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BROILER CHICKENMANAGEMENT GUIDE

A Complete Guide To Pro�table Performance

Broiler Chicken Management Guide - ON | 1Copyright 2015 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

About UsSince 1964 New-Life Mills has been proud to be a Canadian owned developer and manufacturer of proven livestock nutrition. As a di-vision of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited, New-Life Mills is committed to the future of agriculture in Canada. For over 100 years P&H has been operating as part of the Canadian agriculture industry, with interests in grain handling, trading operations, flour milling, poultry farming and New-Life Mills animal feed division.

Proven NutritionNew-Life Mills is committed to providing the best possible feed and services to the producers of chicken, eggs, turkey, beef, dairy, swine, goat and sheep. Company owned farms facilitate monitored commercial testing of new and innovative feeds and ingredients to ensure our nutrition programs perform and our customers profit. New-Life Mills is feeding the future through proven nutrition which supports profitable livestock performance.

Profitable PerformanceNew-Life Mills’ nutrition programs promote animal health, opti-mize genetic potential and aspire to increase producer profitability. Feeding programs are designed to deliver efficient feed conver-sions and healthier livestock through premium feed and optimal management practices.

Proven nutrition starts with the right inputs. Sourced locally when possible, our own nutrition team continuously delivers proven nu-trition programs for broiler chickens, laying chickens, turkeys, beef cattle, sheep, goat and dairy cows. Working closely with breeders, producers and nutrition experts, feeding programs are continuously

monitored to improve desired results and respond to species genetic changes.

Through encouraging modern barn management practices and the strict implementation of Feed Assure™ (HACCP) programs throughout the manufacturing process, New-Life Mills delivers proven nutrition and profitable performance to livestock farmers across Canada.

Knowledgeable PeopleNew-Life Mills takes “Feeding Your Future” very seriously. Our knowledgeable team of agriculture industry professionals is pas-sionate about sharing their knowledge and experience to support the success of Canadian farmers. We develop our people through continuous education, support organizations which promote Ca-nadian farming and its future, and partner with our customers to provide training opportunities designed to deliver the informa-tion needed to understand the application of animal nutrition and achieve profitable results.

Broiler Chicken Management GuideThe management guide you hold in your hands has the ability to help enhance your production performance, managerial opera-tions and profitability. New-Life Mills poultry nutritionists and poul-try specialists are pleased to have this opportunity to share with you what we have learned through the relationships we have built with you our customers, the ongoing research we conduct and our combined experience. We’re looking forward to Feeding Your Fu-ture, one flock at a time.

Feeding Your FutureFounded in 1964, New-Life Mills delivers proven

nutrition for profitable livestock performance.

2 | Broiler Chicken Management Guide - ON Copyright 2015 New-Life Mills, A division of Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited

Table of contentsFeedAssure™ is a comprehensive feed safety management and certification program developed for the Canadian feed industry through the Animal Nutrition Association of Cana-da (ANAC) in 1999. FeedAssure™ is a feed industry-custom-ized HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) program of processes and controls that bring the highest safety stan-dards to the production of animal feed.

Each person in the production chain at New-Life Mills plays an important role in the overall success of the program. Order desk staff must ensure that orders are detailed and correct. Batchers and pellet mill Operators double check se-quencing and flush equipment to prevent medication carry over. Receivers conduct inspections and testing of incoming ingredients for quality and reject any that do not meet our criteria. Drivers deliver feed to the correct farms and bins, taking care that medications make it to the prescribed flocks or livestock. With each role, comes a responsibility to stop and question any situation that poses a risk to the HACCP program at New-Life Mills; the dedication of our employees is what makes this program succeed.

All New-Life Mills feed processing facilities in Canada are FeedAssure™ HACCP certified by ANAC (Animal Nutrition Association of Canada) through third party auditors SGS Canada. This certificate demonstrates our commitment to the highest standards of feed production and quality.

Feed Safety... a priority

The information in this manual should be used as a guide-line only, and does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of performance in any way. Results will be affected by feeding program, water quality, environmental conditions, flock health and growing density. Please monitor your birds closely and make management decisions based on the observations in your barn and as mandated by law.

Feeding Your Future...............................................1

Feed Safety................................................................2

Impact of Nutrition................................................4

Feeding Programs...................................................5

GH2 Broiler Pre-Starter...........................................6

Without The Use of Antibiotics..........................7

Mixed Flock Growth Curve..................................8

Body Weights............................................................9

Mixed Feed Chart.................................................10

Cockerel Feed Chart............................................11

Pullet Feed Chart..................................................12

Chick Management.............................................14

Lighting Programs...............................................15

Barn Ventilation....................................................16

Exhaust Fan Capacity..........................................17

Understanding Humid Air................................18

Water Soluble Medications...............................20

Water Soluble Products.....................................21

Water Quality Standards...................................22

Medicated Feed...................................................23

Common Diseases........................................24, 25

Industry Directory................................................26


Feeding & G

rowth

• Impact of Nutrition

• New-Life Mills Feeding Programs

• GH2 Broiler Program

• Without Antibiotics

• Flock Growth Curves & Weights

• Feed Charts


Today’s commercial broiler is the fastest growing, leanest and most feed efficient bird ever produced. Intensive ge-netic selection over the past few decades has resulted in the production of broilers requiring higher standards of care, health, biosecurity and nutrition to realize the benefits of:

• Improved weight for age• Improved feed conversion rate• Increased growth rate of lean muscle tissue• Greater breast meat yield• Reduced body fat

Nutrition is key to capitalizing on improved genetic po-tential on farm. Nutrients must be supplied in the correct amounts and balanced to support rapid and efficient body weight gains.

EnergyEnergy is supplied primarily by carbohydrates from grain sources, fats and oils. It is required for the growth of tissue and maintenance of normal body functions.

ProteinProtein is supplied primarily from grains, oilseed meals and animal by product meals. It is broken down into amino ac-ids as a result of digestive processes. Protein quality is de-termined by its balance of essential amino acids.

Macro MineralsCalcium and phosphorus are required for bone development and nervous and immune system function. Sodium, potassium and chloride are essential for a number of metabolic systems. Deficiencies can affect feed intake and growth, while excesses will encourage water intake and consequently wet litter.

Vitamins and Trace Minerals Vitamins and trace minerals are needed for all metabolic functions. They are supplied in trace amounts and are es-sential to maximize broiler growth.

