Breeding Approaches For Improvement Of Temperate Fruit Crops And Nuts

By

MOHMMAD ASIF WANIM Sc. Fruit ScienceSKUAST- KASHMIR

FRUIT BREEDING- An introduction

Purposeful genetic improvement of fruit crops through various techniques including introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation and molecular techniques. (Janick, 2011)

• Its origin trace to the domestication process in prehistory and antiquity, where useful species were chosen and cultivated, and improved by continuous selection (Janick, 2011).

• Early beginning of fruit breeding technology can be demonstrated in strawberry and pear .

• Thomas Andrew Knight was the first to improve fruits by selection from genetic recombination derived from inter-pollination of clones.

Breeding objectives of Temperate fruit crops

Higher yield. Good appearance and eating quality. Resistance to important diseases and pests Good storage & shelf life Climatic adaptation and frost resistance Fruit quality (fresh & drying purpose) Late blooming Increased fruit size, increased flesh-to-pit ratio Low chilling requirement for subtropical areas. Control of tree size and vigor Extending seasonality Resistance to cracking

Verma, 2015

Apple breeding objectives

•Yield related traits: Higher yield, high number of fruitful laterals, precocity, late leafing,

self-fertile and homogamy are desired. •Nut related traits: Smooth shell texture, light colour, paper shell, strong shell seal.

•Kernel related traits: High kernel-shell ratio, plump, bold, easy to remove kernel halves, light in colour, sweet in taste, well filled.

•Biotic and abiotic traits: Resistant to Xanthomonas juglandis, tolerant to pistillate flower abscission, heat tolerant, winter hardiness etc.

•Rootstocks related traits: Compatibility between stock and scion, easy to propagate through vegetative means, tolerant to blackline, Phytopthora rot etc.

Walnut Improvement

CONVENTIONAL BREEDING METHODS

Plant Introduction • Transference of a genotype or a group of genotype of crop plants from

the place of their cultivation into a new area where they were not being grown previously. (Shripati et al., 2016)

Procedure of plant introduction1. Procurement of germplasm2. Quarantine3. Cataloguing4. Germplasm Evaluation5. Multiplication & Distribution

Merits and Demerits of Plant Introduction

• Entirely new crop plant is derived.

• Quick & economical method of

crop improvement.

• Genetic base can be broadened by

plant introduction.

• Protection of crops from damage

by introducing them in to disease

free areas.

• Development of superior varieties

through selection & hybridization

by using introductions

• Introduction of weeds along with introduced materials.

• Introduction of diseases along with introduced materials.

• Introduction of insect pest along with introduced materials.

Merits Demerits

New genotypes introduced (pome and stone fruits)

Crop Important varieties

Apple Spartan Granny Smith, Ginger Gold, Early Red One, Law Red Rome, Scarlet Spur, Florina, Scarlet Gala, Summer Queen, Red Fuji , Red spur, Star Crimson, Red Chief, Oregon Spur, Well Spur, Galmast

Pear Red Bartlett, Starkrimson, Max Red Bartlet, Red Sensation, Doyenne Burrah, Z H. Copeace

Plum President, Early Italian, Red Plum, Frontier, Diurret, Friar, Queen, Anna , Nubina

Apricot Rival, Tilton,Harcot , Erani, Chinese Apricot, Heartly

Peach Cresthaven, Glohaven, Red Globe, Fantasia , Shimizu, Hakuto, Kanto-5, Dawane

CITH annual report 2013-14

• CherryRainer, Van, Regina, Lambert, Black Gold, Sweet Heart, Bing, Sam , Sue, Stella

• Walnut Opex Culchery, Tutle, Nugget, and Chenovo, Franquette …

• AlmondCalifornia Paper shell, IXL, Primorskij, Non Pareil 

• StrawberryCamarosa, Chandler, Selva , Fenny, Blackmore, Shasta, Belruby, Dana, Jeolikote Local, Pusa Early Delicious, Etna, Addie, Gorella, Bangalore, Robinson, Dilpasand, BL-13, Steel Master, Pajaro, Oso Grandy, Missionary

• Grape Omani White, Omani Black, Crimson Seedless, Italia

www.cith.org.in

IMPORTANT EXOTIC INTRODUCTIONS OF APPLE

Verma et al.2015

Introductions by SKUAST-KCrop Varieties introduced

Apple Super Chief Sandidge, Mollie’s Delicious, Jonathan, Gala Redlum, Golden Delicious , Red Vilox, , Mich Gala, Vance Delicious, Wilton Star, Erosa, Gala Mast, Golden Clone B, Fuji Zehn Aztec

Pear Abate, Carmen

Cherry Regina, Sweet Heart, Bing, Stella ,Lupin, Guigne Pourpera Prece, Guigne Noir Hative

Strawberry Chandler, Ofra, Brighton, Douglas, Belrubi, Sweet Charlie, Majestic, Camarosa, Elasta

Clonal Selection A procedure of selection superior clones from the mixed population of asexually propagated crops.

