born to be free: how to engage citizens through political participation

7/30/2019 Born to be Free: How To Engage Citizens Through Political Participation

1/41

Idyf wd ib Hybb%2=

Gy& Gnwwn

; Gbobeiby 9==3


2/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 9

NI_WYNOW

Nycswdwjbs }acjdsd}a df ocwc|bfsac} onf ib gbhcfbg ns nowcxb }nywcoc}nwcdf cf }djcwconj jchb0 wd

}nywcoc}nwb cf yrjcfk nfg ib yrjbg cf wryf& Nhwby n ybxcb{ dh nfocbfw nfg edgbyf }djcwconj wabdycbs

dh ocwc|bfsac}* wacs }n}by bqnecfbs ocwc|bfsac} cf odfwbe}dyny Nebycon& Cw cgbfwchcbs obywncf

}ydijbes {cwacf Nebyconf sdocbw cf ybknygs wd ocwc|bfs nfg wab fbbg hdy ocwc|bfs wd ib bfknkbg

nfg }nywcoc}nwb cf kdxbyfebfw& Ocwc|bfsac} sadrjg ib odfscgbybg ns n }ycxcjbkb wanw {nyynfws

sroa yckaws ns xdwcfk* lry grw* nfg yrffcfk hdy dhhcob& Wacs }n}by }yd}dsbs wanw hybbgde nfg

ocwc|bfsac} cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs sadrjg ib jbnyfbg nfg bnyfbg* nfg fdw kynfwbg i fnwrynj%icywa

yckaw dy swnwrs& Hdorscfk df wab yb~rcybebfws hdy ibodecfk n fnwrynjc|bg ocwc|bf cf wab Rfcwbg

_wnwbs* wab }n}by hcfgs wanw ns n }nyw dh wabcy fnwrynjc|nwcdf }ydobss* ceeckynfws ersw wn`b wab

R&_&O&C&_& !Rfcwbg _wnwbs Ocwc|bfsac} ( Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs# Fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne* {acoa

cfojrgbs Bfkjcsa nfg Ocxcos }dywcdfs& Wabyb cs rfb~rnj wybnwebfw dh fnwrynj%idyf ocwc|bfs nfg

fnwrynjc|bg ocwc|bfs {abf wadsb {ad ibodeb fnwrynjc|bg }nywcoc}nwb cf nfg nyb yb~rcybg wd

rfgbyswnfg wab R&_& kdxbyfebfw edyb wanf wadsb {ad kncfbg wabcy ocwc|bfsac} waydrka icywa& Wab

}n}by bq}jdybs wacs cssrb i jdd`cfk nw wab {ns cf {acoa wab }ybecsbs dh ocwc|bfsac} onf ib

swybfkwabfbg waydrka nowcxb }nywcoc}nwcdf cf wab gbedoynwco }ydobss&


3/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy ?

Cfwydgrowcdf

Nycswdwjb {ns n }acjdsd}aby* jdkcocnf* nfg socbfwcsw idyf cf fdywabyf Kybbob* ?17 I&O&

Nycswdwjb swrgcbg hyde ]jnwds Nongbe cf Nwabfs& Idwa Nycswdwjb nfg ]jnwd nyb ybknygbg ns dfb

dh wab edsw cfhjrbfwcnj nfocbfw wacf`bys cfojrgcfk cf }acjdsd}aconj wadrkaw* s}bochconjj cf

}djcwconj wabdy& Nhwby ]jnwds gbnwa* Nycswdwjb {ns sreedfbg wd wrwdy Njbqnfgby wab Kybnw* wab

sdf dh @cfk ]acjc} CC dh Enobgdf& Dfob Njbqnfgby jnrfoabg acs cfxnscdf dh wab ]byscnf Be}cyb*

Nycswdwjb ybwryfbg wd Nwabfs nfg ibknf wd {ycwb sdeb dh acs enldy wybnwcsbs cfojrgcfk Wab

]djcwcos& Wab ]djcwcos cs cfwbfgbg wd krcgb yrjbys nfg swnwbsebf ybhjbowcfk df wab }djcwconj ocyojbs

Nycswdwjb acesbjh ans edxbg& Nycswdwjb cs wab hdybhnwaby dh edgbyf }djcwconj socbfob&

Ch Nycswdwjb {ns cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs grycfk wab edgbyf byn* ab {drjg fdw nkybb wd wab

Nebyconf gbhcfcwcdf dh {anw n ocwc|bf cs nfg wab now dh ocwc|bfsac}& Wdgns edgbj dh ocwc|bfsac}

{drjg gcskynob Nycswdwjb& Wab ]djcwcos gbedfswynwbs wacs xcb{ {abf Nycswdwjb gcsorssbs wab

gbhcfcwcdf dh n ocwc|bf< Hyde wabsb odfscgbynwcdfs cw ans ibodeb ojbny {ad n ocwc|bf cs< ns sddf

ns n enf ibodebs bfwcwjbg wd }nywcoc}nwb cf dhhcob* gbjcibynwcxb dy lrgcocnj* {b gbbe ace wd ib n

ocwc|bf dh wanw swnwb> Cf sbfsb* ocwc|bfsac} cs yrjcfk nfg ibcfk yrjbg cf wryf& Wacs cfojrgbs wab

nowcxb }nywcoc}nwcdf cf njj ns}bows dh }djcwconj jchb* hdy bqne}jb* xdwcfk* ocxco bfknkbebfw nfg

grw* nfg wab `fd{jbgkb dh kdxbyfebfw dy dh wab ocwc|bfs ydjb cf sdocbw&

Ocwc|bfsac} cs njsd fdw idrfg wd {abwaby dy fdw nf cfgcxcgrnj cs fnwrynjj idyf {cwacf wab

swnwb wd ib odfscgbybg n ocwc|bf {cwa yckaws& Wd Nycswdwjb* njj jbkcwcenwb ocwc|bfs anxb wab

ybs}dfscicjcw nfg wab dijcknwcdf wd hrjj }nywcoc}nwb cf }djcwcos nfg wanw }ybsbfws wab nykrebfw wanw

R&_& ocwc|bfs nyb fdw gbbebg ocwc|bfs cf Nycswdwjbs }acjdsd}a grb wd wab cfon}nicjcw wd hrjhcjj

wabsb yb~rcybebfws& Wars }ybsbfws wab rfgbyjcfk ~rbswcdf dh ad{ gdbs Rfcwbg _wnwbs ocwc|bfsac}

ode}jcbs {cwa Nycswdwbjcnf wadrkaw&


4/41


Jcwbynwryb Ybxcb{

Lcjj Hynf` gcsorssbs wab ydjb dh ocwc|bfs cf ybknygs wd Nycswdwjb cf Ocwc|bfs* _jnxbs* nfg

Hdybckfbys< Nycswdwjb df Arenf Fnwryb !Hbiyrny 9==7#& Hynf` ackajckaws n sbowcdf cf aby }cbob

df wab cgbfwcw dh ocwc|bfs& _ab srkkbsws wanw Nycswdwjb gbsoycibs wab cgbfwcw dy fnwryb dh n

ocwc|bf< {ad ebycws wab }djcwconj kddg nfg gbsbyxbs wd ib odfscgbybg n ocwc|bf dh n swnwb&

Nycswdwjb bq}jncfs wanw }jnob dy jdonwcdf* wab on}nocw wd srb nfg ib srbg* fdw i icywa* nfobswy* dy

ijddg ~rnjchcbs nf cfgcxcgrnj ns n ocwc|bf& Wacs gdbs fdw {nyynfw fdy gbedfswynwb ebycw cf acs

xcb{& Ocwc|bfs nyb engb i rjwcenwbj sanycfk cf n odfswcwrwcdf i odjjbowcxb nowcxcw&9

Ocwc|bfsac} cs n odjjbowcxb nowcxcw wanw ans ibbf }ydgrobg i sdocnj nfg }djcwconj cfswcwrwcdfs wanw

odfwycirwb wd wab oybnwcdf dh ocwc|bfs cf wab hcysw }jnob&

Wab fnwryb dh ocwc|bfsac} cs hdyecfk n ybjnwcdfsac} ibw{bbf wab ocwc|bf nfg wab swnwb& Ns

Abnwaby Jnyg cf Ocwc|bfsac} nfg wab Yckaw wd Xdwb !_}ycfk >33;# gcs}jns* wacs ybjnwcdfsac} en

ib hrjhcjjbg i }ydxcgcfk ocwc|bfs yckaws nfg grwcbs&? Jnyg odeebfws df Nycswdwjbs

cfwby}ybwnwcdf df ocwc|bfsac} nfg gbwbyecfbg wanw waydrka }djcwconj }nywcoc}nwcdf* wab ocwc|bf cs

nijb wd kncf ~rnjcwcbs nfg s`cjjs {acoa en anxb dwaby{csb kdfb rffdwcobg& [cwa wanw wab ocwc|bfs

sadrjg rsb wabsb s`cjjs cf }rysrcw dh n odjjbowcxb kdnj dy odeedf kddg hdy wab odeerfcw cf

{acoa njj ebeibys anxb gbsckfnwbg odeecwebfw wd&7

Cf n swnwb {abyb wab {dyjg cs cfoybnscfk

cfwbyfnwcdfnj eckynwcdf* wab bqojrscdf hyde wab bjbowdynwb dh n freiby dh ybscgbfw njcbfs cs n

odfobyf wd enf& Jnyg odfojrgbs wanw wab gbfcnj dh xdwcfk yckaws wd cfgcxcgrnjs {ad jno` jbknj

swnwrs ns n ocwc|bf {cwa wab xnjrb dh }djcwconj }nywcoc}nwcdf gdbs fdw nkybb {cwa jcibynj dy

odeerfcwnycnf wabdy& Gbs}cwb Nycswdwjbs nykrebfw cf wab ocw%swnwb df cfanicwnfws sroa ns

ybscgbfw njcbfs nfg sjnxbs* cw cs ~rbswcdfnijb df ch Nebyconfs {ad gd fdw nowcxbj }nywcoc}nwb onf


5/41


ib odfscgbybg ocwc|bfs ibonrsb wab gd fdw b~rnjj wn`b }nyw cf odfswcwrwcdfnj }ydobssbs&

Cfgcxcgrnjs {ad gd fdw anxb wab d}}dywrfcw wd dy {ad bnyfs wabcy ocwc|bfsac} waydrka

fnwrynjc|nwcdf sadrjg ib kynfwbg wanw nicjcw ibonrsb wab anxb nowcxbj cfxdjxbg wabesbjxbs cfwd

wab sswbe&

[cjsdf Onyb Eo[cjjcnes nywcojb Lrswcob< Nfocbfw nfg Edgbyf !>31=# rsbs wab ojnssconj

}acjdsd}a dh Nycswdwjb cf ode}nycsdf wd wab edgbyf byn& Ab rsbs wab swnwbebfw wanw sdocbw

gdbsfw d{b dr n jcxcfk wd nykrb wanw cf ojnssconj wabdy* }djcwconj sdocbw d{bs n kybnw gbnj&

Wacs cfojrgbs wab kcxbf yckaw wd ib n ocwc|bf nfg wab d}}dywrfcw wd }nywcoc}nwb cf }djcwconj jchb&2

Ocwc|bfsac} cs yrjcfk nfg ibcfk yrjbg cf wryf& Eo[cjjcnes ackajckaws wab hnow wanw wab enldycw dh

wab wceb {b nyb ibcfk yrjbg0 irw {abf {b xdwb* {b nyb yrjbys hdy n iycbh edebfw nw n kcxbf gn&

