booklet 3 - lighting for safety on roads, paths squares

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Good Lighting for Safetyon Roads, Paths and Squares 3

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:50 Uhr Seite 39

In 1997, 3,834 of8,549 roads deathsin Germany oc-curred on quietroads at night;34.9 percent of

the road userswho were seriouslyinjured were in-volved in accidentsat twilight or afterdark.

Contents

Good street lightingimproves visualperformance andreduces accidentsby an average of30 percent.

As illuminanceincreases, theincidence of cartheft, burglaries,physical and sexualassault and otherforms of night crimesharply decreases.

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With a connectedload of 13W perperson, the electrici-ty consumed bystreet lightingworks out at lessthan 50 kWh aperson a year.

Street lighting costsDM 20 per persona year, only DM 7of which is forelectricity.

Street lighting and safety 2

Street lighting and costs 4

Street lighting and the environment 6

Pedestrian precincts andsquares 20

Parks 22

Indoor and outdoorcar parks 24

1

Seeing and being seen 8

Thoroughfares 14

Collector, local service and residential streets 16

Lighting system geometry 18

Cycle paths 19

Pedestrian crossings 19

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4

3

Tunnels and underpasses 26

Lamps 28

Luminaires 30

Lowered night-time lighting 32

European standards 33

Literature 34

Acknowledgements 35

Imprint 36

Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 37

5

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Accidents at night:more frequent andmore serious Despite lighter traffic, acci-dents on the roads at nightare both more frequentand more serious thanduring the day: nearly 50percent of fatal accidentsoccur during the hours ofdarkness, although night-time motoring accountsfor only 25 percent of allkilometres driven. That isone of the findings of a1993 study by the Interna-tional Lighting CommissionCIE (Commission Inter-nationale de L’Eclairage)conducted in 13 membersstates of the Organizationfor Economic Co-operationand Developemnt (OECD).

In 1997 in Germany, thenumber of road deaths fell

However, accidents duringthe hours of darkness(twilight and at night)claimed 3,834 of those

lives (44.8%)and wereresponsiblefor 34.9 per-cent of casesof seriousinjury.

Visual per-formance akey factorIn part, ofcourse, theshocking

statistics are due to non-visual factors, such asfatigue, effects of alcohol,

Street lighting and safety

by 2.8 percent to 8,549 –the lowest level sincerecords began in 1953.

Street lighting enhances road safety andguards against crimeWe rely on our eyes for more than 80 percentof the sensory impressions we register. So poorvisual conditions obviously reduce the amountof information that reaches our brain. That, inroad traffic, is extremely dangerous. Street light-ing thus makes for greater safety at night, be-cause it helps or even actually enables us to fillthe gaps in the information we receive.

Totalcasualties::509,643

Daylightcasualties:359,184

Casualties duringhours of darkness*:150,459

*During twilight and at nightSource: Statistisches Bundesamt

fatalities 8,549severely injured 115,414lightly injured 385,680



Road accident casualtiesin and outside built-up areas (1997)

K V K Vday night

Kilometres driven (K) and fatal road accidents (V) duringthe day and at night

75%

51.5%

25%

48.5%

Mean luminance and ratio of day andnight-time accidents resulting in injuryto persons (Scott 1980)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0mean luminance L

_ (cd/m2)

nig

ht/d

ay a

ccid

ents

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

Raising luminance from 0.5 to 2 cd/m2

reduces the night/dayaccident ratio from 50to 30 percent.

Because good street light-ing is an aid to visual per-formance, it cuts the num-ber of traffic accidents byan average of 30 percent.

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Fig. 9

Fig. 8

Fig. 7

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:27 Uhr Seite 2

lack of motoring experi-ence and seasonal condi-tions. But the root causeremains: the human eyedoes not perform as wellin the dark as in the light.Visual acuity diminishes,distances are harder togauge, our ability to distin-guish colours is reduced,and vision is impaired byglare.

More light, feweraccidentsGood street lighting im-proves visual performanceand considerably reducesthe number of accidents –by 30 percent overall andby 45 percent on country

worldwide on the connec-tion between accidents andstreet lighting.

Doubling the average road-way luminance significantlyreduces the number ofnight-time accidents. Thiswas shown by a before-and-after study conductedfor the German TransportMinistry in 1994 on tenstretches of road in sixcities: the total number ofaccidents decreased by28 percent. The number ofaccidents involving pedes-trians and cyclists droppedby 68 percent and thenumber of casualties fellby 45 percent.

against property aremostly committed in dark,secluded places. Thosewho commit them are lessinhibited in such placesbecause there is less riskof them being identifiedand potential victims are

vertical illuminance wherethe presence of pedestri-ans is pronounced (see“Identifying faces at adistance” – makes forbetter visual perception:suspicious movements arespotted farther away, details

3Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

roads and at crossroadsand other danger points.This was shown by another1993 CIE study, based onevery study available

Light prevents crime Good, correct lighting alsoprevents crime. Experiencehas shown that acts ofviolence and crimes

and the intentions ofapproaching figures aremade out more clearly.Fast and reliable identifica-tion gives us more time toprepare for danger andreact accordingly.

Numerous studies haveshown that increased illu-minance produces a sharpdecrease in night crime(see Figure 11). They alsoconfirm that a higher light-ing level gives residents agreater sense of security,which makes for a betterneigbourhood and a betterquality of life.

insecure and morevulnerable.

Higher horizontal illumi-nance – together with high

10

Fig. 11

Dependence of crime rate on level ofstreet lighting

Night/day-time cime rate10

8

6

4

2

0less 2,5 4 6,4 10 16 more

than 1,6 than 16

Illuminance in lx

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False economiesFaced with the need to cutbudget deficits, many localauthorities decide to switchoff parts of the street light-ing system. This supposedeconomy measure mayeven affect whole streets,which are no longer lit lateat night.

What the authorities fail torealise, however, apart fromthe implications for publicsafety, is how little streetlighting costs. Decisions toswitch lights off are normal-ly reversed in the wake ofsubsequent public protestover the “black-outs” –because detailed study ofthe economics of lightingshows that:

• street lighting is notexpensive, • refurbishment costs aresoon recouped and pavethe way for futureeconomies.

Costs Total street lighting costsconsist of the costs in-volved in setting up andoperating the system:

• Capital cost of luminaires, constructionelements and installation(including depreciation/interest). • Operating costs for energy, servicing/main-tenance, lamp replacement

Acquisition costs, spreadover the long service life ofthe facilities, account for amuch smaller percentageof total costs than operat-ing costs.

Economic damageThe general breakdownof costs does not takeaccount of the economicdamage caused by acci-dents. This can be de-duced, however, fromnight-time accident figures:in 1997, a total of 108,072accidents were registeredin Germany during thehours of darkness (com-pared with 272,763 in day-light). 45,165 were classedas serious accidents (asagainst 64,224 in daylight).Altogether, the 380,835accidents in which peoplewere hurt caused econom-ic damage estimated atDM 25 billion.

Street lighting and costs

4

Energy consumption and operating cost of streetlighting in Germany (old federal states)

Percentage of total primary energy consumed by street lighting approx. 0.1%Percentage of total electricity consumed by street lighting approx. 0.7%Electricity consumption per person approx. 50 kWh/year

Connected load of street lighting approx. 700 MegawattsConnected load per person approx. 13W

Total operating cost of street lighting approx. DM 1.1 bn/yearTotal operating cost per person approx. DM 20/year

Total cost of electricity for street lighting approx. DM 400

million/yearCost of electricity for street lighting per person approx. DM 7/year

Average percentage of local govern-ment expenditures attributable to electricity for street lighting approx. 0.4%

Source: VDEW

Duty to ensure road safety The duty to ensure road safety – enshrined in Germanyin court rulings based on Section 823 of the Civil Code(Compensation) – includes a duty to provide lighting. Thisis basically confined to built-up areas and stretches ofroad where special hazards are present, such as cross-roads, junctions, bottlenecks, sharp bends, inclines andpedestrian crossings. It also extends to stretches of roadwhich are damaged or hazardous because of their layout.As such hazards present a high risk of accident, lightingis a legal requirement in these cases both within and out-side built-up areas.

German court rulings are based on the latest industrialstandards, i.e. the stipulations of DIN 5044. Lighting sys-tem operators’ responsibilities include monitoring the con-dition of the systems, right down to checking the stabilityof columns. Where accidents occur as a result of failureto comply with these requirements, an operator may beliable to civil or criminal prosecution. The same applieswhere lighting systems are not installed or operated inaccordance with the duty to ensure road safety. The amount and total cost of energy consumed

by street lighting are often overestimated.12

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Low energy consumptionDecisions to switch offstreet lights are often takenwith a view to cutting oper-ating costs. Since these aremostly electricity costs,such decisions are alsodefended on environmentalgrounds as an “energyconservation” measure. Inactual fact, street lightingconsumes comparativelylittle energy and thus offerslimited scope for conserva-tion (see Figure 13,page 6).

Public street lighting inGermany – in its entirety –accounts for only • 0.1 percent of all the en-ergy consumed and • 0.7 percent of the electric-ity consumed nationwideeach year.

The connected load ofstreet lighting in Germanyworks out at 13W per per-son, which means percapita consumption is just50kWh a year.

Low energy costsThe electricity bill for streetlighting amounts to justDM 7 per person a year.Street lighting power costsmake up an average of0.4 percent of local authori-ty expenditures.

Other operating costs addanother DM 13, which rais-es the total annual cost ofoperating street lighting toDM 20 a person.

