broadband wireless technologies & business
TRANSCRIPT
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Broadband Wireless
Technologies, Standards and Service
Riaz EsmailzadehCarnegie Mellon University
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 2
Overview
Broadband Wireless Technologies
Transmission Rates
Technology Differences
Throughput Calculations
Standards 3G to 4G
CDMA – Based
OFDMA – Based
Enhancing Technologies
Services
Revenue Flow Value Chain
Expected Growth
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Broadband Wireless Technologies
Broadband Wireless Technologies
Transmission Rates
Technology Differences Throughput Calculations
3G to 4G Standards
CDMA – Based
OFDMA – Based
Enhancing Technologies
Services
Revenue Flow
Value Chain
Expected Growth
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 4
Edholm’s Law
Ex-CTO of Nortel, projected several years ago that with the presentrate of growth in both fixed and wireless transmission rates, in a fewyears the transmission rates will be comparable.
It would make more sense to roll-out a wireless network that a fixednetwork…
Source: IEEE Spectrum July 2004
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Downlink Transmission Rate: 5 Giga-bit/sec
Japanese operator DoCoMo announced field test results in February
System parameters:
Multiplexing method: Variable Spreading Factor – Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access (VSF-OFDMA) Bandwidth: 100 MHz
Modulation: (256 QAM)
12 x 12 MIMO antennas
Single cell
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 6
There Are Challenges…
Propagation loss
From Hata-Okumura model
Path loss increases as a power of 2.6 or (f 1 /f 2)2.6
For f 1=2 GHz and f 2=5 GHz, the signal loss is almost 10 timeshigher at 5 GHz than 2 GHz
Required transmit power is a factor of transmission rate A 100 Kbps transmission requires 100 times more power than a 1
kbps
For a 4G vs. 3G system comparison:
10 times signal loss
10 times higher required transmission power due to higher bitrates
100 times more required peak transmission power
Available bandwidth
A chunk of 100 MHz needed
Go to the 5 GHz band?
Extra path loss of 10 dBcompared with the 2 GHz band
However, we have come a long way.10-3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Eb / N 0
BER
Fad ing channe l
Stat ic channel
10-2
10-1
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Key Requirements for 4G
High data rate, low latency, packet-optimized radio access
100 Mbps peak DL rate in 20 MHz allocation
50 Mbps peak UL rate in 20 MHz allocation
Spectrum flexibility
Scalable bandwidths [1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz]
Support for paired and unpaired spectrum assignments
Support for high speed mobility (up to 350 km/h)
Flat backbone architecture (all IP)
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 8
Which Technologies
Two paths have emerged:
Evolution of CDMA – based system (3GPP)
Evolution of OFDMA – based systems (IEEE)
What is the difference?
Philosophical r eally!
How is the wireless channel equalised
(And how multi-user interference is dealt with).
How to operate in very wide-band channels
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P o s i
t i o n
( c m
)
Frequency (MHz)
- 20
- 10
0
10
C h a n n e l
g a i n
( d B )
2 0 1 020 00 2 00 5
0
5 0
4 0
30
20
10
Fading in Two Domains
Wireless communications system performance is degraded due tosignal fading in two domains: frequency and time.
Wireless transmission technologies are designed to compensate for
these conditions Or Equalize the channel
*Source: Adachi, et al.