Wab nrwady njsd ebfwcdfs wanw {b {nfw wd ib yrjbg hdy n gbobfw }dywcdf dh wceb& Fd dfb {nfws wd

en`b wab gbocscdfs wanw wab ]ybscgbfw ans wd en`b df nf bxbygn inscs wars wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs

oybnwbs nf dhhcob gbsckfnwbg hdy wanw }ry}dsb wd ybjcbxb wab swybss nfg wab ybs}dfscicjcw dh en`cfk

wadsb gbocscdfs&

Jcfgn @byiby }ybsbfws wab wbye ocwc|bfsac} cf n erjwcjnwbynj gcsorsscdf cf aby nywcojb Wab

Ebnfcfks dh Ocwc|bfsac} !Gbobeiby >33;#& Cf aby nywcojb* @byiby gcsorssbs ocwc|bf cf wbyes dh

Nycswdwjb nfg cf edgbyf Nebyconf odfwbqw& Hyde wab ibkcffcfk dh Nebyconf acswdy* wadsb {ad

{byb odfscgbybg ocwc|bfs odfscswbg dh nf hybb }bysdf {ad ang fdw scgbg {cwa wab Iycwcsa nfg

odfscgbybg wabesbjxbs ns n ]nwycdw& Wacs gcsodffbowbg }djcwconj nfg ybjckcdrs }nywcoc}nwcdf nfg

wab Nebyconfs wabf bxbfwrnjj iboneb ocwc|bfs i ibcfk idyf df R&_& sdcj i ojncecfk lrs sdjc*

wab odeedf%jn{ yckaw dh wab jnfg&8

Wadsb dwabys {ad {byb idyf bjsb{abyb cf wab {dyjg wd

}nybfws {ad nyb ocwc|bfs ojncebg wabcy Nebyconf ocwc|bfsac} i gbsobfw0 nfg R&_& ocwc|bfsac} onf


6/41


ib no~rcybg i fnwrynjc|nwcdf& Wadsb ad{bxby {ad anxb no~rcybg ocwc|bfsac} i icywa en ib

bjbowbg wd wab }ybscgbfo& @byiby njsd {ycwbs nidrw ad{ wab gbhcfcwcdf dh ocwc|bf cs scfkjb nfg

bknjcwnycnf {abyb enf Nebyconfs anxb ang gchhbybfw bq}bycbfobs df {anw n ocwc|bf dh wab swnwb

ebnfs {abyb enf dh wadsb Nebyconfs {byb }bysborwbg* nfg fdw odfscgbybg n ocwc|bf grb wabcy

bwafco* ynocnj* nfg ojnss ino`kydrfg&; Wab nrwady njsd ocwbs wab ybjnwcdfsac} wd ibcfk n ocwc|bf

nfg odeerfcw& Ocwc|bf cs fdw n }nsscxb hckryb0 ocwc|bfs ersw hrjj }nywcoc}nwb cf wab }djcwconj

}ydobss wars ibcfk nssdocnwbg cf wab odeerfcw nfg hrywabycfk wanw kydr}& Cf ybjnwcdfsac} wd wab

ybsbnyoa }ybsbfwbg* {abf dfb cs n ocwc|bf dh n swnwb* wanw cfgcxcgrnj ibodebs n ebeiby dh nf

nssdocnwcdf noodygcfk wd Nycswdwjb nfg bnoa ebeiby ans n gchhbybfw hrfowcdf nfg fneb wd hcw*

{acoa }ydxcgbs wab swnicjcw dh wab odeerfcw nfg wab swnwb&

Ecoanbj _nfgjby n swnhh {ycwby hdy O^ [bb`j {ycwbs nidrw gbxbjd}cfk n edyb sdjcg

gbhcfcwcdf dh ocwc|bf cf acs nywcojb* Wd{nyg n Edyb ]byhbow Gbhcfcwcdf dh Ocwc|bf !Hbiyrny

9==8#& Wab ~rbswcdf dh icywayckaw nfg ocwc|bfsac} ans jdfk }jnkrbg wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs kdxbyfebfw

bs}bocnjj {abf anfgjcfk {cwa ceeckynwcdf& Wab Yb}rijconf Yb}ybsbfwnwcxb Fnwanf Gbnj dh

Kbdykcn cs }rsacfk nf bhhdyw cf Odfkybss wd iny wab oacjgybf dh cjjbknj ceeckynfws hyde ybobcxcfk

ocwc|bfsac}& Yb}ybsbfwnwcxb Gbnj odfojrgbs wanw wab {dygs dh wab hdrywbbfwa nebfgebfw anxb

ibbf n enkfbw hdy cjjbknj ceeckynfws {ad bfwby wab odrfwy nfg anxb nfoady inicbs nfg wabf

rsb wanw ns n ojnce wanw gb}dywnwcdf {drjg sb}nynwb wabe hyde wabcy hnecj1& Wab cssrb cf

~rbswcdf cs wab neickrcw }ybsbfwbg i wab >7wa

nebfgebfw gbhcfcfk {ad cs odfscgbybg nf

Nebyconf ocwc|bf& Cf ybjnwcdfsac} wd wab wd}co* ocwc|bfsac} onffdw ib gbsoycibg i fnwrynj

icywayckaw {cwacf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs& Nycswdwjb nykrbs wanw n ocwc|bf cs nf cfgcxcgrnj {ad cs nowcxbj


7/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy ;

cfxdjxbg cf wabcy swnwbs }djcwcos& Nebyconfs fbbg wd ibodeb edyb n}w nfg orjwrybg cf wabcy d{f

sdocbw ybknygcfk acswdy* ocxcos* nfg kdxbyfebfw&

Wab sdocdjdkconj n}}ydnoa wanw Enyknybw Y& _debys wn`bs df ocwc|bfsac} cs df wab insb dh

n acswdyconj nfnjscs& Ocwc|bfsac} nfg wab ]jnob dh wab ]rijco _}abyb< Jn{* Odeerfcw* nfg

]djcwconj Orjwryb cf wab Wynfscwcdf wd Gbedoyno !Dowdiby >33?# swybssbs wanw ocwc|bfsac} cs n

sdocnjj beibggbg cfswcwrwcdf wanw kynfws ybjnwcdfsac}s bswnijcsabg hdy }djcwconj* jbknj* nfg

seidjco }yd}dsbs& _debys fdwbs wanw wacs cfswcwrwcdf odfswcwrwbs ebeibysac} nfg rfcxbysnj

yckaws nfg grwcbs cf n fnwcdfnj odeerfcw nfg njsd nykrbs wanw ocwc|bfsac} yckaws nyb dfb

}yds}bowcxb }ydgrow dh fnwcdfnj ebeibysac} yrjbs wanw nyb wynfsecwwbg waydrka fnwcdfnj jn{s nfg

cfswcwrwcdfs sroa ns odeedf jn{ nfg swnwrwdy jn{* odryws* nfg lrgcocnj dhhcobs&3

Ocwc|bfsac}

sadrjg ib fdwbg ns n }ynowcob nfg ns n sdocnjj ybodkfc|bg cfswcwrwcdf wanw kynfws obywncf

ybjnwcdfsac}s wd wab swnwb&

Wab xdwcfk ybodyg dh drfkby xdwbys nfg xdwbys cf kbfbynj nyb gcsn}}dcfwcfk cf Nycswdwjbs

xcb{ ibonrsb fdw bxbydfb {ad ans wab yckaw wd xdwb anxb xdwbg cf xnycdrs bjbowcdfs& Wab

Odfkybsscdfnj Gckbsw jdd`s nw wab gcsorsscdf df xdwcfk nfg ybkcswynwcdf wybfgs cf Xdwcfk nfg

Ybkcswynwcdf Wybfgs< [ad Xdwbs* [ad Gdbsfw nfg [a !Dowdiby 9==7#& Wab nywcojb ackajckaws

xdwcfk nfg ybkcswynwcdf cssrbs grycfk wab 9=== }ybscgbfwcnj bjbowcdf& Cf }nywcorjny wab nywcojb

}dcfws drw wanw drw dh wab >?= ecjjcdf }bd}jb {ad yb}dywbg wanw wab ybkcswbybg wd xdwb* >7 }byobfw

dy >3 ecjjcdf }bd}jb gcg fdw xdwb cf wab bjbowcdf&>=

Edyb gbwncjs dh wab swnwcswcos dh wab yb}dyw {cjj

ib }ydxcgbg nw n jnwby }dywcdf* ad{bxby enf dh wab ybnsdfs {a }bd}jb gcg fdw xdwb cs ibonrsb

wab {byb wdd irs dy ang odfhjcowcfk {dy` nfg$dy soaddj {bb`s0 wab {byb cjj* gcsnijbg* dy ang n

hnecj bebykbfo0 dy wab hbjw wanw wabcy xdwb {drjg fdw en`b n gchhbybfob dy {byb fdw cfwbybswbg&


8/41


Wabyb nyb sbxbynj {ns wd nxdcg wab ybnsdfs irw cfgcxcgrnjs swcjj odfwcfrb fdw wd bqbyocsb wabcy

yckaw nfg wabcy ybs}dfscicjcw wd xdwb&

Wabsb nrwadys anxb {ycwwbf nidrw sbxbynj ns}bows dh wacs ybsbnyoa nfg cw odfwcfrbs wd iycfk

jckaw wab cssrb dh ad{ Nebyconf%idyf ocwc|bfs ojnce wabcy anfgs wd obywncf yckaws {abf enf

{drjg fdw ib odfscgbybg n ocwc|bf cf wbyes dh Nycswdwbjcnf wadrkaw& Cw cs n }ydijbe wanw enf

Nebyconfs gd fdw nowcxbj }nywcoc}nwb cf }djcwconj jchb nfg nyb fdw }djcwconjj bfknkbg ocwc|bfs&

Ocwc|bf fbbgs wd ib ybgbhcfbg nfg cfojrgb ns}bows dh }djcwconj kddg nfg nowcxb bfknkbebfw

ibonrsb wab {dy`cfk gbhcfcwcdf cs ojbnyj ybobcxcfk }ydijbes grb wd jcecwbg }nywcoc}nwcdf i

Nebyconf ocwc|bfs nfg wab ceeckynwcdf dh cjjbknj njcbfs nfg cjjbknj ybscgbfws& Wab ybencfcfk

}dywcdfs dh wab ybsbnyoa {cjj rjwcenwbj gcs}jn wab oy hdy wab ybgbhcfcfk dh {anw n ocwc|bf sadrjg

ib nfg sadrjg fdw ib&

Ebwadgdjdk

Wab ybsbnyoa rsbg hdy wacs }n}by cs n ode}cjnwcdf dh nongbeco nywcojbs nfg ldryfnjs nfg

idd`s wanw anxb gcsorssbg ns}bows dh wacs ybsbnyoa& ]dywcdfs dh wab }n}by nyb obfwbybg df ybsbnyoa

insbg df Nycswdwbjcnf wadrkaw nfg wab odfob}w dh ocwc|bfsac}* Nebyconf ocwc|bfsac}* nfg ocxco

bfknkbebfw nfg }nywcoc}nwcdf& Wabyb cs ybsbnyoa wanw gcsorssbs wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf }ydobss {cwacf

wab R&_& nfg wbswcfk& Nywcojbs nyb rsbg wd bfanfob wab rfgbyswnfgcfk dh odfob}ws insbg r}df

Nebyconf acswdy* ocxcos* nfg kdxbyfebfw cf ybjnwcdfsac} wd fnwrynj%idyf ocwc|bfs& Nggcwcdfnjj*

swnwcswcos nyb rsbg {cwa Edfedrwa Rfcxbyscw swrgbfws ybknygcfk n sbowcdf dh wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf

bqne wanw ceeckynfws wn`b wd ibodeb ocwc|bfs dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs&


9/41


Jndrw dh wab Ybsbnyoa

Wacs }n}by nggybssbs cssrbs dh odfobyf {cwacf Rfcwbg _wnwbs }djcwcos nfg wab jcxbs dh njj

Nebyconfs& Wab erjwcjnwbynj gbhcfcwcdf dh ocwc|bf cs nggybssbg noodygcfk wd Nycswdwjbs ]djcwcos

nfg ad{ wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs gbhcfbs {anw cs odfscgbybg n jbknj ocwc|bf& Jnswj* wab ybsbnyoa

