron the whole plastic
patch too thoroughly.You should iron espe-
cially along the con-
nection between the
two plastic bag parts.
19 of 22
Iron again
Again, to fuse the
plastic bags together,
we must heat and
press them with the
hot clothes iron.
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Repeat or biggerdimensions
Now you understand
how to make the
plastic bag shelter
material.
It is likely that you
do not have enough
yet, so, repeat the
described process to
make more plastic bag
patches and con-
nect them together to
make enough to make
enough material to
shelter you and your
family.
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Because not everybody has access to electricity touse a clothes iron, we included a method tocreate shelter material that requires nothing morethan fire and cooking pan. This method is not asgood as the clothes iron one, but still, can achieve
rather good results if you take care and have goodworking conditions.
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SheltermaterialUsing Fire
What you will need
A-Plasticbags
B - 2Kg of Coal
C-Cookingpan
or Wok
D-Scissors
E-Anti-Sticky
Material(canbeoven
paperorcottonfab-
ric)around4handsin
lengthand2inwidth.
F-Soap
G-Waterinabig
bowl
H - Matches
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1 of 20
Select Plastic Bags
Not all the plastic bags
will be good enough
for this technique.
Especially if you use
plastic bags that camefrom waste, it is very
likely that some will
not be usable.
Do not use bags that
are too ragged and
destroyed or bags that
are dirty with grease
or oil.
Use only clean, in
good condition bags.
3 of 20
Wash Plastic BagsIn step 4, we said that
you should only use
clean plastic bags.
Clean plastic bags are
the best start.
However, it is a good
idea to was your bags
to remove further bits
of dirt and/or grease
and oil.
Use water and soap, ifpossible.
2 of 20
Cut Plastic Bags
Plastic bags have
handles and bottoms
that make it difcult to
melt them together.
You should cut the
top and the bottom of
each selected bag,
which will make itmuch easier for later
use.
After cutting, each bag
looks like a tube, with
no top and no bottom.
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4 of 20
Dry Plastic Bags
After washing the
bags, you must have
them dry before you
try to melt them to-
gether.
Find a way of drying
your bags, preferably
in the outside, with
wind and sun.
5 of 20
Fill pan with coal
Take the coal and put
some inside the pan.
Do not ll it up, but
rather, leave it up to
halfway.
6 of 20
Start re inside panUsing some easy
burning material such
as paper, lint or wood
shavings, start a re
inside the pan.
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7 of 20
Let re go down andcoal become white
As you can imagine,
it is dangerous to
have a live re next to
plastic. The re could
ignite the plastic and
create a larger danger
of re.
We recommend you
let the re go down
and the coals become
white, before starting
to press on the plastic.
8 of 20
Prepare work surace
During our experi-
ments, we realized
that the quality of
the working space is
very important for the
result.
Please arrange your
working space to haveit clean, as even as
possible, with plenty of
room to use.
Lay down the
anti-sticking
protection.
9 of 20
Lay down severallayers o plastic bags
Take a few (2 - 4)
pieces of plastic bag
from the one you
treated before and
lay them down on the
anti-sticking material.
Put them on top of
each other.
The more layers, the
more resistant thematerial will be, but
also the more difcult
to handle and store.
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12 of 20
Start pressingUsing one hand to
hold the anti-sticking
material in place and
on top of the plastic
pile, start pressing .
Start in a corner and
move in a way that
does not create air
bubbles in the
resulting patch.
Use circular move-ments to go over the
entire plastic bag pile.
10 of 20
Lay down Anti-Stickcover
Take another piece of
anti-sticking material
and put it on top of
the pile of plastic bag
pieces.
Make sure it covers
the entire pile of plas-
tic bag pieces.
11 of 20
Check set-up
At this point you
should have a pan
with hot coal in side
and a small pile of
anti-sticking material,
some plastic bags and
another layer of anti-
sticking material.
On the picture on the
right, you can see the
sideways image of the
layered setup and the
pan applying pres-
sure.