Refurbishment lowerscostsIn some places, electricitycosts are unusually high.This is almost always dueto ageing lighting systems,i.e. systems which are 20,25 or even 30 years old.The only remedy is refur-bishment: complete re-newal or conversion • to long-life lamps withhigh luminous efficacy, • to cost-efficient luminaireswith optimised optical con-trol systems and

• to energy-saving electricalcomponents and circuitry.

The efficiency of new light-ing systems permits greaterspacing between columns,so fewer luminaires areneeded to achieve thesame level of lighting. Thatsaves money – reducingboth outlay and operatingexpenses.

Maintenance costshalvedModern lighting technologyis not just amortizedthrough energy savings;it also lowers all otheroperating costs: • Long-life luminants savelamp replacement costs.• Longer lamp replacementintervals lower mainte-nance costs.• Quality luminaires andmounting elements of high-grade materials are easierto maintain and requireless attention. Maintenanceintervals have now doubledto four years, i.e. mainte-nance and servicing costshave been halved.


A practical example showing that refurbishmentpays offAlong a 2.5-kilometre stretch of road with a central reser-vation, luminaires fitted with high-pressure mercuryvapour lamps (a) were replaced by new luminaires withoptimised optical control systems and high-pressuresodium vapour lamps (b). The 40 percent reduction inenergy consumption cuts the electricity bill by DM 27,830a year. After a payback time of just 2.7 years, this moneyhas a direct positive impact on accounts.

System comparison Old system New systemInvestment costs – 75,372 DMLamping (a) (b)Lamp wattage 400 W 150 WLuminaire wattage 425 W 170 WLuminous flux 22,000 lm 17,000 lmConnected load 52.66 kW 21.1 kWAnnual operating hours 4,000 hrs. 4,000 hrsAnnual consumption 210,640 kWh 84,400 kWhAnnual electricity costs DM 46,828 DM 18,998Annual saving – 126,240 kWh

– DM 27,830

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Energy consumptionrelatively lowFrom an environmentalangle, one of the most im-portant points to considerabout street lighting is howmuch energy it consumes.The answer is: relativelylittle (see Figure 13). Never-theless, even street lightinghas become more energy-efficient: in recent years, ithas decreased its share ofthe electricity used for light-ing (excluding privatehouseholds) by 1.5 percentto 6.2 percent – thanks toenergy-saving lamps andmore efficient lighting tech-nology incorporated in newand refurbished lightingsystems.

Energy balance on the roadAnother comparison under-lining street lighting’s rela-tively minor role in overallenergy consumption ismade by the German light-ing society Deutsche Licht-technische Gesellschaft e.V.

(LiTG). Calculating theenergy balance of a roadlined with 25 luminaires akilometre and a traffic loadof 3,000 vehicles in 24hours, it found that station-ary street lighting account-ed for just 1.5 percent ofthe energy consumed; the

other 98.5 percent wasconsumed by motor vehi-cles. Even if fuel consump-tion were reduced to 5litres/100 km (1 litre petrol= 10 kWh), the energyused by street lightingwould still account for lessthan three percent of thetotal.

Street lighting and the environment

6

Conserving energy systematically

Minimising street lighting power consumption calls for energy-efficient lightingsystems. These consist of • long-life lamps with high luminous efficacy, measured in lumens (lm) per Watt (W):the higher the ratio lm/W, the more light generated by the energy consumed and thebetter the energy balance of the lamp. • efficient luminaires (high light output ratio) with optical controllers directing the lightgenerated onto the surface where illumination is needed,• electrical components with low power loss ratings.

Connected load reduced: power consumption cut by 47 percent

Systems compared Old system New system

Luminaire mushroom luminaire with post-top luminaire with opal enclosure optical control system

Lamping high-pressure mercury compact fluorescent lampsvapour lamps

Lamp wattage per luminaire 80 W 2 x 18 WLuminaire wattage 89 W 48 WConnected load per km 3 kW 1.6 kWSaving per kilometer – 1.4 kW

total energy consumption = 100 %percentage as electricity 17.39 %percentage for lighting 1.9 %percentage for street lighting 0.1 %

electricity consumption = 100 %percentage for lighting 10.8 %percentage for street lighting 0.7 %

electricity consumptionfor lighting = 100 %percentage for street lighting 6.2 %

Fig. 13

Low energy consumption: In Germany, the electrical energy used for street lighting accounts for only 0.1 percent oftotal annual energy consumption (diagram not to scale, based on 1993 figures).

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Avoiding light pollutionWhere residents are both-ered by light from street-lamps shining into theirhomes, they have a rightto complain – a right en-shrined in Germany in theFederal Ambient PollutionControl Act. So any risk of“light pollution” needs to beeliminated at the planningstage.

Neither the Pollution Con-trol Act nor its implement-ing regulations set out anyactual ceilings or limits butthe LiTG has published de-tails of useful methods ofmonitoring and assessinglight pollution, together withmaximum admissible limitsbased on them (see Litera-ture, page 34) The ambientpollution control committeeof Germany’s federal states(Länderausschuss für Im-missionsschutz – LAI) hasincorporated these meth-ods and ceilings in itsguideline “Measurementand assessment of light im-missions” and recom-mends that they should beapplied by environmentalprotection agencies.

Light and insectsArtificial lighting attractsinsects, so there is a riskit could interfere with thenatural habits of nocturnalanimals.

Light with a predominantlyyellow/orange spectralcontent is not so attractiveto insects because theireyes have a different spec-tral sensitivi-ty from thehuman eye.They re-spond moresensitively tothe spectralcompositionof the lightfrom fluores-cent lamps,high-pres-

sure mercury vapour lampsand metal halide lamps.Pale moonlight, which in-sects presumably use fororientation, also appearsmuch brighter to the insecteye than to humans. The

light cast by a high-pres-sure sodium vapour lamp,however, appears darker.Orange and red spectralcomponents produce virtu-ally no response. A summary of what sci-


ence knows about thissubject has been publishedby the LiTG (see Literature,Page 34).

Recycling lampsLamps contain minute quantities of mercury, so under Germany’s Com-mercial and Industrial Waste Management Act, most discharge lampsneed to be treated as special waste. Lamp recyclers in the AGLV workinggroup (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Lampenverwertung) have created a nation-wide collection and recycling system in compliance with strict certificationcriteria, thus ensuring that raw materials are recovered and re-used.

AGLV members include members of the Electrical Lamp ManufacturersAssociation in the Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie(ZVEI) e.V. (for information available from the ZVEI, see page 34). Thesecompanies place their expertise at the recyclers’ disposal and advisethem of the waste management requirements of materials contained innew lamps. One of the primary objectives of the AGLV is to raise thereturn rate of used lamps.

Spectral radiance distribution of a high-pressure sodium vapour lamp

Spectral radiance distribution of a general service tungsten filament lamp

Spectral radiance distribution of a metal halide lamp

Spectral radiance distribution of a warm-white fluorescent lamp

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16

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Light and visionThere is a simple recipefor preventing accidents:see and be seen. But visionis a complex process.Street lighting needs totake account of that.

Daylight illuminance rangesfrom 5,000 to 100,000 lux.On a moonlit night, 1 lux isabout the maximum. Thefact that we can “see” overthis vast brightness rangeis due to the eye's abilityto adapt. In some adapta-tion zones, however, visualperformance is impaired.

Cones for colour vision,rods for seeing in thedarkVisual performance is bestin daylight, when the eye’scolour-sensitive cone re-ceptors are activated:colours are easily distin-guished, objects and de-tails clearly made out. Indarkness, different recep-tors are active: rods, whichare fairly insensitive tocolour but highly sensitiveto brightness. In the tran-sitional stage of twilight,both receptor groups areactive.

Identification dependson contrastsContrasts are differencesin brightness and colour inthe visual field. To be per-ceived by the human eye,they need to be sufficientlypronounced. The minimumcontrast required for per-ception depends on theambient brightness (adap-tation luminance): thebrighter the surroundings,the lower the contrast per-ceived. Where surround-ings are darker, an objectneeds either to contrastmore sharply or be largerin order to be perceived.

Contrast sensitivity The ability to perceivedifferences in luminancein the visual field is calledcontrast sensitivity. Thehigher the brightness level(adaptation luminance),the finer the differences inluminance perceived.Contrast sensitivity isreduced by glare (seePages 10/11).

Visual acuityThe eye’s ability to makeout the contours andcolour details of shapes –

such as a traffic obstruction– is determined by visualacuity. Visual acuity im-

proves as adaptationluminance increases.

Seeing and being seen

8

Daylight: Optimum visualperformance, good colourdiscrimination, objects,details and spacial relation-ships can be clearly madeout.

Street lighting: Shapesand colours are muchharder to make out butcan still be adequatelydistinguished.

Moonlight: No colourperception, low-contrastdetails are no longerdiscernible.

ambient luminance cd/m210-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Contrastsensitivity 00

10ntrast

20

30

20

4040

cont

rast

sen

sitiv

ityL ∆L

s

In daylight, visual performance is at its peak: the eye's colour-sensitive conereceptors are active, everything is precisely and vividly discernible “in colour”.

Fig. 18

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20 21 22

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Visual performanceVisual performance isdetermined by contrast

sensitivity and visual acuity.It also depends on the timein which differences in

brightness, shapes, coloursand details are perceived(speed of perception): aperson travelling fast, forexample, has much lesstime for this than a pedes-trian.