The role of the NutritionistNutritionists must constantly re-evaluate nutrient require-ments in order to determine the most profitable approach to feeding broilers as the genetic potential is improving con-stantly.Body weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition are influenced by the nutrient density of the diet. Deciding on the number and type of diets to be used in a feeding pro-gram is an economic decision based on maximizing profit-ability. Today’s broiler strains will perform better when fed a more nutrient dense diet with a higher amino acid to energy ratio. During stages of rapid growth, their protein and amino acid requirements are increasing at a faster rate than their energy requirements. Marginal or deficient nutrient levels in the diet can compromise daily gain, feed conversion, breast meat yield and/or lead to loss of flock uniformity.

Impact of Nutrition on Today’s Broilers

There are many biological and environmental factors that are constantly changing when it comes to raising commercial broilers. These factors interact with genetics to influence the growth, feed intake and overall performance of broilers. Re-sponses to improved nutrition are only achieved when such factors are not limiting performance.

Points to Remember

Factors that influence performance

• Brooding management• Stocking density• Feeder space • Feed availability• Lighting programs

• Lighting intensity• Air quality• Temperature and • humidity• Heat/cold stress

• Health status & gut health• Water quality• Water availability• Breeder flock age, health and

nutrition


Feeding Programs

The above goals are based on typical field results. Results cannot be guaranteed and are dependent on feeding program, water quality, stocking density, bird health and environmental factors.

HY

Feed type Mixed Pullets Cockerel

HY Starter (kg) 0.7 0.7 0.7

HY Grower (kg) 1.7 1.5 1.7

HY Finisher (kg) 0.5 0.77 1.4

FCR 1.61 1.65 1.62

Weight 1.8 1.8 2.35

Days to market 31 34 36

F1

Feed type Mixed Cockerel Roaster Pullets

F1 Starter (kg) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

F1 Grower (kg) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5

F1 Finisher (kg) 1.71 2.4 2.5 1.54

F1 Roaster (kg) - - 2.5 -

FCR 1.75 1.78 1.95 1.78

Weight 2.35 2.7 3.8 2.1

Days to market 35 39 49 37

AA

Feed Type Mixed Cockerel Roaster Pullets

AA Starter (kg) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

AA Grower (kg) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5

AA Finisher (kg) 1.5 2.3 3.7 1.5

AA Roaster (kg) - - 1.2 -

FCR 1.69 1.74 1.92 1.76

Weight 2.3 2.7 3.8 2.1

Days to market 38 39 49 37


GH2 Broiler Pre-Starter Maximizing your flock’s productivity

Ask your New-Life Mills Poultry Specialist how to incorporate the advantages of the

GH2 BROILER PRE-STARTER into your program.

Features Advantages Benefits

Fed for first 12 days of the chicks life Specifically formulated for the young chick

• Better start• Improved gut health and villi

Un-medicated for the first 5 days Gut microflora develop normally • Reduces antibiotic use in your flock

Available Amino Acid Balanced Essential amino acids which are easily absorbed

• Improves early growth rate • Promotes uniformity

Calcium & Phosphorus Delivers the correct balance of calcium and available phosphorus for improved bone mineralization

• Stronger bones • Promotes mobililty

Vitamins Complete vitamin package which includes:• Hy-D• Extra Vitamin E• Extra B - vitamins

• Stronger bones• Healthier immune system• Stimulates feed intake

Enzymes Increased energy, amino acids and minerals released for improved absorption and nutritional benefit

• Drier litter• Healthier gut• Stronger bones

Osmo-regulant Helps maintain intestinal cell water balance

• Drier litter• Healthier gut

Natural Additives Supports beneficial gut bacteria • Drier litter• Healthier gut & villi development

Includes MOS Natural gut bacteria modulator • Improved feed conversion• Promotes a healthy gut• Reduces colonization of patho-

genic bacteria


The use of antibiotics in agriculture and its impact on an-tibiotic resistance in humans has received a lot of media attention over the last few years. Currently, the poultry industry manages/controls antibiotic use and feels these medications are used responsibly while the government has strict control on antibiotic approvals and their use in chicken barns. The poultry industry is actively researching the availability and efficacy of alternative ingredients and there are programs in place for broilers raised and market-ed without the use of antibiotics (RWA).

New Life Mills does offer a RWA (raised without antibiot-ics) program that is specifically designed to maximize the performance of broilers grown without the use of medica-tions. The feeding program makes use of a very specific ingredient matrix as well as research proven additives de-signed to promote and enhance the health and well-being of broilers in conjunction with vaccination programs.

Raising Broilers Without The Use of Antibiotics (RWA)

How to get started?Talk To Your New-Life Mills

Poultry Specialist...

Maximize the performance of broilers grown without the use of medications.


Mixed Flock Growth CurveFor Various Broiler Strains


Body Weight (grams)

Age in Days 308 708

Cobb 500

Age in Days

308 708Cobb 500

Age in Days

308 708Cobb 500

0 42 42 42 0 42 42 42 0 42 42 421 57 56 48.5 1 57 56 49 1 57 56 482 73 71 59.4 2 73 71 61 2 73 71 583 91 88 74.6 3 91 88 76 3 91 88 734 111 107 93.9 4 111 107 97 4 111 108 915 134 129 117.2 5 134 129 121 5 134 129 1136 160 153 144.4 6 160 153 150 6 160 154 1397 189 180 175.4 7 189 180 182 7 188 180 1698 220 210 210 8 221 210 218 8 220 210 2029 256 243 248 9 257 244 258 9 254 243 238

