brekstad seminar participants collection of presentations · safety-related challenges to...

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Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology

Date 03.04.2008

Our reference

Address Org.no. 974 767 880 Location Phone Research coordinator NO-7491 Trondheim E-mail: Høgskoleringen 6 + 47 73 59 45 01 Astrid Vigtil [email protected] Gløshaugen Fax http://www.ivt.ntnu.no/ + 47 73 59 45 06 Phone: + 47 735 94507

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Brekstad seminar participants

Collection of presentations This file includes copies of all the slides that were presented at the Brekstad seminar on March 26th in the following sequence:

Participant Subject Arne M. Bredesen Welcome, about ISP Sveinung Løset Energy production from the North Per Jostein Hovde Sustainable Infrastructure Johan E. Hustad Renewable Energy Trygve M. Eikevik Food from the North Longman Zhang Low temperature thermodynamics to improve the production of

liquefied gas mixture Balram Panjwani Modeling of Turbulent Combustion and Chemical Kinetics for

LES Mulugeta B. Zelelev Uncertainty propagation and risk analysis in water resource

system using probabilistic operation and modeling approach Johanne Hammervold Systems analysis and environmental indicators for sustainable

infrastructure Siaw Foon Lee Development of High Performance fiber reinforced concrete

through microstructure studies Jingming Huo Klaudia Farkas Architectural Integration of Photovoltaic Cells Bernt Sørby & Ottar Skjervheim Direct Coupled Point Absorber in Heave with Induction

Machine as Power Take-off Jan Ketil Solberg Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature Martin Bellmann Silicon for solar cells Martin Bellmann was stuck in air traffic and could not participate but he wants to share the presentation he was going to give. Participant Bjørn Albrigtsen had no presentation.

1

ISP Seminar, Brekstad, March 26 2008

BackgroundBackground for ISPfor ISPNational National StrategicStrategic Research ProgramResearch Program

onon EngineeringEngineering ScienceScience

Arne M. Arne M. BredesenBredesen


Part Part ofof a large a large longlong term term processprocessEvaluation of Engineering Science Research Groups at NTNU, University of Stavanger and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, carried outby Research Council of Norway (RCN) - report July 2004Science Plan for Engineering Science – May 2006Application for National Strategic Research Program within Enginering Science – ISP to RCN – awarded a program of 22 PhD and PostDocsfinanced partly by RCN and partly by NTNUAnother 12 awarded by NTNU to support the ISP, now constituting a Research Program of 34 PhDsand PostDocs

2


Future sustainable society

How do weget there ?

Role ofEngineeringScience ?


NEED FOR NEWSOLUTIONS !!

3


Science plan Science plan consistingconsisting ofofThematicThematic applicationapplication areasareas

Petroleum productionEnergy and environmentSustainable InfrastructureMarine & maritime operationMaterialsProductionValue Chain Sea FoodProcess industrySystem science


PriorityPriority areas for areas for futurefuture researchresearch effortsefforts

4


PriorityPriority areas => areas => ISPISP--applicationapplication

Energy production from the North -Arctic Regions

Renewable energy

Sustainable infrastructure

Food from the North – ”the original taste”


Energy Energy ProductionProduction from from thethe NorthNorthArea manager: Stig BergeArea manager: Stig Berge

Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics (oil recovery – well control)Department of Structural Engineering (ice structure interaction)Department of Marine Technology (marine operations)Department of Energy and Process Engineering (multiphase flow – freeze out – energy conversion)Department of Production and Quality Engineering (safety and reliability)

5


RenewableRenewable EnergyEnergyArea manager: Johan HustadArea manager: Johan Hustad

Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Solar cell production)Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology (solar cells integrated in buildings)Department og Energy and Process Engineering (bio mass to bio-fuels and electricity)Department of Electric Power Engineering (renewable energy (waves) to electricity)Department of Production and Quality Engineering (producing next generation of wind turbines blades)


SustainableSustainable InfrastructureInfrastructureArea manager: Per Jostein HovdeArea manager: Per Jostein Hovde

Two main areasFuture materials and technology for construction and managementVulnerability and safety of critical infrastructure

Handled by three deperatmentsDepartment of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (System behaviour)Department of Civil and Transport EngineeringDepartment of Structural Engineering

6


FoodFood from from thethe NorthNorthArea manager: Trygve Area manager: Trygve EikevikEikevik

Department of Energy and Process Engineering(Low temperature processing of fish)


THE THE ””ISPISP--PROGRAMPROGRAM”” IS A NATIONAL IS A NATIONAL EFFORT TO PREPARE FOR EFFORT TO PREPARE FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTUREA SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

7


ISP-project team

Leader: Arne M. BredesenFour focus areas:

Energy production from the North (Stig Berge)Renewable energy (Johan Hustad)Sustainable infrastructure (Per Jostein Hovde)Food from the North (Trygve Eikevik)

Coordinator: Astrid Vigtil

Our goal is to utilize the ISP to develop a systematicnetwork for goal oriented research cooperation at thefaculty (and NTNU)


Strategic AreaEnergy and Petroleum - Resources and EnvironmentThe Global Challenge

Technology - SocietyEnvironmental

strain

Primaryenergy

Energyservices

End-user needs

Energysystem

8


The global challengeEnergy is needed to provide for essential human needs like food, housing, clothing, transportation, health and recreation, in short what we need to live a good life on this planet. By the end of this century emissions of green-house gases needs to be curbed (next slide). At the same time around 6 billion new citizens may join at the global dinner table. How to provide SUFFICIENT amounts of CLEAN energy for a future peaceful and sustainable society is today´slargest challenge.


Alternative paths to stabilise the level ofgreenhouse gases in the order of 450 til 550

ppm CO2e

Source: Stern Report, 2006

9


Strategies for a sustainable futureThe scenarios coming forward on how to face these challenges indicate that the successful transition to future clean and sustainable energy systems will depend upon regional boundary conditions. However, they are based upon the application of a mixture of global key technologies, for example:

Energy efficiencyRenewablesCarbon capture and storage (to allow fossil fuels)Nuclear energyElectricity and Hydrogen as energy carriers

To be successful, it is of utmost importance to be able to develop new technologies and solutions along different axis at the same time, so that society may have new solutions and something to choose from 20-30 -50 years from now on its way to a sustainable future.


Energy Energy transformationtransformation in in futurefuture

Solar Cell

WindPower

HydroPower

Storage

CO2-handling

Natural gas

Reformering

Gasification

Bio mass

Combustion

HeatHeat

District heatingDistrict heating

Heat Pump

Amb. heat

Waste heat

HydrogenElectricity

Fuel Cell

Gas Turbine

Water Electrolysis

NuclearEnergy

10


”Sustainable Arctic Energy”


Snøhvit–technology for the ArcticA benchmark project for offshore and LNG technology

Full subsea field/remote operation Path breaking LNG technology

Record-distance multiphase flow CO2 sequestration and storage

Zero surface solutions – from sea to the beach

11


Snow-white LNG, Hammerfest, July 2006


The StatoilHydro visionTechnology for sustainable production in arctic areas in 2030

12


Future sustainable society

The ISP providedmomentum tothe process

ISP Seminar, Brekstad, March 26 2008 NTNU, May 2006

13


ISP as a ”core family”

Core family

Friends/Acquaintances

New familiy members


Faculty goal

Develop ISP into a national center for research and team work withinengineering science

1. Todays research activity2. Further development at faculty

Shoulddo

WillDo

Research Map

That we will use to navigateinto the future

14


Activities and instruments

SeminarsWorkshopsExcursionsPublications (joint)…

Core familyPart of core familyFriends and acuaintancesIndividual activitiesIndustry…


Energy Energy ProductionProduction from from thethe NorthNorthArea manager: Stig BergeArea manager: Stig Berge

Petroleum technology: (2 PhD, 1 postdoc)Improved oil recovery from Norwegian oil fields: Jon Kleppe and Ole Torsæter, Petroleum Engineering and Applied GeophysicsWell control and well integrity in arctic areas: Sigbjørn SangeslandPetroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics

Energy and process technology (3 PhD)Multicomponent thermodynamics in multiphase flow models: Ole Jørgen Nydal, Energy and Process EngineeringModelling of turbulent combustion and chemical kinetics for LES: Ivar S. ErtesvågEnergy and Process EngineeringLow temperature thermodynamics to improve production of liquid gas: Arne Bredesen & Jostein Pettersen - Energy and Process Engineering

Reliability and risk analysis (3 PhD)Reliability qualification of subsea equipment for use in arctic waters:Marvin Rausand & Leif SundeProduction and Quality EngineeringSafety-related challenges to maintenance in Arctic waters: Jørn Vatn & Per SchjølbergProduction and Quality EngineeringArctic resilient global supply networks: Jan Ola Strandhagen & Heidi DreyerProduction and Quality Engineering

Structures, materials and environment: (1 PhD)Integrated finite element analysis of ice-structure interaction: Jørgen Amdahl & Sveinung Løset, Marine Technology and Structural Engineering

Marine operations: (1 PhD)Flow phenomena in ship-to-ship marine operations in arctic waters: Bjørnar Pettersen,Marine Technology

15


RenewableRenewable EnergyEnergyArea manager: Johan HustadArea manager: Johan Hustad

Silicon for solar cells; from metallurgical grade silicon to characterized solar cell wafers (2 postdoc): Otto LohneMaterials Science and EngineeringFunctionally graded materials for highly stressed components(1 PhD): Wolfgang H. Koch & Terje K. Lien, Production and Quality EngineeringIntegration of solar cells in buildings (1 PhD): Anne Grete HestnesArchitectural Design, History and TechnologyWave energy converter for optimized energy extraction and utility grid integration (1 postdoc): Tore M. UndelandElectric Power EngineeringPromising liquid biofuels with catalytic pyrolysis and membraneseparation (1 postdoc): Johan Hustad, Energy and ProcessEngineeringSolid Oxide Fuel Cells using biomass as fuel (1 Postdoc): Johan Hustad, Energy and Process Engineering


SustainableSustainable InfrastructureInfrastructureArea manager: Per Jostein HovdeArea manager: Per Jostein Hovde