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 10
Shannon Theorem
In mobile communications, which re-use frequency resources, theamount of interference from other users must be taken into account
Shannon Theorem on capacity canbe approximated to include the
effect of interference, I
Throughput hereis calculated as afunction of SINR, or SIR
The efficiency of each technologycan be evaluated
based on thistheorem
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
S/ ( N + I ) ( d B )
N o r m a
l i s e d
C a p a c i t y
( b p s / H z )
Shannonlimit
⎟
⎠
⎞⎜
⎝
⎛
+
+≈ I N
S BC 1log 2
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How to Equalise
For Time and Frequency domains fading:
CDMA systems equalise through
Diversity combining (rake, multiple antennas)
Power control OFDM systems equalise through
Narrow-band sub-carrier with flat fading
Power control
The other equalisation problem
Multi-user interference
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 12
Sources of Interference
In the uplink:All active mobile in the systemtransmit signals that areinterference to the desired usersignal
In the downlinkAll signals from other activebase stations, and signalsintended for other users withinthe same cell area areinterference
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WCDMA (and HSDA)
The two systems differ in the way they treat interference
CDMA systems use frequency re-use factor of one
The sources of interference come from both within and without
the cell How these interference are minimised contributes to the
increase of WCDMA average throughput
The system may be equalised through joint detection techniques(interference mitigations, both inter- and intra-cell)
3
2
1
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 14
WiMAX
OFDMA-based systems use a TDMA system per sub-carrier, andtransmits to one user at a time
However, inter-cell interference remains
Therefore they need to have a frequency re-use factor of morethan one as the interference from neighbouring cell can be
destructive Adaptive array antenna systems, as well as adaptive
frequency re-sue factors are used to reduce interference andincrease the throughput efficiency
1
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Peak t h r ou ghpu tAn example for a WCDMA system is calculated below. It shouldbe noted that peak throughput figures of up to 14 Mbps havebeen reported. These require higher coding rates and betterinformation efficiency than listed in this example.
1Spreading factor (chip per symbol)
4Data bits per symbol (16 QAM)
95%Information bits / transmitted bits10.944 MbpsPeak throughput
3/4Channel coding rate
3.84 McpsChip rate
Peak Throughput
Peak throughput is calculated similarly for all technologies
It is primarily a function of system bandwidth, and frequency re-usefactor
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 16
W iMAX peak t h r ough pu tAn example for a 5 MHZ WiMAX system is calculated below.
12 MbpsChannel coding rate 3/4
16 Mbps64-QAM modulation: 6 bits/symbol
8680Symbol rate per sub-carrier (1 / 115.2 μsec)
115.2 μsecOFDM symbol duration
9.766 kHzSub-carrier frequency spacing
384Number of sub-carriers
2.67 MspsInformation symbol ratio (80%)
12 MbpsPeak throughput
3.3 MspsTotal symbol rate (8680x384)
5 MHz McpsSystem bandwidth
WiMAX Peak Throughput
WiMAX peak throughput is similarly calculated. It is also directlyrelated to the system bandwidth
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SIR = 12 dB
SIR = 9 dB
SIR = 6 dB
SIR = 0 dB
SIR = 3 dB
Average Throughput
Average throughput is calculated from SIR distribution and Shannontheorem
Various standards differ here on how they can minimize interference
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 18
t 1
t 3
t 4
t 2
Multi-hop Networking
With path loss and the required received power significantly higher,transmission range is significantly reduced.
To increase coverage, a user device may be used to relay signals to auser outside the coverage area
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Fixed and wireless transmission rates are becoming more andmore comparable
The question of which technology to choose is answered bywhich way multi-user interference is handled
An operator should be most interested in average throughputrates for the system, rather than a marketing-oriented peakthroughput figure
To summarize …
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 20
3G to 4G Standards
Broadband Wireless Technologies
Transmission Rates
Technology Differences
Throughput Calculations
3G to 4G Standards
CDMA – Based
OFDMA – Based
Enhancing Technologies
Services
Revenue Flow Value Chain
Expected Growth
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Technologies: WCDMA-HSPA
WCDMA HSPA standard is in various stages of standardization withinITU, 3GPP and ARIB
3GPP has already made 5 formal releases of the CDMA standard
Most of these standards have been ratified by the ITU
June 2006Release 7
2 0 0 1Release 4
Dec 2002Release 5
Dec 2004Release 6
1 9 9 9Release 99
2 0 0 7/ 2 0 0 8Long Term Evolution
3GPP (Expected) Release Date
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 22
A Combination of…
It is a combination of FDD, CDMA and TDMA
The Duplex mode is Time Division
User simultaneously connect to the system in Code divisionmultiple access fashion
User traffic is also handled in a Frequency Division manner
The TDD mode is a complimentary component for the newstandard
FDD CDMA
TDMA
WCDMA-HSPA
Such as: GSM WCDMA
Such as: FOMA cdmaOne
Such as: GSM PDC
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FDD and TDD
In FDD two different frequency bands are used for downlink anduplink transmissions
In TDD Uplink and
downlink transmissionsare carried out in thesame frequency band,but at different times
While CDMA systemshave been mainlyFDD, a joint TDD/FDDis being developed
While initially WiMAX
systems went the FDDway, they are nowfocusing on TDD
U p l i n k f r e q u e n c y b a n d
D o w n l i n k f r e q u e n c y b a n d
(FDD)
Base s tat ion
C o m m o n u p l i n k a n d d o w n l i n k f r e q u e n c y b a n d
(TDD)
Base s tat ionEnd-user dev ice
End-user dev ice
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 24
Technologies: WiMAX
WiMAX specifications are being developed under IEEE 802.16e group,with several other working group contributing to the final standard:Release dates have varied: the following was presented by Intel lastOctober: Definite Final Release 1 is expected this year...
