botanical adaptation notes. introduction: what is an adaptation? characteristic that helps organism...

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Botanical Adaptation Notes

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Page 1: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Botanical Adaptation Notes

Page 2: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Introduction:

What is an adaptation?

Characteristic that helps organism survive

Why adapt?

Increase reproductive fitness (# of successful offspring)

Taxonomy: Plants with similar adaptations are grouped together.

For example, peas, beans, lupine (Lupinus arboreus) all part of the Leguminosae family (Legumes)

Page 3: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

What is photosynthesis?

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy

(6CO2 + 6H2O + light => C6H12O6 + 6O2)

Photosynthetic pathways:

Page 4: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:C3

Who does it?

Most plants (dicots)

Where in the leaf does it occur?

Mesophyll (leaf cells)

What enzyme is used to help the reaction occur?

Rubisco - can’t tell the difference between CO2 and O2

When does it work well?

Moderate temperatures. At high temperatures energy is wasted on photorespiration (O2 used instead of CO2 ) so plants must keep stomatae open (see below) to take in more CO2 (and lose H2O :( )

Photosynthetic pathways:

Page 5: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

C4

Who does it?

Grasses (monocots)

Where in the leaf does it occur?

Bundle sheath (surround plant “veins”)

What enzyme is used to help the reaction occur?

PEP- can tell the difference between CO2 and O2

When does it work well?

High temperatures and dry. Can close stomatae (no H2O loss :) ) and still recognize CO2 inside leaf

Photosynthetic pathways:

Page 6: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:CAM

Who does it?

Succulents, pineapple

Where in the leaf does it occur?

Mesophyll (same as C3)

What enzyme is used to help the reaction occur?

PEP (same as C4)

When does it work well?

Stomatae open at night and CO2 stored for use in dark reaction when sun is out. Keeps stomatae closed in day (no H2O loss :) )

Photosynthetic pathways:

Page 7: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

Seeds and Fruits

(See prior studies)

Structures:

A epicotyl

B radicle

C cotyledon

D seed coat

Seeds used to disperse plant species.

Monocots-one cotyledon

Dicots- two cotyledons

Page 8: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Flowers

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Sexually reproductive structures which allow for the recombination of gametes (pollen and ova) to form fertilized seeds/fruits and increase variation.Monocots-stamen, other parts in multiples of 3’s

Dicots-stamen, other parts in multiples of 4’s or 5’s, easy to identify sepal

Structures:Adaptations:

Page 9: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

Stems

Xylem:

H2O up plant (like a vein)

Phloem:

food down plant (like an artery)

both are examples of “vascular” tissue (tubes)

Structures:

Monocots-xylem and phloem in separate bundles

Dicots- xylem and phloem organized in rings (see diagram)

Page 10: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

Leaves: External:

stomatae (pores)

C3, C4 open in day, close when hot, CAM open at night

Middle:

mesophyll (C3, CAM occurs here)

Internal:

bundle sheath (C4 occurs here), vascular system

Structures:

Monocots-parallel leaf veins

Dicots- networked leaf veins (see diagram)

Page 11: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

Other modified structures:

Modified leaves:

bulbs

Modified stems:

corms, rhizomes, tubers

Modified roots:

storage roots, (i.e. Carrots)

Structures:

Page 12: Botanical Adaptation Notes. Introduction: What is an adaptation? Characteristic that helps organism survive Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (#

Adaptations:

For dealing with…

Heat, dryness-C4 and CAM photosynthesis

High light-Modify leaf shape

Salt-Dilute salt with water, remove it mechanically

Flooding-Plants accumulate ethylene to avoid drowning, Specialized roots

Other Adaptations

Defenses and Competitive Mechanisms

Structures, chemicals, reproductive timing, etc. (more on this later)