Forecasting sustainable infrastructure (2 PhD)System behaviour, modelling development, improvements: Helge BrattebøHydraulic and Environmental Engineering

Future materials and technology for construction and management(3 PhD)

Wood or insulation materials: Per Jostein Hovde, Civil and Transport EngineeringConcrete: Stefan JacobsenStructural Engineering

Vulnerability and safety of critical infrastructure (2 PhD, 1 Postdoc)Develop prediction models for ageing and deterioration and time-variant reliability methods that comprise deterioration models: Svein RemsethStructural EngineeringInvestigate risk and vulnerability in water supply and transportation systems: Liv Fiksdal, Hydraulic and Environmental EngineeringDam safety and implications on power supply: Aanund KillingtveitHydraulic and Environmental Engineering

16


FoodFood from from thethe NorthNorthArea manager: Trygve Area manager: Trygve EikevikEikevik

Low temperature processing of fish (1 PhD), Trygve EikevikEnergy and Process Engineering

1

Energy Production from the North

Presented bySveinung Løset,

Professor of Arctic Marine Technology

ISP Seminar, 26 March 2008

2

Energy Production from the North1. Structures, Materials and Environment

1. Loads from ice ridges2. A spectral model for ice forces due to ice crushing3. Integrated finite element analysis of ice-structure interaction4. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of steels for Arctic application

2. Marine Operations1. Flow phenomena in ship-to-ship operation2. Rerouting of marine vessels based on in-situ monitoring of ice-induced stresses

3. Petroleum Technology1. Improved oil recovery2. Well control and well integrity in Arctic areas

4. Energy and Process Technology1. Mass transfer in multiphase flow models2. Modelling of turbulent combustion and chemical kinetics for LES3. Low temperature thermodynamics to improve production of liquid gas

5. Reliability and Risk Analysis1. Reliability qualification of subsea equipment for use in arctic waters2. Safety-related challenges to maintenance in Arctic waters3. Arctic resilient global supply networks

3

The Arctic hydrocarbonresource picture:USGS estimates that 25 % ofremaining oil and gas resourcesof the world will be found in theArctic region

4 Arctic technologicalchallenges

• Environment– zero emission– ice

• Exploration– icebreakers for seismics– new generation drill ships

• Production– Robust platforms– Production ships– Subsea

• Transport– long distances to land– long distances to infrastructure

5

Barents Sea - perspectives for development

• Large areas

• Large reserves

• Arctic explorationchallenges

• Favorable position tomarkets for gas

6Drillingneeds new solutions

•Arctic drilling ship

•Drilling under ice

•Drillng from onshore



•Drillng from onshore



•Drilling from onshore

Transport Solutions

Arctic Tankers

Pipeline to Shore Pipeline on Land

Sub Sea in the Arctic - can we extend the Snøhvit/Ormen Lange full well stream to shore?

9

A surface control unit at the field could include separation and possibly compression facilities

10

Åsgard FPSO solution - applicable in the Arctic?

11

What happens sub surface?

12

Arctic Tandem Offloading Terminal for level ice and ridges

Goal: To develop an offshore offloading terminal for year-round safeoffloading operations in heavy ice infested waters with high performance

Offloading Icebreaker (OIB)• High icebreaking capabilities,

• 4 Azimuth propellers (maneuverability and ice management),

• Turret mooredDouble risers,loading in 6 hours

Icebreaking shuttle tanker(~100 000 DWT)

• Icebreaking bow and stern,

• Bow loading

14

Two alternatives for ice problems:

Shallow waters: Deep waters:Handle the ice Avoid the ice

15

16

Subsea re-injection ofproduced water

Subsea separationof produced water

Heating of pipelines

Onshore electrical power supply

17

R.M. Bass, JPT, August 2006

Subsea processing projects are rocketing

18

Pumping/CompressionProcessing

Wellstream transfer > 200 km

Power Supply

Subsea to Beach – Platformless Development Made Possible

19

20 The StatoilHydro vision for the Barents Sea- 2030

AT – Methodology/areas of research (field, lab, numerics)

Ice mechanics/physics

Ice actions

Arctic FieldDevelopment

22

Energy Production from the North

1. Structures, Materials and Environment1. Loads from ice ridges2. A spectral model for ice forces due to ice crushing3. Integrated finite element analysis of ice-structure interaction4. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of steels for Arctic application

2. Marine Operations1. Flow phenomena in ship-to-ship operation2. Rerouting of marine vessels based on in-situ monitoring of ice-induced stresses

3. Petroleum Technology1. Improved oil recovery2. Well control and well integrity in Arctic areas

4. Energy and Process Technology1. Mass transfer in multiphase flow models2. Modelling of turbulent combustion and chemical kinetics for LES3. Low temperature thermodynamics to improve production of liquid gas

5. Reliability and Risk Analysis1. Reliability qualification of subsea equipment for use in arctic waters2. Safety-related challenges to maintenance in Arctic waters3. Arctic resilient global supply networks

1

1

Sustainable Infrastructure

A long-term research area atthe Faculty of Engineering Science

and Technology

ISP Seminar, Brekstad

Per Jostein Hovde2008-03-26

2

Faculty Strategy 2004-2010

Long-term research areas:

Energy and petroleum – resources and environmentMarine and maritime researchMaterialsProduct development and manufacturingSustainable infrastructure

Relation to national research areas and long-term research areas at NTNU

2

3

Sustainable development”- - - to ensure that it meets theneeds of the present withoutcompromising the ability offuture generations to meettheir own needs.

- - - sustainable developmentrequires meeting the basicneeds of all and extending to all the opportunity to fulfil theiraspirations for a better life.”

Our Common Future.The World Commission on

Environment and Development, 1987.

4

Sustainable development

Environment

Economy

Society

3

5

Infrastructure

Infrastructure has been defined in thefollowing way:

buildingsstructuresnetworks for

communication and transport plants and networks for water supply and wastewater treatmentplants for solid waste treatmentand energy productionnetworks for energy distribution

Geomatically based infrastructure

A sustainable infrastructure causesa minimum of environmental loads,

and is a key factor to establish a sustainable society.

A sustainable infrastructure causesa minimum of environmental loads,

and is a key factor to establish a sustainable society.

6

Values of national infrastructure

Turnover of the building and construction industry: NOK 360 billion per yearEstimated replacement costs: appr. NOK 4750 billionTotal value: appr. 2/3 of thenational real capitalGreat needs for upgradingand maintenance

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Buildings Roadnetworks

Water andwastewater

Hydropower

Values of infrastructure (NOK billions)

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

Infrastructure Fiscal Budget(Income) 2008

Pension Fund20070630

Comparison of values (NOK billions)

4

7

Global influence ofthe building and construction sector

25 to 40 % of total energy use30 to 40 % of total material consumption30 to 40 % of solid waste generation30 to 40 % of global greenhouse gas emission

8

Importance of the building and construction sectorThis sector of society is of such vital innate importance thatmost other industrial areas of the world society simply fade in comparison. Proper housing and the necessaryinfrastructure for transport, communication, water supplyand sanitation, energy, commercial and industrial activitiesto meet the needs of the growing world population pose themajor challenge. The Habitat II Agenda lays stress on the factthat the construction industry is a major contributor to socio-economic development in every country.

The construction industry and the built environment must be counted as two of the key areas if we are to attain a sustainable development in our societies.

CIB Agenda 21 on sustainable construction

5

9

Build the future!

”The building and construction industry is shaping the future society. The industry createsmajor parts of the physical basis for all activitiesin a society. Efforts to create a good society cannot neglect the building and constructionactivities – they are to many extents a compulsorypassageway.”

STEP – Centre for Innovative Research, 2003

10

Research for a sustainable infrastructureOver the next half century, infrastructure in almost everycountry of the world will be radically transformed due to changes in the various sectors of specific economies (in particular energy and telecommunications), the state ofdisrepair of much existing infrastructure and citizens’demands for a more sustainable economy. Research in thearea of sustainable infrastructure seeks to develop and applycreative analyses methods to address the complexinterdisciplinary nature of the issues in this field. The researchspans across all areas of Civil Engineering and into otherengineering and scientific disciplines, the social sciences, planning, public health and public policy.

University of TorontoDept. of Civil Engineering, 2005-11-09

6

11

Examples of international activities

CIB (www.cibworld.nl)Sustainable ConstructionPerformance Based BuildingRevaluing ConstructionAgenda 21 for sustainable construction (1999)Agenda 21 for sustainable construction in developing countries (2000)

ECTP (www.ectp.org)Vision 2030 (2005)Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) (2005)SRA Implementation Action Plan (IAP) (2007)National Technology Platforms (NTPs) (2004-)

National programmes in many countries

Establishing of departments and centres at manyuniversities

12

ECTP Focus Areas

Underground Construction

Cities and Buildings

Quality of Life

Materials

Networks

Cultural Heritage

Processes and ICT

7

13

ECTP Strategic Research Agenda

1. Meeting Client/User RequirementsHealthy, safe, accessible and stimulating indoorenvironment for allA new image of citiesEfficient use of underground city spaceMobility and supply through efficient networks

2. Becoming sustainableReduce resource consumption (energy, water, materials)Reduce environmental and man-made impactsSustainable management of transport and utilitiesnetworkA living cultural heritage for an attractive EuropeImprove safety and security

3. Transformation of the Construction SectorA new, client-driven, knowledge-based constructionprocessICT and automationHigh added-value construction materialsAttractive workplaces

14

National Research Plan from the Research Council of Norway

National evaluation of research in engineering science, 2004Development of a National Research Plan from the Research Council of Norway, 2006Sustainable Infrastructure defined as onearea for further research activitiesISP-project established autumn 2006

(2007-2009)17 PhD og 5 postdoc at NTNUcooperation with the NorwegianUniversity of Life Sciences and theUniversity of Stavanger

8

15

Main topics for research at NTNU

16

Research partners and network

BAT KT

IVM

SINTEFNTNU

Inter-national

Norway

BAT: Civil and Transport EngineeringIVM: Hydraulic and Environmental EngineeringKT: Structural Engineering

Civil and Environmental

Engineering

9

17

Ongoing and further activitiesat NTNU

National Research Programme on engineering scienceresearch (ISP project) (2007-2009, to be prolonged)Knowledge base and tools for development and management of a sustainable infrastructure (2008-2011)Various department-based projectsDevelopment of a research mapInternational workshop for network and publication, March 2008Organisation and structure of the research areaFurther development of national and international network

18

National Research Programme (ISP)

Area 3: Sustainable InfrastructureForecasting sustainable infrastructure (2 PhD)Climate change and consequences (3 PhD)Future materials and technology for construction and management (2 PhD, 1 postdoc)Vulnerability and safety of critical infrastructure(2 PhD, 1 postdoc)

10

19

Knowledge base and tools. . . . .

