Only for internal use!

BRITISH STANDARD

Bitumen roademulsions (anionic andcationic)Part 2: Code of practice for use ofbitumen road emulsions

110f ' 625.8,56i.063:665.775.5

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

BS 434-2 :1984Reprinted,incorporatingAmendment No. I

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BS 434-2:1984

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ThI British Mandwd, hx%been prepared under thedirection ofthe RoadEngineering StandardsCommittee, was publisb, !under the authority (d ~ ~i~Board of BSI anii come~into effect on29 Febraary I

(o 138101-1999

First published asDecember 1954First revision as BS 25!2December 1960Second revision as 1'S IOctober 1973Third revision Februar,

The following BSI reference-relate to the work on thi,standard :Cornmittoo referenceDraft for comment 80/1

ISBN 0 580 12839 3

ation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Roadering Standards Committee ( RDB/-) 'n Technical Coni inittee RDB/14

iipoli which thefollowing bodies w, ~-P, ,, ~

ornmittees responsible for thisritish Standard

sh Aggregate Construction Mater.-'~ i

4ustries

Surveyors' Society

.-ation of Civil Engineering Corr~ i ~ ~ -,f ireater .LondoD Council

stitute of Petroleumitution of Civil Engineers

itution of Highway EngineersofMunicipal Engineers

sion Association Ltd.

emical Industryrd member

dments issued since publica

icated 11% Y. ,Aine in tbeniargin

Only for internal use!

01~13Si1 01-1999

BS 434-2 :1984

Contents

This document may be used in partonly for the internal use!

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BS 434-2:1984

eword

revision of this Part of this British Standard, prepared Lander the direction.~,Road Engineering Standards Committee, contains recommendations for

of anionic and cationic emulsOns We rwd and otF ,, - - ~ -, It supersedesdition which is withdrawn.

inor alterations have been made !,) the previous edition of this standarrosult of users' experience and a mjw Maration has been made to themendations for the target rates -F ~,~~Ai -ition of emutsions for surface,

ulsions are normally sold by mass~ but as gauging by mass undersite conditions isthe rates ofapplication are given throvql7wv this tandard wz litres per square metre

'Ailograrn of cold emulsion is normally 0 'W~ i, to i M 1, depending upon the composition,re, etc. and one kilogram of Kl-70 at ~ 1~v ~- u~ i, -, i ;oe temjoratur .~ ~ ~, ~ 'k ~ to 85 'Q is 1.02 L

~) that within the limits shown Mr var - k , litre~ ~nd 1, : , i ~g-rams to 0.1 can be-is synonymou".".

A*hh Standard does not purport to include all the

provisions of aract- Users of British Standards are res-ponsiblefor th( ~r Lorrect application.

ce with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunitylegal obligations.

iment comprises a front cover, an inside front coven, pages i and ii,o 16, an inside back cover and i 'nack cov

rd has been updated (see copyright date) and wtay have hadated in the amentiment table on,iondments incorporated. This will be indic,

~ieinside front cover,

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I Scope

This Part of BS 434 provides guidance on thegeneral usage of anionic and cationic bitumen

u1sions on roads and other surfaces which arespecified in Part I of this standard.NOTE

The titles ofthe publications referred to in this standardare. listed on the inside back cover.

2 Information to be supplied by thepurchaser2.1 The guidance given in this clause is intended toassist the purchaser in clearly indicating hisrequirements to the supplier for the purpose ofeither a quotation or an order.2.2 When the purchaser is in no doubt as to the typeof treatment required, the emulsion supplier needonly be provided with the following information :

a) the class and binder content of emulsion ;b) quantity and type of container,c) the date and place of delivery .

2.3 When the purchaser requires advice as to themost suitable treatment, the following generalinformation should be given to the emulsionsupplier :

he location and area to be treated;b) the type of treatment ;c) the condition and nature of existing surfacingand the type of traffic carried;d) the approximate date (time of year) when thework is to be carried out.

'c') fils10 1 -1999

2.4 When the roadwork is to be carried out by thecontractor, the highway engineer should provide afull specification .2.5 The time schedule should include dates for:

a) the completion of preliminary work, if any;b) the delivery of materials;c) the start of various sections of the roadwork,d) the completion of various sections of theroadwork .

3 Materials

Table I - Classes of emulsion for normal uses

BS 434-2: 1.984

3.1 Emulsion. The class or classes of emulsion fornormal uses are given in Table 1 for convenience,but reference should be made to the detailedrecommendations given in the remainder of thisstandard.3.2 Aggregate. Unless otherwise stated, theaggregate should comply with BS 63 or BS 1984. Incases where the purpose of the aggregate is also toprovide a skid resistant wearing surface, theminimum polished stone value of the aggregate(determined in accordance with BS 812) appropriateto the intensity andspeed oftraffic carried should bespecified .