10 294 279 289.5 10 296 280 301 10 292 278 27811 336 318 334.2 11 339 320 348 11 333 316 32112 381 360 382 12 385 363 398 12 376 357 36613 429 406 433 13 434 410 451 13 423 401 41414 480 454 487 14 488 460 508 14 473 448 46615 535 506 543 15 545 513 567 15 526 498 51916 593 560 602 16 605 570 629 16 582 550 57517 655 618 664 17 669 630 694 17 640 605 63318 719 678 727 18 737 694 761 18 701 663 69319 786 741 794 19 808 760 831 19 765 723 75620 856 807 862 20 882 830 904 20 831 785 82021 929 876 932 21 959 903 978 21 899 849 88522 1004 947 1004 22 1040 979 1055 22 969 915 75323 1082 1021 1078 23 1123 1058 1134 23 1042 984 102224 1162 1096 1153 24 1209 1139 1214 24 1116 1054 109225 1244 1174 1230 25 1297 1223 1296 25 1191 1125 116326 1328 1254 1308 26 1388 1309 1380 26 1268 1199 123527 1414 1335 1387 27 1481 1398 1466 27 1347 1273 130828 1501 1419 1467 28 1576 1488 1552 28 1427 1349 138229 1590 1503 1549 29 1673 1581 1641 29 1507 1426 145630 1680 1589 1631 30 1771 1675 1730 30 1589 1504 153231 1771 1677 1714 31 1871 1771 1820 31 1671 1582 160732 1863 1765 1797 32 1973 1868 1911 32 1754 1662 168233 1956 1854 1881 33 2075 1966 2003 33 1838 1742 175834 2050 1944 1965 34 2179 2066 2096 34 1922 1822 183435 2144 2035 2049 35 2283 2166 2189 35 2006 1903 190936 2239 2126 2134 36 2388 2268 2283 36 2090 1984 198437 2334 2218 2218 37 2493 2370 2377 37 2175 2066 205938 2429 2310 2302 38 2599 2472 2471 38 2259 2147 213339 2524 2402 2386 39 2705 2575 2566 39 2344 2229 220640 2620 2494 2469 40 2811 2678 2660 40 2428 2310 227841 2715 2586 2551 41 2917 2781 2754 41 2512 2392 235042 2809 2678 2634 42 3023 2884 2848 42 2595 2473 242043 2904 2770 2715 43 3129 2987 2941 43 2678 2554 248944 2997 2862 2795 44 3234 3089 3034 44 2761 2635 255645 3091 2953 2874 45 3339 3192 3126 45 2843 2715 262246 3184 3044 2952 46 3443 3294 3218 46 2924 2795 268747 3276 3134 3029 47 3546 3395 3308 47 3005 2874 274948 3367 3224 3104 48 3648 3495 3398 48 3085 2952 281049 3457 3313 3177 49 3750 3595 3486 49 3165 3030 2868

Mixed Flock Body Weight (grams)

Cockerel Body Weight (grams)

Pullet Body Weight (grams)


Mixed Feed Chart

0C 0F Total Daily gain Daily Total Litres/ day US Gal/ day

0 33 91.4 42 26 71 32.7 90.8 56 14 0.014 34 92 32.3 90.2 71 15 0.018 0.032 38 103 32 89.6 89 18 0.022 0.054 42 114 31.7 89 109 20 0.026 0.08 49 135 31.3 88.4 132 23 0.03 0.11 57 156 31 87.8 157 26 0.034 0.144 61 167 30.6 87 186 29 0.038 0.182 68 188 30.1 86.3 218 32 0.046 0.228 76 209 29.7 85.5 253 35 0.05 0.278 83 22

10 28.9 84 291 38 0.054 0.332 91 2411 28 82.5 332 41 0.058 0.39 98 2612 27.2 81 376 44 0.063 0.453 106 2813 26.9 80.4 424 48 0.07 0.523 114 3014 26.5 79.8 475 51 0.074 0.597 117 3115 26.2 79.2 529 54 0.084 0.681 121 3216 25.8 78.4 586 57 0.091 0.772 132 3517 25.4 77.7 646 60 0.099 0.871 140 3718 25 77 709 63 0.106 0.977 148 3919 24.7 76.4 775 66 0.11 1.087 155 4120 24.3 75.8 844 69 0.117 1.204 163 4321 24 75.2 916 72 0.124 1.328 170 4522 23.7 74.6 990 74 0.131 1.459 178 4723 23.3 74 1067 77 0.139 1.598 185 4924 23 73.4 1146 79 0.148 1.746 193 5125 23 73.4 1227 81 0.156 1.902 201 5326 23 73.4 1310 83 0.162 2.064 216 5727 23 73.4 1395 85 0.17 2.234 223 5928 23 73.4 1481 86 0.179 2.413 238 6329 23 73.4 1569 88 0.185 2.598 246 6530 23 73.4 1658 89 0.19 2.788 254 6731 23 73.4 1748 90 0.196 2.984 261 6932 23 73.4 1839 91 0.2 3.184 269 7133 23 73.4 1931 92 0.206 3.39 276 7334 23 73.4 2023 92 0.21 3.6 284 7535 23 73.4 2116 93 0.214 3.814 291 7736 23 73.4 2209 93 0.215 4.029 299 7937 23 73.4 2303 94 0.218 4.247 307 8138 22.7 73 2397 94 0.22 4.467 314 8339 22.5 72.5 2491 94 0.222 4.689 322 8540 22 72 2585 94 0.224 4.913 329 8741 21.5 71.5 2679 94 0.23 5.143 333 8842 21.5 71.0 2772 93 0.232 5.375 337 8943 21 70.5 2865 93 0.239 5.614 341 9044 21 70.0 2958 93 0.242 5.856 344 9145 20.5 69.5 3050 92 0.25 6.106 348 9246 20.5 69.0 3141 91 0.251 6.357 352 9347 20.5 68.5 3232 91 0.251 6.608 356 9448 20 68.0 3322 90 0.253 6.861 360 9549 20 68.0 3411 89 0.253 7.114 363 9650 20 68.0 3499 88 0.253 7.367 367 9751 20 68.0 3586 87 0.253 7.62 371 9852 20 68.0 3672 86 0.253 7.873 371 9853 20 68.0 3757 85 0.253 8.126 375 9954 20 68.0 3841 84 0.253 8.379 375 99

The temperatures listed indicate the ideal temperature at 50% RH. Keep birds in their thermal comfort zone and ensure temperature decisions are based on observed bird comfort. Charts are guidelines only.