WP 2: Key areas and existing knowledge base(1 postdoc)

WP 3: Indicators for a sustainable infrastructure(1 PhD)

WP 4: LCA and LCC of infrastructure(1 postdoc)

20

Input for development ofa research map

11

21

Construction and managementof a sustainable infrastructurewill be of major importance in

the future, and we want to contribute to the knowledge

base of these activities.

1

1

Renewable Energy –

short status & challangesJohan E. Hustad

Professor/Dept. Director Energy and Process Engineering

NTNU

Director - Center for Renewable Energy NTNU-SINTEF-IFE

Global Investment in Renewable Energy,2004 – 2006

Note: Grossed-up values based on disclosed deals. The figures represent new investment only, and do not include PE buy-outs, acquisitions of renewable energy projects, nor investor exits made through Public Market /OTC offerings.

Source: SEFI, New Energy Finance

2

Global Investment in Sustainable Energy by Technology, 2006

Note: Grossed-up values based on disclosed deals. The figures represent new investment only, and do not include PE buy-outs, acquisitions of projects, nor investor exits made through Public Market /OTC offerings.


Global Investment in Renewable Energy by Region, 2004 – 2006: $bn

Note: Grossed-up values based on disclosed deals. The figures represent new investment only, and do not include PE buy-outs, acquisitions of renewable energy projects, nor investor exits made through Public Market /OTC offerings.


3

5

Solar cells in Japan – Learning curves

Evolution of efficiencies

4

Road Map ofPhotovoltaic Power Generation

Road Map ofPhotovoltaic Power Generation

Grid connected sys.

factory

Residenｔial

Semi-independent large scale sys.

\7 /kWh

～\50 /kWh

\30 /kWh

\23 /kWh

\14 /kWh

active network control

export

Network with other DPS

VLSPV

2002 2007 2010 2020 20302002 2007 2010 2020 2030

H2 production

12～17%→ →10～15% 16～19%→ 22%以上12～17%→ →10～15% 16～19%→ >22%power eff. η

multi-junctionThin filmSolar Cell Tech.

toward lower cost bygeneration change

thin film cells into market

system with battery

Non-semicond.Solar cell

Local community sys.Wide area connected sys.

Solar home sys.

PV systemToward self-

controlled sys.

cost

5

Wafer

SawingIngotDirectional solidification

Charging of crucible

HELIOSI: A unique test laboratoryat SINTEF & NTNU for directional solidification

ScanWafer: largest wafer producer in the world

ScanCell,ScanModuleSolEnergy

SINTEFspinoff:

Crucibletechnology

Feedstock!RenewableEnergyCorporation

SGS – Elkem Solar

Solar cells in Norway

Den norske bransjen -> Si-basert waferteknologiR

åvarer

Si (98%)

SoG-SiMetallurgisk

Elektrokjemisk Kjemisk

Wafer

Celle

Panel

REC Silicon REC Wafer REC Solar

SINTEF/….

Norsun

NorwCryst Metall-kraft

Orkla Ex.

SiC-Pr.

CruSiN

NSR

Elkem Solar

EFD

Bandak

6

Solar energyExamples of current PhD students:

Testing and optimising of a small acale concentrating solar energy systemChikukwa, Actor

Conversion of silicon tetrachloride to trichlorosilaneØdegård, Cecilie

Quartz raw-material for metallurgical production of FeSi and SimetalAasly, Kurt

Refining of recycled photo voltaic silicon by filtration and argon gas bubblingCiftja, Arjan

Superconductivity in thin film nanostructuresAlvarez, Lucero

Factors affecting solar ultraviolet radiationBhattarai, Binod Kumar

Direct and diffuse solar ultraviolet measurementsBagheri, Asadollah

Thermal

Wandera, Andrew

Thomassen, Sedsel Fretheim

Strandberg, Rune

Ryningen, Birgit

Nordmark, Heidi

Kvande, Rannveig

PV

Effects of Wavelength Conversion and Transition Metal Impurities onPower Conversion Efficiency in Silicon-Based Solar Cells

Third generations solar cells, MBE and FT-PL

Third generation solar cells – PLD and TEM

Characterization of silicon for solar cells

Characterization of silicon for solar cells

Production of silicon for solar cells

Contact:Turid Worren

Low energy buildingsExamples of current PhD students:

Building down barriers: Use of digital building information models in integrated design teamsTollefsen, Terje

Heat supply to low energy dwellings in district heating areasThyholt, Marit

Sustainable energy use in buildings - scenario modellingSartori, Igor

Environmental criterias of smart energy efficient buildingsMoe, Helene Tronstad

Low energy buildings - from vision to reality?Kongsli, Gry

Buildings that learn - the role of building operatorsBye, Robert

Contact:Inger Andresen

7

IFE

Wind energy - the fastest growing energy technology

EWEA press release 05-2007: “..Wind energy will be a main contributor to achieving the target for 20% of the European Union’s overall energy supply to come from renewable sources by 2020,.. By 2020, 180,000 MW could be operating...” [500 TWh in Europe]

Installed wind power

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Cap

acity

(MW

) EuropeUSAIndiaChinaOthers

J.O.Tande

Rapid technology development

8

IFE

SINTEF, IFE og NTNU co-operate in wind power R&D• ”Development of Norwegian wind power

technology” (2001-2005) Funding: Norwegian Research Council, Statkraft, Umoe and Hydro. 12 mill NOK incl 2 PhD.

• ”Strategic wind power programme” (2003-2007) Funding: Norwegian Research Council 20 mill NOK; 7 PhD + 1 Post Doc.

• “Offshore Renewable EnergySFFE PhD pool”

• “Deep sea offshore wind turbine technology” (2007-2009) Funding Norwegian Research Council Statkraft, Lyse, Hydro, Statoil, Umoe, Statnett, Nexans. 18 mill NOK incl 3 PhD

• IEA Wind R&D (active in all Annexes)• Partner in EU projects: (TradeWind, ++)• Extensive lab facilities:Test station, wind

tunnel, ocean basin, electro lab, ++ • Wind R&D seminar - the future is

offshore? Trondheim, 24-25 Jan 2008

www.sffe.nowww.sintef.no/wind

The voice of renewable energy research in Europe

VIVA – Test station at ValsnesetSINTEF/IFE/NTNU/CK/VEI

• FoU programme– Aero and structural dynamics- design basis (NTNU)– Power conversion modelling and control

(SEfAS/NTNU)– Micro-scale flow modelling - complex terrain (IFE)– Aesthetics, politics and public planning (NTNU)– Wind/renewable electric lab (NTNU/SINTEF)

9

18

Havenergiprogrammet• Formål:

Øke kunnskapsomfanget og utdanningskapasiteten innen havenergi gjennomPhD og Masteroppgaver.

• Partnere: Statkraft, NTNU, Uppsala Universitet, DTU.

Tidsplan og budsjett: 4 år +/NOK 60 – 80 mill. Kr.

Områder: 1. Etablere et tverrfaglig forsknings- og

utdanningsprogram innen områdenemarine konstruksjoner, marinhydrodynamikk, aerodynamikk, elektro, materialer, drift og vedlikehold.

2. Designkriterier på faste og flytendekonsepter.

3. Størst omfang på offshore vind, men ogsåomfatte bølgeenergi og tidevann.

10

19

PhD

PhD

PhD

Felles tverrfaglige konsept

PhD-oppgaver (dybde studier)

Kraftelektronikk

ElkraftteknikkInnovasjon

Hydro-dynam

ikk

Konstruksjon

Nettintegrering

…

Mulighet for parallelle tverrfaglige studierEksempler fra prosjektet Offshore fornybar energi

Felles visjon, artikler, møter og seminarer, prosjekt, …

20Center for Ships and Ocean StructuresScope of Research

Oil and gasproduction

Renewableenergy

Ships

Experiments/full-scale obs.

PrincipalResearchAreas

Integration of Disciplines

Research Challenges

Hydro-dynamics

StructuralMechanics

AutomaticControl

Theory

Ocean Structures

Seafoodproduction

Infrastructure

TransportOil and gas

Renewableenergy

45+ doctorate students

11

21

Biofuels are hot again - this time it’s the global warming

12

Energy from biomass. Routes and options

bio-dieselbio-diesel

methanolmethanol

FT-liquidsFT-liquids

substitute natural gassubstitute natural gas

ethanolethanol

oiloil

biomass

& biomass

waste

& energy crops

biomass

& biomass

waste

& energy crops electricityelectricity

work

&

Movement

work

&

Movement

Hydrogen (H2)

Hydrogen (H2)

FUELS INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS / SECONDARY ENERGY CARRIERS

FINAL PRODUCTS

engine

engine

engine

engine

engine

eng/turbine

Combustion + steam cycle or Stirling

extraction

fermentation

pyrolysis

hydrogasif. or digestion

gasification

biological processes

synthesis

Synthesis gas (CO + H2)

Synthesis gas (CO + H2)

reforming

eng/turbine

fuel cell

generator/engine

BioSOFCFICFB process – The Güssing plant

13

25

Both agricultural and wood based materials are involved in biofuels production

Biomass to liquids (Second generation)

Biodiesel

Rapeseed

Europe, Canada, China, Russia

Palm

Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria

Jatropha

Africa, South Eastern Asia, India

Switchgrass Miscanthus StrawBagasse

Bioethanol

Sugar cane

Brazil, India, China, Colombia

Corn

US, China

Sugar beet

Europe, China

Wheat Europe,

India, China, US

Wood

26

Currently, FT-synthetic fuels are not competitive unless the oil price exceeds 100 $/bbl

Note: ES: Ethanol from Sugar cane; EC: Ethanol from corn; EB; Ethanol from beet; EW: Ethanol form wheat; ELC: Ethanol from ligno cellulose; BA: Biodiesel from animal fats; BV: Biodiesel from vegetable oils; FT: Fischer Tropsch synthetic fuels Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

Diesel and gasoline from fossil Bioethanol and biodiesel

1

14

27

Senter for Fornybar Energi (SFFE)• Senteret er virtuelt, koordinerende og rådgivende organ for

undervisnings- og forskningsmiljøene ved NTNU, SINTEF og IFE innen fornybar energi

• SFFEs Styre kommer fra NTNU, SINTEF, IFE og industri

• Senteret rapporterer til NTNUs, SINTEFs og IFEs ledelse

• Nettverket omfatter ca 200 vitenskapelige ansatte og 55 PhD-studenter innen fornybar energi

1

ENERGI – MAT - MILJØ

Presentasjon påISP Seminar”Mat fra Nord!

