brief response: what did he mean? what did austrian leader, klemens von metternich, mean when he...
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Brief Response:What did he mean?
• What did Austrian leader, Klemens von Metternich, mean when he said, – “When France sneezes all Europe catches a
cold”
• That French liberal rebellions encouraged revolts in other European nations.
Revolution in the Américas.
p. 155
Why Latin America
• Spain owned most of the lands in the Americas.• Spanish culture was elitist, not democratic.• When Napoleon took over Spain, the colonies in
Latin America had a chance to run themselves.• When Spain returned to control them after
Napoleon’s fall, Latin American colonials (Latinos) resisted and gained independence.
• Few Latino elites wanted democracy, however, and Latino lower classes would suffer as a result.
Peninsulares:
• colonists originally from Spain, living in the colonies.
• Able to hold the highest government and social positions and held the most power in Spanish colonial society.
• Owned most of the land (Church took some lands) haciendas—– ranches/plantations; – mines, – other businesses – professions.
Creole:
• second generation Spaniard, son/daughter of a Peninsular family.
• Able to hold high government and social positions– not the full equal to a Peninsular.
Mestizo:
• mixed-birth, lower-class people.
• Part Indian, part European (used by Spanish and Portuguese, mostly)
Mulatto:
• mixed-birth, lower-class people.
• Part African, part European (used by Spanish, Portuguese, English, French mostly)
François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture: C
• Free African leader of the successful Saint-Domingue revolution. – Self-trained military leader who defeated French
Revolutionary and Napoleon’s troops.
• His forces achieved the following:– Abolition of slavery– Most of the island was under its control.
Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops captured L’Ouverture. • He died in jail, in France, but the rebels continued to resist.
Father Miguel Hidalgo: C
• Creole priest and leader of the Mexican Revolution.
• On September 16, 1810, he called for Mexican freedom from Spain. – His cheer is called “El Grito de Dolores”– location
C Father Jose Morelos:
• He continued leading the Mexican revolution after Hidalgo.
• He was a mestizo.
• He was also captured and executed by Spanish forces supported by rich Mexicans.
Why Hidalgo’s Revolt Failed.
• Unfortunately, his popularity was only with the poor. – Hidalgo planned land reforms and other social changes to
benefit Mexico’s lower classes.
• Wealthy Mexicans feared their land would be taken. – Though they wanted freedom from Spain, they did not want what
Hidalgo and his rebels were fighting for.
• Hidalgo was captured by Spanish troops and executed. – The revolution went on…..
– Diego Rivera’s image of the martyr, Hidalgo, in a massive mural of Mexican history……
EC: Coat of Arms of Modern Mexico
• EC: What is the story behind this symbol?
• Mexican gods told the Aztecs where they saw an eagle, snake, and nopal, that is where they would build Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City).
• It is centered on the Mexican Flag.
Copy on a separate paper (7 points)
• What nationalist symbols/acts do you see in the video? (3).
• What Mexican heroes does the president name in the “grito”? (3)
• What city in Mexico is this event taking place?
Mexico’s success encouraged people in Central America.
• They rebel and create the United Provinces of Central America in the early 1820s.– The new government fails. – Five new republics emerge:
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Costa Rica
• Honduras
• Nicaragua
Five new Central American nations
C Simon Bolivar:
• Creole, inspired by enlightenment ideas and ideals of the American and French revolutions.
• “liberty, equality, fraternity” are his goals for Latinos– His fellow Creoles, only want that for themselves,
however, not the peasants they own.• He led a successful revolt to create Venezuela in 1810. • Creoles attacked his liberal reforms, exiling him twice.
– In 1821, he succeeded in defeating the Spanish in all of New Granada.
» He is called “El Liberador” by people there.
• In the US called him the “George Washington of Latin America”
Jose de San Martin:
• Leader of rebel forces in southern Peru and La Plata.
• Joined forces with Bolivar, freeing the rest of South America from Spanish control.
Gran Colombia becomes three nations (3)
• Colombia
• Ecuador
• Venezuela
Central and Southern Spanish South America
• Independence there would create the new nations of: (6)
• Argentina• Chile• Paraguay• Uruguay• Peru• Bolivia
Dom Pedro:
• Portuguese Prince. • When his father was overthrown in Portugal, he
made Brazil independent, and became its first emperor. – He allowed a constitutional monarchy, – with a legislature, – freedom of the press, – freedom of religion.
• The monarchy would last until 1889 when Brazil becomes a republic.
Hwk
Standards Check, p. 156
• Question:
• Creoles got their revolutionary ideas from:– Books by Enlightenment thinkers.– Observing the American and French
Revolutions.
Standards Check, p. 156
• Question:
• The Armies of slaves who revolted against their owners in 1791 formed the army that then fought for Haiti’s independence from France.
Image, p. 157
• Question:
• The preferred death to a return to slavery.
Standards Check, p. 158
• Question:
• When Spanish liberals forced the king to issue a constitution, Iturbide fought for independence to avoid liberal reform.
p. 159, Thinking Critically
• 1.
• Strong leaders galvanized revolts
• 2.
• Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions.
Standards Check, p. 160:
• Question:
• The revolution won independence, but failed to unite the lands or win social or democratic reforms.
Thinking Critically, p. 161:
• 1. • He thought they were very poorly prepared for new government by
their experience with corrupt, tyrannical colonial government• 2.• Practical:• Latinos could have made a successful effort at democratic
government. They had to be open to various opinions…..• Idealistic:• Latino creoles would not surrender the power they took from Spain.
Democracy was not natural to them.
Brief Response
• Agustín de Iturbide and Simón Bolívar both sought independence for their people but for different reasons. Explain the differences in the motivations of these two leaders.