*Source: Intel Presentation atWireless Broadband Technical Seminar,Tokyo, Japan, 31 October 2005
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Uses OFDMA …
WiMAX is a combination of TDD OFDMA and TDMA
The Duplex is Time Division
User simultaneously connect to the system in an Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access fashion User traffic is also handled in a Time Division manner
TDD OFDMA
TDMA
WiMAX
Such as: DECT PHS
Similar to: 802.11a DAB/DVB
Such as: GSM PDC
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 26
WCDMA LTE: OFDMA with Spreading
Long term evolution of CDMA standards envisages usage of OFDMA
A combination of CDMA and OFDM as in the DoCoMo proposal
The OFDM part will use a scalable variable number of sub-carriers
Fixed sub-carrier spacing (15kHz)
Spectral compatibility for deployment in existing bands
20MHz
5MHz
10MHz
15 kHz
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Frequency(sub-carriers)
Time(sub-frames)
code
Physical Layer: Resource Segmentation
Time, frequency and (possibly) code domain resource partitioning
Time domain
Accommodates bursty traffic profiles (packet data)
Enables channel dependent scheduling (multi-user diversity) Frequency domain
Further granularity, and channel dependent scheduling
Localised resources or distributed resources
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 28
System Parameters
Although both 3GPP WCDMA LTE and WIMAX evolution envisage arange of bandwidths, it is expected that mostly a 5 or 10 MHzbandwidth will be used
Both systems use similar coding and modulation schemes
The only difference between the two systems is the choice of access
technology This leads to different frequency re-use factor requirements
QPSK ~ 16 QAM
QPSK ~ 64 QAM
Uplink
Downlink QPSK ~ 64 QAM
1.25 ~ 20 MHz
OFDMA
QPSK ~ 64 QAM
Modulation
CDMA-OFDMAAccess Technology
Turbo and LDPC CodesCoding
1.25 ~ 20 MHzBandwidth
WiMAXWCDMA-HSPA
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Key Parameters
The following table shows the general guidelines for the LTE
These are expected within 2009-2010 release
Paired & Unpaired
1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20
< 5 ms
192-256 kbps
1 – 2 Mbps
0.48 – 0.72 b/s/Hz
1.2 – 1.6 b/s/Hz
2.5b/s/Hz
5b/s/Hz
Net Requirement Set By Operators
Duplex Modes
Cell Edge Rate - Downlink
Cell Edge Rate - Uplink
Parameter
Channel bandwidths (MHz)
Delay one way
(active state, single user, unloaded)
Spectral efficiency- Uplink
Spectral efficiency- Downlink
Uplink Peak User Throughput
Downlink Peak User Throughput
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 30
Frequency Re-Use
Usually the spectrum is re-used in many different base stations
If two base stations are sufficiently separated, they can re-use thesame spectrum to communicate with their mobiles
WiMAX systems propose a partial
frequency re-use, where areasin the centre of a cell can havere-use factor of 1, and cell-edgea re-use factor of 3.