2008-03-26

Trygve M. EikevikProfessor

Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU)Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk

[email protected]://folk.ntnu.no/tme

2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2000 2010 2020 2030

År

Verd

iska

pnin

gspo

tens

iale

[Mrd

.kr.]

Utstyr, oppdrett utl., kompetanseBiokjemikalier, energibærereFôr, høyproduktive havområderNye arter, skjell og algerLaks og laksefiskTradisjonell fiskerinæring

Potensiale for verdiskapning fra marine ressurser

Ref. Norges muligheter for verdiskapnininnen havbruk (ISBN 82-7719-035-2)

4

ForskningsrådetFagplan innen ingeniørvitenskap• Verdikjede Sjømat

– Fangsting og prosessering om bord– Fòrteknologi– Vannbehandling og resirkulering av vann– Handtering og slakting av oppdrettsfisk og høsting av skalldyr– Foredlingsbedrifter – rasjonell produksjon / automatisering – krever

kompetanse– Energieffektivisering i næringsmiddelindustrien– Omsetningsledd

5

Norges Forskningsråd –Fagplan innen ingeniørvitenskapGrunnleggende forskningsbehov

• Varme- og massetransport i næringsmidler og fòr som gjennomgår termisk behandling

• Termiske parametere i forbindelse med varme- og massetransport (termisk konduktivitet, spesifikk varme, termisk diffusivitet, tetthet etc.)

• Modellering av varme- og massetransport i næringsmidler• Næringsmidlers termodynamikk (faseforandring ved prosessering og lagring,

1.ordens faseforandring ved frysing og tining, 2. ordens faseforandring som glassovergang)

• Vann i næringsmidler (vannaktivitet, sorpsjonsstudier og tørketeknikk)• Reologi-studier av næringsmidler under prosessering og lagring (hardhet,

flytbarhet)• Varme- og masseoverførende komponenter og systemer for å oppnå høyest

mulig effektivitet til lavest mulig kostnad• Forståelse av mikrobiologiske og kjemiske/ernæringsmessige forandringer for

næringsmidler og fòr som gjennomgår prosessering og lagring

6

Anvendte forskningsbehov:Fangsting og prosessering om bord i båter:• Effektive og skånsomme produksjonssystemer om bord for slakting og sløying• Utvikling av teknologi for levende ilandføring av fisk og til lønnsom lagring og

oppfôring av villfisk og oppdrett• Utvikling av teknologi og metoder for høsting og konservering av zooplanktonFòrteknologi:• Metoder og teknologi som muliggjør utnyttelse av nye råstoffer, eksempelvis

ny prosessering og fraksjonering og utskillelse av inhiberende stoffer• Metodikk for styring og kontroll av kjemiske og tekniske egenskaper• Alternative kondisjoneringsmetoder for tilgjengeliggjøring i alternative

næringsstoffer i alternative råvarer• Optimalisering av ekstruderingsprosessen gjennom bruk av online

måleteknologi• Kunnskap om metoder og teknologi som gjør det mulig å bruke

landbruksbaserte råvarer til produksjon av fiskefòr

7

Anvendte forskningsbehov (forts.):Vannbehandling og resirkulering av vann• Økt kunnskap om betydningen av de fysiske og kjemiske endringene i vannet

som følge av redusert vanntilførsel og resirkulering av vann og hvordan dette påvirker fisken

• Metoder og teknologi for fjerning av CO2 (kostnadseffektivt)• Enkel, sikker og rimelig teknologi for resirkulering av vannHandtering og slakting av oppdrettsfisk og høsting av skalldyr• Utvikling og tilpassing av skånsomme og effektive metoder for transport av

levende fisk fra merd til slakterier• Utvikling av skånsomme metoder for handtering før og under slakting for å

redusere stresspåkjenningen og derved kvaliteten• Kunnskap og utvikling av metodikk for måling av påvirkning (stress) på

levende organismer som kan relateres til kvalitetstap• Kunnskap om alternative bedøvnings- og utblødningsteknologier• Effektiv og skånsom teknologi for høsting av skalldyr

8

Anvendte forskningsbehov (forts.):Foredlingsbedrifter:• Automatisering og robotisering for effektivisering og rasjonalisering av

enhetsoperasjoner• Utvikling av prosesser for skånsom bearbeiding og distribusjon, som ivaretar

høy kvalitet og økt utbytte på ferskt råstoff• Rasjonelle enhetsoperasjoner for effektivisering av matvareproduksjonen• Teknologi og kompetanse for fjerning av bein fra prerigor fisk• Kompetanseutvikling for bevaring av næringsinnhold, ferskhet, kvalitet og

holdbarhet• Utvikling av prosesser for kulde- og varmebehandling av marint råstoff• Hygienisk kvalitet – trygg mat• Hvordan effektivt benytte teknologi og produkter - Riktig råstoff til riktig

produkt – tilpasse prosess og produkt etter råstoff• Systemer og prosesser for utnyttelse av avskjær som råvare for nye produkter• Kunnskap om hvordan en kan effektivt benytte teknologi og produkter• Prosessutvikling for å ivareta helsemessige egenskaper ved råvarene

9

Anvendte forskningsbehov (forts.):Energieffektivisering i næringsmiddelindustrien:• Energieffektive prosesser og systemer for bevaring av kvalitet for

næringsmidler• Prediktiv regulering og kontroll av komplekse kuldetekniske installasjoner i

foredlingsindustrien• Utnyttelse av lavtemperatur spillvarme fra prosessanlegg til oppdrettOmsetningsledd:• Systemer og prosesser for økt holdbarhet gjennom kontrollert temperatur for

produktene fra fangst til forbruker• Merkesystemer som beskriver opprinnelse og temperaturpåkjenning gjennom

kjeden fra fangst til forbruker• Utvikling av systemer for håndtering og transport av levende produkter (som

for eksempel skjell)

10

Gemeni-senter Anvendt kuldeteknikkSamarbeidsmodell NTNU og SINTEF

Felles bruk av laboratorier og instrumenter

Felles bruk av laboratorier og instrumenter

SINTEF ansatte underviser ved

NTNU

SINTEF ansatte underviser ved

NTNU

NTNU ansatte arbeider på

SINTEF prosjekter

NTNU ansatte arbeider på

SINTEF prosjekter

11

Gemini-senter Anvendt kuldeteknikkPersonellSINTEF• Claussen, Ingrid Camilla (PhD)• Drescher, Michael (siviling.)• Gjøvåg, Gunnhild (siviling., permisjon)• Hafner, Armin (PhD)• Hardarson, Vidar (PhD)• Hemmingsen, Anne K. (PhD)• Indergård, Erlend (Siviling.)• Ladam, Yves (PhD)• Magnussen, Ola M. (Prof.)• Nekså, Petter (PhD)• Nordtvedt, Tom Ståle (siviling)• Walde, Per Magne (PhD)• Skaugen, Geir (PhD)• Skiple, Torgeir (siviling.)• Stang, Jacob (PhD)• Stevik, Astrid (siviling.)

• Gullsvåg, Per Egil (ing.)• Johansen, Solfrid (ing., permisjon)

NTNU• Bredesen, Arne M. (Prof.)• Dorao, Carlos (1. amanuensis)• Eikevik, Trygve M. (Prof.)• Strømmen, Ingvald (Prof.)• Pettersen, Jostein (Prof. II)• Owren, Geir (Prof. II)• Fredheim, Arne O. (Prof. II)

• Andresen, Trond (PhD-stud)• Bantle, Michael (PhD-stud)• Ustad, Torgeir (PhD-stud)• Widell, Kristina N. (PhD-stud)• N.N. (ISP Super freezing)• N.N. (KMB-project – Super chilling)

• Rekstad, Håvard (ing.)

• Marie Curie Training Site – studenter(siste året ca. 24 månedsverk)

12

Laboratorier• Kuldetekniske

komponenter(900 m2)

• Avvannings- og tørkelab. (300 m2)

• Næringsmiddelteknologi(900 m2)

13

Kompetanse innen kuldeteknikk rettet mot matområdetKunnskap om koblingen mellom utstyr og næringsmiddelet

• Nedkjøling, innfrysing, tining og temperering• Fryse- og kjølelagring• Termisk prosessering• Emballasje som kvalitetsfaktor• Kuldekjede for næringsmidler (temperaturkontroll fra fangst til

forbruker)• Næringsmiddel prosesser• Industrielle kuldeprosesser• Systemanalyser• Miljøvennlige og energieffektive kuldeprosesser (Naturlige

kuldemedier)• Energieffektive kuldesystemer – redusert effekt og energibruk• Energieffektiv tørking ved bruk av varmepumpe – temperaturprogram

gir nye muligheter• Avvannings- og tørketeknologi

14

Kunnskapsutvikling

• Teoretiske studier• Modellering - dataprogrammer• Verifisering gjennom praktiske forsøk i laboratoriet og ute i bedriftene

Krever grunnleggende kunnskap om • varme- og massetransport• varme- og masseovergang• strømningsteknikk• termodynamikk – system og produkt

15

Superchilled benefits – in brief

DistributionProduction Consumption

⇒Reduced temperature and longer shelf life

⇒Improved sensorial quality -more value for €

⇒Reduced transport weight and costs

⇒Reduced environmental impact

⇒Higher yield and reduced micro-biological risk

⇒Easier to handle = increased capacity

Benefits throughout the value chain;Why is it not more exploited?