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13 of 20
Pay attention tooverheating
Using a pan is a
less precise way
of melting plastic
bags together, as it
is harder to regulate
the temperature.
If you leave the pan
too long on the same
spot, you run the risk
of overheating and
creating holes in the
plastic.
Pay attention not to
burn the plastic.
14 of 20
Observe resultingpatch
At the end of iron-
ing, if you remove the
anti-sticking material
(it should come off
very easily), you are
left with a more rigid
and water proof plasticsheet.
If you nd defects in
your plastic sheet, you
can always x it with
plastic patches that
you press on again,
on top of holes, using
the hot pan.
15 of 20
Repeat to make morepatches
By now you know how
the plastic melting
process works, but
you probably do not
have enough to make
shelter.
Before you can extend
the size of the shelter
material you make,
you must repeat previ-
ous steps to make
more pieces of fused
plastic, like shown in
step 14.
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16 of 20
Lay 2 or more patchesoverlapping each other
When you have
enough plastic pieces,
like the one shown in
step 14, you can con-
nect them.
To connect two or
more plastic patches,
you will iron them
together. All working
conditions are the
same as before.
Lay two plastic pieces,
one overlapping the
other by 2 inches.
17 of 20
Lay down anti-stickycover
Take another piece of
anti-sticking material
and put it on top of
the pile of the plastic
bag patches you just
placed in step 16.
Make sure it coversthe entire pile of plas-
tic bag patches.
18 of 20
Iron againAgain, to fuse the
plastic bags together,
we must heat and
press them with the
hot clothes iron.
Pay special attention
on the overlapping of
the bags.
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19 of 20
Observe result
Again, you are left
with a more rigid and
water proof plastic
sheet.
If you nd defects in
your plastic sheet, you
can always x it with
plastic patches that
you iron on again, on
top of holes
When well made, the
connection between
two plastic bag parts
will leave no seams.
20 of 20
Repeat or biggerdimensions
Again, you under-
stand how to make
the plastic bag shelter
material.
It is likely that you
do not have enough
yet, so, repeat thedescribed process to
make more plastic bag
patches and connect
them together.
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45
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Besides making the plastic tarp, it also importantto use it in an effective way. Because of that, inthis section you will find techniques to tie the tarpto a line. This line can then be tied to a support tohold the shelter in place.
UnionTarp to Line
What you will need
A-Rope
B-1bottlecap
perunion
C-Scissors
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3 of 12
Cut ropeTake some rope and
cut a piece, roughly
the size of an open
hand.
1 of 12
Put bottle cap underone o the tarps
Take a bottle cap or
another similarly sized
object and put it under
the plastic tarp that
you want to attach a
line to.
In the drawing on
the right and for the
remainder of these in-
structions, a bottle cap
will be used with the
sharp edge to the bot-
tom. On the right, you
can see a side view of
what is the result.
2 of 12
Check set-up
When you lay the
plastic tarp on top of
the bottle cap you just
placed, you will have
something similar to
what is shown on the
right, a small bump on
the surface, where the
bottle cap is.
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4 of 12
Make a knot
Using the rope you
cut, make the knot
on the right (but you
can use another if you
want).
Make two loops, one
going over and the
other going under the
horizontal piece of
rope.
Take the loop that
goes under and bring
it over the loop that
goes over. At the end
you have the knot of
the right.
6 of 12
Tie knot under thebottle cap
Grab the knot you
prepared before and
tie it under the bulge
created by the bottle
cap wrapped by the
plastic.
5 of 12
Grab under bottle cap
Using one hand, grab
the plastic tarp under
the bottle cap you
placed in step 1.
As you grab the plas-
tic, the bottle cap will
create a little bulge.
On the right, you can
check a side view of
what is the result.
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7 of 12
Observe result
What you have now
is an anchor point
that you can use to tie
rope around.
This anchor point
does not require you
to make a hole in the
plastic, and so it al-
lows you to reuse the
plastic tarp you made.