Days of Age Temperature Feed consumption Water Consumption(kg per bird) Per 1000 birds

Body Weight (g)


Cockerel Feed Chart

0C 0F Total Daily gain Daily Total Litres/ day US Gal/day

0 33 91.4 42 26 71 32.7 90.8 56 14 0.014 34 92 32.3 90.2 71 15 0.018 0.032 38 103 32 89.6 89 18 0.022 0.054 42 114 31.7 89 109 20 0.026 0.08 49 135 31.3 88.4 132 23 0.03 0.11 57 156 31 87.8 157 26 0.034 0.144 61 167 30.6 87 186 29 0.038 0.182 68 188 30.1 86.3 218 32 0.046 0.228 76 209 29.7 85.5 253 35 0.05 0.278 83 22

10 28.9 84 292 39 0.054 0.332 91 2411 28 82.5 334 42 0.058 0.39 98 2612 27.2 81 380 46 0.063 0.453 106 2813 26.9 80.4 429 49 0.07 0.523 114 3014 26.5 79.8 482 53 0.074 0.597 132 3515 26.2 79.2 538 56 0.084 0.681 140 3716 25.8 78.4 598 60 0.091 0.772 151 4017 25.4 77.7 661 63 0.099 0.871 159 4218 25 77 728 67 0.106 0.977 167 4419 24.7 76.4 798 70 0.11 1.087 178 4720 24.3 75.8 871 73 0.117 1.204 189 5021 24 75.2 947 76 0.124 1.328 197 5222 23.7 74.6 1026 79 0.131 1.459 204 5423 23.3 74 1108 82 0.139 1.598 212 5624 23 73.4 1193 85 0.148 1.746 220 5825 23 73.4 1280 87 0.156 1.902 227 6026 23 73.4 1369 89 0.162 2.064 235 6227 23 73.4 1461 92 0.17 2.234 242 6428 23 73.4 1555 94 0.179 2.413 250 6629 23 73.4 1650 95 0.185 2.598 261 6930 23 73.4 1747 97 0.19 2.788 273 7231 23 73.4 1846 99 0.196 2.984 284 7532 23 73.4 1946 100 0.2 3.184 295 7833 23 73.4 2047 101 0.206 3.39 303 8034 23 73.4 2149 102 0.21 3.6 310 8235 23 73.4 2252 103 0.214 3.814 310 8236 23 73.4 2355 103 0.215 4.029 318 8437 23 73.4 2459 104 0.218 4.247 326 8638 22.7 73 2563 104 0.22 4.467 333 8839 22.5 72.5 2667 104 0.222 4.689 341 9040 22 72 2772 105 0.224 4.913 344 9141 21.5 71.5 2876 104 0.23 5.143 348 9242 21.5 71.0 2980 104 0.232 5.375 352 9343 21 70.5 3084 104 0.239 5.614 356 9444 21 70.0 3188 104 0.242 5.856 360 9545 20.5 69.5 3291 103 0.25 6.106 363 9646 20.5 69.0 3393 102 0.251 6.357 367 9747 20.5 68.5 3495 102 0.251 6.608 371 9848 20 68.0 3596 101 0.253 6.861 375 9949 20 68.0 3696 100 0.253 7.114 379 10050 20 68.0 3795 99 0.253 7.367 379 10051 20 68.0 3893 98 0.253 7.62 379 10052 20 68.0 3990 97 0.253 7.873 382 10153 20 68.0 4086 96 0.253 8.126 382 10154 20 68.0 4181 95 0.253 8.379 386 102

Water Consumption

(kg per bird) Per 1000 birdsTemperatureDays of Age Body Weight (g)


Feed consumption


Pullet Feed Chart

0C 0F Total Daily gain Daily Total Litres/ day US Gal/day

0 33 91.4 42 26 71 32.7 90.8 56 14 0.014 34 92 32.3 90.2 72 15 0.018 0.032 38 103 32 89.6 89 18 0.022 0.054 42 114 31.7 89 109 20 0.026 0.08 49 135 31.3 88.4 132 23 0.03 0.11 57 156 31 87.8 157 25 0.034 0.144 61 167 30.6 87 186 28 0.038 0.182 68 188 30.1 86.3 217 31 0.046 0.228 76 209 29.7 85.5 251 34 0.05 0.278 83 22

10 28.9 84 288 37 0.054 0.332 91 2411 28 82.5 328 40 0.058 0.39 98 2612 27.2 81 371 43 0.063 0.453 106 2813 26.9 80.4 417 46 0.07 0.523 114 3014 26.5 79.8 466 49 0.074 0.597 121 3215 26.2 79.2 518 52 0.084 0.681 129 3416 25.8 78.4 573 55 0.091 0.772 136 3617 25.4 77.7 631 58 0.099 0.871 144 3818 25 77 691 60 0.106 0.977 148 3919 24.7 76.4 754 63 0.11 1.087 151 4020 24.3 75.8 819 65 0.117 1.204 155 4121 24 75.2 886 67 0.124 1.328 163 4322 23.7 74.6 955 69 0.131 1.459 170 4523 23.3 74 1026 71 0.139 1.598 178 4724 23 73.4 1099 73 0.148 1.746 185 4925 23 73.4 1174 75 0.156 1.902 201 5326 23 73.4 1250 76 0.162 2.064 208 5527 23 73.4 1327 77 0.17 2.234 216 5728 23 73.4 1406 79 0.179 2.413 223 5929 23 73.4 1486 80 0.185 2.598 231 6130 23 73.4 1566 80 0.19 2.788 238 6331 23 73.4 1647 81 0.196 2.984 246 6532 23 73.4 1729 82 0.2 3.184 254 6733 23 73.4 1811 82 0.206 3.39 261 6934 23 73.4 1894 83 0.21 3.6 269 7135 23 73.4 1977 83 0.214 3.814 276 7336 23 73.4 2060 83 0.215 4.029 284 7537 23 73.4 2143 83 0.218 4.247 291 7738 22.7 73 2226 83 0.22 4.467 299 7939 22.5 72.5 2309 83 0.222 4.689 303 8040 22 72 2392 83 0.224 4.913 307 8141 21.5 71.5 2475 83 0.23 5.143 314 8342 21.5 71.0 2557 82 0.232 5.375 318 8443 21 70.5 2639 82 0.239 5.614 322 8544 21 70.0 2720 81 0.242 5.856 326 8645 20.5 69.5 2801 81 0.25 6.106 329 8746 20.5 69.0 2881 80 0.251 6.357 333 8847 20.5 68.5 2961 80 0.251 6.608 337 8948 20 68.0 3040 79 0.253 6.861 344 9149 20 68.0 3118 78 0.253 7.114 348 92


Days of Age Temperature Water Consumption(kg per bird) Per 1000 birds

Feed consumptionBody Weight (g)