16

Temperature and ice-fraction is important

-40 -30 -20 -10 0

Temperatur [ C]

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Flytende vann

Typical accuracy +/- 0.5°C gives poor feedback from product to process…

…. how to control the process?

17

Superkjøling

0Fart

15 m/s

Viskøs, 2D strømning(Fluent®)

5 -40°CTemperatur

Ulineær, transient, 2D varmeledning

(Algor®)

18

Utvikling av kunnskaper innen:

• Superkjøling – partiell utfrysing av matvarer – forlenget holdbarhet for ferskvare

• Superfrysing – tining• Termodynamikk for matvarer ved lave temperaturer• Kuldekjede – temperaturkontroll – systemutvikling• Miljøvennlige kuldesystemer om bord i båter• Prosessering av marint råstoff til fòr (Zooplankton)• Redusert effekttopper og energibruk i foredlingsindustri –

kuldemagasinering• Utnyttelse av spillvarme for matproduksjon• Avvanning- og tørketeknologi

19

Avvanning og tørking

• Retning går mot:– Vanskelige råstoff som:

• Ensilasje• Sukkerholdig produkter (juicer, biter av frukt)

– Bioaktive stoffer som:• Medisinske komponenter• Humane og animalske celler• Biobank materialer (DNA, RNA)• Bakterier og enzymer

– Komponenter i fòr• Vannvandring• Sorpsjonsstudier• Blandingers påvirkning på lagringsstabilitet

20

AvvanningslaboratorietAvvanningslaboratoriet

• Forretningsidé: ”Å drive forskning og teknologiutvikling knyttet til avvanningsprosesser”.

• Målet er å hjelpe to typer norske industribedrifter:– produsenter som ønsker å videreutvikle

tørkeprosesser eller utvikle nye tørkede produkter

– utstyrleverandører som betjener produsentene

Thank you forThank you foryour attention!your attention!

21

1

Low temperature thermodynamics to improve the production of liquefied gas mixture

Longman Zhang

Supervisor: Professor Arne Mathias BredesenCo-supervisors: Professor Jostein Pettersen

Professor Yonglin Ju

ISP PhD Project

Outline

Background

Objective

Methodology

Expected results

2

Background

Introduction of LNG

When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -160oCat atmospheric pressure it condenses to LNG, one volume of LNG takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas, which is suitable for transportation.

The first base-load LNG plant came on stream in Algeria in 1963.

The European first base-load LNG plant, Snøhvit, started to run in September, 2007.

3

LNG accounts for the most of the increase in global natural gas inter-regional trade in these decades

From International Energy Agency ,World Energy Organization Outlook 2006,

Norwegian Snøhvit LNG plant

From Statoil presentation, Tom Therkildsen,Dubai, September, 2007

4

Conventional LNG plant processPre-treatment

LNG specification

Disadvantages brought by pre-treatment

Pressure lose due to the purification process

Need large space to handle the equipment, not suitable for offshore use

5

Offshore energy production is important for Norway

From StatoilHydro, Einar M. Jensen, Bank of America Global Energy Conference, 2007

New concepts for condensing natural gas

Liquefaction of unprocessed well stream (LUWS)

ProcessCompare of LUWS and

traditional LNG

Characteristic: without pre-treatment

Higher efficiency

Less equipments

Suitable for offshore application

From: World Intellectual Property Organization, WO 2004/057252 A1

6

Heavy Liquefied Gas (HLG)

Characteristic: simple pre-treatment

Higher efficiency

Less equipments

From: HLG, Pål Rushfeldt, 18.02.2005

One critical point in such new concepts

CO2, heavy hydrocarbon, water and other impurities present in the cryogenic process, which may freeze-out (form solids) and block the process.1. On the natural gas side: both for LUWS and HLG2. On the refrigerant side: HLG uses MCR (Mixed Coolant Refrigeration) process, a typical refrigerant contains C1, C2, and C3.

It’s important to understand the freeze-out phenomena of gas mixture in the cryogenic process

7

Freeze out phenomena in other cases

Snøhvit MFC (Mixed Fluid Cascade) process MRC pre-cooling LH2 Process

Less than 80K

Basic thermodynamics related to freeze out phenomena

Phase equilibrium thermodynamics in chemical engineering

Qualitative Pressure-Temperature Diagramfor the Methane-Carbon Dioxide Binary System

8

Objective

Develop fundamental understanding of freeze-out phenomena in multi-component gas mixture at low temperature, especially related to the following projects:

LUWS

HLG

Snøhvit

MCR pre-cooling LH2

Research methodology

Collect and systemize historical researchresults and experience

Simulate the solid phase behaviors using existing models.

Design experimental system and carry out systemized experiments to get new data.

Get the specific requirements (pressure, temperature, components) from the project

Mutual verification, modification

Mutual verification, modification

Make new database for the projectsImplement the new database to the existing modelsGet instructions for the project.

Focus on experiments

Collaborate with other groups

9

Expected results

Data accumulation. Related literature, experimental data will be accumulated and systemized in the PhD research, which is helpful to the further study.Theoretical analysis. The freeze-out phenomena will be analyzed theoretically based on the experiments and experience gained from LUWS, HLG Snøhvit and MCR pre-cooling LH2 projects.Research methodology. The methodology related to gas mixture thermodynamics at low temperatures will be developed both from experimental and theoretical aspects.

Others

PhD study started at August, 2007Experimental work will start in AprilThe PhD work is sponsored by ISP program, great support got from StatoilHydro and SINTEF

10

Thank You !

1

Modeling of Turbulent Modeling of Turbulent Combustion and Chemical Combustion and Chemical

Kinetics for LESKinetics for LES

BALRAM PANJWANIBALRAM PANJWANIMain Supervisor

Ivar Ståle Ertesvåg (Professor, dr.ing.)

Co- SupervisorKjell Erik Rian( Ass. professor, dr.ing. )

Andrea Gruber (Research Scientist, PhD)

Outline of the projectOutline of the projectBackgroundBackgroundObjectiveObjectiveMathematical modelMathematical modelHow LES works?How LES works?Spider (InSpider (In--house CFD RANS house CFD RANS code)code)RANS and LES simulation over RANS and LES simulation over square cylinder square cylinder Combustion modelsCombustion models

2

The growing oil prices need attentionThe growing oil prices need attentionfor combustion system with better fuel for combustion system with better fuel

efficiencyefficiency

Increasing Global temperatureIncreasing Global temperaturedemands for better prediction ofdemands for better prediction of

green house gases (CO2, Nox) etcgreen house gases (CO2, Nox) etc

3

Impact of fuel efficiency on fuel savingImpact of fuel efficiency on fuel savingand Green house gases emission and Green house gases emission

Impact of fuel efficiency on fuel savingImpact of fuel efficiency on fuel savingand Green house gases emissionand Green house gases emission

It is observed from graph 4.2 and 4.4 It is observed from graph 4.2 and 4.4 that if the fuel efficiency is increased by that if the fuel efficiency is increased by 45% miles per gallon (MPG) than fuel 45% miles per gallon (MPG) than fuel saving can be increased up to 50000 saving can be increased up to 50000 million Gallon per year and green gases million Gallon per year and green gases emission can be reduced by 150 million emission can be reduced by 150 million metric tons per yearmetric tons per year

Better prediction of combustion system is Better prediction of combustion system is required for fuel saving and global required for fuel saving and global warming?warming?

4

ObjectiveObjectiveThe main objective of the project is to The main objective of the project is to built a Mathematical model for built a Mathematical model for combustion system, in order to avoid combustion system, in order to avoid expensive experiments. expensive experiments.

Solve the mathematical Models to Solve the mathematical Models to estimate combustion efficiency and estimate combustion efficiency and pollutant concentration. pollutant concentration.

Provide a reliable and better solution for Provide a reliable and better solution for the turbulent combustion. the turbulent combustion.

Introduction to research areaIntroduction to research areaWhat is combustionWhat is combustion

Derive mathematical model for simpleDerive mathematical model for simpleflow problemflow problemIntroduce combustion modelsIntroduce combustion models

5

Mathematical model for combustionMathematical model for combustion

Conservation of massConservation of mass

Conservation of momentumConservation of momentum

Conservation of energy Conservation of energy

••Conservation of speciesConservation of species

••Solution of the above equationsSolution of the above equations

U i= U i +U i'

Solution of Mathematical model Solution of Mathematical model Numerical methods viz. Finite Numerical methods viz. Finite difference method, Finite volume difference method, Finite volume method, Finite element method method, Finite element method etc can be used for solving the etc can be used for solving the equationsequationsDepending on handling the Depending on handling the turbulence three simulation turbulence three simulation technique exist technique exist Direct Numerical simulation Direct Numerical simulation (DNS)(DNS)Reynolds Averaged Navier Stoke Reynolds Averaged Navier Stoke equations (RANS)equations (RANS)Large eddy simulation (LES)Large eddy simulation (LES)

6

DNS

LES

RANS

7

Frame work of the current projectFrame work of the current projectFinite volume method will be used for solving Finite volume method will be used for solving mathematical modelmathematical model

Large eddy simulation will be used to handle Large eddy simulation will be used to handle turbulenceturbulence

During an early stage of the project, During an early stage of the project, available codes will be discussed and available codes will be discussed and evaluated for use in the project. evaluated for use in the project.

Regarding combustion first in house Regarding combustion first in house developed Eddy Dissipation Concept model developed Eddy Dissipation Concept model with fast and detailed chemistry will be usedwith fast and detailed chemistry will be used

How LES works?How LES works?Filtering Filtering

Subgrid Stress Tensor Subgrid Stress Tensor

The filtered equation are The filtered equation are solved numerically for solved numerically for filtered velocity.filtered velocity.