This technique will be
useful for further
examples in this
booklet.
8 of 12
Cut rope
Now that you have
the anchor point, you
can tie it to some sort
of support, to sustain
your shelter.
Cut a piece of rope
that is enough for your
needs and do not for-get to consider extra
rope for knots in both
ends of the rope.
9 of 12
Make a knotAlthough you can
use any knot you are
familiar with, we sug-
gest the one on the
right. It is fairly simple
to make and is adjust-
able. Also, it is quite
sturdy.
We suggest this knot
for you to tie the rope
to the anchor point.
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11 of 12
Straighten rope
Because the knot we
suggested is adjust-
able, you have to
straighten it and xing
everything in place.
12 of 12
Tie rope to supportYou are now free to tie
the other end of the
rope to any support
that you might nd
useful.
On the right you can
see a representation
of a possible use,
holding a piece of
plastic, so it protects
people from rain.
10 of 12
Insert knot into anchorpoint
Take the loop made by
the previously shown
know and insert it in
the anchor point.
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When making shelter, you might notice that theplastic tarp you made is not enough for yourneeds and that you must connect more than onepiece of plastic tarp. In this case, we suggest youconnect the multiple pieces of plastic using the
following technique.
UnionTarp to Tarp, xed
What you will need
A-Rope
B-1bottlecap
perunion
C-1Empycan
perunion
D-Canopener
E - Nails
F - Hammer
G-Scissor
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4 of 18
Make hole in bent cantop
With a nail and ham-
mer or other method
you can use, make a
hole in the center of
the bent can top.
Make the hole from
the clean side to the
side to which the can
is bent. The objective
is to keep one side
completely smooth
and the other slightly
rough.
5 of 18
Make hole in bottle cap
Repeat the previous
process to make a
hole in a bottle cap.
Again, make the hole
from the clean side
to the sharp side of
the bottle cap. The
objective is to keepone side completely
smooth and the other
slightly rough.
6 of 18
Cut ropeTake some rope and
cut a piece, roughly
the size of an open
hand.
You will use this rope
to connect the two
pieces of plastic tarp
that you want to con-
nect.
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7 of 18
Tie knot in extremityo rope
Tie a knot in one end
of the rope, the type of
knot is not important,
but it should create a
bulge that does not go
through the holes you
made in the can top
and the bottle cap.
8 of 18
Pass rope throughbottle cap
Take the rope with the
knot in one side and
push it through the
bottle cap. You must
start from the sharp
side, to keep the knot
under that side..If you have doubts,
check the small draw-
ing on the right.
This is the preparation
of the connector you
will need later on.
9 of 18
Overlap tarpsWith the connector
ready, it is time to pre-
pare the plastic tarps
to be connected.
Overlap them, with
one roughly one hand
over the other.
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10 of 18
Make a hole throughboth tarps
Now the tarps are
aligned, make a hole
through both of them.
You can use a nail and
hammer but also any
other technique that
you nd useful.
The important thing is
to have aligned holes
for later on.
11 of 18
Pass rope with bottlecap through the tarpbelow
Take the connector
you prepared in step
8 and pass it through
the hole in the plastic
tarp that will be under.
Do this in a way that
the smooth side of the
bottle cap is in contact
with the plastic and
the sharp side is away
from the plastic.
12 of 18
Pass rope throughtarp above
Repeat the previous
process to pass the
rope through the tarp
above.
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13 of 18
Straighten rope
It is important to make
the connection as tight
as possible, so you
should straighten the
rope, as shown on thepicture in the right.
14 of 18
Insert bent can top
The bent can top will
act as a top cover for
the connection, and
now it is time to insert
it in the rope.
Keep the bent, smooth
side towards the
plastic and the roughside away from it. The
small drawing on the
right shows a side
view of what should
look like.
15 of 18
Straighten ropeStraighten the rope
to keep everything as
tight as possible.