f 1+ f 2 + f 3
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 1+ f 2 + f 3
f 1+ f 2 + f 3
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I MT Ex tens ion band :
Europe, Japan, KoreaTDD or FDDMMDS band:USA, CanadaTDD or FDD
2.5 ~ 2.69 GHz
I MT 2000 : FDD
Europe, Japan,Korea, China
2.11 ~ 2.17 GHz
I MT 2000 : TDD
Europe, Japan,Korea, China
2.01 ~ 2.025 GHz
I MT-2000 TDD
ChinaMobi l e I n t e rne tKorea
2.3 ~ 2.4 GHz
2
G H z B a n d
1.92 ~ 1.98 GHz
Pres en t l y us edfor 1 G, 2G
450 MHz800 MHz bandsTDD or FDDVarious Worldwide
Sub 1 GHz
I MT-2000 FDD1.72~1.78JapanCanada?
1.7 GHz
< 2
G H z B
a n d
Poss ib le BroadbandWireless5.470 – 5.725 :Asia, Americas, Europe
5.7 ~ 5.8 GHz
Broadband W i re l ess3.3- 3.4 GHz: China, India3.4-3.6 GHz: Worldwide3.6-3.8 GHz: USA, CanadaTDD or FDD
3.3 ~ 3.8 GHz
3
& 5
G H z B a n d
I MT-2000 TDDEurope, ChinaKorea
1.9 ~ 1.92 GHz
I MT 2000 : FDDEurope, Japan,Korea, China
Allocated Spectrum
Several frequency bands can be considered for future releases of 3Gstandards.
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 32
Switching Technology
Switching technologies have now also merged:
Data over wired network has long been packet switched
Voice communications over wire is now increasingly packetswitched: VoIP
Similarly in wireless
Data is now increasingly packet switched
Voice is also converging to packet switching: Wireless VoIP
Web
EmailCircuit
Switched
Voice
2 G
Video
Voice
Web
Streaming
Packet
Switched
MMS
PacketSwitched
Video
CircuitSwitched
Voice
Web
Streaming
MMS
3 GEar ly Releases
3 GRelease 5 ~
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IP End-to-End
Services of the future will be packet switched
The backbone network will operate using IP
Offered services will also use IP
Using an end-to-end IP network design will reduce Design cost
Integration cost
Operating cost
Layout and expansion cost
Base station
IP Network
Server
Other Networks
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 34
LTE Architecture
The backbone is based on a flat all-IP architecture
I MS Serv iceN e t w o r k
“ P u b li c” I P W AN
I SPn e t w o r k
Pr i v a ten e t w o r k
PSTN
Signal l ing
User data
E-UTRAN
Opera to rManaged I P
bac k bone
E-Node BE-Node B
E-Node B
E-Node BE-Node B
LTE GW
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Base station
User equipment
Antennaelements
Antennaelements
> λ/ 2
Using MIMO
MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology is the usage of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver sides
This in effect creates parallel channels. The channel capacity can
therefore be increased several times. For example the DoCoMo systems uses 12 antennas at each side
Under ideal conditions, this increases throughput 12 times
For this to work, antenna elements must be sufficiently apart
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 36
I n f o r m a t i o nb i t s
T r ans m i t t edpacket
N A C K
Buf fe r
Re- t ransmi tpunc t u r ed b i t
i f N ACK
I n f o r m a t i o nb i t s
Par i t yb i t s
Punc tu redpa r i t y b i t
Hybrid ARQ (Incremental Redundancy)
When “S” term is high in Shannon Theorem, higher transmission ratesmay be supported. This Hybrid ARQ scheme facilitates its realisation
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
T h r o u g h p u t
Eb / N 0
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode 5
Mode 6
Mode 7
Adaptive Coding and Modulation
When channel conditions are good then channel coding rates andmodulation rates may be increased so more information is sentthrough the channel.