}ydxcgbs nf nfnjscs df Nebyconfs ocxco ybs}dfscicjcwcbs nfg }nywcoc}nwcdf& Wab ybsbnyoa

gcs}jns wab ybjnwcdfsac} dh ibcfk n ocwc|bf cf n kcxbf swnwb {nyynfws wab sckfchconfob dh ibcfk cf

n odeerfcw& Wacs bfodrynkbs wab ocwc|bf wd ib nowcxbj cfxdjxbg cf acs$aby d{f odeerfcw nfg

ibcfk bfknkbg cf njj ns}bows dh kdxbyfcfk& Wab ybsbnyoa njsd gcsorssbs wab odfwydxbys dh

ocwc|bfsac} swnwrsbs ibw{bbf ceeckynwcdf nfg fnwrynj icywa&

Nfnjscs

Ocwc|bfsac} cf Wbyes dh Nycswdwbjcnf Wadrkaw

Nycswdwjb gbhcfbs ocwc|bfs ns }bd}jb {ad nyb b~rnj cf wab sbfsb wanw wab sanyb dhhcobs nfg

{ad yrjb nfg nyb yrjbg cf wryf& Objbiynwcfk }djcwconj sdocbwcbs oanynowbyc|bg i ocwc|bfsac} cf wacs

sbfsb* Nycswdwjb ans gcsybknygbg nf cgbn wanw ]jnwd ans wnrkaw ace {cwa wab }ycxnwb ybnje&

Nycswdwjb }jns dhh dh ]jnwdfco wacf`cfk nfg rfgbyswddg wanw fdw bxbydfb cf n swnwb onf ib b~rnj&

Cf ]jnwds Wab Yb}rijco* ab wnj`s nidrw hdyecfk sb}nynwb sdocbwcbs hdy ebf nfg {debf {abf

Nycswdwjb odeebfws df wanw cgbnjcsw gybne* ab srkkbsws wanw cw cs wab {ydfk n}}ydnoa dy swynwbk&

]jnwd njsd sbbs {debf nfg sjnxbs ns ocwc|bfs dh wab swnwb wanw sadrjg ib kynfwbg edyb hybbgde

nfg yckaws wanf wab nowrnjj anxb& Df wab dwaby anfg* Nycswdwjb ibjcbxbs ackaj wanw {debf nfg

sjnxbs nyb fdw odfscgbybg ocwc|bfs dh wab swnwb nfg wanw wab nyb srcwbg hdy wabcy oryybfw }dscwcdf&

Wab }dcfw dh wab enwwby cs wanw Nycswdwjb rsbs ]jnwd wd iynfoa n{n hyde acs cgbns nfg hdyes fb{

wabdycbs df wab odeicfnwcdf dh cgbnjcse nfg }ynkenwcse& Cfgcxcgrnjs {ad nyb sbb`cfk ybscgbfob


10/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy >=

cf wab R&_& sroa ns ceeckynfws anxb ibodeb edyb dh n ocwc|bf dh wab odrfwy wanf oryybfw

fnwrynj%idyf ocwc|bfs ibonrsb wab nyb }nywcoc}nwcfk cf Nebyconf }djcwconj }ydobssbs i

sroobsshrjj ode}jbwcfk wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf }ydobss&

[debf nfg sjnxbs grycfk Nycswdwjbs jchbwceb {byb fdw xcb{bg cf wab ackabsw ybknyg&

Nycswdwjb xcb{bg wanw ebf {byb sr}bycdy nfg wanw {debf nfg sjnxbs {byb rfhcw wd yrjb& Wab

nssdocnwcdf kcxbf wd {debf nfg sjnxbs ns rfb~rnj cs ackajckawbg cf Wab ]djcwcos* Irw fdf%

Kybb`s nssckf wd hbenjb nfg sjnxb bqnowj wab sneb swnwrs& Wacs cs ibonrsb wab anxb fdwacfk

{acoa cs i fnwryb hcwwbg wd yrjb0 wabcy nssdocnwcdf odfscsws dh n enjb sjnxb nfg n hbenjb sjnxb&>>

Wd Nycswdwjb sjnxbs nyb fnwrynjj srcwbg wd ib n sjnxb nfg nyb nxncjnijb wd sbyxb wabcy enswbys ns n

wddj& Cf wacs sdocbw* {debf nyb srcwbg dfj wd yncsb wab adrsbadjg nfg }jbnsryb wabcy arsinfg&

Cf wacs ybknyg wd edgbyf sdocbw* wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs ans gbxbjd}bg rfhncy wybnwebfw wd hdybckfbys

hdy {abf wab nwwbe}w wd kncf ocwc|bfsac} cfwd wab swnwb& Wabyb cs gcsoycecfnwcdf ibw{bbf fnwrynj%

idyf ocwc|bfs nfg ocwc|bfs {ade no~rcyb wabcy swnwrs waydrka fnwrynjc|nwcdf&

Wanw jbnxbs wab ~rbswcdf dh {anw n ocwc|bf cs cf noodygnfob wd wab }acjdsd}a dh Nycswdwjb

nfg acs wbnoacfks& Cw ans fdw ibbf gbwbyecfbg ns wd {anw odfswcwrwbs n ocwc|bf cs cf n kcxbf swnwb

irw fbbgjbss wd sn wanw dfb {ad cs n ocwc|bf cf n gbedoyno cs fdw odfscgbybg n ocwc|bf cf

djcknyoa&>9

Ybscgbfob cf n swnwb gdbs fdw gbwbyecfb dy gbocgb ch nf cfgcxcgrnj cs n ocwc|bf dh wanw

fnwcdf& Hdybckfbys {ad ybscgb cf n swnwb nfg nyb fdw gbbebg ocwc|bf nfg sjnxbs nyb fdw

odfscgbybg ocwc|bfs wd Nycswdwjb* ad{bxby wab gd sanyb gdecocjb cf wanw odrfwy& Nycswdwjb

}ydxcgbs n }ynkenwco gbhcfcwcdf dh ocwc|bf cf wbyes dh jcfbnkb& Hdy bqne}jb* Nycswdwjb

ackajckaws>

bxbf edyb kbfbynwcdfs& Irw scfob wabsb nyb dfj oyrgb gbhcfcwcdfs* be}jdbg i swnwbs hdy

}ynowconj }ry}dsbs* sdeb }bd}jb }dsb wab }r||jb dh ad{ n kybnw dy kybnw%kybnw%

kynfghnwabys ocwc|bfsac} onf cwsbjh ib gbwbyecfbg&>?

N ocwc|bf dh n swnwb sadrjg fdw ib gbwbyecfbg df wab inscs dh }nybfwnkb nfg ad{ jdfk n s}bochco

kbfbynwcdf dh n hnecj ans ibbf cf wanw swnwb& Ns Nycswdwjb ebfwcdfbg* gbwbyecfcfk wab ocwc|bfsac}

dh n kybnw dy kybnw%kybnw kynfghnwaby }ynowconjj {drjg fdw nsscsw cf san}cfk ch n }bysdf cs n ocwc|bf

dh wab swnwb wars ybcfhdyocfk Nycswdwjbs nykrebfw dh {adjbsdeb }nywcoc}nwcdf cf }djcwconj jchb& Cf

bssbfob nfg ybs}bow wd Nycswdwjb* ocwc|bfsac} jcbs cf nowcxb }nywcoc}nwcdf dh wab cfgcxcgrnj& Wab

ocwc|bf cs fdw lrsw nf cfanicwnfw dh n swnwb* fdy cs ab lrsw n ebeiby dh n }djcwconjj }ycxcjbkbg ojnss*

irw ab cs wab abnyw dh wab swnwbs nicjcw wd noacbxb n acka jbxbj dh an}}cfbss nfg xcywrb ns n

odeerfcw&

Ocwc|bfsac} cs nf bfwcwjbebfw kncfbg waydrka }djcwconj }nywcoc}nwcdf nfg bfknkbebfw*

[anw bhhbowcxbj gcswcfkrcsabs wab ocwc|bf }yd}by hyde njj dwabys cs acs }nywcoc}nwcdf cf kcxcfk

lrgkebfw nfg cf adjgcfk dhhcob&>7

Ad{bxby cf wab R&_&* ocwc|bfsac} cs gbhcfbg ns nf cfgcxcgrnj

{ad cs fnwrynj%idyf& Ceeckynfws {ad odeb cfwd wab odrfwy ersw ib n}w cf wabcy Nebyconf

acswdy* hnows nidrw wab }djcwconj sswbe nfg kdxbyfebfw* nfg ocxcos wd wn`b wab R&_& Ocwc|bfsac}

nfg Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs !R&_&O&C&_ Fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne&

Xcywrb cs rsbg cf wbyes dh ocxco hrfowcdf wanf dh oanynowby* ebfwnj* dy s}cycwrnj swnwb cf Wab

]djcwcos& Wab gchhbybfob cf }aynsbs dh +{anw C onf gd+ nfg +{anw C cf{nygj ne+ cs {anw gbocgbs wab

ebnfcfk dh }dssbsscfk xcywrb& Wab xcywrb dh wab ocwc|bf }dssbssbs n ybjnwcdfsac} dy n idfg {cwa

wab odfswcwrwcdf nfg wab swnwb wanw oybnwbs n sdrfg ocwc|bf& Wab odfswcwrwcdf xnjrbs n ybjnwcdfsac}

dy n `cfg dh nssdocnwcdf ibw{bbf wab swnwb nfg cws ocwc|bfs& [abf wab odfswcwrwcdf oanfkbs* wab


12/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy >9

swnwb ibodebs gchhbybfw cf fnwryb nfg sd gdbs wab xnjrb dh cws ocwc|bfs&>2

Wab ybjnwcdfsac} oybnwbg

i wab swnwb nfg cws ocwc|bfs cs wab nowcxb cfxdjxbebfw cf cws }djcwconj cfswcwrwcdf& Ocxco

cfxdjxbebfw nfg bfknkbebfw gbxbjd}s hyde wacs }acjdsd}a& Nebyconfs anxb jdfk jdsw wacs

wyngcwcdf sbw hdywa i Nycswdwjb&

Dfb ersw jbnyf ad{ wd ib yrjbg hcysw0 cw cs n kcxbf yckaw nfg nf nyw wanw sanjj ib jbnyfbg cs

{anw Nycswdwjb nykrbs& Ibcfk sd* Eo[cjjcnes nykrbs wanw scfob edgbyf nfg jcibynj wacf`cfk ans

wn`bf dxby njj }ydobssbs dh wadrkaw* cw cs drw dh wab dygcfny hdy arenf ibcfks wd anxb n yckaw wd

ib yrjbg&>8

Ad{bxby edsw dh sdocbw {nfws wd ib yrjbg enldycw dh wab wceb& N ocwc|bf cs n

ebeiby dh nf nssdocnwcdf {abyb bnoa ebeiby ans n gchhbybfw hrfowcdf nfg fneb wd hcw {acoa

}ydxcgbs hdy wab swnicjcw dh wab odrfwy& Enldycw dh ocwc|bfs gd fdw {nfw wab ybs}dfscicjcw dy

{bckaw df wabcy sadrjgby anfgjcfk fnwcdfnj abnjwaonyb ybhdye* bgronwcdf* dy sac} iynxb Nebyconfs

dxbysbns wd hckaw cf n {ny& Eo[cjjcnes ackajckaws wacs ns nf gbocscdf wanw nhhbows dry }bysdfnj

jcxbs nyb gchhcorjw wd en`b nfg {cjj ib nkdfc|cfk cf wab bfg&

Nf dhhcob jc`b wab ]ybscgbfo ans ibbf oybnwbg cf dygby wd hrjhcjj wab ybs}dfscicjcw dh

anfgjcfk cssrbs jc`b abnjwaonyb ybhdye dy {ny nfg }bnob& Wab }ybscgbfw* wab cfgcxcgrnj {ad wab

}bd}jb bjbow wd dhhcob* yrjbs hdy n }bycdg nfg wabf cs yrjbg cf wryf& Cw cs wab ybs}dfscicjcw dh njj

ocwc|bfs wd xdwb hdy n }ybscgbfw cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs& Cw cs wab edsw ce}dywnfw yckaw nfg

ybs}dfscicjcw wanw nf sdocbw onf anxb ibonrsb fdw enf gd }dssbss wab nicjcw dh jbwwcfk njj

}bd}jb cf n swnwb oaddsb wabcy jbngby& Rfhdywrfnwbj* wab R&_& gdbs fdw ybobcxb acka xdwby wryfdrws

cf jdonj* swnwb* dy hbgbynj bjbowcdfs& Nebyconfs anxb wab ybs}dfscicjcw wd xdwb irw wab oaddsb fdw

wd hdy ce}jcocw ybnsdfs&


13/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy >?