Adaptation timeIt takes time for the eye toadapt to different bright-nesses. The adaptativeprocess and hence adapta-tion time depend on theluminance at the beginningand end of any change inbrightness: adapting from


dark to light takes onlyseconds, adapting fromlight to dark can takeseveral minutes.

Visual performance at anyone time depends on thestate of adaptation: themore light is available, thefaster unimpaired visualperformance can beachieved.

10-1

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0 Visual acuityV s

100 101 1022 4 68 2 4 68 2 4 68 cd/m2

visu

al a

cuity

S

adaptation luminance L

0 5 10 15 20 25

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

adaptation time min5

rela

tive

sens

itivi

ty

Adaptation

Luminous flux is the rateat which light is emittedby a lamp. Measured inlumen (lm), it definesthe visible light radiatingfrom a light source inall directions.

Luminous intensity isthe amount of luminousflux radiating in a parti-cular direction. It ismeasured in candela(cd). The way luminousintensity is distributed inthe room – normallydepicted by an intensitydistribution curve (IDC) –defines the shape of thebeam of a luminaire orreflector lamp.

Luminance is the bright-ness of a luminous orilluminated surface asperceived by the humaneye. Measured in cd/m2

or cd/cm2, it expressesthe intensity of the lightemitted or reflected bya surface per unit area.

Illuminance – measuredin lux (lx) – is the lumin-ous flux from a lightsource falling on a givensurface. Where an areaof 1 square metre is uni-formly illuminated by 1lumen luminous flux,illuminance is 1 lux.

As darkness increases, visual performance deteriorates. Street lighting restores lost performance, enabling shapes and colours to be adquately made out.

Visual disturbance occurswhen our eyes don’t haveenough time to adapt todifferences in brightness.Hence the need for adapta-tion zones – e.g. at tunnelentrances and exits – tomake for a safe transitionbetween one luminancelevel and the other.

24

Fig. 23

Fig. 25

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Adequate level ofbrightnessTo enable us to see well,an adequate level of bright-ness (lighting level) isessential. In DIN 5044,the yardstick used to deter-mine level of brightness ismean luminance or meanilluminance.

Illuminance (measured inlux) is the amount of lightfalling on a surface. Lumi-nance (in cd/m2) is thelight reflected by the sur-face into the eyes of theobserver. This is perceivedas brightness.

LuminanceLuminance is the keyquantity for nearly all roadswith motor traffic (seepages 14/15). It dependson the position of the ob-server, the geometry ofthe lighting system, thereflective properties of theroad surface, the luminousflux of the lamps and theintensity distribution of theluminaires. Luminance iscalculated for standardassessment fields.

IlluminanceFor collector, local serviceand residential streets (seepages 16/17), illuminanceis the yardstick used be-cause neither clear-cutassessment fields nor astandard observer positioncan be defined. What isassessed is the horizontalilluminance on the road-way. Where pedestriantraffic is heavy, verticaland semi-cylindrical illumi-nance (see “Identifyingfaces at a distance”, page11) are also used.

1.25 planning factoron installationTo ensure that all qualityfeatures are maintained fora lengthy period of timewithout the need for extramaintenance work, DIN5044 recommends that aplanning factor of 1.25should be adopted oninstallation. Maintenancework needs to be carriedout at the latest whenluminance or illuminancedecrease to 70 percent ofthis rated value.

Uniformity makesfor safetyIt is not enough just tomaintain the correct light-ing level. Brightness alsoneeds to be distributedevenly so that visual taskscan be properly performed.Dark patches act as cam-ouflage, making obstaclesand hazards hard to makeout or completely conceal-ing them from view. Cam-ouflage zones occur wheretoo few luminaires are in-stalled or individual lumi-naires are deactivated ordefective.

Uniformity of luminance isestablished by calculatingoverall uniformity UO andlongitudinal uniformity Ul,taking account of thegeometry (assessmentfield) and reflective proper-ties of the roadway. Overalluniformity UO expressesthe ratio between the low-est and mean luminancevalues over the entireroadway; longitudinal uni-formity Ul is the ratio be-tween the lowest and high-est luminance values in thecentre of the observer’slane.

Illuminance uniformity g1 isthe quotient of the lowestand mean illuminance.


10

For most roads designed for automobile traffic, luminance is the definitive criterion for lighting level.

For collector, local service and residential streets, what counts is horizontal illuminance on the roadway.

The uniformity of the luminance along and across theroadway is good.

Switching off individual luminaires severely disrupts thelongitudinal uniformity of the roadway luminance.

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Less glare – better visualperformanceGlare can impair visualperformance to such anextent that reliable percep-tion and identification areimpossible.

Physiological glare causesa measurable impairmentof visual faculties, e.g.visual acuity. Psychologicalglare is discomforting andaffects concentration andthus also causes accidents.

Glare cannot be avoidedaltogether but it can begreatly limited. Standardassessment proceduresexist for both kinds of glare.

Veiling luminancePhysiological glare occursas a result of excessivelyhigh luminance in thevisual field or differencesin luminance to which theeye cannot adapt. Thesource of glare createsscattered light whichspreads over the retinalike a veil and substantiallyreduces the contrast of theimages projected onto it.The higher the glare illumi-nance at the observer’seye and the closer theglare source, the higherthe veiling luminance.

Glare assessment andthreshold incrementsAt adaptation luminanceL_, an object and its sur-

roundings need at leastluminance contrast ∆ L0 forthe object to be identifiable.Where glare occurs, veilingluminance causes the eyeto adapt to the higher lumi-nance level L

_+ Ls: at

luminance contrast ∆ L0,the visual object is invisible.To make it discernible, theluminance contrast needsto be raised to ∆ LBL.

This percentage rise inthreshold values TI(Threshold Increment) from∆ L0 to ∆ LBL is the mea-sure of physiological glare.Where the luminance cal-culation produces high TIvalues, glare is intense.Glare-suppressed lightingsystems take account ofthreshold increments be-tween 7 and 10 percent.For relatively quiet roads,15 to 20 percent is still anacceptable value.

Direction of lightDirectional light can createshadow zones, e.g. be-tween parked vehicles,where brightness is un-evenly distributed. Wheredeep shadows cannot beavoided, supplementarylighting is the answer.

Light colour and colourrendering of lampsLight colour describes thecolour of the light radiatedby a lamp. Colour render-ing refers to the effect itslight has on the appear-ance of coloured objects.

These two characteristicsare of relatively minor im-

portance in outdoor light-ing. Even so, it is still advis-able to use lamps withgood colour renderingproperties so that colourcontrasts can be made outand information intake ismaximized.

Lamps with poor colourrendering properties, suchas low-pressure sodiumvapour lamps, are onlysuitable for pedestriancrossing, seaport and se-curity lighting.


Identifyingfaces at adistanceGood lightingis essentialto enablepedestriansto identifyapproachingfigures, anti-cipate theirintentions andreact accord-ingly. 1 luxsemi-cylindri-cal illumi-nance is aminimumrequirement here. Measured at a height of 1.5 metresabove the ground, semi-cylindrical illuminance de-scribes the amount of vertical illuminance that falls ona semi-cylindrical surface.

Fig. 31

+90°

-90°

EV

Where glare occurs, luminance contrast mustbe raised to ∆ LBL in order to make the visual ob-ject discernible.

Fig. 30

∆ L

∆ LBL

∆ LO

visible invisible

LS

L_

L_

+ LS L

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Requirements definedby risk potentialThe greater the risk ofaccident during the hoursof darkness, the more lighta street lighting systemneeds to provide. Wheretraffic volumes at night arehigh, so is risk potential –and the danger of collisionis even greater where roadusers differ in speed, sizeand identifiability, i.e. theyinclude motorists, cyclistsand pedestrians. Closelyconnected with this is thesafety of the road itself,which depends on its size,its position and the speedlimit that applies.

DIN 5044 criteriaIn defining risk potential,DIN 5044 makes a distinc-tion between traffic andstructural criteria:

Traffic criteria• Roads with or withoutoncoming traffic (with orwithout central reservation).• Average traffic volumeat night.• Excess periods (numberof hours a year in whichaverage traffic load isexceeded)

Structural criteria • Cross-sectional designof road and form of trafficcontrol.• Segregation of differenttypes of road user.• Road within or outsidebuilt-up area.• Built-up or non-accessedstreet.• Road with or withoutstationary vehicles on/alongside carriageway.• Speed limit.


12

Non-accessed urban road with no stationary vehicles, infrequent disruption: medium lighting requirements during peak traffic hours (left), low requirementswhen traffic is light.

Built-up street with stationary vehicles on or alongside the carriageway, moderateto frequent disruption: lighting requirements rise as traffic volume increases (left).

Collector, local service and residential street with mixed traffic, frequent disruption:lighting requirements rise in line with traffic volume (left).

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Guide values forluminanceFor motorways, urbanroads and major roads,DIN 5044 uses luminanceas the yardstick for lightinglevels. The emphasis hereis on illuminating the road-way. The table aboveshows the relevant guidevalues.

Ln is the nominal lumi-nance, which is the localand temporal mean lumi-nance of the roadway. UI isthe longitudinal uniformity,the ratio of the lowest to

highest luminance in thecentre of the observer’slane. UO is the overall uni-formity, the ratio of thelowest to mean luminanceover the entire assessmentfield.

Guide values forilluminanceFor collector, local serviceand residential streets,DIN 5044 uses illuminanceas the yardstick for lightinglevel. It is recommendedthat the adjacent buildingfaçades should be lit aswell as the entire traffic

area. Apart from horizontalilluminance and uniformity,semi-cylindrical illuminancealso needs to be consid-ered (see “Identifying facesat a distance”, page 11) totake account of verticalilluminance as well.