( Patel and Shrinavas , 2016)

Merits• Effective method for genetic

improvement of asexually propagated crops.

• Variety evolved by this method retains all the characters of the parental clones for several years.

• Varieties are highly uniform like pure lines.

Demerits• Utilizes the variability already present

in the population.• Genetic makeup cannot be improved by

this method without hybridization.• Varieties developed by clonal selection

are highly prone to new type of a disease .

Achievements in temperate fruitsCrop Variety Refernce

Apple CITH Lodh Apple 1, Granny Smith, Lady Alice, Red Delicious, Gravenstein, Braeburn , G. Delicious

Das et al., 2012

WalnutCITH Walnut 1 -10, Hamdan , Sulaiman, SKAUW0003 and SKAU-W-14 , GL0109 Hanaul Kagzi, Siri Kagzi, Kuna Kagzi, Dabla Kagzi, Nada Kagzi, Dabra Kagzi, Bagi Kagzi, Kandoi Kagzi,

Sharma et al., 2014, Verma et al.2015

Grape Tas-e-Ganesh, Sonaka, Manik Chaman, Pusa Seedless Singh, 2012Cherry CITH Cherry 1, CITH Cherry 2, Kashmir Seedling

SelectionSingh, 2012

Apricot CITH Selections 4-13 Verma et al.2015

Peach CITH -P -1, CITH -P -2, CITH -P -3 DoAlmond Waris, Makhdoom, Parbat and Shalimar Breeding of Horticultural

Crops: Principles and Practices, N Kumar

Verma et al.2015

Hybridization

Steps in hybridizationa) SELECTION OF PARENTSb) EMASCULATIONc) BAGGINGd) CROSSINGe) LABELLINGf) HARVESTING

Backcrossing

Aiming to transfer a beneficial characteristic from One Plant to another, while eleminating in the crossing product as many of the undesirable characteristics as possible.

Verma et al.2015

Recently developed hybrids of apple at Institute of Experimental Botany Prague (Strizovice), CZ

Hybrid Parentage Charecteristics Released in

Rosalie Aneta with Maypole

Resistant to scab (Vf), tolerant to mildew

2013

Solaris Topaz with UEB 2345/1

do 2013

Redspring Elise with UEB 3300/1

do 2013

Admiral Mira and Bohemia

very good shelflife until end of May, Triploid, disease resistant

2012

Merkur Topaz with Rajka Resistant to scab (Vf), tolerant to mildew

2012

Karneval Vanda with Cripps Pink

do 2011

www.ueb.cas.cz

Karneval Solaris Rosalie

MerkurKarneval

AdmiralRedspring

Apple, pear, plum, cherries and ornamental dendrological plants breeding program, at the Research Institute for Fruit Growing, Romania

Budan et al., 2009

Budan et al., 2009

ACHIEVEMENTS

Crop Variety Released

Main Charecteristic Parentage

Apple Rustic, Nicol, Colmar and Colonade

Powdery Mildew Scab resistant

Florina x Pionier ; 2008Mc. Intosh Wijcik x Pionier; 2005Mc. Intosh Wijcik x Florina; 2006Florina x Mc. Intosh Wijcik; 2007

Pear Paramis and Paradox

good affinity with quince A rootstock, medium tolerance to Erwinia and Psylla sp.

Monica x Passe Crassane; 2008Monica x Pastravioare; 2009

Plum Romanand Agent

tolerant to Sharka Tuleu Gras x Early Rivers; 2004selection in a seedlings population; 2004

Cherry Spectral- sweet cherry, Stelar - sour cherry,

tolerant to Blumeriella jaapii, partial self fruitful

Muncheberger fruhe x Bigarreau Burlat; 2008

Mocanesti 16 x Anglaise Hative; 2008

Nicol Colmar

Paradox

Paramis

Agent

Spectral

BREEDING LATE BLOOMING ALMOND IN SPAIN• ‘Mardia’ is a new almond cultivar

released because of its good agronomical traits and very late blooming time, 2 weeks later than ‘Felisia’, the latest blooming cultivar released so far.