64-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
Modulation
1/32
1/24
3/43
1/21
3/47
3/46
1/35
CodingRate
Mode
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 38
T ime
A
m
p l i t u d e
l e v e l
P o w
e r l e v e l
Average
power
Peak power
T ime
T ime
T ime
T ime
()2
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
Multi-carriersystems suffer fromlarge PAPR problem
This is significantparticularly in
regards to poweramplification as non-linearity can causeclipping
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Power Amplifier Efficiency
Power amplifiers have a saturation level
With PAPR, the device need to operate
at well below saturation level
This leads
Less efficient operation (morebattery power required, more heatgenerated)
Cost/Battery usage can beprohibitive for handsets.
This is the reason
OFDM/Multi-carrier isnot used in Uplink
I npu t l e v el
Ou t pu tleve l
3 0 %6 - 9 d B
4 4 %3 d B
6 0 %0 d B
Ef f ic iencyI n p u t b a ck o f f
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 40
To summarize …
“3G” standards evolution (both 3GPP and IEEE – based) intendto provide
Higher transmission rates
Flexible bandwidth allocation
Full IP backbone architecture
Advanced antenna MIMO, and error control coding technologieshelps increase the transmission rate
However, concerns remain with the electronics design aspects,specially PAPR issues for OFDM systems
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Services
Broadband Wireless Technologies
Transmission Rates
Technology Differences Throughput Calculations
3G to 4G Standards
CDMA – Based
OFDMA – Based
Enhancing Technologies
Services
Revenue Flow
Value Chain
Expected Growth
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 42
End-User device
The services that can be provided are very much a factor of the end-user device capability, core purpose, and mobility
Mob i l i t y
Mini PCLap t op PC PDA Mob i le
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UserMob i le
Opera to r
Th i rd par t i es
RevenueFlow
RevenueFlow
RevenueFlow
UserMob i le
Opera to r
RevenueFlow
Revenue Flow
Service models, and revenue flows are also changing as many newplayers are entering the value chain
With the introduction of new services in 2G and 3G, the flow of
revenue has become more complex It is expected to be more complex with (4G) broadband wireless
services
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 44
Non-Por ta lContent
Aggrega t i onand Creators
Non-Por ta lAppl icat ion
P la t f o rm
Por ta lContent
Aggrega t i on
Th i r dPar t y
Bi l l ing
Por ta lAccess
End-userBi l l ing
I PN e t w o r k
Access
Mobi leN e t w o r k
Access
3. Access Focused App roach
2. Por ta l Focused Approach
1. Mob i le Specia l i sed Serv ices
Value Chain
A value chain, based on 3G services and applications has beendeveloped by UMTS Forum
They classify services into three groups:
*Source: UMTS Forum
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CustomizedI n f o t a i n m e n t
Mu l t imed iaMessaging
Serv ice
(MMS)
Locat ionBased
Serv ices
Rich/ SimpleVoice
Mobi leI n t e r n e tAccess
Mobi leI n t r a n e t / Ex t r ane t
Access
Access FocusedApproach
Por ta lFocused
Approach
Mobi le Spec ia l ized Serv ices
Conten t Connec t i v i t y( I n t e r n e t )
Mob i l i t y
I n f o r m a t i on and Con t en t(Non-Vo ice)
Voice
Service Classification
Using this classification, service categories are defined by UMTSForum
*Source: UMTS Forum
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 46
Required Transmission Rates
Required transmission rates vary for different services
Moreover they are expected to be different for downlink and uplink
These help the decision making process: what amount of totaltransmission rates are needed for a certain customer base.