4 Design4.1 General. Except for class K1-70, bitumenemulsions are fluid enough to be apphed atatmospheric temperatures without heating andtheir viscosities are not materially affected bychanges oftemperature. Unlike hot-applied binders,they remain fluid immediately after application.The viscosity of emulsion used on a steep gradientshould therefore be as high as is compatible with theconditions and method of application, in order toprevent undue flow of emulsion down the gradient .

Use Clause Emulsion class anionic Emulsion class cationicCoated stone 12 A2-57 K2, K3Concrete curing 15 A140, Al-55 K140, Kl-60Grouting 9 Al-60, Al-55 K1-60, Kl-70Lean mix sealing 8 A140, Al-55 K140, KI-60Mist spraying 13 Al-40 Kl-40Patching 6 At-60 1, Al-55 KI-60Premixing 11 A2-50, A2-57, A3

Retreading 10 A2-50, A3 K2Sealing formation and sub-base 8 Al-60, Al-55 K1-60, KI-70Slurry sealing 16 A4 K3Surface dressing and sealing 7 Al-60, Al-55 K1-60, KI-70Tack coating 14 Ai-40 KI-40Miscellaneous 17 By agreement between the highway

engineer andthe supplier

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BS 434-2:1984

Bitumen emulsions c,~~ -,--rmallybe applied todamp surfaces with

results but, sincethey contain water, fl ,..

a r~~ liable to be adversely! .~ring or directly after

not be carriedi% However, cationic

~-.re rapidly than anionicTO, are less susceptible to-id premixing, abnormally

hot weather may also cause difficulty and trafficshould, if possible, be kept off the road for a fewhours after the work ~

~ ~ , ~pleted .

affected by frostapplication. Work sh-,u!out in frosty or wet w( , .emulsions tend to brenand, particularly classrain . In surface dressin

Special altention is do ;" n to the fact that anionic-,, e mutual coagulation if

equipment whichfor cationiccleaned before A is

- vice versa.

and cationic emulsio,-, :-mixed together . Them ihas or may have beenemulsions should be iagain used for anioni . . ,4.2 Breaking of eniul--~ons. Breaking is indicatedby a change in colour w L

emulsion from brown toblack. The rate of breal,

of emulsionis dependentupon the following faw

a) the compositico,b) the rate of evaturn is dependenthumidity, atmosplic .,method of applicai

e) the mechanicalemulsion/aggrego .rolling or by the ~

When the breaking ofdelayed, for instancedesirable that trafficas long as possible aclear that the emulsio, ,section cannot be clo-- , ~~the traffic should ~rshould not exceed 30 1; - ~iemulsion has broken,Lightly coated chippings-emulsion but, as this ca n,allowance should becontrol . .

2

water, which initions, relative

ure, rate and

c) the porosity o "emulsion A being "N J o nd the consequentremoval of water by

Ilary attraction ;d) the chemical and pl r, -ic,0 . influences of theaggregate with which

emulsion comes incontact;

ce of theing laying and

ffic .n is likely to be

poration is slow, it isd be kept

offthe work for

rolling, or at least until it isbroken, if the treated,

then the speed oflow as possible and

'20 in.p.h) until the

sed with. thebreaking,

by suitable traffic

5 Work on site5.1 Heahh and safety when handfing5.1.1 Gen.eral. principles. Bitumen em ulsions aresafe and without risk to health when properly used .This does not obviate the need for working methodsthat avoid dired skin contact with the emulsionsand adequate protective clothing (overalls, gloves,etc.) should be worn . Protective clothing should bemaintained in a sound condition and cleaned orwashed regularly . Drums of emul~, ion should not beheated without reference to the manufacturer.5.1 .2 Cleaning rnethods. Unbroken emulsion may beremoved from any surface by washing with coldwater but this method is ineffective for the removal.of residual bitumen adhering to tools or appliancesor to the person . In such cases, kerosine will assistthe removal, of the bitumen and protective glovesshould be worn to minimize skin contact.If kerosine is used on the skin, it is essential that itis subsequently removed by thorough washing withsoap and w9on The use before work of a barriersubstance on the skin will usually dispense with theneed for L, r- ~ne or other skin cleaners, other thansoap a5.2 Protection and storage of materials . Drums,or other conuJners should bestored under cleanconditions . Emulsions can be damaged by thefreezing of the water contained within them andtherefore the druims should be protected fromfreezing . If the storage period exceeds 1 month, thedrumsshould he turned or inverted at least once amonth.Containers should be well rolled to agitate thecontents before use. This applies particularly toemulsions in classes A] -40 and K1 -40.Care should be taken to prevent damage to thecontainers, when handling tbetnand removing thebungs.Immediately after use, returnable containers shouldbe completely emptied and the bungs and ventplugs rep5.3 Preparation of surface. All mud, dust, leaves,etc. should be removed from the surface to betreated by brtwhbg with band brooms or withmechanical brooms . In very hot weather, it may beadvisable to dampen the road surface with water inorder to retard the loss ofwater from the emulsion,to reduce the rate ofbreak andto encourage wettingof the surfin- by the emulsior .It is essenti ; il that the road ~i i ~ 6~ce is free fromstanding wo i

Kle the en, 00 a is applied.