8

Spider (InSpider (In--house CFD RANS code)house CFD RANS code)Spider solves combustion mathematical Spider solves combustion mathematical models using RANS with kmodels using RANS with k--e or RSM e or RSM turbulence model.turbulence model.Spider is modified for LES using implicit filtersSpider is modified for LES using implicit filters

Computation of eddy viscosity Computation of eddy viscosity SmagorinskySmagorinsky

Dynamic subgridDynamic subgrid--scalescale

Wale Model Wale Model

9

Computation of filtered velocityComputation of filtered velocity

u=u+12Δ2

12 �∂2u∂ x2 �∂2u

∂ y2 �∂2u∂ z2 �

u=u+12 �� .Δ

2

12� u�

Laplace filterLaplace filter

Filter based on area averaging Filter based on area averaging

u=u+∑i=1,6

Ai ui

∑i=1,6

Ai

Status of the projectStatus of the project

Spider 3D is modified for Large eddy Spider 3D is modified for Large eddy simulation using implicit filterssimulation using implicit filtersEddy viscosity is computed using Eddy viscosity is computed using Smagorinsky model, Germano Dynamic Smagorinsky model, Germano Dynamic model and Walemodel and Wale--model.model.At present Spider has POW and Second At present Spider has POW and Second order upwind discreatization scheme for order upwind discreatization scheme for convective terms. The upwind schemes convective terms. The upwind schemes are diffusive in nature. are diffusive in nature. The Spider will be modified for low The Spider will be modified for low diffusive higher order discreatization diffusive higher order discreatization schemes.schemes.

10

Results and Discussions for LESResults and Discussions for LES

Simulation over square cylinder is Simulation over square cylinder is carried out Re=22000 using POW carried out Re=22000 using POW scheme as well as SOU scheme as well as SOU Comparison between RANS and LES Comparison between RANS and LES are presented.are presented.The results are compared with The results are compared with experiments and with CFD results. experiments and with CFD results.

A test case for flow over square cylinderA test case for flow over square cylinder

11

U velocity contour U velocity contour

RANSRANS

LESLES

Stream lines for RANS over square cylinderStream lines for RANS over square cylinder

12

Stream lines for LES over square cylinderStream lines for LES over square cylinder

Stream lines for LES over square cylinderStream lines for LES over square cylinderExperimentsExperiments CFDCFD

LES LES RANS RANS

13

Combustion Models for no preCombustion Models for no pre--mixed combustion mixed combustion

Transport equation for the mass fraction of Transport equation for the mass fraction of kk--thth species isspecies is

A nonA non--reactive (passive) the mixture fraction is governed reactive (passive) the mixture fraction is governed by the following transport equationby the following transport equation

Eddy dissipation Concept modelEddy dissipation Concept modelConditional Momentum closureConditional Momentum closureLinear Eddy modelLinear Eddy modelFlamelet modelFlamelet model

Expected resultsExpected results1)1) Large eddy simulation will be Large eddy simulation will be used to understand the basic used to understand the basic flow problemflow problem

2)2)Once results are verified for Once results are verified for simple flow problem than simple flow problem than combustion model will be added combustion model will be added

3)3)LES with combustion models LES with combustion models will be used to predict pollutant will be used to predict pollutant concentration and efficiencyconcentration and efficiency

4)4)This project will help us to find This project will help us to find out the performance parameters out the performance parameters for a combustion system. for a combustion system.

14

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

1

1

UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION AND RISK ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM USING

PROBABILISTIC OPERATION AND MODELLING APPROACH

Research Fellow:Mulugeta Bereded Zelelew

Supervisor:Associate Prof Knut Alfredsen

Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

ISP Seminar – 26 March 2008Berkstad, Trondheim

2

CONTENTS

1. Background and Brief Overview of the Research

2. Objectives of the Research

3. Modelling Approaches and Research Methodology

4. Preliminary Analysis on error magnitude: Telemark

Catchment - Southern Norway

5. Expected Outputs of the Research

6. Work Plan/schedule

Mulugeta, UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION AND RISK ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM…

2

3

Figure 1: Definition of a Water Resource System

1. Background and Brief Overview of the Research:Definition of System: (Dooge, 1973)“any structure, device, scheme, or procedure, real or abstract, that Interrelates in a given time reference, aninput, cause, or stimulus, ofenergy, information, ormatter, and an output, effector response, of information, energy or matter”

Example: A river Basin with all its tributaries and infrastructures within it

Large Reservoir

Dams & Small Reservoir

Settlement area & Infrastructures


4 In Real time Planning and Operation of a Water Resource System:Uncertainty exists:• Limitation of input data• Variable estimation and extrapolation methodology• Choice of Computation method/Model • System complexity and our ability to understand

Uncertainty propagation patterns• The Risk of current & future climate changeOn the Other hand:• Magnitude of error/uncertainty increases with

increasing magnitude of variables• Uncertainty can not be avoided• Uncertainty can be managed and reduced through the

improvement of computation and input data estimation methodologies


3

5

• It is possible to consider and bring risk cost in to planning and operation of water resource projects

• In recent time floods threatened life; caused costly damage on infrastructure and disrupted vital functions of society

The situation was also reported in Norway: “breakage of a hydropower dam is the single event with the highest damage potential in Norway. Special guidelines is therefore in place for planning, building and operation of such installations”, NOU 2000:24 et sårbart samfunn

• Hence, We need an Integrated Water Resource Modelling Approach and Integrated Operation & Flood management system


6

Picture from the 2006 flood in Trondelag[Photo: Ole Martin Dahle]


4

7

Picture: A flooded Village - Sweden


8

Figure 2 : The interaction between the potential to produce power, flood protection and dam safety


5

9

2. Objectives of the Research:

• To bring risk cost in to the operations of Water Resource System (e.g. Hydropower plant)

• To better manage the operation of Water Resource System in order to ensure functional ability, downstream Infrastructural sustainability and operational reliability at critical situations, institutional and policy conditions

• To ensure the safety of dams in order to minimize/avoid downstream risks

• To identify vulnerable sectors in the society• To address the scientific interest and concern of

incorporating Uncertainty in planning and operation of Water Resource System

• To get insight about Uncertainty propagation and Risks in operation of Water Resource System and investigate the implications on costs of power production and infrastructures


10

3. Modelling Approaches and Research Methodology:

Modelling Approaches:

• Deterministic• Stochastic

Figure 3: Deterministic approachA parametric deterministic model maps a set of

input variables to a set of output variables


6

11

Uncertainty Propagation

Figure 4: Probabilistic approach, showing the principal of stochastic uncertainty propagation


• Stochastic models allow for some randomness or uncertainty in the possible outcomes due to uncertainties

• Model outputs can be generated stochastically with the same statistical properties as the time series records which allow for uncertainty analysis

12

Methodology of the Research:

• Developing a Conceptual Framework which explores the linkage between scenarios and propagation of Uncertainty at different operational levels

• Defining the System and inputs (Deterministic or Stochastic)

• Integrating Models and Computation Methodologies • Evaluation of current management approaches &

guidelines • Evaluation of the System Reliability & Safety• Testing the proposed procedure using field data (CASE

STUDY-Telemark Catchment)


7

13

Figure 5: Processes involved in defining the water resource system and the computational framework

Selecting Operation Strategy

Modelling Real Time OperationScenarios

Uncertainty Estimation and Propagation

Assessment of Consequences: Directbenefits losses, damages associatedwith operation strategy and theUncertainties

System Evaluation and Risk Analysis

Decision/feedback to initial planningConsiderations

System definition, catchment configuration

Alternative operation systems, flood management guide lines: failure probabilities, output requirement conditions, thresholds, constraints

Conceptualize Real Time Operation

Estimate of output loss, Estimate of damages, failure probabilities

Risk Analysis: Risk costs, damage estimate

Estimating Real Time CostsDiscounted cost

Deterministic/stochastic uncertainty approaches, quantifying uncertainty of inputs, transferring the uncertainty to outputs, uncertainty propagation patterns

System Definition, Initial condition, Realtime Planning considerations


14 4. Preliminary Analysis on error magnitude: Telemark Catchment -Southern Norway

Figure 6: Telemark Catchment – Southern Norway


8

15

Figure 7: Telemark Catchment


16

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

17-Jun-07 22-Jun-07 27-Jun-07 2-Jul-07 7-Jul-07 12-Jul-07 17-Jul-07 22-Jul-07 27-Jul-07 1-Aug-07 6-Aug-07

Time (Day)

Q (m

3/s)

Tinn_Scaled Outflow Tinn_Recorded Outflow

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

17-Jun-07 27-Jun-07 7-Jul-07 17-Jul-07 27-Jul-07 6-Aug-07Time (day)

Q (m

3/s)

Heddals_Scaled Outflow Heddals_Recorded Outflow

Error

Total outflow comparison of series reservoirs:

Tinnsjø Reservoir

Heddalvatn Reservoir


9

17

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Q (Recorded Flow)(m3/s)

Err

or (R

ecor

ded

- Est

imat

ed) (

m3/

s)

Tinnsjø Local flow

Tinnsjø total flow

Heddalsvatn local flow

Heddalsvatn total flow

Comparison of error with flow magnitude in series reservoirs:


18

5. Expected Results of the Research

• Improved input data and variable estimation methodologies – mainly on flow estimation and model parameter regionalization which can further be expanded to similar applications

• Uncertainty handling and incorporation of risk cost in to operational costs

• Methodology for development of improved water resource decision support tools

• Possibility of model integration and assessment of the impact of independent and simultaneous simulations on uncertainty propagation

• Reports and publications which can be sources of information for the scientific community, water resource managers, operators, society and stakeholders


10

19

6. Work Plan/ Schedule

Final model development, Present outs puts from the computations,

principles and Case studies, Finalize dissertation.

4

Finishing Modelling the Water Resource System Operations Decision

Support System (DSS), Implementation of the methodology, procedure and

Modelling - Case study: Telemark Water Resource System

3

Data Analysis, Development of the research methodologies, defining and

Modelling the System and Testing of the Conceptual Framework

procedures

2

Organized training, Selected lectures and seminars, Preliminary work

error/uncertainty propagation, Refining and finalizing the proposal and the

Conceptual Framework, Data collection and analysis

1

ActivityYear [1]

[1] Starting Date: 24 October 2007, Completion date: 31 January 2012


20

TUSEN TAKK!!


