bramble biology - north american raspberry & blackberry ... · bramble growth habits •...
TRANSCRIPT
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Bramble Biology
Patrick Byers MU Extension – Greene County
University of Missouri 2015 NARBA Conference
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Outline
• What is a bramble or caneberry? • Raspberries and blackberries • Origins of brambles • Bramble growth habits • Types of brambles, horticulturally speaking
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What is a Bramble?
• Genus Rubus • Family Rosaceae • Lots of confusion in this genus
– How many species?
• Growth habits: shrubs, rigidly erect, arching, trailing
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http://www.british-wild-flowers.co.uk/R-Flowers/Rubus%20caesius.htm http://tcpermaculture.blogspot.com/2012/02 /permaculture-plants-groundcover.html
Rubus pentalobus Rubus caseius
http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/706/
Rubus niveus Rubus nepalensis
http://tcpermaculture.blogspot.com/2012/02 /permaculture-plants-groundcover.html
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Raspberries and Blackberries
• Genus : Rubus – 12 subgenera – Subgenus: Ideobatus - raspberry – Subgenus: Eubatus – blackberry – Hybrids between the groups
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Subgenus: Eubatus Subgenus: Ideobatus (Raspberries) (Blackberries)
R. occidentalis black
R. idaeus red & yellow
R. parvifolius and others
R. neglectus purple
Family: Rosaceae Genus: Rubus
Erect types
Eastern semi-erect types
Southeastern trailing types
Western trailing types
Evergreen types
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Blackberry – torus remains in fruit
Raspberry – fruit separates from torus
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Origins of Brambles
• Raspberry – center of origin eastern Asia • Blackberry – centers of origin eastern North
America and Europe • Rubus species are found worldwide, with greater
abundance in the northern hemisphere • America – native types of raspberry and
blackberry important for horticulture – Red raspberry – R. idaeus – Black raspberry – R. occidentalis – Blackberries – R. ursinus, R. allegheniensis, others
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Rubus allegheniensis
Rubus occidentalis Rubus idaeus
Rubus ursinus
Native Rubus species
Source: http://plants.usda.gov/
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Bramble Growth Habits
• Perennial crowns and roots
• Biennial canes – Primocanes
• First year growth • Usually no blossoms
or fruit – Floricanes
• Second year growth • Produce blossoms
and fruit, then dies
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Bramble Growth Habits
• Bearing habit – Floricane bearing (summer bearing)
• First year – vegetative growth of cane
• Second year – flowering and fruiting – followed by cane death
– Primocane bearing (everbearing) • First year –
– bear fruit in upper 1/3 to ½ of cane in late summer and fall
– Fruiting portion of the cane dies in fall/winter
• Second year – Lower portion of cane produces
flowers and fruit – Entire cane dies after fruiting
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Bramble Growth Habits • Bramble floral and fruit structure
– Flower includes 60-160 ovaries – Aggregate fruit composted of small drupelets
www.biology-resources.com
www.biology-resources.com
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Bramble Growth Habits
• Prickles (or thorns) – Much variability in
bramble species
http://identifythatplant.com/
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Types of Brambles
• Raspberry – Red and yellow raspberry – Black raspberry – Purple raspberry
• Blackberry – Erect blackberry – Semi-erect blackberry – Trailing blackberry
• Raspberry x blackberry hybrids
source: ww.ars.usda.gov
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Red and Yellow Raspberries
• Thorny and thornless cultivars
• Floricane or primocane bearing habit
• Sucker from root system; form hedgerow
• Examples: ‘Heritage’, ‘Prelude’ ‘Caroline’, ‘Anne’, ‘Autumn Britten’
www.motherearthnews.com
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Black Raspberries
• Thorny cultivars • Floricane or primocane
bearing habit • Sucker from crown • Examples: ‘Bristol’,
‘Jewel’, ‘Mac Black’, ‘Niwot’ (P)
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Purple Raspberries
• Thorny cultivars • Floricane bearing habit • Sucker from crown or
from roots (varies) • Examples: ‘Royalty’,
‘Brandywine’ Source: www.sdedible.org
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Erect Blackberries
• Thorny and thornless cultivars
• Floricane or primocane bearing habit
• Sucker from roots and form hedgerow
• Examples: ‘Shawnee’, ‘Ouachita’, ‘PrimeArk Freedom’ (P)
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Semi-Erect Blackberries
• Thornless cultivars • Floricane bearing habit • Sucker from original
crown • Examples: ‘Chester’,
‘Triple Crown’
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Trailing Blackberries
• Thorny and thornless cultivars
• Floricane bearing habit • Sucker from original
crown • Examples: ‘Marion’,
‘Obsidian’, ‘Metolius’, ‘Black Diamond’
Source: www.ars.usda.gov
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Blackberry x Raspberry Crosses
• Thorny and thornless cultivars
• Floricane fruiting habit • Sucker from crown • Example: ‘Tayberry’,
‘Logan’, ‘Boysen’, ‘Wyeberry’
Source: www.chrisbowers.co.uk
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Any Questions?
• Patrick Byers • MU Extension – Greene County • University of Missouri • [email protected] • 417-881-8909