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5.4 Application5.4.1 Hand application5.4.1A Buckets and brooms . The emulsions may beapplied from lipped buckets or cans fitted withduckbill spreaders or baffles andthen evenly spreadwith medium-long bristled brooms or withsqueegees . It is advisable to spread the emulsion inone direction only so as to avoid any scrubbingaction.NOTE

Pitch-set brooms cannot be cleaned with solvent withoutthe risk ofdamage . Wire-set brooms are therefore preferred.5.4.1 . 2 Barrel trucks . Many different kinds of barreltrucks are available from which the emulsion isdischarged directly from the barrel on to an apron,which aids even distribution .5.4.2 Machine application5.4.2.1 Small machines for pressure spraying byhand. These may be oftwo types, either tl~ose wherethe pressure is applied to the emulsion indirectly bymeans ofcompressed air, or those where theemulsion itself is pumped. Both types of machineshould comply with BS 3136 . All hoses and sealsshould be manufactured of materials resistant tothe effects of emulsion andkerosene .5.4.2 .2 Bulk spraying distributors . Where thesurface to be covered is of any considerable extent,specially designed bulk spraying distributors shouldbe used for the application ofthe material. Thesearegenerally operated by the manufacturer oftheemulsion or by specialist contractors. Distributorsfor cold applied emulsions should comply withBS 3136 and distributors for class KI-70 emulsionsshould comply with BS 1707 .NOTE

It is not possible to lay down a precise viscosityrange foremulsion for spraying as this is partly dependent upon thecharacteristics ofthe spraying machine. As a general guidehowever, a maximum viscosity of 9 degrees Engler ('E) at thetemperature of spraying is suggested. If difficulty is experienced,reference should be made to the manufacturer of the emulsionand/or spraying equipment.5.5 Maintenance of equipment . All mechanicalspraying plant should be kept in a clean and soundcondition, or inefficient spraying may result.

) Road Note 39 (second edition) . Recommendations for road surface dressing (TRRL/DTp) . Available from HMSO .

(e) BSI 01-1999

BS 434-2:1984

6 Repair of potholes and depressionsThe emulsion should be class Al-60, Al-55 or K1-60.Potholes and deep depressions should first becleaned of all loose material and the area should becut out to a regular shape with all the sides verticalor slightly undercut. If the exposed surfaces are verydry, they should be moistened with water in order toensure better penetration of the emulsion . Thebottom andsides ofthe hole or depression should bethoroughly coated with emulsion . Clean aggregateof the appropriate size (no larger than abouttwo-thirds ofthe depth ofthe hole or complying withnominal size 28 mm of BS 63-2, whichever is thelesser) should. be placed in the hole to a thicknessslightly greater than its depth and well rammed orrolled in . The minimum amount of emulsionrequired to coat the stone should then be poured on.The patch should then be covered with clean 10 mmor 6 mm chippings and again rolled or rammed.Shallow depressions should first be brushed cleanand then levelled by the application of a coating ofemulsion . Clean chippings of a size approximatingto the depth of the depression should be placed inthe hole and well rolled in.NOTE 1

It is strongly emphasized that the minimum quaritityofemulsion necessary should be used, for both potholes anddepressions, so as to avoid a "fat" spot in the road.NOTE 2

If repairs are to be made using asphalt or macadam.emulsion should be used to coat the bottom and sides oftheprepared hole before infilling .

7 Surface dressingNOTE

The general principles ofsurface dressing given in thisclause are in accordance with Road Note 39 (second edition) . 1 ~7.1 General7.1 .1 Preparation of the surface. Preparation of thesurface should be carried out in accordance with 5.3 .All potholes and depressions should be made goodand allowed to settle down thoroughly under trafficbefore surface dressing . Some surfaces will requirespecial treatment and attention is drawn to 7.4 .7.1 .2 Rate of application ofemulsion . The rate ofapplication of emulsion will depend upon thefollowing :

a) the density of traffic ;b) the nature of the surface to be dressed,e.g. roughness, porosity and hardness ;c) the type and size of chipping to be used .

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