Barn Managem

ent

• Chick Management

• Lighting Programs

• Barn Ventilation

• Moisture Control


Key Points for Success• Preheat the barn so that the litter can reach room

temperature

• Before the chicks arrive cover the floor with about 5-10cm of clean, dry litter material

• Ensure the barn reaches the correct temperature and humidity with good air quality at least 24 hours before chicks arrive

• Maintaining the barn around 50% relative humidi-ty will help keep the barn dry throughout the flock

• Provide chicks access to feed and water immedi-ately at placement

• Provide 70g-100g per bird of feed on the floor so that birds can find feed at the floor level in the first days of its life

• Feed system must be flooded

• Activate each nipple by hand so that a droplet of water is visible to the birds

• Lighting should be bright enough that it causes a reflection on the water droplet to help stimulate birds to find the water

• Check and adjust feeders and drinkers regularly

• Watch the birds and use chick behavior as an indicator of comfort

Chick ManagementGetting birds off to the best start

How you set up your barn prior to chicks arriving, as well as bird management in the first 7-10 days of life can have a huge impact on the performance of your broiler flock. The goal is to have chicks delivered to the farm as soon as possible post-hatch and fed immediately.

It is a dramatic and stressful change for the chicks as they move from the hatchery environment to the barn environ-ment. Chicks must have access to feed and water immedi-ately as they need to establish normal feeding and drinking behaviors.

If the flock gets to feed quickly and there are no other fac-tors (e.g., nutritional, environmental or disease challenges), you can expect the 7 day body weight to be four or five times greater than the day old chick weight.


Lighting programs used to grow commercial broilers can have a significant impact on overall performance and growth. Consider these factors when setting up your lighting program.

Ultimately, it is difficult to recommend one lighting pro-gram for all types of broiler production scenarios. Gen-erally speaking we recommend 24 hours light at place-ment for 1 day and then gradually reducing the hours of light to 20 hours. We don’t recommend going any short-er than 17 hours of light.

Points to Remember• Use dusk-to-dawn light controls so that

birds experience a gradual change in light intensi-ty. This will help to keep birds calm and reduce the incidence of scratching. Try to change the intensity gradually over a period of 45 minutes to 1 hour.

• Ask your Broiler Specialist for ideas on custom-izing your lighting program specific to your own broiler operation.

• One of the most important things to realize about broilers and their lighting programs is that broil-ers quickly learn what the lighting program is and they anticipate the lights going off. After a few days of the lights turning off at a specific time, birds start to react by increasing feed and water con-sumption about 6 hours before the lights are sched-uled to turn off. Within 2 hours of the lights begin-ning to turn off, feed consumption will decrease. By the time the lights are shut off, there are essentially no birds eating or drinking. Therefore, it should be noted that the off time in a broiler barn should never be changed. Always adhere to the same off time! If the dark period needs to be adjusted, make sure to modify the time the lights go on.

Lighting Programs for Commercial Broilers

• Market type (whole carcass, cut up, etc.)

• Market age

• Feed cost and impact of day length on feed efficiency

• Stocking density/limited feeder space – if feeder space is an issue, the dark period should be lengthened to avoid an increase in cellulitis

• Feed type - low density/mash feeds require in-creased feeding time and having too long of a dark period will inhibit this and may reduce feed intake


Ventilation for BroilersThe purpose of ventilation in a broiler barn is to optimize the barn environment and bird health, thereby maximizing production. This is done through removal of CO2, as well as the control of humidity levels and temperatures.

Controlling CO2 starts before the birds get to the barn. Pre-heating and bringing the concrete temperature up in the barn reduces the cycling time of the heaters. By doing this, we will be able to exhaust the highest levels of CO2 before the birds arrive. If the concrete on the floor is not heated enough, cold will radiate from the concrete reducing tem-perature, forcing heaters to cycle more often and increas-ing CO2 levels. This will result in more fan power required to exhaust CO2, causing temperature to decrease, and forc-ing the heaters to cycle more frequently, which may cause stress to the birds.

Circulation fans are for balancing barn temperatures and for moving air, which sus-pends moisture allowing exhaust fans to remove the moisture.

Achieving a concrete temperature of 87 to 92°F and a litter temperature of 90 to 95°F before birds are placed will reduce heater cycling and reduce CO2. CO2 levels should be kept between 2500 and 3000 ppm for optimum starts for broilers.

Humidity in the barn must be controlled to reduce wet litter and caking on the barn floor. If wet litter and caking occurs, there will be an increase in the ammonia level in the barn. If moisture is allowed to be absorbed in the litter, this provides a place for bacteria to grow, increasing disease pressure and compromising the birds’ immune system. Ventilation fans, circulation fans and inlets are most commonly used to re-duce humidity and temperature.

The air speed entering the barn from the inlet is dependent on the static pressure within the barn. The fans running cre-ate a negative pressure in the barn. Different barn designs and fan stages require different static pressures, which will change the air path in the barn.

You want a low enough static pressure that the air comes in the barn far enough to mix with the warm air, then flows across the floor removing and suspending moisture in the air for the exhaust fans to remove from the barn. If there is not enough static pressure, cool air will fall and will not have enough air speed to lift and suspend moisture. Today’s controls will adjust inlets and fan speeds based on humidity to maintain a desired humidity level. A good rule of thumb to follow is: at 50% RH, humidity is decreasing and at 70% RH, it is increasing. Keeping a lower humidity for the first 21 days will reduce caking and preserve your litter throughout the rest of the crop. By 21 days, the birds have enough weight to work the litter to keep it loose, which helps dry it out as the air moves over it. After 21 days, we can allow the humidity to increase slightly to help save heating costs without compromising the birds. Our circulation fans also play a part in our ventilation as they are used to mix air, balancing the temperature throughout the barn, when we are in minimum ventilation, as well as to lift moisture from the litter and suspend that moisture in the air until the ex-haust fans remove it.

When we consider temperature, we must understand what the controller is trying to do. If the ambient temperature is below our set point, we are in minimum ventilation mode and the heaters will most likely be cycling on and off. Mini-mum ventilation fans will be running at a slow speed or on a timer cycling on and off to remove CO2 and humidity. If the ambient temperature is above the set point, additional fans will come on and speed up to try to lower the ambient temperature down to the set point. As the temperature of the barn continues to rise, the fan stages will continue to come on. We want maximum ventilation to be achieved by 7-9⁰F above the set point. This will depend on the bird age and density.