UplinkDownlink
Simple Voice
Rich Voice
Location Based Services
Multimedia Messaging Service
Customised Infotainment
Mobile Intranet/Extranet Access
Mobile Internet Access
8 kbps ~ 16 kbps16 kbps ~ 64 kbps
8 kbps ~ 32 kbps8 kbps ~ 32 kbps
1 kbps ~ 4 kbps8 kbps ~ 16 kbps
4 kbps ~ 16 kbps4 kbps ~ 16 kbps
8 kbps ~ 16 kbps
128 kbps ~ 256 kbps
32 kbps ~ 64 kbps
64 kbps ~ 128 kbps
500 kbps ~ 1 Mbps
500 kbps ~ 1 Mbps
*Source: UMTS Forum
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Uplink and Downlink Asymmetry
The amount of traffic in the uplink and downlink are going to bedifferent
TDD systems are more flexible in traffic allocation
U p l i n k f r e q u e n c y b a n d
D o w n l i n k f r e q u e n c y b a n d
(FDD)
C o m m o n u p l i n k a n d d o w n l i n k f r e q u e n c y b a n d
(TDD)
One slot
One frame
0
5 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 5 0 0
2 0 0 0
2 5 0 0
1 9 9 7 2 0 0 2 2 0 07Year
K b p s
D o w n l in kUp l ink
Maximum throughput for D/L and U/L per User
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 48
Simple and Rich Voice
This is the traditional voice service, and voice enriched by video andother functions
While the revenue from simple voice service is expected to decrease,revenue from rich voice service is expected to increase
Transmission rates are moderate
Source:Esmailzadeh basedon UMTS Forum data 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Rich Voice revenue ($B)Simple Voice revenue ($B)Simple voice subscribers (M)
Year
R e v e n u e
( $ B )
S u b s c r i b e r s ( M )
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Customized Infotainment
Information and entertainment services are going to be a majorrevenue growth for operators
Moderate transmission
rates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year
R e v e n u e
( $ B )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
S u b s c r i b e r s ( M )
Customised Infotainment revenue ($B)Customised Infotainment Subscribers (M)
Source:Esmailzadeh basedon UMTS Forum data
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 50
Mobile Intranet/Extranet
Wireless ADSL type of services, specially for the business segment isexpected to grow.
High transmission rates, perhaps counting for the lion share of inforamtion transfer
However, revenues are not expected to be correspondingly high
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year
R e v e n u e
( $ B )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
S u b s c r i b e r s ( M )
Intranet/Extranet revenue ($B)
Intranet/Extranet subscribers (M)
Source:Esmailzadeh basedon UMTS Forum data
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27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 51
Multimedia Messaging Service
Short messaging services, enhanced by multimedia features isexpected to grow
MMS services for business, including machine-to-machine services are
expected to grow rapidly. Transmission rates are expected to be low
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140MMS business segement revenue ($B)MMS consumer segment revenue ($B)MMS consumer segment subscribers (M)
Year
R e v e n u e
( $ B )
S u b s
c r i b e r s ( M )
Source:Esmailzadeh basedon UMTS Forum data
27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 52
Location Based Services
Location based services, including both consumer and businesssegments (asset tracking etc.) will show significant growth
Low transmission rates
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Year
R e v e n u e
( $ B )
1 01Bus iness asse t t rack ing
1 8 01 8Consumer t h i r d pa r t y
1 94LBS t r ansact ion s
1 1 73 9LBS adver t is ing
1 8 72 2Consumer nav iga t ion
Un i t ( M)2 0 1 0
Un i t ( M)2 0 0 5
Source:Esmailzadeh basedon UMTS Forum data
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27 July 2007 © Riaz Esmailzadeh 53
To summarize …
A good classification of the future services have been done bythe UMTS forum
Based on this classification a value chain and market forecasthas been made
It is expected that a mixture high and low data rates will exist,and generate revenues unrelated to their transmission rates
The future wireless technology needs to be flexible to provide
these service mixture
Overall Summary
There appears to be convergence between CDMA and OFDMA camps
Perhaps driven by the 3GPP camp to remove any differentiationWiMAX camp may have
Although provision of high transmission rates is being addressed, the
two camps still are in the marketing mode: Peak transmission rates are bragged
Service provision is not really addressed
Essential problems are still ignored
The end-user major present-and-now need is wireless DSL–typeservices
Which neither technology with their present capacities can provide
And which may be best provided by proprietary technologies
The challenge of transmission of higher rates at higher frequencybands and reduced transmission range also needs to be addressed.