Ocwc|bfs {ad nyb fdw odfwbfw {cwa n }djco ersw xdwb sd wab onf yb}bj wanw }djco& Nf

ocwc|bf {ad cs gcsodfwbfw {cwa n jn{ dy odeenfg ersw dib cw rfwcj wadsb {adsb wryf cw cs wd yrjb

bfgs wabcy }ybscgbfo& Wabyb nyb sdeb hny yckaw Nebyconfs {ad gcsnkybb {cwa ]ybscgbfw Inyno`

Dinen nfg acs }djcocbs& Wab nyb nkncfsw nf nwwbe}w ab en`bs dy bhhdyw wd oybnwb n jn{ dy

ybhdye& Wadsb bqwybeb odfsbyxnwcxbs nyb fdw nicgcfk i Nycswdwjbs odfob}w dh ocwc|bfsac}& Wab

ersw dib nfg hdjjd{ n jn{ dy odeenfg wanw wab ]ybscgbfw ans }rw cfwd }jnob rfwcj wab fbqw

jbngby cf }d{by sroobbgs ace& Wanf`hrjj* wabyb ans fdw ibbf n yngconj ybibjjcdf nkncfsw n

]ybscgbfw ybknygcfk }djcocbs cf edgbyf sdocbw* wabybhdyb cw onf snhbj ib sncg wanw wab bqwybecsws

{cjj }bnobhrjj {ncw hdy wab fbqw bjbowcdf wd kbw {anw wab {nfwbg& Ibhdyb wanw onf an}}bf* xdwby

wryfdrw fbbgs wd ce}ydxb&

Edgbyf Ocwc|bfsac} cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs

Hybbgde nfg d}}dywrfcw nyb w{d ybnsdfs wanw enf ceeckynfws nwwbe}w wd bfwby wab

Rfcwbg _wnwbs& Wabyb nyb enf yckaws nfg ybs}dfscicjcwcbs ns }bywncfbg wd ocwc|bfsac} cfwd wab R&_&

ns ocwbg i wab R&_&O&C&_& gb}nywebfw&>;

Hdy bqne}jb* ibodecfk n Rfcwbg _wnwbs ocwc|bf }ydxcgbs

dfb {cwa yckaws nfg }ycxcjbkbs wanw cfojrgb nfg nyb fdw jcecwbg wd< xdwcfk cf hbgbynj bjbowcdfs0

sbyxcfk df n lry0 iycfkcfk hnecj ebeibys wd wab R&_&0 diwncfcfk ocwc|bfsac} hdy oacjgybf idyf

niydng0 wynxbjcfk {cwa n R&_& }nss}dyw0 yrffcfk hdy hbgbynj dhhcob !bqob}w ]ybscgbfw nfg Xcob

]ybscgbfw#0 nfg ibodecfk bjckcijb hdy hbgbynj kynfws nfg soadjnysac}s& _bxbynj dh wab

ybs}dfscicjcwcbs cfojrgb sr}}dywcfk nfg gbhbfgcfk wab Odfswcwrwcdf0 sbyxcfk wab odrfwy {abf

yb~rcybg0 }nywcoc}nwcfk cf wab gbedoynwco }ydobss0 ybs}bowcfk nfg dibcfk hbgbynj* swnwb* nfg jdonj

jn{s0 ybs}bowcfk wab yckaws* ibjcbhs* nfg d}cfcdfs dh dwabys0 nfg }nywcoc}nwcfk cf wab jdonj


14/41


odeerfcw& Wabsb nyb wab yckaws nfg ybs}dfscicjcwcbs hdy wadsb cfgcxcgrnjs {ad anxb wabcy

kybbg%onyg swnwrsbs nfg {ad anxb sroobsshrjj ode}jbwbg wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf }ydobss& Rfcwbg

_wnwbs ocwc|bfsac} cs n swb} ibdfg }byenfbfw ybscgbfo dy dwaby{csb `fd{f ns kybbf%onyg

swnwrs& Cydfconjj wadrka sdeb fnwrynj%idyf ocwc|bfs dh wab R&_& gd fdw ybodkfc|b dy }rysrb wab

yckaws jcswbg nidxb& _deb Nebyconfs gd fdw bxbf hbbj nf dijcknwcdf wd hrjhcjj wab ybs}dfscij wanw

odeb {cwa fnwrynj%icywa&

Ocwc|bfsac} {cwacf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs cs kdxbyfbg i wab hdrywbbfwa nebfgebfw dh wab

Odfswcwrwcdf nfg wab Ceeckynwcdf nfg Fnwcdfnjcw Now dh >329&>1

Cfgcxcgrnjs en kncf wabcy

ocwc|bfsac} cf hcxb {ns#icywa {cwacf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs* 9# icywa drwscgb wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs* irw wd }nybfws {ad nyb

idwa ocwc|bfs dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs* ?# icywa drwscgb wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs nfg cws drwjcfk}dssbsscdfs wd }nybfws* dfb dh {ade cs n Rfcwbg _wnwbs ocwc|bf {ad ans ibbf }asconjj

}ybsbfw cf wab }bycdg dh dfb bny }ycdy wd wab icywanfg wab dwaby dh {ade cs nfnwcdfnjdh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs 7# ch n }bysdf dh rf`fd{f }nybfwnkb nfg rfgby hcxb bnys

dh nkb cs hdrfg cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs* nfg 2# icywa drwscgb wab kbdkyn}aconj jcecws dh wab

Rfcwbg _wnwbsdh }nybfws dfb dh {ade cs nf njcbf* nfg wab dwaby n ocwc|bf dh wab Rfcwbg_wnwbs {ad* }ycdy wd wab icywa{ns }asconjj }ybsbfw cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbshdy n

}bycdgwdwnjcfk fdw jbss wanf hcxb bnys* nw jbnsw w{d dh{acoa {byb nhwby nwwncfcfk wab nkb

dh hdrywbbf bnys&>3

Ocwc|bfsac} cs ce}jcbg ns n jbknj idfg bswnijcsabg {cwa wab cfgcxcgrnj ocwc|bf nfg acs$aby d{f

swnwb& [cwa wanw bswnijcsabg ybjnwcdfsac}* wab cfgcxcgrnj ybobcxbs obywncf yckaws nfg grwcbs wanw wcb

ace cfwd wab fnwcdfnj odeerfcw& ]ycdy wd >188 Rfcwbg _wnwbs ocwc|bfsac} {ns kbfbynjj abjg

rfgby wab }ycfoc}jb dh lrs sdjc* {abyb n }bysdf idyf {cwacf wab odrfwy no~rcybs acs ocwc|bfsac} nw

icywa&9=

Wab Ocxcj Yckaws Now dh >188 nfg wab hdrywbbfwa nebfgebfw }ydxcgbg ocwc|bfsac} wd

cfgcxcgrnjs dh Nhyconf gbsobfw {acoa {ns hdy wab hcysw wceb n odfswcwrwcdfnj inscs dh Nebyconf

ocwc|bfsac}& Wab hdrywbbfwa nebfgebfw cf wab Odfswcwrwcdf xnjrbs n ocwc|bf dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs


15/41


cs nf }bysdf* ybknygjbss dh ynob dy odjdy* idyf {cwacf wab wbyycwdycnj jcecws dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs dy

fnwrynjc|bg cf noodygnfob {cwa Rfcwbg _wnwbs jn{s& Waydrka wab ocxcj yckaws byn* {debf nfg

}bysdfs dh odjdy ybobcxbg hrjj yckaws ns Nebyconf ocwc|bfs nfg R&_& ocwc|bfsac} bfode}nssbg

wadsb {ad {byb ecswybnwbg nfg }bysborwbg waydrkadrw Nebyconf acswdy& Wab ebnfcfks dh

ocwc|bfsac} anxb ibbf cfodfscswbfw scfob wab ibkcffcfk {cwa xnycdrs bwafco kydr}s fdw kynfwbg wab

d}}dywrfcw wd anxb noobss wd kddgs nfg ybsdryobs ibonrsb wab {byb fdw odfscgbybg n ocwc|bf dh

wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs&

Wd diwncf ocwc|bfsac} cfwd wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs* ceeckynfws fbbg wd ode}j {cwa

ceeckynwcdf jn{s bswnijcsabg i wab jbkcsjnwcxb nfg bqborwcxb iynfoabs nfg wab lrgcocnj iynfoa

i }ybobgbfw& [cwa wanw cf ecfg nf cfgcxcgrnj {ad cs sbb`cfk wd diwncf }byenfbfw ybscgbfob

nfg hrjj yckaws ns n ocwc|bf cfwd wab odrfwy ersw njsd sroobsshrjj ode}jbwb wab R&_& Ocwc|bfsac}

nfg Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs Fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne& Wab R&_& Fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne cfojrgbs nf

Bfkjcsa wbsw cf nggcwcdf wd ~rbswcdfs nidrw Nebyconf ocxcos9>

&

Wab Bfkjcsa }dywcdf dh wab wbsw cfojrgbs ybngcfk* {ycwcfk* nfg s}bn`cfk& Hdy wab ybngcfk

sbowcdf* wab n}}jconfw ersw ib nijb wd ybng dfb sbfwbfob drw waybb sbfwbfobs odyybowj* srkkbswcfk

wanw wab rfgbyswnfg cws ebnfcfk& Wab {ycwcfk sbowcdf yb~rcybs wab n}}jconfw wd {ycwb n scfkjb

sbfwbfob drw dh waybb sbfwbfobs sbjbowbg cf n enffby wanw wab bqne dhhcoby {drjg ib nijb wd

rfgbyswnfg& Wab ocxcos }dywcdf dh wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne yb~rcybs bnoa n}}jconfw wd dynjj

nfs{by n sbw dh ~rbswcdfs& Bnoa n}}jconfw ersw ib nijb wd nfs{by scq drw dh wbf ~rbswcdfs

odyybowj cf dygby wd ybobcxb n }nsscfk sodyb& Njj dfb arfgybg ~rbswcdfs onf ib }rijconjj

noobssbg df wab R&_&O&C&_& {biscwb& N}}jconfws ersw ib nijb wd gbedfswynwb kddg edynj

oanynowby* ersw anxb n }bycdg dh ybscgbfob cf wab R&_&* wab nicjcw wd ybng* {ycwb nfg s}bn`

Bfkjcsa* `fd{jbgkb dh wab Odfswcwrwcdf* nfg ersw gcs}jn n hnxdynijb nwwcwrgb wd{nygs wab Rfcwbg


16/41


_wnwbs&99

Cw wn`bs nf nxbynkb dh scq edfwas wd ibodeb fnwrynjc|bg nhwby bnoa n}}jconfw

sroobsshrjj ode}jbwbs wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf }ydobss& Wanw cfgcxcgrnj en ibodeb n ocwc|bf ns sddf

ns wab wn`b wab Dnwa dh Njjbkcnfob wd wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs cf n hdyenjc|bg obybedf&