Shown above are both side wall inlets. At the top a continuous inlet the length of the barn is seen. At the bottom a smaller modular inlet is shown. Both allow us to control the amount of air and static pressure of the barn. Barns and inlets are designed to suspend the cold incoming air as long as possible for the air to be pre heated.

Barn Ventilation For BroilersOptimize the barn environment and bird health


Misting, sprinkling and cool cells all may be used to reduce temperature, cooling by evaporation. When the air comes in contact with the water molecules, the warm air evapo-rates the water molecules resulting in a decrease in air tem-perature due to the loss of heat during evaporation. The smaller the water droplet or more surface area of the water exposed to the air, the more air contact and evaporative cooling. On days with higher levels of humidity, we can see a reduction in evaporation and a reduction in cooling of the air. It is important to note that all evaporative cooling will raise the humidity.

Exhaust Fan Capacity

* All temperature charts fan speed and CFM charts are guidelines for operating your barn. Measuring as much data as possible in your barn will give you the information that you need to ventilate your barn efficiently and adequately.

Moisture Control Ventilation(CFM per 1000 broiler chickens)

Outside Temp

-20°C -10°C 0°C 20°C

Day 1 480 500 560 960

Day 7 840 900 990 1760

Day 14 1470 1550 1720 3300

Day 21 2130 2250 2500 5000

Day 28 3050 3250 3700 9000

Fan Diameter (Inches)

12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24” 36” 48”

Airflow Capacity(CFM Average)

1200 1900 2600 3500 4200 6000 11000 21000

Tunnel ventilation (above) works on the same principle. We are designing the barn and the inlets to match the number of fans. The inlet allows us to both direct air where we want it to go and how much we want moved.

Exhaust fans that are not in use should be closed as best as they can to reduce air coming into the barn where we don’t want it.


Probably the vast majority of people on the street, if you asked them, would say that humid air is heavier than dry air. After all, humid air has more moisture in it and therefore should weigh more than air that contains less moisture. In actuality, dry air weighs more than humid air. (Figure 2) This is because moist air contains more water molecules, which tend to displace oxygen and nitrogen molecules (actual ox-ygen levels in air are not significantly affected by humidity).

Since a water molecule (H2O) weighs approximately 36% and 44% less than those of Nitrogen (N2) or Oxygen (O2), respectively, the air becomes lighter as the percentage of water molecules contained in the air increase - though the density of air does decrease as humidity increases, the ef-fect is actually quite small. For instance, the density of 40 of air decreases less than one percent as the relative humidly increases from 20% to 100%.

Though it is true that the density of warmer air changes more with humidity (due to the fact warm air can hold more moisture than drier air), the differences are still very mini-mal (less than 1%) at temperatures typically seen in poultry houses.

Though relative humidity doesn’t significantly affect the density of air, temperature in contract does. As we have all learned in grade school, warmer air is lighter than cooler air. As a general rule, increasing the temperature of air by 50of decreases its density by approximately 10%. As a result, the hotter the air, the lighter it becomes, the faster it will

move towards the ceiling in a poultry house. Air emanat-ing from a brooder or from a furnace is much hotter than that produced by the birds, as a result rises to the ceiling much faster than the heat produced by the birds. So, as you might expect, temperature stratification can be a much greater problem during brooding than it is during the last few weeks of a flock.

Cold entering through an inlet tends to fall to the floor due to the simple fact that it is heavier than the air in the house. The colder the air, the heavier it is, the more likely it will fall to the floor, causing problems with chilled birds and wet lit-ter. This is why during cold weather producers should try to operate their inlet systems at a slightly greater negative pressure when it is very cold outside than they typically do during mild times of the year. A great negative pressure will increase the speed at which the cold air enters the house. The faster the air enters the house the further it tends to be thrown in towards the center of the house, increasing the likelihood that it is thoroughly mixed with the hot air collecting at the ceiling before it moves down to bird/floor level.

So, though it is true that air on a cold, rainy day will tend to fall to the floor more quickly than on a warm dry day mak-ing it more of a challenge to properly ventilate a house, the reason it is falling to the floor has nothing to do with the high relative humidity of the air and everything to do with its temperature. Hot air rises and cold air, regardless of hu-midity falls.

Cold, Humid Air Is Lighter than Cold, Dry AirUniversity of Georgia: College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Poultry Housing Tips, November 2009

Figure 2 Density of air Vs. Relative Humidity


Bird Health

• Water Soluble Medications

• Water Quality Standards

• Feed Medications

• Common Diseases


Water Soluble Medicationsfor Broiler Chickens

To determine the amount of water-soluble medication re-quired, look up age of the birds on the water consumption table and multiply the corresponding litres by the number of birds in the flock divided by 1000. This will give you the water consumption (in litres) per 1000 birds per day. Then, divide your result by the recommended number of litres for each package of medication. The following example is based on a flock of 15,000 birds at three weeks of age, med-icated with Polytonine A Booster.

Step 1: Calculate water on consumption based on the ta-ble. 15 X 188 litres/1000 birds = 2820 litres/day

Step 2: Calculate the amount of medication needed. 2820 litres/day ÷ 180 litres/package = 15.7 packages/day.

A withdrawal period is required on some medications be-fore birds can be slaughtered for human consumption. Al-ways remember to read the label on the package.

Medication used in water must be indicated on HACCP forms.

An ample supply of clean, fresh water is essential to the suc-cess of your flock. If the chicken cannot get an adequate supply of water, normal growth can be hindered. Water consumption should be monitored daily with the use of a reliable water meter. By keeping records of water consump-tion, the farm manager can be satisfied that the birds are receiving the proper amount of water. Water requirements depend on age, body weight and ambient temperature.

Typically, birds consume by weight about twice as much water as feed. Anything which restricts water intake will also cause a reduction in feed intake. Both mineral content and bacteriological quality must be considered.Water provided to livestock and poultry should meet hu-man drinking water standards. Water samples should be taken at least twice per year and analyzed by a reputable laboratory. E. coli and fecal coliforms should be checked along with mineral content. Pressure and use rate should be monitored daily and a regular routine of flushing should be implemented.

A number of water treatments are available today. These include chlorination, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, acidifica-tion, filtration, ultra-violet and electrical descales. No one

treatment is suitable for all applications; consult a water treatment expert to ensure the best quality for your flock.