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16 of 18
Tie knot
Tie a knot over the
bent can top, as you
tied in step 7. Again,
the type of knot is not
important, just thefact that it does not
go through the made
holes.
Tie the knot as tightly
against the bent can
top as possible.
17 of 18
Repeat process atregular intervals
The instructions you
have read so far
resulted in one con-
nection, but, depend-
ing on the size of the
tarps you want to
connect, you will haveto repeat the process
at regular intervals.
We suggest you do
it at a distance of
roughly two hands.
18 of 18
Observe resultBy the end of the
process, you probably
have something as
shown on the picture
on the right.
The rope hangs free
on the outside, acting
as a path for water
that soaks the rope,
to ow away from the
connection hole.
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3 of 15
Cut ropeTake some rope and
cut a piece, roughly
the size of an open
hand.
1 of 15
Put bottle cap underone o the tarps
Take a bottle cap or
another similarly sized
object and put it under
the plastic tarp that
you want to attach a
line to.
In the drawing on
the right and for the
remainder of these in-
structions, a bottle cap
will be used with the
sharp edge to the bot-
tom. On the right, you
can see a side view of
what is the result.
2 of 15
Check set-up
When you lay the
plastic tarp on top of
the bottle cap you just
placed, you will have
something similar to
what is shown on the
right, a small bump on
the surface, where the
bottle cap is.
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4 of 15
Make a knot
Using the rope you
cut, make the knot
on the right (but you
can use another if you
want).
Make two loops, one
going over and the
other going under the
horizontal piece of
rope.
Take the loop that
goes under and bring
it over the loop that
goes over. At the end
you have the knot of
the right.
6 of 15
Tie knot under thebottle cap
Grab the knot you
prepared before and
tie it under the bulge
created by the bottle
cap wrapped by the
plastic.
5 of 15
Grab under bottle cap
Using one hand, grab
the plastic tarp under
the bottle cap you
placed in step 1.
As you grab the plas-
tic, the bottle cap will
create a little bulge.
On the right, you can
check a side view of
what is the result.
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7 of 15
Observe result
What you have now
is an anchor point
that you can use to tie
rope around.
This anchor point
does not require you
to make a hole in the
plastic, and so it al-
lows you to reuse the
plastic tarp you made.
This technique is the
same as the one used
in the Tarp to Line
union, also described
in this manual.
8 of 15
Repeat the process onthe other side o thetarp
To make a movable
connection, you need
two anchor points.
Repeat the steps to
create an anchor point
on either side of the
movable connection.
9 of 15
Overlap two tarpsOverlap the two tarps,
with one roughly one
hand over the other.
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10 of 15
Cut rope
Cut a piece of rope
that is enough for your
needs and do not for-
get to consider extra
rope for knots in bothends of the rope.
11 of 15
Make a knot
Although you can
use any knot you are
familiar with, we sug-
gest the one on the
right. It is fairly simple
to make and is adjust-
able. Also, it is quite
sturdy.
We suggest this knot
for you to tie the rope
to the anchor point
This will be the mov-
able side of the con-
nection.
12 of 15
Insert knot in theanchor point above
Insert the loop in the
anchor point, but
leave it loose, so it
can be removed with
no problems.
Insert it in the anchor
point from the tarp
above.
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13 of 15
Tie a knot on the reeside o the rope
Now make the knot for
the xed side of the
connection
Make two loops, one
going over and the
other going under the
horizontal piece of
rope.
Take the loop that
goes under and bring
it over the loop that
goes over. At the end
you have the knot of
the right.
14 of 15
Insert knot in the an-chor point below
Insert the loop made
in step 13, in the an-
chor point of the tarp
below.
Straighten it so it be-
comes xed.
15 of 15
Observe resultAt the end you should
have something as
shown on the right, a
connection that uses a
bit of rope to keep the
two pieces of plastic
tarp together.
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...Makeshelter
...Treatwater
How to...
