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Bound morphemeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Inmorphology, a bound morpheme is amorphemethat only appears as part of a larger word;

a free orunbound morpheme is one that can stand alone.[1]

A bound morpheme is also known as a bound form, and similarly a free morpheme is a free form.[2]

Affixesare always bound in English, although languages such asArabichave forms which sometimes affix to

words and sometimes can stand alone.English languageaffixesare almost exclusivelyprefixesorsuffixes.

E.g.,pre- in "prefix" and -mentin "shipment". Affixes may beinflectional, indicating how a certain word relates

to other words in a larger phrase, orderivational, changing either thepart of speechor the actual meaning of a

word.

Manyrootsare free morphemes, e.g., ship- in "shipment", while others are bound. Roots normally carry lexical

meaning.

Words like chairman that contain two free morphemes (chairand man) are referred to ascompoundwords.

Linguists usually distinguish betweenproductiveand unproductive forms when speaking about morphemes.

For example, the morpheme ten- in tenantwas originally derived from the Latin word tenere, "to hold", and the

same basic meaning is seen in such words as "tenable" and "intention." But as ten- can't be used in English to

form new words, most linguists would not consider it to be a morpheme at all. Yet, tenfold is a word conjured

from the word ten. Tenth is another.

There are some distinguishable types of bound morphemes.

[edit]Cranberry morphemes

Main article:Cranberry morpheme

Acranberry morpheme[3][4]

orunique morpheme[5]

is one with extremely limited distribution so that it occurs

in only one word. A popular example is cran- incranberry" (hence the term "cranberry morpheme"). An

exception would be crangrape found in product advertising.

Unique morphemes are examples of the linguistic notion offossilization: loss of productivity or usage of

grammar units: words, phrases, parts of words. Besides fossilizedroot morphemes, there are also fossilized

affixes (suffixes and prefixes).

[edit]References

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_morpheme#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bound_morpheme&action=edit

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1. ^Kroeger, Paul (2005).Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

pp. 13.ISBN978-0-521-01653-7.

2. ^Elson and Pickett, Beginning Morphology and Syntax, SIL, 1968,ISBN 0-88312-925-6, p6: Morphemes

which mayoccur alone are calledf ree forms; morphemes which neveroccur alone are calledbound

forms.

3. ^"An Introduction to English Morphology, by Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,p. 19

4. ^Contemporary Linguistics, by William O'Grady, Michael Dobrovolsky, Francis Katamba, p. 710

5. ^"German Linguistics" by Christopher Beedham (1995),ISBN 3-89129-258-9, p. 103

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