The level of lighting provid-ed for pedestrian precincts,squares and park pathsshould be at least as highas for local service roads.Where pedestrian volumesare at times high, up to10 lx illuminance is re-commended.


For better perceptionStreet lighting whichconforms to DIN 5044is designed to improveroad users’ perceptionof• the surface, courseand boundaries ofthe roadway, • junctions and inter-sections,• obstructions,• the position andmovements of otherroad users • and to preventdisruption of traffic.

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34

Basis for planning: Illuminance

Traffic-calmed zones (DIN 5044 guide values)Streets used by through traffic En = 7 lx g1 ≥ 0.2Streets used by residents En = 3 lx g1 ≥ 0.1

Cycle pathsin streets with lighting Emin ≥ 3 lx g2 ≥ 0.15in streets with no lighting Emin ≥ 3 lx g2 ≥ 0.3at least 8 m away from streets with no stationary street lighting: Emin ≥ 1.5 lx g2 ≥ 0.15

Pedestrian zonesPedestrian precincts En = 5 lx g2 ≥ 0.08Squares En = 5 lx g2 ≥ 0.1Squares, high density use En = 10 lx g2 ≥ 0.1Flat footpaths Emin ≥ 1 lxFootpaths with steps Emin ≥ 5 lxOutdoor staircases En = 15 lx g2 ≥ 0.3Underpasses En = 60 lx g2 ≥ 0.3

En: nominal illuminance in Lux (lx) g1 = Emin/E_

E_: mean illuminance in Lux (lx) g2 = Emin/Emax

Emin: minimum illuminance in Lux (lx)

Basis for planning: Roadway luminance for streets in built-up areas (DIN 5044 guide values)Cross-section of road with central reservation without central reservationin motor vehicles/(h x lanes) 900 600 200 200 600 300 100 100with Excess period in h/a ≥200 ≥300 ≥300 <300 ≥200 ≥300 ≥300 <300 <300

Ln UI Ln UI Ln UI Ln UI Ln UI Ln UI Ln UI Ln UI Ln U0

Urban roadsnon-accessed street,no stationary traffic 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3built-up, no stationary trafficon/alongside carriageway 1.5 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.7 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3built-up, with stationary traffic on/alongside carriageway 2.0 0.7 2.0 0.7 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.7 2.0 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3Kraftfahrstraßen (Road sign 331 Road Traffic Act)permissible speed > 70 km/h 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6permissible speed ≤ 70 km/h 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6Autobahnen (Road sign 330 Road Traffic Act)permissible speed > 110 km/h 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7permissible speed ≤ 70 km/h 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6

Ln: nominal luminance in cd/m2 UI: longitudinal uniformity LI,min

LI,maxU0: overall uniformity Lmin/L

_

(standard value: U0 ≥ 0,4)

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:31 Uhr Seite 13

Lighting requirementsOn thoroughfares, visualconditions need to betuned to the needs of themotorist, who has to beable to identify and judgethe course of the road,the state and boundariesof the carriageway, trafficsigns, other vehicles androad users as well as ob-stacles on the carriagewayand hazards from the sideof the road.

The surface of the roadplays a major role in lumin-ance calculations. This isbecause objects are onlyvisible if their luminancecontrasts adequately withthat of their surroundings,which from the motorist’sviewpoint is mainly theroadway. Since higherambient luminance makesfor greater contrast sensi-tivity, making objects standout visually from their sur-roundings (roadway) is oneof the primary functionsstreet lighting needs toperform.

The arrangement of lumi-naires in a street lightingsystem provides visualguidance. Special hazard

zones, such as junctions,crossroads or pedestriancrossings (see page 19),are identified earlier if theyare furnished with supple-mentary lighting and, ifnecessary, distinguishedby a different light colourfrom that of the adjacentstreet lamps.

Where street lighting endsor drops to a lower lightinglevel, the decrease in lumi-nance should be gradual.This makes it easier for theeye to adapt to the darkerconditions, which takeslonger than adapting fromdark to light.

Thoroughfares

14

Hazard zones on a road are highlighted by supplementary lighting – here pro-vided by the luminaire in the background on the right.

The course of the road, the carriageway and its boundaries, traffic signs andhazards on and at the side of the road are clearly identifiable.

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:32 Uhr Seite 14

Assessment criteriaHow bright a road appears– its luminance – dependson the position of the ob-

server, the arrangement ofluminaires, the reflectiveproperties of the road sur-face, the luminous flux of

the lamps and the way thelight is distributed by theluminaires.

Standard definitions, classi-fications and methods forcalculating all these factorsare contained in DIN 5044and other relevant indus-trial standards. There arealso calculation tables andcomputer software avail-able for street lightingplanning.

Minimum values for meanroadway luminance are be-tween 0.3 and 2 cd/m2

(see page 13). Other vari-ables which have an im-portant bearing on streetlighting quality are longitu-dinal and overall uniformity(see page 10) and glarelimitation, which needs tobe adequate and to takeaccount of admissiblethreshold increments(see page 11).


At crossroads, supplementary lighting heightensroad safety.

A link road between two villages with lightingdesigned to DIN 5044 specifications.

On the bend, luminaires are not positioned on the central reservation. Closerluminaire spacing in the middle of the bend makes for a better “guide-rail” effect.

38

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:32 Uhr Seite 15

Lighting requirements Collector, local service andresidential streets need tocater to a variety of roadusers. Given this mix ofslow-moving and parkedmotor vehicles and thefrequent presence ofcyclists and pedestrians,one of the primary require-ments lighting has to meetis the need to reduce therisk of accident, especiallyfor the “weaker” road

users.

Another,equally im-portant task iscrime preven-tion: higherilluminancemakes forbetter per-ception and

identification and thus actsas a deterrent for would-be assailants and thieves(see page 3).

Apart from performingactual lighting functions,luminaires in traffic-calmedzones are an element ofurban design: they helpshape the face of a streetand contribute significantlyto a better residential en-vironment. Even the lightthey distribute makes anaesthetic impact: its warmcolour appearance createsa “homely” atmosphere.

Assessment criteriaLighting criteria here aremean horizontal illumi-nance – 3 lx for low trafficloads (local service street),7 lx for heavier traffic (col-lector street, see also page13) – and its uniformity.

Collector, local service and residential streets

16

40

Good for road safety andgood-looking as well: light-ing and luminaires helpmake a shopping streetmore attractive after dark.

Urban architecture:luminaires lend characterand create a “homely”atmosphere.

A typical residential streetfor mixed traffic.

42

LIGHT FOR

SECURITY

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:33 Uhr Seite 16

This is because traffic-calming installations andmulti-textured road surfacesmake luminance an unsuit-able criterion for assessingresidential street lighting. Lighting quality is furtherenhanced by taking ac-

Collector, local service andresidential street lightingneeds to illuminate morethan just the roadway. Itshould also provide ade-quate, uniform illuminancefor adjacent areas suchas cycle paths, footpaths


count of vertical illumi-nance, assessed by thesemi-cylindrical illuminancemethod (see “Identifyingfaces at a distance”, page11). This makes it easierto identify approachingfigures, permits a prompterresponse to a perceivedthreat and thus provides asafeguard against criminalassault.

and building façades. Care must be taken hereto avoid “light pollution”due to excessively highilluminance near windows(see page 7).

To avoid glare, the lumi-nous intensity of luminairesat certain beam anglesshould be reduced.

Collector streets have high lighting requirements;illuminance is the key lighting quantity.

Quality lighting even where nothing moves faster than walking pace: globe luminaires in a traffic-calmed street.

Adequate illuminance is also important for areasflanking the roadway.

41

43

44

45

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:33 Uhr Seite 17

Lighting system geometry

18

One-sided arrangement. Two-sided facing arrangement. Two-sided staggered arrangement.

Double-row arrangement overcentral reservation.

Single-row arrangement overcentral reservation.

Double-row parallel suspendedarrangement.

Single-row suspended arrangementover the centre of the roadway.

Double-row arrangement on bends:closer luminaire spacing in the mid-dle of the bend makes for a better“guidance” effect.

Single-row arrangement on bends:closer luminaire spacing in the mid-dle of the bend and positioning onthe outside of the bend makes fora better “guidance” effect.

Crossroads and junctions: addition-al luminaires highlight hazardzones.

Roundabout: central tall column. Roundabout: positioning at entriesand exits.

Fig. 48Fig. 47Fig. 46

Fig. 51

Fig. 54Fig. 53Fig. 52

Fig. 49 Fig. 50

Fig. 55 Fig. 56 Fig. 57

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:34 Uhr Seite 18

Lighting requirementsMore and more cycle pathsare being created – but inbuilt-up areas at least,cyclists’ freedom to travelin a lane of their own is stillsometimes restricted: eitherthe cycle path bordersdirectly on the footpath orcycle path and footpath areone, used jointly by cyclistsand pedestrians. Correctlighting permits promptidentification of other pathusers and thus helpsprevent collisions. It alsomakes hazards, such aspotholes or bumps, easierto make out, which reducesthe risk of accidents, espe-

“Forschungsgsellschaft fürStraßen- und Verkehrswe-sen” apply also to cyclepaths and call for 1.5 to 3 lxhorizontal illuminancealong the cycle path axis(see Page 13) and gooduniformity. Luminaires withreflectors for extremelywide-angled intensity distri-bution are particularly suit-able. They provide uniformlighting while permitting rel-atively wide – and thereforeeconomical – luminairespacing.