Systems Analysis and

Environmental Indicators for

Sustainable Infrastructure

Johanne HammervoldPhD candidate in Industrial Ecology

ISP seminar Brekstad 26.03.2008

Infrastructure

• Material and energy intensive• Shapes secondary consumption• Long lifetime• Operation, repair and maintenance

Infrastructure


Substantial environmental impacts over time

Infrastructure


Substantial environmental impacts over time

Important to include environmental aspects inplanning and construction

Cases • Bridges

– Calculation of life cycle environmental impacts• Decision making support

– Life Cycle Cost (LCC) calculations

– As part of joint Scandinavian project• Road administrations

• Another infrastructure type/system(e.g.: roads, water and sewage systems, energy supply systems)

– Calculation of life cycle environmental impacts

Research questions (preliminary)

• What is a suited methodology for measuring environmental performance?

• How can environmental concerns be part of decision making regarding infrastructure?– Environmental issues implemented in planning tools

• For test cases: – What are the crucial factors contributing to environmental impacts?

– What are the most important environmental impactsrelated to the cases?

Methodology

• Systems analysis– MFA ‐Material Flow Analysis

• Mapping of material and energy consumption for a system throughout some time period

– LCA ‐ Life Cycle Assessment• Mapping of environmental impacts, due to material and energy consumption throughout lifetime of a good

(e.g. a bridge)

Methodology ‐ Systems analysis

COMPONENT PRODUCTION

OPERATIONREPAIR

MAINTENANCEDEMOLITION

END-OF-LIFETREATMENT OF

MATERIALSCONSTRUCTION

ENERGY

MATERIALS

RECYCLING

RESOURCES

EMISSIONS TO AIR, WATER AND SOIL

Methodology cont.

• Develop methodology for implementing environmental concerns in decision making– Environmental efficiency indicators

– Integration of LCA and LCC• Combination of life cycle environmental and economic performance

• Evaluation and testing of the methodology– Suitability

– Precision

Expected results

• Suited methodology for implementation in decision making– Including method for measuring environmental performance

– Tested and evaluated

• Cases: Reveal critical factors– Material, component and/or life cycle stage that causes the largest impacts

– Most relevant environmental impacts

Thank you for your attention!

Any questions?

Development of High Performance fiber reinforcedconcrete through microstructure study

Siaw Foon Lee, Stefan Jacobsen

Department of Structural Engineering

ISP Seminar, Brekstad, Trondheim – 26th March 2008

• Definition of fiber reinforced concrete

• Historical development of fiber reinforced concrete

• Reasons of research into high performance concrete

• Fracture mechanism and Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

• Methodology – experiments & equipments

• Expected results

What is fiber reinforced concrete?

Definition of concrete (in general)

‐ a composite material consists of particles/fillers embeddedin a matrix of binders.

Functions of binders ‐ glue particles/fillers together and fill the space between.

Fiber reinforced concrete

Plain, unreinforced concrete is brittle with low tensile strength.

Inclusion of fibers (discrete, discontious materials) intoconcrete to improve the physical properties (ductility, fractureenergy and tensile strength) – to achieve high performanceconcrete.

Classification of fibers1) Metallic fibers

– steel

2) Polymeric fibers – carbon, polyester,polypropylene

3) Mineral fibers – glass

4) Natural fibers – cellulose

Historical Development of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

3500 years

Aqar Quf near Baghdad ‐ sun‐bakedclays reinforced with straw

100 years

asbestos fibers

50 years

cellulose fibers

30 years

steel, polypropylene and glass fibers

Reasons of research into high performance concrete‐ Demand of modern society

Two Union Square Towers, Seattle, Washington(Concrete strength is 137.9 MPa)

Oil platform: Sakhalin II structure at testing and installation in the Sea of Okhotsk (Concrete strength: 80 ~ 100 MPa)

Ultra High Performance Concrete: often > app. 150 MPa(new draft European Standard in preparation)

Requirements for achieving a high strength concrete:1) Low water/binder – below 0.352) Low permeability – low volume of pores

Superplasticizer

Surface active agent

Allow low water/binder, down to 0.20, still keep theworkability of fresh concrete

Four generations of superplasticizer

1) Sulfonated melamine/formaldehyde condensates (SMF)

2) Sulfonated naphthalene‐formaldehyde condensates (SNF)

3) Modified lignosulfonates (MLS)

4) Polycarboxylate derivatives (PC) – widely used at thismoment

Superplasticizers behave differently with the same cement –bleeding and segregation

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/suprplz.htm

Silica FumeParticle size: < 1 µm (> 90%)

>85% amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2)

Normally 5 to 10% of cement weight

SiO2 reacts chemically with calsium silicate hydrate to fill thespaces between cement grains

Fly ash

‐ replace part of silica fume

‐ particle size: 5 ~ 74 µm

Fracture mechanism and Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Cracks do not propagate in a straight line, but around aggregate.

Bond zone between cement paste andaggregate/reinforcement/fiber is weakerthan the bulk cement paste.

Jacques Farran (1956) first observed theaggregate‐cement paste interface in concrete ‐ interfacial transition zone (ITZ).

ITZ – 15 to 50µm, up to 100µm(1)

Objective: to improve the strength in ITZ

(1) K. Van Breugel, Simulation of Hydration and Formation of Structure in Hardening Cement‐Based Materials (Delft University Press, Delft, 1997), p. 305

Methodology – Experiments & Equipments

Equipments for making specimens

ConTec BML Viscometer 3 – for mortar and concrete

ConTec Viscometer 4 – for paste and mortar

‐ for measuring rheological parameters (yield stress, τ0 and plastic viscosity, μ) of fresh concrete.

Macromechanical test machines (Instron and Dartec)

‐ the relationship between stress and strain can be studied.

S/3400N Fully Automated VP SEM

• For microstructure study, X‐ray analysis, gray scaleconversion, etc.

• Backscattered electron image or secondary electron image

• Magnification: x5 ~ x300,000

Nanoindentation Machine

• For studying the nano mechanicalproperties of ITZ

• Max Force: 10 ~ 30 mN• Displacement resolution: 4 nm

SEM photos of cement paste containing fly ash(w/c = 0.30)

Jianying He, Zhiliang Zhang, The mechanical properties of cement paste from nanoindentaion ( ppt presentation)

Carbon nanofibers grow on steel fiber

Synthesis of carbon nanofibers by Chemical VapourDeposition (CVP) – in collaboration with Chemical Engineering, NTNU

SEM photos provided by Tiejun Zhao, De Chen, Chemical Engineering, NTNU

Expected Results

Carbon nanofibers – increase the strength in the InterfacialTransition Zone (ITZ)

Produce concrete with very high tensile strength and compressive strength higher than class V (> 150MPa) AND maintaining rheological properties so as to be applicable in civil engineering structures/infrastructure.

1

1

WP 2.2.1WP 2.2.1

Functionally Graded Materials Functionally Graded Materials For For

Highly Stressed ComponentsHighly Stressed Components

Supervision: Prof. W. H. Koch, Prof. T. K. LienSupervision: Prof. W. H. Koch, Prof. T. K. LienDepartment of Production and Quality EngineeringDepartment of Production and Quality Engineering

26.03.200826.03.2008

JingmingJingming HuoHuo

2

Introduction to Department of Production and Quality Engineering (IPK)

2

3

Background

• More and more equipments for renewable energy are being built and used

• However, some components used in such equipments are not “good” enough.– Heavy– Expensive– Vulnerable by severe conditions

4

Objectives

• Developing a Rapid Manufacturing method with low cost in resources, (such as material, time, energy, labour and so on) for high-stressed renewable energy components/equipments. – Particularly, techniques regarding a tool-making for fabricating tools

for components with Functionally Graded Material properties are of special interest.

– Exemplarily, for the Metal Printing Process, to integrate the single steps and components of the process chain.

3

5

Application Suggestions

For:• Windmills components• Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)• Wave-powered generators• Tidal power stations• Bio-energy systems

6

Research Area

• Rapid Prototyping, Manufacturing and Tooling (RPMT)

• Mechatronics• Non-linear Optimization and FEM• Material Science (Powder Metallurgy)

4

7

Introduction to Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs)• FGM is a form of engineering material where the

properties change gradually through the substance• The properties of FGMs are engineered to fulfill

various requirements, e.g. functionality, physical-, chemical- and biological-resistance– temperature, – vibrations, – loads, – wear and tear– and so on

• Suitable for working in severe conditions– Polar region, blue water, etc.

8

Why FGMs?

• for instance, components with FGMs could be fabricated in such way that it has a surface with corrosion-resistant material, and then gradually changes to a strong interior material with high stress-resistence.

• This characteristic results in:– Better functionality– Less wastes– lower resources consumption (materials, energy, labour, time ..)

• However, conventional manufacturing methods are unable to build FGMs efficiently.

5

9

Introduction to RPMT/additive fabrication

10

Metal Printing Process (MPP)

• Among other potential RPMT technologies, MPP developed by SINTEF and NTNU has demonstrated its capability to produce FGMs

• Metal Printing Process (MPP) is based upon the principle of high-speed photocopiers that use photo-masking and electrostatic attraction

• The first prototype machine of the "MPP – phase 1" has been built in IPK's laboratory for Data-Integrated Manufacturing (DIM-lab)

6

11

Overview

12

Power supply system

7

13

Mainframe

14

(KOCH/WESSEL-AAS [2005])

Example Component

8

15

FEA model with colors

16

Final FEA model

9

17

A layer with two condition regions

18

10

19

20

11

21

22

Results

12

23

Process Chain

24

Transition zones

13

25

Ongoing tasks• Further experiments on MPP in DIM-lab (finishing

deposition board)• Investigating various Direct Metal Objects Fabrication

(DIMOF) processes for their potentials of fabricating FGM objects (MPP, FDM, SLS/SLM …)

• investigate suitability of FEA software (e.g. ANSYS, Nastran, COMSOL Multiphysics…) for generation of layers with interior physical information.

• Researching/design a tool/machinery for fabricating FGMs.• Software system development. • To investigate further on Transition Zones• Looking forward to establish close cooperation with other

ISP projects

26

Thank you very much for your attention!