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IntroductionIn this chapter you will learn a few techniques to purify water to make
it ready for consumption. After a Disaster, water is very likely to become
contaminated or just lost, because its reservoirs break down. Because
water is so important for human survival, we consider it to be necessary
to include some technical knowledge about water, so you can treat it for
you and your family and avoid problems of contamination
What type o water treatment techniques
The water treatment techniques that you can nd in this chapter have a few
things in common. They are:
Effective
Cheap
Onlyworkagainstbiologicalcontaminants
The techniques you see here are all quite simple and require very little materi-
als. Also, the required materials can usually be found in most communities. Thismakes these techniques cheap.
There is, however, a limitation. These techniques are simple and cheap but are
not capable of treating water contaminated with chemicals (e.g. gasoline, oil,
paint thinner, paint, solvents, pesticides, fertilizers and etc). These techniques
can only treat against organisms in the water, such as microbes, insects and
parasites. Because most problems with contaminated water are related with liv-
ing organisms, these techniques have some value.
The biggest concern is to NEVER drink ood water or water that
you suspect has been contaminated with chemicals.
Also, after a Disaster, assume that all water that was not storedclosed (e.g. everything that was not in bottles) is contaminated
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with living organisms and must be treated.
How to select a water treatment method
Because we suggest several methods, it is possible that you do not know which
water treatment methods you should use. Our rst recommendation is to always
have more than one way of purifying water (e.g. Boiling and Bleach). After aDisaster, you never know what conditions you will nd, and it is a good idea to be
prepared to use more than one method of treating water.
In this booklet you will nd that we present the techniques in a specic order.
This order represents what we think that is the best way to choose a treatment
method, based on how well it works. The order is:
Boiling
Bleach(Chlorine)
SODIS
Iodine
All these methods are effective, so it does not mean that Iodine treatment is a
bad choice, for example. What happens is that we believe that each method has
problems in terms of what materials are necessary, how much time it takes to
treat water and what is the quality of the water at the end, so we suggest one
order of priority that we feel is balanced.
We suggest that you pay attention to the characteristics of each method and think
what are the most adequate to you. In the beginning of each instruction set, you
will have the listed characteristics of each technique.
How much water will my amily need?If you want to treat enough water for your whole family, you must know how much
water each person will need. We give you an estimation of how much water must
you treat per person, for each day:
Basic 2 Liters (7,5 for pregnant women) for drinkingOptimal 12,5 Liters for drinking and sanitation
These numbers should help you in deciding how much you need. When mea-
suring water, you can always remember that most soda cans have 0,33cl. This
means that 3 soda cans can hold one liter of liquid. This information is also useful
for later on, for some water treatment methods.
What about water storage
The way you store water after a Disaster is quite important and we suggest you
have ways of separating treated and untreated water. To store water, you can use
barrels, bags, bottles or any other vessel. The important considerations are:
Alwaysseparatetreatedanduntreatedwater
Alwaystreattheplaceswhereyoustoretreatedwater,includingthecov -
ers,tapsandthreads.
Coverallstoredwater,especiallytreatedwater
Donottouchthetreatedwaterorletuncleanobjectstouchit(e.g.ifyou
useadrinkingglass,donotsubmergeitinthecleanwater)
Whenyouputwaterinaglassanddonotdrinkallthewater,putthe
remainingbackintheUNTREATEDwaterstorage.
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Whenpossible,alwaysstoretreatedwaterincontainerswithaspoutor
tap,soyoucanserveyourselfwithouttouchingthecleanwater.
How much will it cost
The cost of treating water depends on what methods you use. Bleach and iodine
disinfection are the better priced methods for large quantities of water (above 5
liters).Although boiling does not require any specic products, it needs a lot of energy
and if there is little fuel, it becomes an expensive method.
What about sanitation and hygiene
Having clean drinking water is extremely important for survival, but in the long
term, it requires more than treatment methods. Sanitation and hygiene are also
important because they can reduce the dangers of water contamination.
You will not nd a lot of information on Hygiene and Sanitation in this booklet.