Lighting requirementsEven a young child knowsthat the only relatively safeplace to cross a road is ata light-controlled pedes-trian crossing. And to makesure it stays safe after dark,

cast sideways onto thepedestrian in the directionof travel. Depending on theintensity distribution of theluminaire, it should bepositioned at a distance ofbetween half a mounting

Cycle paths


cially for cyclists travellingfast.

In built-up areas, correctlyplanned street lighting alsocaters for cycle paths flank-ing the roadway. For cyclepaths in parks and gar-dens, set back from mainroads or outside built-upareas, separate lighting isrequired. Here, specialattention should be paidto uniformity of lighting be-cause visual performanceis severely impaired bypatches of darkness.

Assessment criteriaThe”Pedestrian Zone Light-ing Guidelines” publishedby the Cologne-basedtraffic research institute

Where no light fromstreet lighting is available,cycle paths require aseparate lighting system.

footpath

footpath

luminaire

luminairedirection of travel

direction of travel

approx. 0.5 x h to 1.0 x h

approx. 0.5 x h to 1.0 x h

Illuminating pedestrians from the side in the direction of travel (positive contrast); “h” is themounting height of the luminaire.

Even where a zebra crossing is controlled by trafficlights, supplementary lighting is recommended forpedestrian safety.

a pedestrian crossingshould have separate light-ing. Light with a colourappearance different fromthat of the general streetlighting has an additionalsignal effect.

Motorists identify pedes-trians best when they seethem as light objectsagainst a dark background(positive contrast) This isachieved by positioning aluminaire between themotorist and the zebracrossing so that light is

height (0.5 x h) and a fullmounting height (1.0 x h)from the pedestrian cross-ing (see Fig. 60).

Assessment criteria The requirements for sup-plementary lighting forpedestrian crossings areset out in DIN 67523, Part1. The mean vertical illumi-nance required for achiev-ing positive contrast on aroad lit to DIN 5044 specifi-cations is 40 lux in thedirection of travel over thecentral axis of the crossing.In addition, illuminanceshould be no less than 5 lxat any point within the sup-plementary lighting zone.

The highest illuminanceshould be directed onto thepedestrian in the middle ofthe crossing. To avoid daz-zling motorists, luminousintensity in the opposite di-rection – i.e. in the directionof an approaching vehicle– needs to be very limited.These requirements aremet only by special opticalcontrol systems incorporat-ed into pedestrian crossingluminaires.

Pedestrian crossings

58

Fig. 60

59

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Lighting requirements Lighting for squares andpedestrian precincts needsto meet decorative criteria.Luminaires must harmonisewith the surrounding archi-tecture and harness light tocreate atmosphere. How-ever, this requirement mustnot be met at the expenseof safety. Lighting shouldalso help prevent crimeand make obstructions andhazards identifiable well inadvance.

Attractively designed pedes-trian precincts heighten theintensity of the downtownexperience and generatemore trade for retailers andrestaurateurs. This aestheticrequirement is met duringthe day and at night bydecorative luminaires andcolumns in historical ormodern designs chosento suit the surroundings.

Floodlighting is an addi-tional design option (seepage 23).

Assessment criteria Where only pedestrians arepresent, mean horizontalilluminance should be 5 lx.For malls which at timesattract large numbers ofshoppers,this figure shouldbe doubled. Where pedes-

Pedestrian precincts and squares

20

61A pedestrian precinct with atmosphere: light andluminaires dominate the scene, making it moreattractive and exciting. At the same time, the lightmakes pedestrians feel safe. The luminaires are alsoa decorative feature during the day.

Vandal-proof andimpact-resistantThe right choice ofluminaire guardsagainst damage byvandals or thieves:strong, compact qualityluminaires stand up wellto mechanical stress.The sturdiest designsare described as -“vandal-proof”. Impact-resistant plastic en-closures avoid therisk of glass beingbroken, for example,on easily reachablewall luminaires. How-ever, even the toughestluminaire cannot with-stand constant exposureto rough treatment.

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:35 Uhr Seite 20

trian precincts cross (traffic-calmed) streets with vehicletraffic, the requirements forpedestrian crossings (sup-plementary lighting, verticalilluminance up to 40 lx, seepage 19) need to be met.

Taking additional accountof vertical illuminancemakes for better crime pre-vention (see “Identifyingfaces at a distance”, page11). It significantly improvesvisual perception, so poten-

tial criminals run a greaterrisk of being discoveredand/or identified. The high-er the vertical illuminanceratio, the greater the dis-tance at which suspiciousfigures or movements canbe spotted. At the sametime, passers-by feel agreater sense of personalsecurity.


Showing the way: even in pedestrian precincts,luminaires act as “guiding lights”.

Light and luminaires shape and structure a square.

Discreet but decorative: when luminaires are selected,their day-time function should also be taken into account.

The geometry of the square is reflected by theluminaire design and arrangement.

Night scene: a new perspective created by light.

62 63

64

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:35 Uhr Seite 21

Lighting requirements The primary function oflighting in parks and otherpublic gardens is toenhance public safety:luminaires along pathsshow us the way, help usget our bearings andenable us to make out thepathway surface and any

Assessment criteriaThe level of path lightingrequired depends onambient brightness. Meanhorizontal illuminanceshould be more than 1 lx;where there are steps onthe path or the surface isuneven, 5 lx is a minimum.Dark patches and high

light-dark contrasts shouldbe avoided: they presentadaptation problems forthe eye and impair visualperformance.

Taking additional accountof vertical illuminancesignificantly lowers the riskof criminal assault (see

“Identifying faces at adistance”, page 11). Highervertical illuminance hasa positive psychologicaleffect: it reduces disquietabout the darkness in thefarther reaches of the park.

The general rule for pathluminaire spacing is: the

Parks

22

lower the mounting height,the shorter the distancerequired from one lumi-naire to the next. In addi-tion to this, however, spac-ing also depends on thecourse of the path andobstructions to visibility inthe park.

The lower the mountingheight, the closer thespacing required betweenluminaires.

A decorative feature indaylight as well: the lumi-naires harmonize with thedesign of the park.

obstructions or hazardson it. Another, equally im-portant safety aspect iscrime prevention.

As well as performingthese practical functions,however, path lighting alsoserves a decorative pur-pose – during the day aswell as at night.

Off-path floodlighting ispurely decorative: it pro-vides attractive accentuat-ing light, creates atmos-phere and heightens apark’s appeal.

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There are virtually no de-sign restrictions on lightingfor illuminating trees, bush-es, flowerbeds, fountains,ponds or other park fea-tures. For these “lightingproductions”, dark zonesare a positive requirementto heighten the impact ofthe objects illuminated.

One thing which is impor-tant to remember, however,is that passers-by must notbe dazzled (direction oflight = line of vision) andthere should be no risk oflight from the park disturb-ing neighbours in theirhomes. (see page 7).


The luminaires show where the path goes and helppark visitors get their bearings.

The decorative path lighting highlights hazards andacts as a deterrent against crime.

Atmosphere and security – achieved with pathluminaires alone.

FloodlightingFloodlighting creates decorative “night pictures”: entirebuildings, building sections or façades, artworks,fountains and trees become eye-catching features andenhance the appeal of their surroundings.

Observers are not dazzled where lighting and viewingdirections are the same. Light which could disturbneighbours in their homes can be prevented by carefulplanning (see page 7). Installing floods at an adequatedistance avoids excessive-ly deep shadows on theobject which is illuminated(see also Booklet 9“Prestige Lighting”, page37).

The illuminance requireddepends on the colourand reflectance of theobject illuminated (objectluminance) as well as onthe ambient brightness:the darker the object andthe brighter the surround-ings, the more light isrequired.

Particularly effective “nightpictures” are createdwhere the colour appear-ance of the lamps is se-lected to suit the materialof the object illuminated:high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps bathe sandstone in a gentle yellowishlight and emphasize the colour character of redleaves. Metal halide lamps underline the gleam ofmetal and glass façades and are suitable for yellow oryellowish green as well as dark green or blue-greenleaves.

69

71 72

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Lighting requirements The principal purpose ofindoor and outdoor carpark lighting is to enhancesafety: it aids orientation,makes persons, vehicles,boundaries and obstruc-tions easier to distinguish.What's more, a good levelof lighting with high verticalilluminance acts as a deter-rent for burglars, carthieves and assailants.

For vehicle traffic especial-ly, approach roads, en-trances and exits areaccident black spots. The

zones in multi-storey carparks (indoor car parks).In vehicle entrance andexit zones, mean horizontalilluminance during the dayshould be 100 lx whereadaptation conditions arefavourable and 200 lxwhere they are not. Atnight, it should be 30 lx.In movement zones (road-ways with mixed vehicleand pedestrian traffic) 60 lxis a minimum requirement.Parking zones require 30 lxmean horizontal illumi-nance, which is the levelthat should also be provid-

ed for all peripheral zones. The illuminance requiredfor zones used exclusivelyby pedestrians – stairs, lifts,payment points – is set outin DIN 5035 “Interior light-ing with artificial light”,Parts 1 and 2, and rangesbetween 100 and 150 lx.Rules for emergency light-ing are contained in DIN5035, Part 5, DIN VDE0108, Parts 1 and 6 and theregulations relating togarages in the individualGerman states.

In the main directions ofmovement in movementand parking zones, ade-quate vertical illuminancemust also be ensured: atleast 10 lx semi-cylindricalilluminance (horizontal 60lx) is needed for good 3Didentification.