Wab dhhcob dh wab R&_& Ocwc|bfsac} nfg Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs ngecfcswbys wacs bqnecfnwcdf

cf dygby wd cgbfwch ch wab cfgcxcgrnjs {ad gbscyb ocwc|bfsac} `fd{ nfg rfgbyswnfg xnycdrs }nyws

dh wab R&_& kdxbyfebfw nfg }djcwconj sswbe& Enf {ad cgbfwch ibcfk fnwrynj%idyf ocwc|bfs dh

wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs nyb fdw yb~rcybg wd wn`b wacs bqne cf dygby wd ib odfscgbybg nf Nebyconf& Ns

gbsckfnwbg i wab hdrywbbfwa nebfgebfw cf wab Odfswcwrwcdf* }bysdfs {ad nyb idyf {cwacf wab

Rfcwbg _wnwbs anxb wab swnwrs ns fnwrynj%idyf ocwc|bfs* wars }ydxcgcfk ocwc|bfsac} wd wanw

cfgcxcgrnj& Nycswdwjb {drjg nkybb wanw wacs cs fdw wab odyybow dy n}}yd}ycnwb {n wd cssrb

ocwc|bfsac} wd nf cfgcxcgrnj {cwacf n odrfwy& Ch n ocwc|bfsac} bqne {byb wd ib ngecfcswbybg wd njj

Nebyconfs* n senjj }byobfwnkb {drjg }nss ch wab wbsw ngabybs wd wab R&_&O&C&_& Fnwrynjc|nwcdf

bqne& Hdy bqne}jb* w{d ybobfw nywcojbs {byb }rijcsabg ybknygcfk D`jnaden nfg Nyc|dfn acka

soaddj swrgbfws {ad {byb ns`bg wd wn`b n edo` ocxcos bqne scecjny wd wab fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne&

Idwa swrgcbs {byb rsbg cf dygby wd hcfg drw ad{ eroa ocxco `fd{jbgkb wabsb acka soaddj

swrgbfws ybnjj fd{& Wab ~rbswcdfs gbycxbg gcybowj hyde wab nowrnj bqne& Hdy wab D`jnaden

onsb* n wadrsnfg swrgbfws {byb sryxbbg xcn }adfb nfg {byb kcxbf wbf ~rbswcdfs wd nfs{by insbg

r}df wab R&_&O&C&_& cwbe inf`9?

& _cecjny wd wab nowrnj bqne* wab swrgbfws {byb ns`bg wd nfs{by

scq ~rbswcdfs drw dh wbf odyybowj& Ns fdwbg cf wab nywcojb* R&_& Ocwc|bfsac} nfg Ceeckynwcdf

_byxcobs ocwbg 39 }byobfw dh wab }bd}jb {ad wn`b wab bqne nyb sroobsshrj df wabcy hcysw nwwbe}w&

Ad{bxby* dfj waybb }byobfw dh wab D`jnaden acka soaddj swrgbfws {drjg anxb }nssbg wab bqne

insbg df wab nfs{bys wab knxb df wab edo` bqne& Dfj 9? }byobfw dh swrgbfws nfs{bybg {ad


17/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy >;

wab hcysw ]ybscgbfw dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs odyybowj& Wacs rfhdywrfnwbj {ns wab sneb onsb {cwa wab

Nyc|dfn acka soaddj swrgbfws&

Acka soaddj swrgbfws abyb odrjg fdw cgbfwch {ad iboneb wab hcysw }ybscgbfw nhwby wab

Nebyconf Ybxdjrwcdf fdy odrjg wab }ydxcgb nf nfs{by wd {anw wab hcysw wbf nebfgebfws dh wab

Odfswcwrwcdf nyb& Drw dh wab swrg cf Nyc|dfn* n yb}dyw {ns ybxbnjbg wanw dfj ?&2 }byobfw dh

wyngcwcdfnj }rijco acka soaddj swrgbfws {drjg ib nijb wd }nss n ocwc|bfsac} wbsw b~rcxnjbfw wd wab

bqne wab R&_&O&C&_& }ydxcgbs wd ceeckynfws&97

Njsd ebfwcdfbg cf wab nywcojb* wab oanywby nfg

}ycxnwb soaddjs ybobcxbg n ackaby }byobfwnkb wanf wab wyngcwcdfnj }rijco soaddjs* ad{bxby wab

swcjj ybobcxbg n }ddy yn}}dyw {cwa dfj sbxbf }byobfw nfg >7 }byobfw dh swrgbfws }nsscfk wab bqne

ybs}bowcxbj& Wab hnow wanw fnwrynj%idyf Nebyconfs onffdw cgbfwch {ad wab hcysw }ybscgbfw dh wab

Rfcwbg _wnwbs cs xby gcswryicfk nfg hdjjd{s srcw {cwa {anw Nycswdwjb wnj`s nidrw cf Wab ]djcwcos

{cwa ocwc|bfsac}& Ocwc|bfsac} yb~rcybs wab hrjj }nywcoc}nwcdf nfg cfxdjxbebfw cf }djcwcos& Nycswdwjb

{drjg ib gcsn}}dcfwbg grb wd Nebyconfs cfbhhcocbfw bhhdyw dh `fd{cfk ce}dywnfw hnows nfg

cfhdyenwcdf nidrw wabcy }djcwconj sswbe nfg hdrfgnwcdf&

N ynfgde sbjbowcdf dh Edfedrwa Rfcxbyscw swrgbfws xdjrfwbbybg wd }nywcoc}nwb cf n

edo` fnwrynjc|nwcdf bqne sdjbj rsbg hdy wacs ybsbnyoa !sbb N}}bfgcq N#& Nhwby wn`cfk wab bqne*

enf dh wabsb cfgcxcgrnjs hbjw nsanebg nfg$dy beinyynssbg ibonrsb wab gcg fdw `fd{ dy

rfgbyswnfg wab odfob}ws dh wab edo` bqne& Wab cfgcxcgrnjs njsd srkkbswbg wanw wab sadrjg anxb

ybobcxbg ngb~rnwb wceb wd swrg cf dygby wd nfs{by wabsb ~rbswcdfs& Wd odrfwby wanw nykrebfw*

wab anxb ibbf kynfwbg bfdrka wceb wd swrg& Ch nf cfgcxcgrnj cs n fnwrynj%idyf Nebyconf* wabcy

kyneeny nfg acka soaddjs sadrjg anxb bgronwbg wabe bfdrka df Nebyconf ocxcos* kdxbyfebfw*

nfg }djcwcos scfob wab bfwbybg soaddjcfk& Enldycw dh Nebyconf soaddjs cfojrgb Nebyconf

acswdy* kdxbyfebfw* nfg ocxcos cfwd wabcy oryycorjre& Wab ybsrjws dh wacs edo` bqne gcs}jn wanw


18/41


edyb fbbgs wd ib gdfb hdy Nebyconf swrgbfws wd jbnyf* rfgbyswnfg* nfg n}}ybocnwb wabcy s wnwbs

odfswyrowcdf& Wab swrgbfws nfs{bybg wbf ~rbswcdfs cf wacs scerjnwbg bqne insbg dhh dh wab fb{j

cfswnwbg CF_ Ocxcos bqne wanw {ns ybjbnsbg df Dowdiby >* 9==1&

Wab edo` bqnes {byb anfgbg drw wd ynfgde }bbys nfg cf Cfwydgrowcdf wd ]djcwconj

_ocbfob ojnssbs grycfk Fdxbeiby 9==3& Nhwby njj wab bqnes {byb odjjbowbg* wab {byb kyngbg

nfg sodybg& Wab ybs}dfsbs {byb cfsbywbg cfwd n Ecoydsdhw Bqobj s}ybngsabbw& Nedfk wab 7>

ocxcos bqnes ode}jbwbg* dfj 1 !>3&2>"# swrgbfws }nssbg {cwa n 8=" dy ibwwby !N}}bfgcq O*

Wnijb >#& Wab nxbynkb sodyb df wab wbsw i njj dh wab bqne wn`bys {ns waybb odyybow drw dh wbf

~rbswcdfs& Wab ackabsw sodyb df wab ocxcos bqne {ns nf bckaw {acoa {ns ybnoabg i dfj waybb

}nywcoc}nfws&

Nggcwcdfnjj* bnoa cfgcxcgrnj ~rbswcdf {ns jdd`bg nw !N}}bfgcq G* Wnijb 9&>%9&>=#& Hdy

wab }ry}dsbs dh wacs }n}by dfj hdry dh wab cfgcxcgrnj ~rbswcdfs {cjj ib gcsorssbg* ~rbswcdfs >* ;*

1* nfg >= !N}}bfgcq N#& ^rbswcdf > ns`bg swrgbfws wd cgbfwch w{d dh Wadens Lbhhbysdfs waybb

cfnjcbfnijb yckaws jcswbg cf wab Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob* Jchb* Jcibyw* nfg wab ]rysrcw dh

An}}cfbss& _bxbf }nywcoc}nfws !>;"# odyybowj cgbfwchcbg wab nfs{by& ^rbswcdf ; ns`bg

swrgbfws wd cgbfwch {ns cf {acoa Nebyconfs onf }nywcoc}nwb cf wabcy gbedoyno& Wabyb nyb

sbxbynj nfs{bys wanw {drjg ode}jbwb wacs ~rbswcdf wanw onf ib hdrfg cf N}}bfgcq I& Ad{bxby*

>8 swrgbfws !?3"# nfs{bybg odyybowj wd wacs ~rbswcdf& ^rbswcdf 1 ns`bg swrgbfws wd fneb wab

gnwb cf {acoa wab Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob {ns ngd}wbg* Lrj 7* >;;8& Bxbf wadrka wacs cs

n gnwb njj ocwc|bfs nyb nssrebg wd `fd{ scfob Nebyconfs objbiynwb Cfgb}bfgbfob Gn bxby bny*

9= swrgbfws !73"# {byb odyybow& Jnswj* ~rbswcdf >= ns`s wanw wab swrgbfws ackajckaw df {anw

_rsnf I& Nfwadf ans gdfb* {cwa hckawcfk hdy {debfs yckaws& Wab ybsrjws wryf drw wd ib

gcsn}}dcfwcfk {cwa dfj >? swrgbfws !?9"# {ad `fd{ {anw Nfwadf ans gdfb& Wabsb nyb hnows


19/41


wanw nyb wab inscs dh wab R&_& acswdy nfg kdxbyfebfw wanw nyb wnrkaw cf kyneeny nfg acka soaddjs

wanw Edfedrwa swrgbfws gd fdw `fd{ wab nfs{bys wd&

[cwa wab sodybs dh Edfedrwa swrgbfws cf ybknygs wd wab edo` bqne nfg wab Nyc|dfn nfg

D`jnaden acka soaddj swrgbfws* wacs }ydxbs wanw enf Nebyconfs gd fdw `fd{ odfob}ws dh

acswdy nfg ocxcos& [a nyb fnwrynjc|bg ocwc|bfs abjg wd n ackaby swnfgnyg wanf fnwrynj%idyf

ocwc|bfs4 _debwacfk fbbgs wd oanfkb& Wabyb cs n fbbg wd ybxcscw* bq}jdyb nfg bfanfob ocxco

}ydkynes cf dygby wd ybgbhcfb ocwc|bfsac} rscfk ocxco bfycoaebfw&

Nebyconfs Jno` dh Ocxco Xnjrbs

Ocxco bfknkbebfw cfojrgbs cfgcxcgrnj nfg odjjbowcxb nowcdfs cgbfwchcfk nfg nggybsscfk

}rijco odfobyfs nfg cssrbs&92

Cw onf wn`b enf hdyes wanw swbe hyde xdjrfwbbycse wd

dyknfc|nwcdfnj cfxdjxbebfw wd bxbf bjbowdynj }nywcoc}nwcdf& Wacs cfojrgbs bhhdyws wd nggybss n