The reason for that is that there are other free sources that explain it rather well.
On the left side of this page, you can nd some links to useful documents on the
topic. All of these are free and from reliable authors.
Because we understand you might not have access to the information you just
pointed, we give you a short listing of important behaviors that can help you re-
duce water contamination dangers:
Alwayswashyourhandsafterdefecatingandbeforeandafterpreparing
meals
Donotplacegarbage,animalwaste,foodremains,usedmedicineand
faecesanywherelessthan30metersawayfromwaterandalwaysdown -
streamfromanywatersource(e.g.fontain,spring,well,etc)
Buildlatrinesbetween6metersand50metersfrompeopleshomes.As
latrinesgetfull,coverthemwithsandandbuildnewlatrines.Payattentionso
theydonotbecomedangerousplacesforchildrentofallin.
Keepgarbageinsameplace,preferablyadughole,withplasticliningthe
insideandperiodicallycoveredwithsanduntilitisfull.Thenmakeanewhole
andre-starttheprocess
Coverallstoredwaterandavoidthecreationofpoolsofstalewater.
If you can get the documents listed on the left, you should try to do it. These
documents not only have very good advice but also, are made in a way that is
easier to understand and to explain to other people in the community.
What are the other techniques
In this booklet you can also nd techniques to connect and x different parts of
plastic tarp. We are condent that you probably are already familiar with your own
ways of making shelter. However, we believe that this knowledge can be useful
for you to adapt on.
Useful Information
World Health Organi-zation:
Inormation on wa-ter and Sanitation
http://www.who.int/
water_sanitation_
health/en/
Food, water andamily health:A manual or com-munity educators
http://www.who.
int/water_sanita-
tion_health/hygiene/
settings/wsh9204/en/
index.html
Water, Engineering
and DevelopmentCentre:
http://wedc.lboro.
ac.uk/
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Boiling water for a short time is the more effectiveway of killing most organisms that can contami-nate water. If you can do it, we strongly adviseyou to do it. However it is not very efficient totreat large quantities of water (more than 5 liter).
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Boilingwater
What you will need
A - 1 Bucket tocollect water
B - 1 Clean cloth
C-Stove
D-Containerto
putcollectedwater
E-Cookingpot
withlid
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3 of 8
Pour water in potTake the water from
the previous container
and put it in a pot,
ready for boiling.
2 of 8
Strain Water
Using a clean cloth,
strain the water, by
pouring it through the
cloth on to a container.
If you use the same
cloth several times,
always leave the same
side up and wash itperiodically. Strain-
ing will remove some
suspended debris in
the water and improve
its quality
1 of 8
Collect water
Collect water as clean
and clear as possible.
Do not collect ood
water or sewer water.If you suspect water
might be contaminat-
ed by chemicals, do
not use it.
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4 of 8
Cover pot
To boil water it is
always easier and
faster if the container
is closed.
Close the pot with its
lid or another available
cover.
A covered pot will
lose less water due to
evaporation
6 of 8
Let water boil or aminute
Let the pot in the re
until it reaches a roll-
ing, strong boil.
This is enough to kill
almost all possible
contaminants.
There are stronger
organisms that require
you to leave the pot
boiling for around aminute.
This will kill every bio-
logical contaminant.
5 of 8
Put pot over re
Put the covered pot
over a re and pay
continuous attention
to it.
On the right, the pot
is drawn on top of a
Rocket Stove. You can
nd instructions onhow to make a Rocket
Stove on page 9 of
this booklet.
Pay special attention
to children as the re
and hot water can
harm them.
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8 of 8
Wait until water coolsdown
Because you can not
drink the hot water,
wait some time for the
water to cool down.
This can take several
minutes.
7 of 8
Remove
When the pot is boil-
ing for a minute, you
can remove it from the
re.
At this moment, you
can let the re go
down.
As the pot is still hot,
continue to pay atten-
tion to small children
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0
What you will needquisl euis essit, quat.