Other factors relevant toindoor car park lighting areuniformity of illuminanceand adequate limitation ofglare from luminaires andfrom daylight in multi-storeycar parks.

Indoor and outdoor car parks

24

Good lighting from en-trance to exit: brightly litindoor car parks are safeand user-friendly.

Clear view: lighting on bothsides of the movementzone also illuminates park-ing spaces.

risk of accidents is reducedby supplementary lumi-naires in signal arrange-ments providing higherilluminance.

Assessment criteriaDIN 67528 makes distinc-tions between different

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:37 Uhr Seite 24

For outdoor car parks, themean horizontal illumi-nance required dependson volume of traffic: DIN67528 stipulates 15 lx mini-mum for car parks wheremean traffic loads areheavy and 7 lx wheretraffic is light. Semi-cylin-drical illuminance shouldbe at least 1 lx to ensurethat vertical illuminance isadequate for making outapproaching persons’ faces

and thus helps afford pro-tection against crime (seepages 3, 11). Other require-ments are uniformity of illu-minance and adequateglare limitation.


Minimum nominal illuminance En required by DIN 67528

Zone Indoor Outdoor car parkscar parks heavy light

traffic load

Vehicle entrances During the day:and exitsfavourable adaptationconditions En = 100 lx – –unfavourable adaptation conditions En = 200 lx – –

At night:En = 30 lx En = 15 lx3) En = 7 lx3)

Movement zones En = 60 lx1) 2) En = 15 lx3) En = 7 lx3)

g1 ≥ 0,4 g1 ≥ 0,2 g1 ≥ 0,2

Parking zones En = 30 lx1) 2) En = 15 lx3) En = 7 lx3)

g1 ≥ 0,4 g1 ≥ 0,2 g1 ≥ 0,2

Peripheral zones En = 30 lx1) En = 15 lx En = 7 lxg1 ≥ 0,4 g1 ≥ 0,2 g1 ≥ 0,2

1) Double for open-sided multi-storey car parks where external luminance is high.2) At least 10 lx semi-cylindrical illuminance at any point in the principal direction of

movement.3) At least 1 lx semi-cylindrical illuminance at any point in the principal direction of

movementg1 = Emin/E

_

Lighting is essential everywhere in an indoor carpark – also in areas used exclusively by pedestrians.The important thing here: light gives a sense ofsecurity.

Outdoor car parklighting is an orientationaid and makes persons,vehicles, boundaries andobstructions easier todistinguish.

The arrangement of park-ing spaces dictates thearrangement of luminaires.Mounting heights up to12 metres are suitable forlighting a large outdoorcar park like this.

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Lighting requirements Lighting plays a crucial rolein making tunnels safe fortraffic. The risk of accidentduring the day is high: thedifference in visual condi-tions between daylight out-side and a comparativelydark tunnel entrance re-quires intense visual con-centration. Adaptation fromdark to bright conditionsat the tunnel exit is not socritical; nor are transitionsfrom outside darkness to abright tunnel interior atnight.

Tunnel lighting needs tobe tailored to the adaptivecapacity of the human eye.From outside, a tunnelentrance looks like a blackhole. What helps here is ahigh level of lighting, whichshould be lowered onlygradually over the entrancezone and a subsequenttransition zone.

For the rest of the tunnelinterior, a relatively lowlevel of lighting is enough.It should be somewhat

sensation of confinementwithin the tunnel. In theexit zone, it is advisable toraise the lighting level to

Tunnels and underpasses

26

higher than that of thestreet lighting outside,however, in order tocounteract the oppressive

From outside, a tunnel entrance looks like a black hole. A high level of lighting dispels that impressionand makes it easier for our eyes to adapt.

Luminance in a road tunnel

The lighting inside a tunnel at night should bebrighter than the street lighting outside. This counter-acts any oppressive sensation of confinement withinthe tunnel.

tunnelentrance

tunnelexit

tunnel approachentrance zone

transition zone exit zone

lum

inan

ce

length of tunnelinner tunnel zone

tunnel roof

direction of travel

80

78

Fig. 81

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:45 Uhr Seite 26

make for a safer transitionto daylight brightness.

For underpasses withpedestrian traffic, it isadvisable to keep lightingat a high level throughout.The horizontal illuminanceshould be supplementedby adequate vertical illumi-nance (semi-cylindricalilluminance, see pages 3and 11).

Even short underpassesrequire artificial lightingbecause they normallyhave only small coss-sections, which meansdaylight decreases rapidlywithin metres. Large under-passes in city centres orunderground railway sys-tems are not classed asexterior lighting applica-tions.

Assessment criteria Requirements for tunnellighting are set out in DIN67524, Parts 1 and 2. Fortunnels accommodatingvehicle traffic, the key light-ing quantity is luminance.The level required varies,depending on traffic loadand speed limit: 100 to250 cd/m2 at 50 km/h,160 to 320 cd/m2 at 80

The criterion for assessingunderpass lighting is illumi-nance. During the day,mean horizontal illumi-nance needs to be 100 lx;at night, 40 lx is enough.Semi-cylindrical illumi-nance needs to be 25 lxand 10 lx respectively.Care must also be taken

to ensure uniformity oflighting and adequatelimitation of glare.


Adaptation is less of aproblem for pedestriansbecause they move slowerthan motorists. Even so,the entrance zone of anunderpass should bewell lit.

km/h, 250 to 400 cd/m2

at 100 km/h. The guidevalues refer to roadwayand walls up to a heightof 2 m.

Changes in luminancelevel between tunnel en-trance and exit need tobe tailored to the adaptivecapacity of the eye (seeabove). Figure 81 showshow the luminance varies.

Adjusting luminance at thetunnel entrance to the fluc-tuating level of luminanceoutside is a task performedby special lighting controlsystems fitted with lumi-nance sensors. Tunnellighting is a job for special-ists. Because no tunnel isthe same as another, light-ing system requirementsalso differ from one projectto the next.

Safe conduct: the lighting accompanies pedestriansfrom one end of the underpass to the other.

79 82 83

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:45 Uhr Seite 27

Lamps

28

50 35 50 35 50 70 250 70 35 70 50 18 551,000 1,000 80 100 400 400 3,500 1,000 150 250 1,000 180 1654,400 2,200 3,600 1,300 4,000 6,800 20,000 5,200 3,400 6,300 1,800 1,800 3,500

130,000 128,000 6,000 4,700 55,000 48,000 320,000 95,000 12,700 20,000 58,000 32,000 12,00088 63 72 39 80 97 80 74 87 92 36 100 65130 128 75 48 138 120 91 95 92 95 58 178 73ww ww ww ww ww ww nw, dw ww, nw,dw ww ww ww, nw – ww, nw4 4 3 1B 4 4 1A, 2B 1A,1B, 2B 1B 1B 2B, 3 – 1B

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

High-pressure sodium vapour lamps

ellips

oid

with xe

non

with p

lug-in

bas

e with

dou

ble b

urner

with b

ase

at bo

th en

dstub

ular

ellips

oid

with b

ase

at bo

th en

dsLamp type

FeaturesRating classes from(Watt) toLuminous flux from(Lumen) toLuminous efficacy from(Lumen/Watt) toLight colourColour rendering grade

Base

tubula

r

with p

lug-in

base

Metal halide lamps Mercuryvapour

1

2 3 4 5

6

7

8

10

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19

16

15

18

1717

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:46 Uhr Seite 28


The principal selection criteria for street lightinglamps are energy balance (luminous efficacy)and service life. Closely connected with these isthe decision on wattage (W). Light colour andcolour rendering properties are less importanthere than for interiors (see Page 11).

Luminous efficacy Luminous efficacy is the measure of a lamp’sefficiency, expressed in lumens (lm) per watt:the higher the ratio of lumens to watts, the morelight a lamp produces from the energy it con-sumes. An ordinary tungsten filament lampgenerates only 12 lm/W, whereas the luminousefficacy of discharge lamps is several timeshigher (see table). Discharge lamps operatedby electronic ballasts achieve even greaterefficiency.

Service lifeFor incandescent lamps and energy-savinglamps, this is the average service life of themodel, defined as the time for which 50% oflamps operate. For high-pressure sodium vapourlamps, metal halide lamps, induction lamps andtubular fluorescent lamps with plug-in base, eco-nomic life ratings are used, taking additional ac-count of the downturn in system luminous flux.System luminous flux must not fall below pre-scribed minimum levels.

The longer a lamp operates before it needs tobe replaced, the lower the cost of re-lamping andmaintenance. Detailed comparative data on theservice life of discharge lamps is available fromthe electrical lamp association (FachverbandElektrische Lampen) within the German electricaland electronics industry association ZVEI (seeLiterature, page 34).

70 35 70 50 18 55 100 20 18 5 18 5 5 60 601,000 150 250 1,000 180 165 150 65 58 42 552) 23 15 250 2,0005,200 3,400 6,300 1,800 1,800 3,500 8,000 1,150 1,350 250 1,200 240 200 820 84095,000 12,700 20,000 58,000 32,000 12,000 12,000 4,400 5,200 3,200 4,800 1,500 900 4,200 44,000

74 87 92 36 100 65 80 58 751) 50 67 48 40 14 1495 92 95 58 178 73 68 931) 76 88 65 60 17 22

ww, nw,dw ww ww ww, nw – ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww,nw,dw ww, nw ww, nw ww ww ww ww1A,1B, 2B 1B 1B 2B, 3 – 1B 1B 2A, 2B, 3 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1A 1A

E27 Rx7s E27 G23

E40 G12 Fc2 E40 BY22d Spezial Spezial G13 G13 G24, 2G7 2G11 E27 E27 E27 R7sGX24

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 221) Where lamps are operated by

electronic ballasts, luminousefficacy is increased to 81–100lm/W. Power consumptiondecreases from 18 W to 16 W,from 36 W to 32 W and from58 W to 50 W.