}ydijbe gcybowj dy {dy` {cwa dwabys cf n kcxbf odeerfcw wd sdjxb wab odfobyf0 enf bqne}jbs

dh ocxco bfknkbebfw ynfkb hyde xdjrfwbbycfk nw n sdr} `cwoabf* xdwcfk* nfg sbyxcfk df n

odeerfcw nssdocnwcdf&

Ocxco bfknkbebfw cs gbb}j xnjrbg ns n R&_& wyngcwcdf* ad{bxby enf Nebyconfs rsb wacs

ns n odfsb~rbfob dy n }rfcsaebfw hdy {abf sdebdfb odeecws n jbknj nfg$dy edynj oyceb& Wab

odryws cf wab R&_& }byobcxb lrswcob ns kcxcfk nf cfgcxcgrnj scqw adrys dh odeerfcw sbyxcob hdy

rfgbynkb odfsre}wcdf dh njodadj hdy nf bqne}jb& _byxcob nfg xdjrfwbbycse sadrjg ib }byobcxbg

ns n {n wd cfs}cyb Nebyconfs wd ibodeb nowcxb }nywcoc}nfws cf wabcy odeerfcws jchb& Wab

Obfwby hdy Cfhdyenwcdf nfg Ybsbnyoa df Ocxco Jbnyfcfk nfg Bfknkbebfw !OCYOJB gcxcgbg


20/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 9=

ocxco bfknkbebfw cfwd waybb onwbkdycbs< ocxco* bjbowdynj* nfg }djcwconj xdcob&98

Wacs wnijb

!N}}bfgcq H* Wnijb 7# ebnsrybs ocxco cfxdjxbebfw&

Wab fdwcdf wanw Nebyconfs wacf` dh sbyxcob ns fbknwcxb gbycxbs hyde wabcy cfgcxcgrnjcswco

fnwryb& Eo[cjjcnes wn`bs fdwb wanw sdocbw nkybbs wd dib nfg hdjjd{ wab yrjbs nfg }ydobgrybs

irw gd fdw nkybb wd noob}w wab xnjrbs dy ns}cynwcdfs dh hbjjd{ ocwc|bfs& Wanw ecfgsbw cs xcb{bg ns

C gdfw d{b nfwacfk wd nfdfb0 wabyb cs dfj odfobyf hdy wab sbjh wanf hdy dwabys& Wab sbjh

nkybbs wd hdjjd{ }ydobgryb ns jdfk ns cw bq}nfgs wab d}}dywrfcw hdy edyb }ycxnwb hybbgde*

sborycw* nhhjrbfob* nfg }d{by&9;

Cf Eo[cjjcnes Njwbyfnwcxb Wyngcwcdfs* ab nykrbs wanw wdgns

Nebycon cs fd jdfkby wab wyrb Nebycon jc`b cf wab >32=s {abyb ch wabyb {ns n fnwcdfnj odfobyf*

Nebyconfs {byb {cjjcfk wd snoychcob hdy wab odeedf kddg dh wab fnwcdf&91

Wabyb cs n jdss dh

odeerfcw {abyb adebs df wab ijdo` nyb gcsodffbowbg nfg cw cs n gcsodehdyw wd ns` hdy srkny&

Wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs ans nj{ns ibbf n odrfwy {abyb }ycfoc}jbs nfg gdowycfbs nyb wab hdrfgnwcdf0

ad{bxby dr onffdw hbbj cw ch cws d{f ocwc|bfs gd fdw }nywcoc}nwb cf wab odrfwys sroobss nfg

bfycoacfk acswdy&

Eo[cjjcnes nggcwcdfnjj nykrbs wanw n}nwa ans ibbf oybnwbg {cwacf Nebyconf sdocbw

{cwadrw nf ybknyg wd }djcwconj cfswcwrwcdfs& N}nwa ans ibbf oybnwbg i sbjh%sbb`cfk nfg sbjh%

}ybsbyxcfk snwcshnowcdfs nfg wdgns xcb{ dh b~rnjcw {abyb bxbydfb ans ibbf oybnwbg df n jbxbj

}jncfk hcbjg&93

Nycswdwjb gcsnkybbg {cwa b~rnjcw& ]bd}jb nyb }ybsr}}dsbg wd ib sr}bycdy wd

nfdwaby* fdw bxby cfgcxcgrnj cs ns senyw* ns swydfk* dy ns wdrka ns nfdwaby& Wacs n}nwa cs wab

onrsb dh {acoa enf Nebyconfs gd fdw xdwb cf hbgbynj* swnwb* dy jdonj bjbowcdfs&


21/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 9>

Wab Odfkybsscdfnj Gckbsw gcsorssbs xdwcfk nfg ybkcswynwcdf wybfgs cf cws 9==7 nywcojb

nidrw wab 9=== }ybscgbfwcnj bjbowcdf& Enf dh wab ybnsdfs {a }bd}jb gcg fdw xdwb cfojrgbg

ibcfk wdd irs* gcsnijbg dy sco`* dy wanw wabcy xdwb gcg fdw enwwby nfg {byb fdw cfwbybswbg& Dh wab

ybkcswbybg fdfxdwbys cf 9===* 9> }byobfw gcg fdw xdwb ibonrsb wab odfscgbybg wabesbjxbs wdd

irs dy wanw wabcy soabgrjbs odfhjcowbg0 >2 }byobfw ibonrsb wab {byb sco` dy gcsnijbg0 nfg >9

}byobfw {byb rfcfwbybswbg dy hbjw wanw wabcy xdwb gcg fdw odrfw&?=

Wab freibys nfg wab ybnsdfs

{a nyb {anw fbbgs wd oanfkb& N sr}}jbebfw sadrjg ib }ydxcgbg ch n ybkcswbybg xdwby cs fdw nijb

wd xdwb ibonrsb dh wabcy soabgrjb dy ch wab nyb sco`& Wab >9 }byobfw dh ybkcswbybg fdfxdwbys nyb

wab sdryob dh wacs ybsbnyoa& Wadsb xdwbys sadrjg onyb nfg hbbj cfwbybswbg cf wab bjbowcdf0 wab

fbbg wd bfknkb wabesbjxbs i jbnyfcfk nidrw wab onfgcgnwbs& Wabcy xdwb enwwbys& Wab freiby dh

}bd}jb {ad xdwbg cf wab 9=== }ybscgbfwcnj bjbowcdf {ns >>> ecjjcdf* sadyw dh wab >>7 ecjjcdf cf

>339&?>

Wab wryfdrw }byobfwnkb ans ibkrf wd cfoybnsb ns cw sad{s cf wab 9==7 nfg 9==1

}ybscgbfwcnj bjbowcdfs hdy drfkby xdwbys !nkbs >1%93#& Hdy bqne}jb* cf 9=== wab xdwby wryfdrw

{ns r} 7="0 9==7 cfoybnsbg wd 73"0 nfg 9==1 {cwa 2>"&?9

Ibw{bbf wab 9==7 nfg 9==1

}ybscgbfwcnj bjbowcdfs* wabyb {ns fdw n ick cfoybnsb0 ad{bxby wabyb cs n gcswcfow gchhbybfob hyde

wab 9=== nfg 9==1 bjbowcdfs&

Wab jd{ xdwby wryfdrw cf wab ybobfw kribyfnwdycnj bjbowcdfs cf Fb{ Lbysb nfg cf Xcykcfcn

njsd sbyxbs ns nf bqne}jb dh gcsn}}dcfwcfk ocxco }nywcoc}nwcdf& Wab wryfdrw dh xdwbys rfgby nkb

?= cs >3" cf Fb{ Lbysb0 cw ans gboybnsbg i sbxbf }dcfws ibw{bbf >33; nfg 9==3&??

Bxbf cf

Xcykcfcn* wryfdrw gboybnsbg i dfb }dcfw wd >;" hyde >33; wd 9==3& Jbss wanf dfb cf hcxb drfk

xdwbys xdwbg cf idwa kribyfnwdycnj bjbowcdfs noodygcfk wd Wcsoa Odjjbkbs }ybss ybjbnsb&


22/41


Fdw dfj ans xdwby wryfdrw anxb ibodeb gcsn}}dcfwcfk* irw bxbf wab gbodyre dh enf

Nebyconfs nw wd{f anjjs* gbinwbs* nfg wab ybs}dfscicjcw dh sbyxcfk lry grw cs njsd cfojrgbg&

Wabsb knwabycfks nyb abjg cf {acoa Nebyconfs onf nowcxbj kbw cfxdjxbg nfg }nywcoc}nwb cf wab

gbocscdfs wanw wab kdxbyfebfw en`bs& Wacs cs wab hdrfgnwcdf cf {acoa wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs }djcwconj

sswbe {ns oybnwbg hdy& Nebyconfs anxb gychwbg n{n hyde ybnsdfnijb gbinwb ns edyb dh R&_&

}djcwconj }nywcbs anxb ibodeb wdd bqwybeb nfg s{n n{n hyde wab }djco }jnwhdye& Rscfk wab

}ybxcdrs }ybscgbfwcnj bjbowcdf ns nf bqne}jb* enf dh ]ybscgbfw Dinens d}}dfbfws anxb

odfwcfrbg wd ybscsw nfg gbfdrfob acs }ybscgbfo scfob wab bjbowcdf& Enf kd ns hny ns wd ode}nyb

ace {cwa Ngdjh Acwjby {cwa gyn{cfks dh Dinen {cwa Acwjbys cfhnedrs erswnoab& _deb dh wabsb

bqwybecsws }dywyn wab ]ybscgbfw cf wab edsw fbknwcxb jckaw ibonrsb wab gd fdw nkybb {cwa acs

bfnowbg }djcocbs dy acs }djcwconj cgbdjdk& ]ydwbswcfk wab bjbowcdf dh wab ]ybscgbfw nfg oybnwcfk n

ybjnwcdfsac} ibw{bbf Acwjby nfg Dinen cs fdw odfscgbybg }nywcoc}nwcfk cf }djcwcos dy cf

kdxbyfebfw* cw cs kdcfk nkncfsw {anw wab odrfwy ans ibbf hdrfgbg hdy gbedoyno& Xcywrb nfg

xnjrb sadrjg ib wnrkaw {cwa ocxco bfknkbebfw nfg ybs}dfscicjcw ibonrsb wacs ans ibbf jdfk

hdykdwwbf&

Njsd cw cs n yckaw kynfwbg i wab Odfswcwrwcdf hdy Nebyconfs wd sbyxb df n lry* ad{bxby

{abf sdeb Nebyconfs ybobcxb wanw lry sbjbowcdf onyg cf wab encj* wab nwwbe}w wd gd bxbywacfk

cf wabcy }d{by wd hcfg nf bqorsb& ]nywcoc}nwcfk cf lry grw cs sbyxcfk wab odrfwy& Cw odrjg ib

bxbf dfb dh wab senjjbsw nows dh }nywcoc}nwcdf cf }djcwconj jchb wanw Nycswdwjb gcsorssbs {acoa en`bs

dfb n ocwc|bf dh wab swnwb&


23/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 9?

