brain computer interface
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
A
Presentation
On
Brain-Computer Interfacing
Prepared by Mr.Rushi Prajapati A.I.E.T. Jaipur
Saturday, April 8, 2023 1BCI
Scope of presentation
Basic IdeaGeneric BCI systemTypes of BCI systemEEG techniqueApplicationsAdvantagesDisadvantagesBCI InnovatorsFuture developments
Saturday, April 8, 2023 2BCI
MAN AND THE WORLD
Man interacts with the world using his five senses and limb movements
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THOUGHTS faster than ACTIONS
Actions are mechanical movements while thoughts are electrical impulses.
Thoughts are faster than actions
So direct interaction with the world through thoughts would be faster.
Saturday, April 8, 2023 4BCI
Brain Computer Interface
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing emergent technology in which researchers aim to build a direct channel between the human brain and the computer.
BCI- The Ultimate in Human Computer Interfacing
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Components of BCI
Generation of signals from brain
Preprocessing,
Feature extraction,
Classification,
Device control.
Generic BCI System
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EEG - Electro encephalography
ECoG - Electro cortico graphy
MEG - Magneto encephalo graphy
BOLD - Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (signal)
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Different neuroimaging methods are used to derive meaningful interpretations from the brain signals which are captured by microelectrodes:
signal extraction techniques
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Types of BCI
Invasive-
inside grey matter of brain
Partially Invasive-
inside the skull but outside the grey matter
Non Invasive-
outside the skull, on the scalp
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Invasive BCI S
Electrode inserted directly into grey matter
Highest quality signal can obtain
But are prone to scar-tissue build-up
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Sensors Used in BCI-Microelectrodes
Silicon MicroelectrodeSaturday, April 8, 2023 11BCI
Wire-typeSilicon-basedCeramic-based Polyimide-based. Diagram of silicon-based
ACREO microelectrode arrays
Microelectrodes are used to capture electrical/magnetic signals of the brain.
Types:
Microelectrodes
Saturday, April 8, 2023 12BCI
Microwires emerging from the green and orange tubes connect to two arrays of 16 microelectrodes embedded in a small mat of clear, rubbery silicone - the larger, numbered electrodes are part of the patient’s original surgery (Photo: University of Utah Department of Neurosurgery) Saturday, April 8, 2023 13BCI
Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the grey matter of the brain
Produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals
Carry lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully-invasive BCIs.
Partially Invasive BCIs
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low signal quality due to electrodes are not directly interact with neurons
It is safest as no surgery required.
EEG is widely used for this technique
Non-Invasive BCIs
Saturday, April 8, 2023 15BCI
EEG Technique for BCI Electrodes attached to the
scalp
Electric signals of the brain
are amplified.
Transmitted to the computer
Software converts them into technical control signals ( computer commands)
These computer commands controls the computer.Saturday, April 8, 2023 16BCI
EEG WAVES
There are 5 major types of EEG waves
1. Delta Waves
2. Theta Waves
3. Alpha Waves
4. Beta Waves
5. Gamma Waves
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Continuous Brain Waves Generally grouped by frequency: (amplitudes are about 100µV max)
Type Frequency Location Use
Delta <4 Hz everywhere occur during sleep, coma
Theta 4-7 Hz temporal and parietal correlated with emotional stress(frustration & disappointment)
Alpha 8-12 Hz occipital and parietal reduce amplitude with sensory stimulation or mental imagery
Beta 12-36 Hz parietal and frontal can increase amplitude during intense mental activity
Mu 9-11 Hz frontal (motor cortex) diminishes with movement or intention of movement
Lambda sharp, jagged
occipital correlated with visual attention
Vertex higher incidence in patients with epilepsy or encephalopathy
Electrode Placement
Standard “10-20 System” Spaced apart 10-20% Letter for region
• F - Frontal Lobe• T - Temporal Lobe• C - Center• O - Occipital Lobe
Number for exact position• Odd numbers - left• Even numbers - right
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Electrode Placement
A more detailed view:
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Area of implementation
Medical science Enabling disabled people
o Vision and hearing
o Paralysis treatment
o Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc)
o Provide a means of communication to completely paralyzed patients
o Surgically implanted devices used as replacement for paralyzed patients
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General application
Control a robot
Playing games
For physically weak persons to handle the computer
Cursor control
o Allow those with poor muscle control too communicate and control physical devices
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Example of BCI application
A phsically handicapped man operates a BCI wheelchair
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A single handed man interfaced with BCI
Japanese student walking in the virtual world with the character controlled by his brain waves.
More examples
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ADVANTAGES
• BCIs will help creating a Direct communication between a human or animal brain and computers.
• Also it provides better living, more features, more advancement in technologies etc.
• High Precision (can be used reliably)
• Low bandwidth
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Difficulty in Implementation of BCI:
COST require for BCI is very high.
It is RISKy, because it operates with brain.
Effective BCI technique requires invasive method.
Requires magnetically shielded room and special kind of helmet.
It is SLOW
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BCI INNOVATORS
Pioneers
Nasa
Cyberkinetics neurotechnology system,
Japanese reaserch team
Future developments Better signal detection
Shortening training time
Improving learning (neurobiological and psychological basis)
New recording methods (NIRS, ECoG)
Broader range of applications (interface to commercially available assistive devices; treatment of diseases)
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Conclusion
BCI is highly promising.
Provide high standard of living.
Extend our limits.
Impart a new level to the popular quote-
“I think therefore I am!”
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ANY……???
Thank u…Saturday, April 8, 2023 30BCI