Bleach
Common bleach used for household cleaning con-tains a chemical named Chlorine. Chlorine is thesame kind of chemical used in water treatment forcities and is also quite effective for a family.Although it kills almost every type of biological
contaminant, it has an unpleasant taste and somepeople do not like it. Chlorine allows for cheapand fast water purification.Only use bleach that has no added scents or addi-tives (e.g. color preserving additives)
What you will need
A - 1 Bucket tocollect water
B - 1 Clean cloth
C - Container to
putcollectedwater
D-Spoon
E-CleanStick
F-3emptySoda
cans,of0,33cleach
G-Householdbleach.Unscented,
withnoadditives
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3 of 12
Strain WaterUsing a clean cloth,
strain the water, by
pouring it through the
cloth on to a container.
If you use the same
cloth several times,
always leave the same
side up and wash it
periodically. Strain-
ing will remove some
suspended debris in
the water and improve
its quality
1 of 12
Check age o bleach
Bleach loses Chlorine
as time goes by. Old
bleach has lost too
much Chlorine and is
not a safe water treat-ment method. If more
than 30 days have
passed since you
opened the bleach
bottle, you need a new
one.
If you store bleach in
a bottle that is not the
original, do not use
transparent bottles,
as sunlight affects the
Chlorine.
2 of 12
Collect water
Collect water as clean
and clear as possible.
Do not collect ood
water or sewer water.
If you suspect water
might be contaminat-
ed by chemicals, do
not use it.
If water still is a bit
turbid, double the
amount of bleach that
you use.
This will increase the
smell, but is not dan-
gerous.
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0,33cl0,33cl 0,33cl 1Liter
Chlorine
Concentration
1%
4 - 6%
7 - 10%
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4 of 12
Measure water
Using bleach to purify
water requires some
dosing, You must
have an idea of how
much water you have,to know how much
bleach you will need
to pour in.
You can rell contain-
ers of drinks that you
already know the
capacity of.
We suggest you ll 3
0,33cl soda cans, as
that makes up a liter.
5 of 12
Pour water intreatment container
Now you know how
much water you have,
you can pour it into a
treatment container.
3 soda cans make up
a liter, and for the rest
of this method, thequantities of bleach
are given per liter.
Naturally, you can
treat more than one
liter at once, but you
most know how much
water you have.
6 of 12
Check or Chlorineconcentration inbleach
Chlorine exists in
bleach, but not all
bleach has the same
amount of Chlorine, so
it is important to know
how much Chlorine
the bleach you have
has.
Also, it is importantto use only simple
bleach and not special
bleach with scents or
additives.
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1% 4 - 6% 7 - 10%
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7 of 12
Check or amount odrops
Depending on the
Chlorine concentra-
tion in the bleach, you
should pour some
drops per each liter of
water.
On the drawing at the
left, you can check
how much drops for
each concentration of
Chlorine.
8 of 12
Pour bleach on a spoon
Pour bleach on a
spoon, so it is easier
to count drops.
9 of 12
Pour drops incontainer
Remember what was
the Chlorine concen-
tration of the bleach
you are using and
put as much drops as
indicated in step 7.
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10 of 12
Mix water and bleach
To make sure the
bleach treats all the
water, you must mix
the water and bleach.
Stir the container a
little bit to do so.
11 of 12
Cover container
Chlorine evaporates
easily, even when it is
mixed in the water.
You must cover the
container where you
put the water and the
bleach.
12 of 12
WaitNow that the wa-
ter and bleach are
mixed, you must give
it enough time for the
biological contami-
nants to be killed.
This is usually 30
minutes.
If the water is espe-
cially cold, double
that time and wait 60minutes. The colder
temperatures slow
down the chemical
process of treatment.