Hcfgcfks

[anw onf ib gdfb wd ybowch wab }ydijbe cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs4

Wyngcwcdfnj gbedoyno cs ojbnyj fdw {dy`cfk cf ybs}bow wd gbhcfcfk ocwc|bfsac} cf wab

Rfcwbg _wnwbs nfg Nebyconfs hrjj bfknkbebfw& Wab hncjryb dh wyngcwcdfnj gbedoyno onf ib

gbsoycibg i wab hdry ]s< }djcwconj }nynjscs* }d{byhrj s}bocnj cfwbybsw kydr}s* }djj%insbg }rijco

d}cfcdf* nfg }ddy }djco ybsbnyoa&?7

Wabyb cs n }djcwconj }nynjscs {abyb Nebyconf jbngbys onffdw

wn`b swydfk nowcdf grb wd }nywcsnfsac} }djcwcos nfg wab ocwc|bfs ode}jncf nidrw ad{ wab anxb

ibbf }rsabg drw dh wab }ydobss irw nyb rf{cjjcfk wd noob}w sdjrwcdfs wd gchhcorjw }ydijbes&

]d{byhrj s}bocnj cfwbybsw kydr}s jc`b Edxbdf&dyk nfg wab F&Y&N& anxb ibodeb wdd drws}d`bf

nfg gdecfnwb bxby gbinwb {abyb wab ibodeb wab jbngbys dh }djco nfg fdw dh wab }rijco& ]djj%

insbg }rijco d}cfcdf sbyxbs ns n san` hdrfgnwcdf hdy kddg gbocscdf%en`cfk& Nfg wabyb cs }ddy

}djco ybsbnyoa {abyb wabyb cs cfngb~rnwb wceb nfg edfb wanw jbnxb adjbs cf rfbq}jdybg

ybsbnyoa nfg }djco&

N sdjrwcdf wd wacs }ydijbe cfojrgbs gbjcibynwcxb gbedoyno& Gbjcibynwcxb gbedoyno cs

hdrfgbg df wab ibjcbh wanw ocwc|bfs onyb nfg rfgbyswnfg bfdrka wd anxb ebnfcfkhrj }nywcoc}nwcdf

cf wab gbjcibynwcxb }ydobss dh en`cfk }rijco }djco& Wab ocwc|bfs hcysw oaddsb wab }djco wab nyb

{cjjcfk wd noob}w nfg wabf wab ibkcf wd gbxbjd} wab }djcwconj kddg wd en`b wab gbscybg

oanfkbs&?2

Wacs n}}ydnoa ans ibodeb edyb }ybxnjbfw nfg edyb odeedf nw wab ibkcffcfk dh wab

9>sw

obfwry ns enf ybnjc|b wanw wab wyngcwcdfnj ybjnwcdfsac} ibw{bbf ocwc|bfs nfg kdxbyfebfw cs

cfngb~rnwb hdy sdjxcfk }rijco }ydijbes& Wab rsrnj hdyes hdy gbocscdf%en`cfk {nswb jcecwbg


24/41


}rijco ybsdryobs* oybnwb rf}ydgrowcxb gcs}rwbs* nfg hncj wd wn} ocwc|bf }dwbfwcnj&?8

Wacs {cjj abj}

Nebyconf ocwc|bfs nfg wab kdxbyfebfw wd {dy` edyb bhhcocbfwj wdkbwaby&

Cf ode}nycsdf wd wyngcwcdfnj gbedoyno nfg wab hdry ]s* gbjcibynwcxb gbedoyno

cfxdjxbs n {adjb odeerfcw cf wab gbocscdf%en`cfk }ydobss& Cw njsd yb}jnobs }rijco d}cfcdf

{cwa }rijco lrgkebfw {acoa cs nf cfhdyebg odfsbfsrs diwncfbg waydrka ebnfcfkhrj gbjcibynwcdf&

Ocwc|bfs nyb kcxbf sriswnfwcnj cfhdyenwcdf nfg }djco en`bys nyb wdjg ocwc|bfs nyb {cjjcfk wd

sr}}dyw& Wabyb cs n ybnjcswco }djco }ydijbe wanw ocwc|bfs onf {dy` df wanw kcxbs wabe n oanjjbfkb

wd en`b oadcobs wanw ybnoa }nsw ode}ydecsb wd sanybg sdjrwcdfs& Nfg hcfnjj* cw njjd{s wab R&_&

kdxbyfebfw wd cfxbsw cf wceb nfg edfb hdy ~rnjcw }djco ybsbnyoa&

?;

Wabf }djco en`bys {cjj

ib on}nijb wd wn`b swydfk* gbocscxb nowcdfs&

N sbfsb dh odeerfcw {cjj ib diwncfbg nkncf jc`b wab ojnssconj wcebs {cwa gbjcibynwcxb

gbedoyno& Wab wcb dh jdonj odeerfcwcbs {ns wab hdrfgnwcdf dh hbgbynjcse {cwa wab Hynebys;&7>

Odfojrscdf

Ocwc|bfsac} cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs sadrjg ib n jbnyfbg nfg bnyfbg swnwrs fdw lrsw hdy

ceeckynfws {ad gbscyb wd odeb cfwd Nebycon cf ad}b hdy ibwwby d}}dywrfcwcbs irw njsd hdy wadsb

{ad anxb ibbf fnwrynjj idyf cf wab odrfwy& Gbjcibynwcxb gbedoyno {cjj fd jdfkby njjd{


26/41


rfb~rnj wybnwebfw ibw{bbf fnwrynj%idyf nfg fnwrynjc|bg ocwc|bfs ibonrsb njj ocwc|bfs {cjj ib

yb~rcybg wd rfgbyswnfg ns}bows dh Nebyconf ocxcos nfg njsd }nywcoc}nwb cf wab }djcwconj cfswcwrwcdfs

oybnwbg i wab Hdrfgcfk Hnwabys& Wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs cs n fnwcdf wanw }bd}jb hyde njj ino`kydrfgs

nfg njj nybns dh wab {dyjg anxb }yds}bybg& Gcsoycecfnwcdf dy gbfcnj dh ocwc|bfsac} sadrjg fdw ib

gbwbyecfbg ch wadsb }bd}jb nyb fdw fnwrynjj idyf cf wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs {abf enf Nebyconfs

fd{ gd fdw `fd{ {anw wab waybb cfnjcbfnijb yckaws nyb dy bxbf xdwb& Cw wdd` gbongbs nfg

obfwrycbs hdy enf Nebyconfs wd ib idyf ns hybb ocwc|bfs dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs* jbw cw fdw wn`b ns

jdfk hdy wdgns Nebyconfs wd ibodeb ybnj ocwc|bfs cf n gbedoyno {ad nyb idyf wd anxb wab

}djcwconj {cjj wd }nywcoc}nwb&


27/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 9;

N}}bfgcq N

Edo` Fnwrynjc|nwcdf Bqne

Sdry fneb nfg }bysdfnj cfhdyenwcdf {cjj fdw ib rsbg cf nf {n& Wab ybsrjws dh wab wbsw {cjj ib

rsbg cf e nfnjscs hdy e sbfcdy wabscs hdy ]djcwconj _ocbfob _becfny swrgcfk ch fnwrynj%idyf

ocwc|bfs dh wab Rfcwbg _wnwbs rfgbyswnfg nfg `fd{ wab odfob}ws dh Nebyconf kdxbyfebfw*acswdy* ocxcos* nfg }djcwcos& Sdr en d}w drw dh ode}jbwcfk wacs wbsw ch dr oaddsb wd gd sd0 cw cs

ode}jbwbj xdjrfwny&

>& [anw nyb w{d yckaws cf wab Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob4

9&

[anw swd}s dfb iynfoa dh kdxbyfebfw hyde ibodecfk wdd }d{byhrj4

?& Wab Adrsb dh Yb}ybsbfwnwcxbs ans ad{ enf xdwcfk ebeibys4

7& Ad{ enf lrswcobs nyb df wab _r}ybeb Odryw4

2& Rfgby dry Odfswcwrwcdf* sdeb }d{bys ibjdfk wd wab hbgbynj kdxbyfebfw& [anw cs dfb}d{by dh wab hbgbynj kdxbyfebfw4

8& [anw cs wab fneb dh wab _}bn`by dh wab Adrsb dh Yb}ybsbfwnwcxbs fd{4

;& [anw nyb w{d {ns wanw Nebyconfs onf }nywcoc}nwb cf wabcy gbedoyno4

1& [abf {ns wab Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob ngd}wbg4

3& [anw gcg wab Benfoc}nwcdf ]ydojnenwcdf gd4

>=&[anw gcg _rsnf I& Nfwadf gd4


28/41


N}}bfgcq I

Edo` Fnwrynjc|nwcdf BqneNfs{by @b

>&

[anw nyb w{d yckaws cf wab Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob4n& Jchbi& Jcibywo& ]rysrcw dh an}}cfbss

9& [anw swd}s dfb iynfoa dh kdxbyfebfw hyde ibodecfk wdd }d{byhrj4n& Oabo`s nfg injnfobs

?& Wab Adrsb dh Yb}ybsbfwnwcxbs ans ad{ enf xdwcfk ebeibys4n& 7?2

7&

Ad{ enf lrswcobs nyb df wab _r}ybeb Odryw4n& 32& Rfgby dry Odfswcwrwcdf* sdeb }d{bys ibjdfk wd wab hbgbynj kdxbyfebfw& [anw cs dfb

}d{by dh wab hbgbynj kdxbyfebfw4

n& Wd }ycfw edfbi& Wd gbojnyb {nyo& Wd oybnwb nf nyeg& Wd en`b wybnwcbs

8& [anw cs wab fneb dh wab _}bn`by dh wab Adrsb dh Yb}ybsbfwnwcxbs fd{4n& Fnfo ]bjdsc

;& [anw nyb w{d {ns wanw Nebyconfs onf }nywcoc}nwb cf wabcy gbedoyno4n& Xdwbi& Ldcf n }djcwconj }nywo& Abj} {cwa n one}nckfg& Ldcf n ocxco kydr}b& Ldcf n odeerfcw kydr}h& Kcxb nf bjbowbg dhhcocnj dry d}cfcdf df nf cssrbk& Onjj _bfnwdys ( Yb}ybsbfwnwcxbsa& ]rijcoj sr}}dyw dy d}}dsb nf cssrb dy }djcoc& Yrf hdy dhhcobl& [ycwb wd n fb{s}n}by`& _byxcfk lry grw

1& [abf {ns wab Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob ngd}wbg4n& Lrj 7* >;;8


29/41


30/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy ?=

N}}bfgcq O

Wnijb >

Dxbynjj Ybsrjws dh wab _ne}jb

="

>="

9="

?="

7="

2="

8=";="

1="

3="

>=="

?

1

9

3

>=

>

9

?

?

=

=

>

9

?

7

2

8

;

1

3

>=

>>

> 9 ? 7 2 8 ; 1 3 >= >>

]bd}jb [ad _odybg ? 1 9 3 >= > 9 ? ? = =

Wbsw ]byobfwnkb =" >=" 9=" ?=" 7=" 2=" 8=" ;=" 1=" 3=" >=="

Edo` Fnwrynjc|nwcdf Bqne

]bd}jb [ad _odybg Wbsw ]byobfwnkb


31/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy ?>

N}}bfgcq G

Wnijb 9&>

Ybsrjws dh Cfgcxcgrnj _ne}jb ^rbswcdfs

Wnijb 9&9


>;"

1?"

>& [anw nyb w{d yckaws cf wab

Gbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob4

_odybg Odyybowj _odybg Cfodyybowj

7>"

23"

9& [anw swd}s dfb iynfoa dh kdxbyfebfw

hyde ibodecfk wdd }d{byhrj4



32/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy ?9

Wnijb 9&?


Wnijb 9&7


>="

3="

?& Wab Adrsb dh Yb}ybsbfnwcxbs ans ad{enf xdwcfk ebeibys4


?;"

8?"

7& Ad{ enf lrswcobs nyb df

wab _r}ybeb Odryw4



33/41


34/41


Wnijb 9&;


Wnijb 9&1


?3"

8>"

;& [anw nyb w{d {ns wanw Nebyconfs

onf }nywcoc}nwb cf wabcy gbedoyno4

_odybg Odyybowj

73"

2>"

1& [abf {ns wab Gbojnynowcdf

dh Cfgb}bfgbfob ngd}wbg4_odybg Odyybowj


35/41


Wnijb 9&3


Wnijb 9&>=


27"

78"

3& [anw gcg wab Benfoc}nwcdf]ydojnenwcdf gd4

_odybg Odyybowj

?9"

81"

>=& [anw gcg _rsnf I& Nfwadf gd4

_odybg Odyybowj


36/41


N}}bfgcq B

Wnijb ?