While chlorination (or use of peroxide, etc.) may help to im-prove the bacteriological characteristics of the water, it will do little to change the mineral content. Softened water is not recommended for poultry as the resulting sodium con-tent may be excessive.

End of Week litres/1000 birds US gal/1000 birds

1 61 16

2 106 28

3 188 50

4 261 69

5 322 85

6 370 98

7 399 105

8 411 109

Daily Water Consumption (Broiler Chickens)


Water Soluble Productsfor Broiler Chickens

Product Supplier Reason for Use Rate Withdrawal

Electrolytes Plus Vetoquinol

To stimulate appetite during stress caused by disease, moving, crowding or hot weather.

400 g per 750L5 days none

Poly-Tonine A Com-plex Vetoquinol

To aid in the pre-vention of vitamin deficiencies.

100g per 225L none

Neo-Chlor Vetoquinol

To aid in the treat-ment of infectious disease caused by microorganisms sen-sitive to tetracycline and neomycin.

100g per 225L 7 days

Pot-Pen Vetoquinol

To reduce the symp-toms associated with Necrotic Enteritis caused by penicillin susceptible Clostridi-um Perfringens.

20g per 100L5 days

1 day

Ampol 9.60% BAMTo aid in the treat-ment of Caecal Coc-cidiosis in chickens.

500ml per 200L5 to 7 days

7 days

Vital Jefo

A,D+E vitamin supple-ment to be used when birds are off feed due to stress.

100ml per 1000L none

Quinnoxine-S Vetoquinol As an aid in the pre-vention of Coccidiosis.

20ml per 20L5 days

4 days

2 days (repeat after 3 days if necessary)

Super Booster Vetoquinol

As an aid to starting chicks. Stimulates weight gain, helps overcome stress, maintains weight gain through mild cases of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD).

400g per 720L4 days

5 days

Always remember to read the directions on the label prior to using any of these water soluble products. When using scripted medi-cation in the water, please refer to your veterinarian for specific mixing instructions.


Criteria Concentration (ppm) Comments

Total Disolved Solids

0-1000 Good

1000-2000 Satisfactory: Possible laxative effect

Over 3000 Unacceptable: Mortality, laxative effect, wet droppings, reduced water intake, poor growth

HardnessLess than 100 (soft) Good

Over 100 (hard) Satisfactory: Possible interference with effectiveness of disinfectants and medications

pH 6.5-8.5 Acceptable range. May require acid/base treatment outside of this range

Sulfates

Less than 300 Usually no problem, but levels over 50ppm may have a laxative effect if magnesium and chloride are high

Over 300 Laxative effect

Over 500 Laxative effect. May interfere with copper absorption, additive laxative effect with high chloride

Chloride

Less than 300 Not a problem but may exacerbate laxative effect of sodium or sulfate

500 Maximum desired level

Over 500 Laxative effect, wet droppings, reduced feed intake, increased water con-sumption

Sodium 50-300 Acceptable range. May cause loose droppings if sulfates are over 50ppm and chloride is over 14ppm.

PotassiumLess than 500 Generally not a problem, but laxative effect may be additive

with sodium level

Over 500 Laxative effect

Magnesium Less than 200 Generally not a problem, but if sulfates are higher than 500ppm there may be a laxative effect

CalciumOver 200 Laxative effect

600 Maximum desired level

IronLess than 0.3 Acceptable

Over 0.3 Unacceptable. Bad taste and smell. Encourages bacterial growth

Fluoride Over 40 Unacceptable. Causes soft bones.

Nitrate Nitrogen 10 Maximum acceptable level.

Nitrite Nitrogen Trace (less than 1ppm) Greater than 1ppm indicates fecal runoff contamination

Bacterial Coliforms

0 Levels above 0 indicate fecal contamination

Water Quality Standards(Broiler Chickens)


Feed Medication Guidelines (Broiler Chickens)

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Common Poultry Diseases and Condemnations

Air Sacculitis/CRD is a bacterial infection in the air-sacs, usually caused by E.coli. This condition can be acute, affecting air sacs, lungs, liver and spleen. It can also be chronic and limited to the air-sacs only. In the case of acute airsaccu-litis, the whole carcass is condemned while the bird with the chronic form can be partially salvaged. E.coli infections are commonly known as CRD (chronic respiratory disease) syndrome in broil-ers. Fungal infections (aspergillosis) may also cause air-sac infections and pneumonia.

Airsacculitis/CRD

Cellulitis is an infection between the skin and the muscles. It can develop in as little as 8 hours and can be caused by the spread of infection from an infected navel, from scratches or other injuries that allow bacteria to get under the skin. You can reduce this condition by avoiding overcrowding, calming active birds through lighting programs, inten-sities and even distribution, managing equipment line heights and eliminating feed disruptions as well as improving barn conditions through the mainte-nance of nipple drinkers and proper clean outs.

Cellulitis

Valgus-Varus Deformity (VVD) is commonly called twisted leg. The twisting is due to the bending of the tibia (lower drumstick) and tarsometatarsus (upper shank) bones caused by poor bone mineralization. The right leg is most commonly affected. How-ever either one of the legs may be affected. This condition is often confused with perosis (slipped tendon) however, in perosis the long bones are usually greatly shortened. Most birds with VVD are condemned due to secondary emaciation. Be sure that your lighting program provides adequate darkness so birds can rest and bones can develop normally.

Valgus-Varus Deformity

Vertebral Osteoarthritis (VOA) is bac-terial disease caused by Enterococcus cecorum. Symptoms include lameness, severe leg problems, kinky back gait, downer and dead birds. The main lesion associated with this disease is a bilateral spinal abscess. The exact cause of the disease remains unknown.

Vertebral Osteoarthritis

Hepatitis is an acute or chronic infection of the liver, causing swelling. It may be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, toxic agents or obstruction of the biliary system in the liver. Early ascites cases cause liver damage and are classified as hepatitis.

Hepatitis

Necrotic Enteritis is caused by Clostrid-ium perfringens and characterised by a fibrino-necrotic enteritis, usually of the mid- small intestine. High mortality may be observed with necrotic enteritis. Predispos-ing factors include coccidiosis, high protein diets, high viscosity diets and any conditions that compromise the immune system. Signs of necrotic enteritis include depres-sion, ruffled feathers, poor appetite, closed eyes, immobility, dark colored diarrhea and sudden death.

