MATERIAL

BUILDING

BRICK

SUBMITTED T0:PHANIDRA

SUBMITTED TO:PHANINDRA SIR

SUBMITTED BYRIYAS.MSFIRST SEMS A R C A AGIRIPALLI

BRICKS

BRICKS ARE OBTAINED BY MOULDING CLAY IN RECTANGULAR BLOCKSOF UNIFORM SIZE AND THEN BY DRYING AND BURNING THESE.

THEY CAN BE PROPERLY ARRANGEDAND FURTHER,AS THEY ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT, NO LIFTING APPLIANCE IS REQUIRED FOR THEM ,. THUS AT PLACES WHERE STONES ARE NOT EASIL AVAILABLE, BUT IF THERE IS PLENTY OF CLAY, BRICKS REPLACE STONE

MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS

IN THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURINGBRICKS,THE FOLLOWING FOUR DISTINCTOPERATIONS ARE INVOLVED1.PREPERATION OF CLAY2.MOULDING3.DRYING4.BURNING

FOR MANUFACTURING GOOD BRICKS ON A LARGE SCALE,TEMPERING ISUSUALLY DONE IN A PUG MILL. ATYPICAL PUG MILL CAPABLE OF TEMPERING SUFFICIENT E FOR A DAILYOUT PUT OF ABOUT 15000 TO 20000BRICKS.PROCESS OF GRINDING CLAY WITH WATER AND MAKING IT PLASTIC KNOWN AS PUGGING

HOFFMAN’S KILNTHIS KILN IS CONSTRUCTED OVER GROUND AND HENCEIT IS SOMETIME KNOWN AS FLAME KILN.IT’S SHAPE IS CIRCULAR IN PLAN AND IT

IS DIVIDED INTO A NOMBER COMPARTMENTS OR CHAMBERS . ROOF IS PROVIDED ,THEKILN CAN EVEN FUNCTION DURING RAINY SEASON.EACH CHAMBER IS PROVIDEDWITH THE FOLLOWING:1. CHAMBER 1 - LOADING2. CHAMBER 2 TO 5 - DRYING AND PREHEATING3. CHAMBER 6 TO 7 - BURNING4. CHAMBER 8 TO 11 - COOLING5. CHAMBER 12 - UNLOADING

BULL’S TRENCH KILNTHIS KILN MAY BE OF RECT-ANGULAR,CIRCULAR OR OV-EL SHAPE.IT IS CONSTRUCTED INA TRENCH EXCAVATED IN GROUND

BRICKS ARE RRANGED IN SECTIONS.THEY ARE ARRANGED IN SUCH WAY THAT FLUES ARE FORMED.FUEL IS PLACED IN FLUES AND IT IS IGNITED THROUGH FLUE HOLES AFTER COVERING TOP SURFACE WITH EARTH AND ASHES TO PREVENTTHE ESCAPE OF HEA. EACH SECTIONS REQUIRES ABOUT ONEDAY TO BURN. WHEN A SECTION IS BURNTFLUS HOLES ARECLOSED AND IT IS ALLOWED TO COOL DOWN GRADUALLY.FIRE IS ADVANCED TO NEXT SECTION AND CHIMMNEYS ARE MOVED FORWARD AS SHOWN BY ARROWS .

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BRICK1. FIRST CLASS BRICK:

THESE BRICKS ARE TABLE MOULDE AND OF STANDARD SHAPE. THE SURFACE AND EDGESOF BRICKS ARE SHARP,SQUAR,SMOOTH ANDSTRAIGHT.THESE BRICKS ARE USED FOR SUPE-RIOR WORK OF PERMANENT NATURE.

2. SECOND CLASS BRICK

THESE BRICKS ARE GROUND-MOULDED AND THEY AREBURNT IN KILN.THE SURFACE OF THESE BRICKS ARE SOM-EWHAT ROUGH AND SHAPE IS ALSO SLIGHTLYIRREGULAR

3. THIRD CLASS BRICK

THESE BRICKS ARE GROUND MOULDED AND THEY AREBURNT IN CLAMPS.THESE BRICKS ARE NOT HARD ANDTHEY HAVE ROUGH SURFACE WITH IRREGULAR ANDDISORTED EDGE

4. FOURTH CLASS BRICK

THESE ARE OVERBURNT BRICKS WITH IRREGULAR SHAPEAND DARK COLOR.THESE BRICKS ARE USED AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE IN FOUNDATIONS,FLOORS,ROADS,etc

TEST FOR BRICKS

1. ABSORPTION2. CRUSHING STRENGTH3. HARDNESS4. PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS5. SHAPE AND SIZE6. SOUNDNESS7. STRUCTURE

SHAPE AND SIZE

IN THIS TEST , A BRICK IS CLOSELY INSPECTED . IT SHOULDBE OF STANDARD SIZE AND ITS SHAPE SHOULD BE TRULYRECTANGULAR WITH SHARP RDGES. THE BRICK STANDARD SIZE IS 19*9*9 CM.

SOUNDNESS

IN THIS TEST , TWO BRICKS ARE TAKEN AND THEY ARE STRUCK EACH OTHER . BRICK SHOULDN’T BREAK ANDA CLEAR RINGING SOUND SHOULD BE PRODUCED.

ABSORPTION

A BRICK IS TAKEN AND IT IS WEIGHED DRY . IT IS THEN IM-MERSED IN WATER FOR A PERIOD OF 16 HOURES . IT IS WEIGHED AGAIN AND DIFFERENCE IN WEIGHT INDICATESTHE AMOUNT OF WATER ABSORBED BY THE BRICK . IT SHOULD NOT ,IN ANY CASE ,EXCEED 20 PER CENT OF WEIGHT OF DRY BRICK.

CRUSHING STRENGTH

CRUSHING STRENGTH OF A BRICK IS FOUND OUT BY PLAC-ING IT IN A COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE . IT IS PRESSED TILL IT BREAKS. MINIMUM CRUSHING STRENGTH OF BRICK IS 35 kg/cm² AND FOR SUPERIOR BRICKS,IT MAY VARY FROM 70 TO 140 kg/cm² .

HARDNESS

IN THIS TEST , SCRACH IS MADE ON BRICK SURFACE WITHTHE HELP OF A FINGER NAIL. IF NO IMPRESSION IS LEFT ON THE SURFACE BRICK IS TREATED TO BE SUFFICIENTLYHARD.

PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTSOLUBLE SALTS, IF PRESENT IN BRICKS , WILL CAUSE EFF-LORESCENCE ON THE SURFACE OF BRICKS . FOR FINDINGOUT THE PRESENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN BRICK , IT ISIMMERSED WATER FOR 24 HOURES. IT IS THEN TAKEN OUT AND ALLOWED TO DRY IN SHADE. ABSENCE OF OF GRAY OR WHITE DEPOSIT ON ITS SURFACE INDICATES ABSENCEOF SOLUBLE SALT

STRUCTURE

A BRICK IS BROKEN AND ITS IS EXAMINED . IT SHOULD BE HOMOGENEOUS , COMPACT AND FREE FROM ANY DEFETCSSUCH AS HOLES , LUMPS , etc