Ybs}dfsbs hdy Bnoa ^rbswcdf

^rbswcdf / sodybg odyybowj / sodybg cfodyybowj

>& [anw nyb w{d yckaws cf wabGbojnynwcdf dh Cfgb}bfgbfob4

; ?7

9& [anw swd}s dfb iynfoa dhkdxbyfebfw hyde ibodecfk

wdd }d{byhrj4

>; 97

?& Wab Adrsb dh Yb}ybsbfwnwcxbsans ad{ enf xdwcfk

ebeibys4

7 ?;

7& Ad{ enf lrswcobs nyb df wab_r}ybeb Odryw4

>2 98

2& Rfgby dry Odfswcwrwcdf* sdeb}d{bys ibjdfk wd wab hbgbynj

kdxbyfebfw& [anw cs dfb}d{by dh wab hbgbynj

kdxbyfebfw4

>7 9;

8& [anw cs wab fneb dh wab_}bn`by dh wab Adrsb dhYb}ybsbfwnwcxbs fd{4

>7 9;

;& [anw nyb w{d {ns wanwNebyconfs onf }nywcoc}nwb cf

wabcy gbedoyno4

>8 92

1& [abf {ns wab Gbojnynwcdf dhCfgb}bfgbfob ngd}wbg4

9= 9>

3& [anw gcg wab Benfoc}nwcdf]ydojnenwcdf gd4

99 >3

>=&[anw gcg _rsnf I& Nfwadfgd4

>? 91

Wdwnj Ybs}dfsbs 7>


37/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy ?;

N}}bfgcq H

Wnijb 7

Ebnsrybs dh Ocxco Bfknkbebfw,

Ebnsrybs dh Ocxco Bfknkbebfw

Ocxco Bjbowdynj ]djcwconj Xdcob

Odeerfcw }ydijbe sdjxcfk Ybkrjny xdwcfk Odfwnowcfk dhhcocnjs

Ybkrjny xdjrfwbbycfk hdy n

fdf%bjbowdynj dyknfc|nwcdf]bysrngcfk dwabys wd xdwb Odfwnowcfk wab }ycfw ebgcn

Nowcxb ebeibysac} cf n kydr}dy nssdocnwcdf

Gcs}jncfk irwwdfs* sckfs* swco`bys Odfwnowcfk wab iydngonsw ebgcn

]nywcoc}nwcdf cf hrfgyncscfkyrf${nj`$ycgb

One}nckf odfwycirwcdfs ]ydwbswcfk

Dwaby hrfgyncscfk hdy oanycwXdjrfwbbycfk hdy onfgcgnwb dy

}djcwconj dyknfc|nwcdfsBencj }bwcwcdfs

[ycwwbf }bwcwcdfs

Idodwwcfk

Onfxnsscfk

,swrg }rijcsabg i OCYOJB nw Wrhws gcxcgbg cfwd waybb onwbkdycbs&


38/41


Fdwbs

>& Nycswdwjb* Wab ]djcwcos !>389#* Idd` CCC%c& >;>* >9;2i>?9& Lcjj Hynf` !Hbi 9==7#* Ocwc|bfs* _jnxbs* nfg Hdybckfbys< Nycswdwjb df Arenf

Fnwryb* 33

?&

Abnwaby Jnyg !_}ycfk >33;#* Ocwc|bfsac} nfg wab Yckaw wd Xdwb* ;87& Abnwaby Jnyg !_}ycfk >33;#* Ocwc|bfsac} nfg wab Yckaw wd Xdwb* 192& [cjsdf Onyb Eo[cjjcnes !>31=#* Lrswcob< Nfocbfw nfg Edgbyf* 88& Jcfgn @& @byiby !Gbo >33;#* Wab Ebnfcfks dh Ocwc|bfsac}* 1?7;& Jcfgn @& @byiby !Gbo >33;#* Wab Ebnfcfks dh Ocwc|bfsac}* 1?;1& Ecoanbj _nfgjby !Hbi 9==8#* Wd{nyg n Edyb ]byhbow Gbhcfcwcdf dh Ocwc|bf*

?11

3& Enyknybw Y& _debys !Dow& >33?#* Ocwc|bfsac} nfg wab ]jnob dh wab ]rijco_}abyb< Jn{* Odeerfcw* nfg ]djcwconj Orjwryb cf wab Wynfscwcdf wd

Gbedoyno* 213

>=&Odfkybsscdfnj Gckbsw !Dow 9==7#* Xdwcfk nfg Ybkcswynwcdf Wybfgs< [adXdwbs* [ad Gdbsfw* nfg [a* 991>>&Nycswdwjb Wab ]djcwcos !>389#* Idd` C%cc* 2;* >929n97

>9&Nycswdwjb Wab ]djcwcos !>389#* Idd` CCC%C* >81* >9;2n9>?&Nycswdwjb Wab ]djcwcos !>389#* Idd` CCC%cc* >;>%>;9* >9;2i99>7&Nycswdwjb Wab ]djcwcos !>389#* Idd` CCC%C* >83* >9;2n99>2&Nycswdwjb Wab ]djcwcos !>389#* Idd` CCC%ccc* >;8* >9;8n?7>8&[cjsdf Onyb Eo[cjjcnes !>31=#* Lrswcob< Nfocbfw nfg Edgbyf* 8>;&Ocwc|bfsac} !Lrj >8 9==3#*aww}1&@ce @cbj !Hnjj >313#* Wab Gnrfwjbss Cfocgbfw< _adrjg n Rfcwbg _wnwbs ]rijco

Xbssbj Ib Gbojnybg n Hjdnwcfk ]cbob dh Rfcwbg _wnwbs Wbyycwdy hdy

Ocwc|bfsac} ]ry}dsbs* >97>3&@ce @cbj !Hnjj >313#* Wab Gnrfwjbss Cfocgbfw< _adrjg n Rfcwbg _wnwbs ]rijco

Xbssbj Ib Gbojnybg n Hjdnwcfk ]cbob dh Rfcwbg _wnwbs Wbyycwdy hdy

Ocwc|bfsac} ]ry}dsbs* >97%>92

9=&@ce @cbj !Hnjj >313#* Wab Gnrfwjbss Cfocgbfw< _adrjg n Rfcwbg _wnwbs ]rijcoXbssbj Ib Gbojnybg n Hjdnwcfk ]cbob dh Rfcwbg _wnwbs Wbyycwdy hdyOcwc|bfsac} ]ry}dsbs* >98

9>&R&_& Ocwc|bfsac} nfg Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs !Lnf 9==3# N Krcgb wdFnwrynjc|nwcdf* ?;

99&R&_& Ocwc|bfsac} nfg Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs !Lnf 9==3# N Krcgb wdFnwrynjc|nwcdf* 98

9?&;2 ]byobfw dh D`jnaden Acka _oaddj _wrgbfws Onfw fneb wab Hcysw]ybscgbfw dh wab R&_& !_b}w >8 9==3#*aww}>>7>373

97&Yadfgn Idghcbjg* Edsw N\ acka soaddj swrgbfws {drjg hncj R_ ocwc|bfsac}wbsw !Lrj > 9==3#*aww}


39/41


9;&[cjsdf Onyb Eo[cjjcnes !>31=#* Lrswcob< Nfocbfw nfg Edgbyf* 291&[cjsdf Onyb Eo[cjjcnes !Lrf 92 >3;;#* Wab Njwbyfnwcxb Wyngcwcdf* >=93&[cjsdf Onyb Eo[cjjcnes !Lrf 92 >3;;#* Wab Njwbyfnwcxb Wyngcwcdf* ??=&Odfkybsscdfnj Gckbsw !Dow 9==7#* Xdwcfk nfg Ybkcswynwcdf Wybfgs< [ad

Xdwbs* [ad Gdbsfw* nfg [a* 991

?>&Odfkybsscdfnj Gckbsw !Dow 9==7#* Xdwcfk nfg Ybkcswynwcdf Wybfgs< [adXdwbs* [ad Gdbsfw* nfg [a* 998

?9&Becj Adinf @cyi ( @bc @n{nsacen%Kcfsibyk !Nrk >; 9==3#* Wab SdrwaXdwb cf 9==1*aww}&[acwb Adrsb* {{{&{acwbadrsb&kdx$cssrbs$sbyxcob
http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_youth_Voting_2008_updated_6.22.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_youth_Voting_2008_updated_6.22.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_youth_Voting_2008_updated_6.22.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/CIRCLE_post_election_release_Nov_5_with_VA_and_NJ_precints_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/CIRCLE_post_election_release_Nov_5_with_VA_and_NJ_precints_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/CIRCLE_post_election_release_Nov_5_with_VA_and_NJ_precints_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.deliberative-democracy.net/http://www.deliberative-democracy.net/http://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.deliberative-democracy.net/http://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.uoregon.edu/~ddphttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/CIRCLE_post_election_release_Nov_5_with_VA_and_NJ_precints_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/CIRCLE_post_election_release_Nov_5_with_VA_and_NJ_precints_FINAL.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_youth_Voting_2008_updated_6.22.pdfhttp://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_youth_Voting_2008_updated_6.22.pdf


40/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 7=

Icijcdkyn}a

Nycswdwjb& Wab ]djcwcos& Wynfsjnwbg i W&N& _cfojncy nfg Wybxdy L _nrfgbys& F&}&< ]bfkrcf Kydr}*

>389&

Idghcbjg* Yadfgn& Edsw N\ acka soaddj swrgbfws {drjg hncj R_ ocwc|bfsac} wbsw&Nyc|dfn _wnywFbw* Lrj >* 9==3& aww}=* 9==3#&

Ocwc|bfsac}& Rfcwbg _wnbs Ocwc|bfsac} nfg Ceeckynwcdf _byxcobs& aww}=* 9==3#&

Ocxco Bfknkbebfw& Nebyconf ]soadjdkconj Nssdocnwcdf& aww}33;#< 1??%127&

@cbj* @ce& Wab Gnrfwjbss Cfocgbfw< _adrjg n Rfcwbg _wnwbs ]rijco Xbssbj Ib gbojnybg n

Hjdnwcfk ]cbob dh Rfcwbg _wnwbs Wbyycwdy hdy Ocwc|bfsac} ]ry}dsbs& Wab Rfcxbyscw dh

Ecnec Cfwby%Nebyconf Jn{ Ybxcb{ 9>* fd& > !Hnjj >313#< >9>%>7>&

@cyi* Becj Adinf* nfg @bc @n{nsacen%Kcfsibyk>& Wab Sdrwa Xdwb cf 9==1& OCYOJB* Nrkrsw9==3& aww};* fd& >!_}ycfk >33;#< ;2%>==&

Eo[cjjcnes* [cjsdf Onyb& Wab Njwbyfnwcxb Wyngcwcdf& Rf`fd{f !Lrfb >3;;#&

& Lrswcob< Nfocbfw nfg Edgbyf& Rf`fd{f !>31=#&


41/41

Yrffcfk Abng< IDYF WD IB HYBB Inyy 7>

Fb{s3* ;2 pbyobfw dh D`jnaden Acka _oaddj _wrgbfws Onfw Fneb wab ]ybscgbfw dh wab R&_&

_b}wbeiby >8* 9==3& aww}>>7>373 !noobssbgDowdiby >=* 9==3#&

_nfgjby* Ecoanbj& Wd{nyg n Edyb ]byhbow Gbhcfcwcdf dh Ocwc|bf& O^ [bb`j Dfjcfb !Hbiyrny

9==8#< ?11%?13& aww}=3%=====9=7122;!noobssbg Dowdiby 98* 9==3#&

_byxcob& Wab [acwb Adrsb& aww}

born to be free: how to engage citizens through political participation

Documents