Any questions, please?

2

KLAUDIA FARKAS

1999-2005 Msc. in Architecture and EngineeringFaculty of ArchitectureBudapest University of Technology and Economics

2007-2011 PhD research fellowDepartment of Architectural Design, History and TechnologyFaculty of ArchitectureNTNU

Supervisor: Anne Grete HestnessProfessor of ArchitectureDept. of Arch. Design, History and Techn.NTNU

Co-superviser: Inger AndersenSintef

ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

PV

Photo-

Voltaics

Photovoltaiccell

Solar cell1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

"photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a solar cell converts sunlight into electricity

TECHNOLOGY SOLAR CELL TYPE

wafer-based monocrystalline silicon cells (1.)

poly-, multicrystalline silicon cells (2-3.)

thin film amorphous silicon cells (4-5.)

CIS, CdTe …

nano-technologies polymer solar cells, dye-sensitized cells (6.) …

3

BUILDING SKIN

-third skin of human beings• provide protection from the elements• surface for ornamentation representing identity

-responsive component of a low-energy design

Glenn Murcutt, Marika-Alderton House, AustraliaJurtas, Opusztaszer, Hungary

40% of total energy is used in buildings

Several buildingsurfaces aresuitable for PV installations

PV cells have important role in reducing energydemand in buildings

Aesthetical issues,Design concept

Electrical issues,Energy concept

Building construction,

Function

INTEGRATION

Users demand + financial budget

BIPV

Building

Integrated

Photo-

Voltaics

Dr.-Ing Ingo B. Hagemann – Gebäudeintegrierte Photovoltaik

4

ELECTRICAL ISSUES,

ENERGY CONCEPT

Energy demand

Renewable energyresources

Latitude

Solar radiation

EFFICIENCY

WWW.SPEEDACE.INFO

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION,FUNCTION

Structuralintegration

INTO buildingelements

Dual function

Cost effective

5

AESTHETICS, DESIGN CONCEPT

PV part of overall design

Integrated from thefirst phase of design process

CONTEXT, FORM, COLOR, SIZE, SURFACE…

ECONOMY

Production cost

Provide free electricityas a multifunctionalelement replacingother structuralelements

Governmentalsubsidies

Feed-in-tariff

PV Industry Cost/Capacity (DOE/US Industry Partnership)

6

ARCHITECTURAL INTEGRATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

7

HOW CAN PV BE AN AESTHETICALLY ACCEPTABLE AND

INTEGRATED PART OF A RESOURCE FRIENDLY ARCHITECTURE?

Which are the suitable surfaces of the building skin for architectural integration of photovoltaic cells in different CLIMATIC REGIONS?

How should photovoltaic cells be developed to become structurally and aesthetically compatible with existing local MATERIALS?

How should photovoltaic cells be developed to become NEW KIND OF ORNAMENTATION in public buildings?

8

BASIC KNOWLEDGE- relevant literature- gathering data on current PV materials and products in market- gathering data on current research in this field- short study of contemporary facade design trends

CASE STUDIES (4-5 cases)

Evaluating architectural integration of PV cells in existing buildings

- based on hypothesis developed for integration - special focus on research questions:

climate, material, ornamentation

- aesthetical evaluation with 1-2-3 method that consists of:• Immediate perception• Architectural observation and analyses• Architectural critique, assessment

INTERVIEWS

- Participants in the design process architects, city-planners , engineers, producers, clients

VISUAL STUDIES

- Computer simulations of integration possibilities

SURVEY

- Questionnaire addressed to architects, engineers and lay people based onlessons learned from case studies and interviews

- Questionnaire of rating of existing buildings and computer simulations

9

GUIDELINE FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN BIPV

to achieve the spread of an aesthetical and structuralintegration in a sustainable design concept.

10

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Wave Energy ConversionDirect Coupled Point Absorber in Heave with Induction Machine as Power Take Off

By Bernt Sørby (UMB)and Ottar Skjervheim (NTNU)

Master thesis

Generatorsystem

Hydrodynamicforces

Schematic configuration of a point absorber-piston connected to a

direct drive PTO

Case investigated:Case investigated:Direct coupled point absorber in heaveDirect coupled point absorber in heave

Wave power: apply forces to the buoy

Forces applied either in phase with the acceleration, velocity or motion will affect the RAO of the buoy

)()()( 333333332

33

appappapp ccbbiaMaX

A ++++++−=

ϖϖζ

Potential theory

• Inviscous

• Irrotational

• Incompressible

Assumptions about the fluid (water):

The velocity vector can be represented by the gradient of a scalar function Φ, the velocity potential. The potential needs to satisfy Laplace`s equation.

Laplace`s equation

Calculation methods

FEM modelling with Comsol Multiphysics for accurate solutions

Slender body theorySuperposing the flow due to a distribution of sources with an external flowModels a body as a very slender truncated body starting where the source is placed

RAO affected by the phase of the applied forces

Control algorithm of the power take off system very important

Buoy geometry and control algorithm together decide the amplitude response

Control strategiesControl strategies

Resonance (passive and active)

Passive loading Latching (active)

0 5 10 15 20 25-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Time [s]

Ver

tical

exc

ursi

on [m

]

Power extraction with active control Power extraction with active control

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time (seconds)

Pow

er (k

W)

Wave elevation [m]Buoy position [m]Power extraction with passive control [100 kW]Average power [100 kW]

Power extraction with passive control for the configuration of full converter in series

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Time (seconds)

Wave elevation [m]Buoy position [m]Power extraction with latching control [100kW]Average power [100kW]

Power extraction with latching control for the configuration of full converter in series

Passive loading Latching control

DC

ACDC

ACIG

Energy Storage(Batt /Supercap )

Grid

Induction generator with full converter in series as grid interface technology

Case investigated:Case investigated:Full converter in seriesFull converter in series

Power flow

Passive loading

30 kW electrical machine

85 kVA converter

Ideas for further studyPower Electronics

Develop control strategies for direct-coupled PTO to reduce the peak torqueThermal modelling of transistors to investigate overcurrents.

There exists accurate nonlinear solutions when applying slender body theory

Use this to investigate impulsive motions with high relative amplitude of motion (geometrically non linear);

End stop problemGreen water problemSlamming problem

Ideas for further studyHydrodynamics

1

DUCTILE–TO-BRITTLE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

Jan Ketil SolbergDept. of Materials Science and

Engineering

Background

* Acicular ferritic steels are designed for arcticapplications (pipe lines, platforms, on-shorestructural parts)

* Produced by Controlled Rolling (TMCP)* Microstructure: Fine bainite needles, 1-10μm* Transition temperature (FATT) below -60 ºC* Base material has satisfactory properties* Problems arise after welding* Changed microstructure in HAZ → FATT increases

2

Tentative project description

Study relation between FATT and microstructure in HAZ:

• Effect of peak temperature during welding• Effect of cooling rate after welding

(effect of heat input during welding)• Effect of tempering cycles (multipass welding)• Effect of steel composition• Effect of steel processing parameters

(rolling and accelerated cooling)

Experimental procedure

• Weld simulation• Charpy testing• Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)

testing• Light microscopy• SEM / EPMA• TEM

3

Possible co-operation partners

* Det Norske Veritas (DNV)• StatoilHydro• SINTEF• Nippon Steel (NSC)• Russian steel plants

- Viksa Steel Works (~Moscow)- ITZ (St. Petersburg)

Silicon for solar cells

Optimisation of electrical and mechanical properties

Martin P. Bellmann

Institutt for Materialteknologi, NTNU

26th March 2008, ISP-Seminar, Brekstad

Research areaResearch question

MethodologyExpected results

Contents

1 Research areaEnergy scenariaoSolar cells - How they work!From silicon to solar cell

2 Research question

3 MethodologySolution wayExperimental set-upNumerical modelling

4 Expected results

M.P. Bellmann Silicon for solar cells



Energy scenariaoSolar cells - How they work!From silicon to solar cell

World Energy Consumption until 2060





Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells), How They Work

When photons hit the solar cell, freed electrons (-) attempt to unite with holes onthe p-type layer (more positive charges)

The pn-junction, a one-way road, only allows the electrons to move in onedirection

If we provide an external conductive path, electrons will �ow through this path totheir original (p-type) side to unite with holes

P = V × I

The electron �ow provides thecurrent I , and the cell's electric �eldcauses a voltage V

With both current and voltage, wehave power P, which is just theproduct of the two

When an external load is connectedbetween the front and back contacts,electricity �ows in the cell, workingfor us along the way





The way from silicon to a solar cell




Research question

E�ect of growth rates and temperature gradients on the grain size,crystallographic texture, concentration gradient of impurities

E�ect of feedstock of di�erent purity on microstructure and quality of wafers

E�ect of coating and crucible material on the thickness of the RED ZONE(Material with charge carrier life time less than 2 µs before recombination)

E�ect of crucible rotation and electromagnetic stirring on the melt convection anddistribution of impurities

E�ect of subelements on the generation of dislocations




Solution wayExperimental set-upNumerical modelling

Experiments are expansive!!!





Directional solidi�cation of mc solar grade silicon

Lab-scale furnace for directional

solidi�cation:

Features

Customised directional solidi�cation of 12 kg,D250mm x H120mm silicon ingots

Applications

Testing of solar grade silicon feedstock

Testing of new crucibles and coating materials

Variable cooling regimes

Tracking of impurity elements and theirdistribution in ingot





Modelling of the solidi�cation process

Understanding the processes needed for the production of high quality silicon ingots

through modelling in close interaction with experimental activities

Heat transport processes

Conduction, radiation, convection

Mass transport and related issues

Solidi�cation, melt convection, segregation

Impurity transport in the melt/ingot/cover gas

Impurity dissolution/evaporation fromcrucible/coating/cover gas

Inclusions and particle precipitation

Stress analysis

Dislocation multiplication

Residual stresses




Outlook

Better physical understanding of the solidi�cation process and resulting defects inthe crystal

Optimised mechanical and electrical properties of the material

Improved e�ciency of solar cells


brekstad seminar participants collection of presentations · safety-related challenges to...

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