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SODIS(also known as:Solar Disinection)
It may sound hard to believe, but the sunlight andheat can kill most contaminants in the water ifgood conditions exist. SODIS is a water treatmentmethod that treats water with nothing more thatsunlight and water in clear plastic bottles. You
must leave the bottles in the sun for a long timefor the water to be purified, but it works.In fact, the biggest problem with this method is tobelieve its effectiveness. If you follow the instruc-tions, it will be safe to drink the treated water.
What you will need
A - 1 Bucket tocollect water
B - 1 Clean cloth
C - Container to
putcollectedwater
D-Turbiditytester
E-3cleanempty
2LitersSodabottles
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Soda Juice MilkVeryBig
ColorBottle
PET
1 of 16
Pay attention to usedbottle
For this method to
work, you must use
the right type of plastic
bottle.
The best bottles are
clean 2 liter soda bot-
tles, transparent and
clear, with no labels.
Bottles of juice or milk
should not be used as
they might have bac-
teria. Colored bottles
and bottles larger than
2 liters are also not
possible to use
2 of 16
Check bottles material
Most plastic soda
bottles are made
from PET plastic, but
some are not. To use
SODIS, you must use
bottles made from
PET. You can usu-
ally check this at the
bottom or top of the
bottom (not in the
cap). The small draw-
ing on the right shows
the typical symbol of
PET bottles. All bottles
should be replaced if
they have too much
scratches.
3 of 16
Make sure you haveenough bottles
SODIS requires a lot
of time to treat water,
so it is important to
have enough bottles
for each person.
If you do not have
enough bottles per
person (2 bottles), it
is possible that while
your water is being
exposed to the sun
(minimum 6 hours),
you have nothing to
drink.
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4 of 16
Collect water
Collect water as clean
and clear as possible.
Do not collect ood
water or sewer water.If you suspect water
might be contaminat-
ed by chemicals, do
not use it.
5 of 16
Strain Water
Using a clean cloth,
strain the water, by
pouring it through the
cloth on to a container.
If you use the same
cloth several times, al-
ways leave the same
side up and wash itperiodically. Strain-
ing will remove some
suspended debris in
the water and improve
its quality
6 of 16
Fill bottles partiallyand close
The sun light and heat
are more effective
when there is some air
mixed with the water.
Fill the bottles up to
3 / 4 and close them,
preparing them for the
next step.
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VERY
WaterTurbidityTesterIfthewateryouwanttotreatisnotcompletelytransparent,itwillmaket reatmentharder.
Withthistester,you cancheckifthewateryouwant totreat
isclearenoughor not.
Howtouseit:Putthispaperunder atransparent2Lsodabottle(thesizeof thebottleis important)andlookdownthroughthe bottle.Ifyou canseethebig letters,thewateris clearenoughtotreat.Ifyou canevenseethe smallletters,abovetheletterC inCLEAR,thenthewateris verygoodfortreatment.Thefaceseemsneutral ifwateris justCLEARandveryhappyif waterisVERYCLEAR.
7 of 16
Shake bottle or 20seconds
Shake each bottle for
20 seconds, mixing
the air and the water.
8 of 16
Fill bottles to the top
Add water to the
bottles so it reaches
the top. Do not cover
yet.
9 of 16
Place bottle on top oturbidity check
If the water is not clear
enough, SODIS will no
be very effective.
To make sure the
water is clear enough,
use a turbidity test
found in page 87 of
this guide.
Place it under the
bottle as it is show inthe picture on the right
and see if you can
read both the big and
the small text.
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13 of 16
Lay bottleshorizontally
The way you position
the bottles is impor-
tant. To make sure the
sun rays penetrate
the water and kill the
organisms, you must
lay the bottles horizon-
tally.
14 of 16
Pay attention toshade
If the bottles become
under shade, the
treatment stops, so
it is necessary to
consider the way sun
moves across the
sky and how shadealso moves.
To be safe, always
place bottles away
from possible shade
(e.g. tall objects,
fences, walls)
15 of 16
I possible, lay bottleson the roo
One of the best places
to lay the bottles is on
the roof of a house.
In most cases, a roof
will receive sunlight
with no possibility of a