• cross of ‘Felisia’, a self compatible and late-blooming cultivar of small kernel size and ‘Bertina’ a late-blooming local selection of large kernel size.

• Blooms fully on 25th of march.• autogamy and high fruit set• Tolerant to diseases, hard shell, large

kernel, very high content of oleic acid.

Rafel Socias i Company, and coworkers, 2008

Polyploidy Breeding• Polyploidy is a genomic mutation, which is displayed in spontaneous or induced

leading to increasing of a diploid number of chromosome sets (Zhuchenko, 2004)

• Triploid cultivars are characterized by more regular fruit-bearing, more marketable fruit of larger size, and scab resistance.

• Some triploid varieties have an increased content of biologically active substances in fruit (Sedov, 2011)

• Crossings 4x x 2x and 2x x 4x most promising types of crossings for the purpose of triploid seedling obtaining.

• Studies performed at All Russia Research Institute of Fruit Crop Selection (ARIFCS) for apple selection at the polyploid level has created more than 22 triploid apple varieties; Avgust, Aleksander Boiko, Bezhin lug, Darena, Maslovskoe, Orlovskii partizan, Osipovskoe, Patriot, and Yablochnyi spas. (Sedov, 2014)

Sinski et al., 2013

Sinski et al., 2013

6

6

6

MUTATION BREEDING• Mutations are defined as heritable changes in the DNA sequence that are not derived from

genetic segregation or recombination (Van Harten, 1998).• upgrade the well-adapted plant varieties by altering one or two major traits, which limit

their productivity or enhance their quality value.

Pathirana, 2011

Cultivars developed through induced mutationscrop Variety released Mutagen Trait improved

Apple Golden Haidegg gamma rays fruit size

Belrene EMS earliness

Courtagold gamma rays shortness

McIntosh 8F-2-32 gamma rays seed color

Senbatsu-Fuji-2-Kei gamma rays fruit colour

Courtavel gamma rays shortness

Almond Supernova gamma rays lateness

Apricot Early Blenheim ThN earliness

Grape Fikreti gamma rays earliness

J. Pear Gold Nijisseiki gamma rays disease resistance

Kotobuki Shinsui gamma rays disease resistance

Loquat Shiro-mogi gamma rays fruit size

Peach Magnif 135 gamma rays fruit size

Plum Spurdente-Ferco gamma rays earliness

S Cherry Lapins gamma rays fruit size

Compact Stella 35B11 x-rays compact growthFAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database, 1999

NON - CONVENTIONAL

OR BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES

Ru, et al., 2015

Gupta , 2009

(2013)

QTLs and genes reported recently in apple fruit character and growth habit

Target traits Reference

Skin colour Zhang et al. 2014

Fruit size components Chang et al. 2014

Browning Mellidou et al. 2012

Individual sugars Kunihisa et al. 2014

Acidity Sun et al. 2015

Ethylene production Costa et al. 2014

Biennial bearing Guitton et al. 2012

AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

Gene transfer for fire blight resistance in appleCultivar Number of leaf

segmentsNumber ofregenerated shoots

Percentage of Putative

Transformed shootsAU 56-83 2.848 187 6.6

Jonagold 1.824 135 7.4

Pilot 1.360 24

Pinova 5.416 375 6.9

Pirol 1.104 22 2.0

Reka 1.488 42 2.8

Remo 1.224 148

Flachowsk y and Hanke, 2006

12. 1

1.8

Application of a high-speed breeding technology to apple based on transgenic early flowering plants and marker-assisted selection

Flachowsky,2011

Achievements of programCROSS Gene incorporated

(T1190 x M. fusca) x ‘Regia’ Rvi2 ,Rvi4, FB-F7 QTL

(T1190 x M. fusca) x 98 ⁄ 6-10 Pl-1 , Pl-2

Verma et al.2015

New plant breeding technology

• Cisgenic plants. (Holme et al.2013)

• Trans-grafting. (Smolka et al. 2010)

• Genome editing. (Hilton et al. 2015)

Conclusion

o For improvement of existing cultivars, new transgenic technologies can be applied in order to quickly incorporate traits of economic importance.

o MAS can be used for early prediction of the desired characters in order to speed up the breeding process.

o Furthermore, genome editing, by which only the target gene can be accurately modified, is emerging as a novel breeding technology. These new technologies will undoubtedly facilitate fruit breeding, and yield novel and attractive fruit cultivars.

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