2) 40 W and 5 W only with EB

ww = warm whitecolour temperature below 3,300 K

nw = neutral whitecolour temperature 3,300 to 5,000 K

dw = daylight whitetemperature over 5,000 K

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:47 Uhr Seite 29

Luminaires should be se-lected on the basis of thelighting requirements setout in DIN 5044 and thestipulations of any specialregulations relating to theapplication in question.Secondly – but not ofsecondary importance –is the matter of luminairedesign, the visual impactthe luminaires make duringthe day.

It definitely pays to invest inquality luminaires. Crucialadvantages of their designand manufacture are • high light output ratios foreconomical operation• lighting quality andfunctionality• mechanical and electricalreliability (VDE, ENEC)• long service life (materialquality, surface treatment,compact design)• quality control throughoutproduction • easy assembly and lowmaintenanceIn addition, manufacturersof quality luminaires offerprofessional advice andassistance with planning.

Special attention should bepaid to the degree of pro-tection: the higher it is, thegreater the luminaire’s re-sistance to external factorsand the longer its usefullife. It is recommended thatthe luminaire wiring com-partment should be pro-tected to at least IP 23 andthe lamp compartment toat least IP 54. The table onthe right lists and explainsall the IP codes (IngressProtection). The first numer-al (1–6) describes the de-gree of protection againstsolid foreign bodies, thesecond (1–8) indicates pro-tection against moisture.The higher degrees of pro-tection also indicate confor-mity to the degrees lowerdown the scale.

Luminaires

30

Street luminaire with high-pressure sodium vapourlamps or metal halidelamps for thoroughfarelighting.

Street luminaire with high-pressure sodium vapourlamps, metal halide lampsor compact fluorescentlamps for collector streets,local service streets, resi-dential streets and outdoorcar parks.

Pendant luminaire withhigh-pressure sodiumvapour lamps, metal halidelamps or high-pressuremercury vapour lamps forsuspension on catenary(overhead) wires forthoroughfares.

Secondary luminaire withhigh-pressure sodiumvapour lamps or metalhalide lamps and indirectoptical control system fordecorative lighting inpedestrian precincts anddowntown squares.

Bollard luminaire withcompact fluorescentlamps, energy-savinglamps, tungsten halogenlamps or incandescentlamps for path lightingin parks and gardens.

Wall luminaire with tung-sten halogen lamps, incan-descent lamps, energy-saving lamps or compactfluorescent lamps formounting on buildings, e.g.in parks and gardens ornarrow downtown streets.

Numeral 1st numeral Protection against foreign 2nd numeral Protectionbodies and physical contact against water

0 unprotected unprotected

1 protected against solid protected against drops offoreign bodies >15 mm water falling vertically

2 protected against solid protected against drops of water foreign bodies >12 mm falling up to 15° from the vertical

3 protected against solid protected againstforeign bodies >2,5 mm spraywater

4 protected against solid protected againstforeign bodies >1 mm splashwater

5 protected against protected againstharmful dust deposits jetwater

6 protected against protected againstingress of dust floodwater

7 — protected against theeffects of immersion

8 — protected againsteffects of submersion …m

Fig. 85 Fig. 86 Fig. 87

Fig. 91 Fig. 92 Fig. 93

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:48 Uhr Seite 30


Street luminaire with tubu-lar fluorescent lamps forlocal service street lighting.

Decorative luminaire withhigh-pressure sodiumvapour lamps, metal halidelamps, high-pressure mer-cury vapour lamps or com-pact fluorescent lamps forservice streets, residentialstreets, squares andpedestrian precincts.

Decorative luminaire withhigh-pressure sodiumvapour lamps, metal halidelamps, high-pressure mer-cury vapour lamps or com-pact fluorescent lamps forpedestrian precincts andsquares; also suitable forservice streets, residentialstreets and path lighting.

Pedestal luminaire with in-candescent lamps, tung-sten halogen lamps, ener-gy-saving lamps or com-pact fluorescent lampsfor mounting on walls orpillars in parks and gar-dens as well as for pathsleading to buildings.

Recessed ground floodwith high-pressure sodiumvapour lamps, metal halidelamps or tungsten halogenlamps for floodlightingfrom below.

Flood with high-pressuresodium vapour lamps,metal halide lamps ortungsten halogen lampsfor illuminating buildings,artworks or vegetation.

Recessed wall luminairewith compact fluorescentlamps, energy-savinglamps or tungsten halogenlamps for path lighting,mainly used on stairs andapproach paths.

Luminaire with high-pres-sure sodium vapour lampsor metal halide lamps forpedestrian crossing light-ing.

Damp-proof luminaire withtubular fluorescent lampsfor indoor car park andunderpass lighting.

Luminaire with high-pres-sure sodium vapour lampsor metal halide lamps fortunnel lighting.

Fig. 88 Fig. 89 Fig. 90

Fig. 94 Fig. 95 Fig. 96 Fig. 97

Fig. 98 Fig. 99 Fig. 100

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:48 Uhr Seite 31

During the night, when traf-fic is light – e.g. betweenthe hours of 11 p.m. and5 a.m. – the level of streetlighting can be lowered.This is a widely acceptedway of saving energy.Around half of all theexterior luminaires usedin public lighting systemsin Germany are powereddown at night.

For single-lamp luminaires,lowering the lighting levelat night means reducingthe lamp power of eachindividual light source, e.g.from 80 W to 50 W (powerreduction). This preservesthe uniformity of the light-ing, which would not bethe case in a single-lampluminaire system whereevery second luminairewas simply switched off.The dark zones this wouldcreate would considerablyimpair the visual perform-ance of the road user andthus severely compromiseroad safety.

a changeover switchingarrangement is needed toensure that paired lampsor luminaires are switched

tapping the choke or byusing an additional choke;changeover switching isby relay.

are already very good:igniters which automaticallycut out at the end of alamp’s service life work

Lowered night-time lighting

32

Where luminaires are single-lamped, the only acceptable way to power down to a lower night-time lighting level is to reduce the connected load of each light source.

Switching off lamps tolower the lighting level atnight is possible onlywhere two or moreluminaires are mountedon the same mast (oneluminaire always stays on)or where luminaires aretwin-lamped (one lampalways stays on). To avoidextra maintenance costsdue to lamp replacement,

off alternately so that thelife expectancy of eachlamp decreases at thesame rate.

Lighting componentsWith high-pressure dis-charge lamps, power re-duction calls for a ballastwith integrated power re-duction circuitry. Powerreduction is achieved by

Electronic ballasts (EBs)are now widely used instreet lighting, especiallyfor operating compactfluorescent lamps. At pre-sent, EBs are rarely usedfor high-pressure dischargelamps. One reason for thisis that the performancecharacteristics of conven-tional lighting components

without an EB; evenmodern computerisedmaster/slave controlsystems require no EB.

Power reduction with tapped choke. Power reduction with additional choke.

101

Fig. 102 Fig. 103

L1 phase N neutral Pst control phase D choke

K p.f. capacitorTSP AF reactorLa lampÜz superimposed-pulse ignitor R relay

L1 phase N neutral Pst control phase D choke ZD additional choke

K p.f. capacitorTSP AF reactor La lamp Üz superimposed-pulse ignitorR relay

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:48 Uhr Seite 32

The information containedin this booklet is based onthe DIN standards and VDEstipulations in force at thetime of going to press(December 1999). In theforeseeable future, nationalindustrial standards inmember states of the Euro-pean Union (in Germany:DIN) will be replaced byEuropean standards (EN).

DIN 5044 “Stationary trafficlighting” will be replacedby DIN EN 13201 “Streetlighting”Part 1: Quality criteria withappendix for lighting classselection Part 2: Calculation ofquality criteria Part 3: Methods formeasuring quality criteria

DIN 67523 “Lighting ofpedestrian crossings (Roadsign 293 Road Traffic Act)and supplementary light-ing” will be replaced bycorresponding sections ofDIN EN 13201.

DIN 67528 “Lighting ofparking areas and indoorcar parks” will be super-seded as regards indoor

car park (garage) lighting.In its place will be stan-dards for indoor car parkscontained in DIN EN 12464“Workplace lighting”.

The specifications set outfor outdoor car parks willbe replaced by corre-

sponding sections of DINEN 13201 (especially light-ing classes S and A)

DIN 67524 “Lighting ofstreet-tunnels and under-passes” will not be re-placed for the moment.As regards tunnel lighting,

plans at EU level are onlyfor a “Technical Report”.

Contents of the forthcoming standard DIN EN 13201The street for which lightingis required needs to be as-signed to a situation classand thence to the lightingclass corresponding to it.

The situation classes A toE are defined by • the speed limit whichneeds to be observed bythe principal road user(high > 60 km/h, medium30 to 60 km/h, low 5 to 30km/h, very low < 5 km/h).• the nature of the principalroad user and other roadusers (motor traffic, slowvehicles, bicycles, pedestri-ans).

In every situation class, thefollowing parameters needto be assessed for assign-ment to the lighting classesME, CE, S, A, ES or EV(see table): • weather conditions (dry, wet)• stuctural conditions • traffic intensity (average,in motor vehicles/hour)• permission to park

European standards


Precisely when the national standard DIN 5044 “Stationary street lighting” will bereplaced by the European standard DIN EN 13201 “Street lighting” is not yet known.