Necrotic Enteritis

Condemns and poultry diseases are a significant source of lost revenue to many poultry producers. Some of the more common diseases are summarized below:

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Yolk Sac Infection

Coccidiosis is a group of host-specific parasites that infect various sites in the bird’s intestine. The infectious process is very quick (4–7 days) during which the parasites replicate in host cells causing extensive damage to the lining of the intestine. Signs of coccidiosis include decreased growth rate, severe diarrhea, and high mortality. Feed and water consumption can also decrease. Mild, or subclinical, infections of coccidio-sis may cause depigmentation and potentially lead to secondary infection, particular-ly Clostridium spp infection (Necrotic enteritis).

Coccidiosis

Ascites is an important cause of mortality and condemnation in broilers. There are various causes for ascites but in general, anything that reduces the supply of oxygen or increases the body’s need for oxygen contributes to an increased incidence. Insufficient ventilation may cause a buildup of gases like ammonia or carbon monoxide, which interfere with oxygen uptake. The incidence of ascites is higher in the winter season if the temperature in the barn is low. This is because birds require more oxygen for increased metabolism to maintain body temperature when the barn temperature is below 18.9ºC (66°F).

Ascites

Foot Pad Dermatitis is also called paw burns, ammonia burns or pododermati-tis. This condition is caused by a combi-nation of moisture and high ammonia in the litter. The disease causes an inflammatory reaction and may devel-op into an ulcer. This can be prevented with good husbandry practices such as maintaining proper litter conditions as well as barn clean out and disinfection.

Foot Pad Dermatitis

Emaciated birds have very poor muscle mass, absence of body fat and will be smaller in size. This type of condem-nation accounts for very significant losses. It is usually caused by lameness (leg problems), or infections that cause birds to eat very little and not grow. These “runts” should be culled as soon as they are noticed. Their incidence can be reduced by providing adequate feed, water and space. Lighting prob-lems can help in reducing lameness.

Emaciation

Yolk Sac Infection is due to bacterial infection of the navel and yolk sac of newly hatched chicks. The infection may occur as a result of contamination before healing of the navel. Various types of bacteria may be involved in causing the infection. Some of the symptoms include closed eyes, poor appetite, slow growth, pasty vents and swollen abdomen. Most chicks will die before they reach 7 days of age.

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Poultry Industry Directory

Poultry VeterinariansAnimal Health LaboratoryLaboratory ServicesUniversity of GuelphGeneral InquiriesPhone: 519-767-6299

Dr. Elizabeth BlackElfrida PoultryDiagnostic Services1354 Regional Road #66Caledonia, ONN3W 1R2Phone: 905-765-2177

Dr. Mike Joyce D.V.M. Dip Path., Diplomate A.C.P.V.R.R.#1 Hillsburgh, ON N0B 1Z0Phone: 519-855-4606

Kemptville Lab79 Shearer Street Kemptville Ont K0G 1J0Phone: [email protected]

Lakeside Poultry Veterinary Services:Shahbaz Haq M.Sc (Vet Pathology), D.V.M., Dip ACPVUnit-A, 240 Graff Ave.Stratford, ON N5A 6Y2Phone: 519-273-9090

Dr. Mike PetrikBox 1900 St. Marys, ONN4X 1C2Phone: 519-275-1238

Smith & Weisz PoultryVeterinary ServicesProfessional Corp519 Maltby Road WestGuelph, ON N1L 1G3Phone: 519-829-1656

Dr. Joanne B. Rafuse, D.V.M.Zorra Veterinary ServicesR.R. #2 Thamesford, ONN0M 2M0Phone: 519-283-6081

Dr. Lloyd J. Weber D.V.M.A.C.P.V.Poultry Health Consultant519 Maltby Road WestGuelph, ONN1L 1G3Phone: 519-821-5963

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada1341 Baseline RoadOttawa, ON K1A 0C5Phone: 613-773-1000Toll Free: 1-855-773-0241www.agr.gc.ca

Chicken Farmers of OntarioP.O. Box 50353320 South Service RoadBurlington, ON L7R 3Y8Phone: 905-637-0025Email: [email protected]

Chicken Farmers of Canada350 Sparks Street, Suite 1007Ottawa, ON K1R 7S8Phone: 613-241-2800Email: [email protected]

The Ontario Agri Business Association104 - 160 Research LaneGuelph, ON N1G 5B2Phone: 519-822-3004www.oaba.on.ca

Poultry Industry Council483 Arkell RoadGuelph, ON N1H 6H8Phone: 519-837-0284Email: [email protected]

Denfield Mill24162 Denfield Road - R.R.#2Denfield, ON N0M 1P0Phone: 519-666-1400Toll Free: 1-800-265-7040Fax: 519-666-0929

Inkerman MillBox 26 - 11489 Queen StreetInkerman, ON K0E 1J0Phone: 613-989-2003Toll Free: 1-800-565-5175Fax: 613-989-2965

Wyoming MillBox 70 - 520 Main StreetWyoming, ON N0N 1T0Phone: 519-845-3318Toll Free: 1-800-265-7507Fax: 519-845-0652

Regional Sales Office1060 Fountain Street NorthCambridge, ON N3E 0A1Phone: 519-650-6732Toll Free: 1-800-463-1196Fax: 519-650-6733

Corporate OfficeBox 219 - 252 14th StreetHanover, ON N4N 3C5Phone: 519-364-3263Toll Free: 1-800-663-4305Fax: 519-364-5732www.newlifemills.com

Poultry Industry

New-Life Mills

www.newlifemills.com

Den�eld Mill24162 Den�eld Road - R.R.#2Den�eld, ON N0M 1P0Phone: 519-666-1400Toll Free: 1-800-265-7040Fax: 519-666-0929

Inkerman MillBox 26 - 11489 Queen StreetInkerman, ON K0E 1J0Phone: 613-989-2003Toll Free: 1-800-565-5175Fax: 613-989-2965

Wyoming MillBox 70 - 520 Main StreetWyoming, ON N0N 1T0Phone: 519-845-3318Toll Free: 1-800-265-7507Fax: 519-845-0652

0035-NO

V- 2015

For More Information Contact: a New-Life Mills Poulty Specialist or email: [email protected]

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