104

Lighting classes Applications Lighting quality criteria

ME 1 to ME 6 medium and high motor vehicle Luminance: Lm and U0i and speeds; for wet roads: Ui and TI; Surrounding classes MEW 1 bis MEW 5 Ratio (SR) = 0,5

CE 0 to CE 5 as for ME classes but with Illuminance:“conflict areas”, i.e. shopping Em and U0i = Emin/E

_= 0,4

streets, crossroads, T-junctions, roundabouts, traffic congestion zones, streets with pedestrians and cyclists; applies also to underpasses and staircases

S 1 to S 7 pedestrian and cyclist zones, Illuminance: E_

m and Emin

hard shoulder and other zones not on the roadway, prestige streets, footpaths, park roads, school yards

A 1 to A 6 as for S classes Hemispherical illuminance:Ehs and U0 = Ehs, min/E

_hs

ES 1 to ES 9 areas where lighting is intended Additional appraisal by semi-to help reduce crime and cylindrical illuminance Esc, min

combat subjective feelings of insecurity

EV 1 to EV 6 Turnpikes, transshipment points, Additional appraisal by vertical shunting areas, etc. illuminance Ev, min

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:48 Uhr Seite 33

• crime risk• need to be able to makeout approaching persons’-faces•”conflict area” status of thestreet (intersecting trafficstreams)• complexity of the visualfield and degree of orienta-tional difficulty• ambient brightnessAppended to each lightingclass is a numerical suffix:the higher the numeral thelower the requirements.

What else will changeOther major differences be-tween EN 13201 and DIN5044:

• In many instances, theEuropean standard recom-mends that lighting shouldencompass areas whichborder on the roadway, illu-minating these “surround-ing areas” to a depth ofhalf the roadway’s widthwith half of the roadwayilluminance.

• EN 13201makes noprovision forplanning fac-tors. Instead,it sets outservicingthresholds,which illumi-nance andluminancemust neverfall below. • In streetswhere lumi-nance is thekey criterion,glare is as-sessed by theTI method(see page 11).• Glare canalso be as-sessed on thebasis of stan-dard lumi-nous intensityceilings andby the glare

index (GI) method.

Present positionAt the end of 1999, theEuropean standards forexterior lighting exist onlyin draft form. They are notdue to be adopted beforethe end of the year 2000.When they come into force,they will apply to new light-ing systems only; systemsinstalled prior to the intro-duction of the relevantEuropean standard will becovered by current nationalstandards.

DIN 5044 Stationary traffic lighting – Street lighting forautomobile trafficPart 1: General requirements and recommendationsPart 2: Calculation and measurement

DIN EN 13201 Street lighting – draft –Part 1: Quality criteria with appendix for lighting classselection Part 2: Calculation of quality criteria Part 3: Methods for measuring quality criteria

DIN 67523 Lighting of pedestrian crossings (Road sign293 Road Traffic Act) and supplementary lighting

DIN 67528 Lighting of parking areas and indoor car parks

DIN EN 12464 Workplace lighting – draft – “Garages”section

DIN 67524 Lighting of street-tunnels and underpassesPart 1: General requirements and recommendationsPart 2: Calculation and measurement

Uschkamp, G.: Straßenbeleuchtung und Verkehrssicher-heit. Berichte der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BaSt),(Street lighting and road safety. Reports of the FederalHighways Institute) Bergisch Gladbach, in “Verkehrstech-nik” vol. 14, Bergisch Gladbach, February 1994

Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen(FGSV), Cologne: Richtlinien für die Beleuchtung inAnlagen für Fußgängerverkehr (Recommendations forpedestrian precinct lighting), Cologne 1987

Verband Deutscher Elektrizitätswerke (VDEW) e.V., Frank-furt am Main: Planung, Bau und Betrieb der Straßen-beleuchtung (Street lighting design, construction andoperation), Frankfurt am Main 1991 (3rd ed.)

Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellschaft (LiTG) e.V., Berlin:Straßenbeleuchtung und Sicherheit (Street lighting andsafety), Berlin 1998 (LiTG publication No. 17:1998)

Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellchaft (LiTG) e.V., Berlin:Messung und Beurteilung von Lichtimmissionen künst-licher Lichtquellen (Measurement and assessment oflight immissions from artificial light sources), Berlin 1996(LiTG publication No. 12.2:1996)

Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesellschaft (LiTG) e.V., Berlin:Zur Einwirkung von Außenbeleuchtungsanlagen aufnachtaktive Insekten (Impact of exterior lighting systemson nocturnal insects), Berlin 1997 (LiTG publication No.15:1997)

Publications by the Deutsche Lichttechnische Gesell-schaft (LiTG) e.V. can be obtained from LiTG-Geschäfts-stelle, Burggrafenstraße 6, 10787 Berlin. Please quote“LiTG” when ordering.

Fachverband Elektrische Lampen within the Zentralver-band der Elektronik- und Elektroindustrie (ZVEI) e.V.:Lebensdauerverhalten von Entladungslampen fürBeleuchtung (Service life of discharge lamps for lighting),Frankfurt am Main

ZVEI, Stresemannallee 19, 60596 Frankfurt am Main

Literature

34

The European street light-ing standard contains atable summarising thequality criteria required forthe individual lightingclasses.

Street lighting installedbefore the Europeanstandard DIN EN 13201becomes effective iscovered by currentnational standards.

105

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:49 Uhr Seite 34

Furnished by members of Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL) (Cover, 2–6, 10, 12, 14–17, 19–22, 24, 26–29,36–39, 41–45, 58, 59, 61–70, 76, 78–80, 82–84,101, 105–109, 112–114; Figures 102, 103)

Breschinski/Stammler, Darmstadt(Figures 7–9, 11, 13, 18, 23, 25, 46–47, 60, 81)

Eichler Graphik GmbH, Zorneding(Figures 85, 87, 88, 91, 93, 98, 99)

Andrea Gunschera, Halle/Saale(Figures 32–34)

Rolf Hellmeier, Lemgo(35, 40, 104)

Andreas Kelm, Darmstadt(71–75, lamps on pages 28/29, 111)

Walter Klein, Düsseldof(77)

Barbara Nichtweiß, Büttelborn(Figure 31)

ready GmbH, Darmstadt(Figures 30, 86, 89, 90, 92, 94–97, 100)

Gerhard Wellmer, Lemgo(110)

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:49 Uhr Seite 35

This booklet is No. 3 in the series Information on Lighting Applications published by Förder-gemeinschaft Gutes Licht(FGL) to provide informationon good lighting with artificial light.

The titles/numbers of the booklets in this series are given on the oppositepage.

The booklets can be ordered using the detachable postcards on this page. They will be delivered with invoice.

Publisher: Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL) Stresemannallee 1960596 Frankfurt am MainPhone (069) 6302-0Fax (069) 6302-317E-Mail [email protected]

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Acknowledgements The booklets in this series VDE stipulations: contain references to current

DIN standards and VDE stipulations. Sole distributors of the standard sheets are Beuth-Verlag GmbH10787 Berlin

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02 Good Lighting for S

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afety on Roads, Paths and S

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FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:49 Uhr Seite 36

Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Good Lighting for Officesand Office Buildings 4Good Lighting for Safety on

Roads, Paths and Squares 3Good Lighting for Schools andEducational Establishments 2Lighting with

Artificial Light 1

Good Lighting for Sports Facilities 8Good Lighting

for Health Care Premises 7Good Lighting for SalesPremises and Shop Windows 6Good Lighting

for Trade and Industry 5

Economical Lighting Comfort with Lighting Electronics12Good Lighting for

Hotels and Restaurants 11NotbeleuchtungSicherheitsbeleuchtung 10Prestige

Lighting 9

Gutes Licht am Haus und im Garten15Ideen für Gutes Licht

zum Wohnen14Gutes Licht für kommunaleBauten und Anlagen13

FördergemeinschaftGutes Licht (FGL) pro-vides information onthe advantages of goodlighting and offers exten-sive material dealing withevery aspect of artificiallighting and its correctusage. FGL informationis impartial and basedon current DIN standardsand VDE stipulations.

Information on LightingApplications The booklets 1 to 15 inthis series of publicationsare designed to helpanyone who becomesinvolved with lighting –planners, decision-makers, investors – toacquire a basic know-ledge of the subject.This facilitates cooper-ation with lighting andelectrical specialists.The lighting informationcontained in all thesebooklets is of a generalnature.

LichtforumLichtforum is a specialistperiodical devoted totopical lighting issuesand trends. It is publishedat irregular intervals.

www.licht.deFGL is also on the Inter-net. Its website “www.ger-man-lighting.org” offerstips on correct lighting fora variety of domestic andcommer-cial “LightingSituations”. These arelinked to a “Product/Manu-facturer” matrix which notonly lists products butalso contains the ad-dresses of the more than140 FGL members. Under“FGL publications”, vis-itors can view specimenpages of all FGL printpublications. Other sitefeatures include hotlinksand a discussion forum.

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:49 Uhr Seite 37

Information on Lighting ApplicationsBooklet 3

Good Lighting for Safety on Roads, Paths and Squares

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

FGL3e 21.05.2002 21:50 Uhr Seite 38

booklet 3 - lighting for safety on roads, paths squares

Documents

street lighting costsdm

lowered nighttime lighting

lighting system geometry

fatal road

percent of fatal

street lighting

road safety andguards

percent ofthe road userswho