bscience 2 report

AMOS TAN CHI YI 0318330

TUTOR: AR. EDWIN

Contents:

1. Introduction

1.1 Objective

1.2 Introduction to Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman Community Library

1.3 Lighting strategies in the community library design

1.4 Site response strategies in the community library design

1.5 Daylighting strategies in the library design

2. Lighting analysis and execution

2.1 Community Library Drawings

2.2 Workshop

2.2.1 Daylight factor calculation

2.2.2 Artificial lighting calculation

2.2.3 PSALI

2.2.4 Conclusion

2.3 Cafe



2.3.3 PSALI

2.3.4 Conclusion

3. References

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objective

The objectives of this project are as follows:

1. To show understanding of artificial lighting and daylighting strategies (PSALI) in the final

design

2. To solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues (natural lighting, site analysis)

3. To design spaces incorporating artificial and daylighting (when necessary)

1.2 Introduction to the Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman Community Library

Figure 1: Library design strategies and intentions

The library, being a place for the birthplace of ideas,

does this by employing the existing human behaviour

in Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman of self-expression. As

such, the library does this by being open, providing

visual, auditory and physical platforms for the

expression of the street, collectives and the individual.

The library thus features a very open and permeable

design, allowing cross ventilation as well as deep

circulatory penetration into the internal spaces. As

such, this also results in the permeation of non-

physical elements as well, including but not limited to:

smells, sounds, and light.

1.3 Lighting strategies in the community library

design

The community library is designed to emulate the

informality and lawlessness of the backalleys, bazaars,

and night markets endemic throughout Jalan Tuanku

Abdul Rahman. To achieve this atmosphere, the

library uses daylighting to create and set the mood

using three methods.

Firstly, it uses the façade as a permeable shading

device. The double layered façade significantly cuts

down on the direct harsh late morning light entering

the building, while still allowing enough light so as not

to interfere with the activities going on within. The

façade is built with a grid of SHS, and with it being

powder coated white, actually might glow and reflect

some diffused light into the interior.

To supplement diffused light, a massive amphitheatre

that doubles as a lightwell is provided that allows

deep, focused light to penetrate into the harder to

reach interior spaces of the library. This is the 2nd

method, and it allows for a comprehensive lighting of

the interior while providing dramatic flair.

Finally, as typical of the target spaces, daylighting is

almost always never direct, and thus the library uses

the adjacent office complex Wisma Harwant as a

lighting diffuser, diffusing what would otherwise be

harsh daylight into the building.

Figure 2: lighting strategies.

1.4 Site response strategies in the community library design

Figure 3: Site plan featuring building shading at different times. NOTE: shading not taken on the

same day.

The library is located amidst many tall buildings, many of which create shade and strategic

points of the day. For example, the large Wisma Harwant building is able to shade nearly the

entirety of the library half of the time of the year for up to 4 hours a day. Nearby towering KWSP

building shades the backlane of the building from 2PM onwards, and the nearby buildings once

again also provide shade, providing a decent and comfortable experience for the library

throughout the day.

However, this shading is not comprehensive, and there exists spots of nearly direct sunlight, in

addition to the sidewalks and roads being able to reflect a limited amount of glare into the

building.

The above drawing is also a composite of the best

shading situations, but is not indicative of a typical

day. As the sun moves in a sinusoidal pattern

throughout the year, shading might not be as

comprehensive as shown. Regardless, this allows

various light penetration into the building, and thus in

no way does the library suffer from the lack of

daylighting.

1.5 Daylighting strategies in the library design

The diagram on the left describes how the library

responds to the sun path. Circumscribed with the

circles are the distinct parts of the design that are

already discussed in part 1.3.

Of note are the various forms of the building,

especially the frontage, amphitheatre cone and the

area above the stairwell, that are designed to respond

directly to the daylighting situation.

The amphitheatre structure’s top is cut at an angle to

capture the more comfortable and softer morning

light and permeate it into the building, while the area

above the stairwell is directly perpendicular to the sun,

allowing for optimum light penetration into the spaces

within.

The double facade frontage of the building is also

designed to be permeable to the very early morning

sun, while shutting it off as the day approaches the

late morning (11am and later).

Figure 4: Light penetration diagram

2. Lighting analysis and execution

2.1 Community Library Drawings

Figure 5: First Floor Plan, NTS

Figure 6: Section A-A, NTS

The two spaces that are analyzed here are the Café and the Workshop, both of which are located on the

1st floor of the community library. These two spaces will both be daylighted and lighted by artificial

means, as the library is meant to be open also at night.

Café, 100m2

Cafe

2.2 Workshop

The workshop is located the 1st floor of the community library, and is a standard room with a large

window opening towards the street. Specifically, it is a textile workshop where the users will be able to

learn the interesting and traditional trade of textile making from the masters present on Jalan Tuanku

Abdul Rahman.

The workshop is well lighted during the day as it is opened towards the a well shaded area, and is

augmented by PSALI lighting. The interior artificial lighting must be in accordance to MS1525 and JKR

guidelines to ensure safety while operating the various machinery within.


For the academic purposes of this project, I have

used two methods to determine the daylight factor

of workshop.

The first method is to do a lighting contour

simulation of the workshop space, find the average

illuminance level and compare that with the daylight

illuminance in order to find the resultant Daylight

factor percentage.

Figure 8: Light contour simulation of initial workshop design. Note poor internal light penetration and

major illumination issues.

Figure 9: MS1525 Daylight factor distribution and description

Using a grid, the average lux is determined to be 2600 lux.

According to a study conducted by UiTM, the average Malaysian outdoor illuminance is a whopping

30,000 lux.

The resultant daylight factor is the following:

(2600lx /30000lx) x 100 = 8.6%

The result of 8.6% is a major concern, as it shows the space as having thermal and glare issues. To

counter this, the workshop thus has incorporated two distinct passive daylighting solutions: louvres and

lightshelves.

In addition, in order to improve light penetration, PSALI is incorporated to help balance the internal

lighting situation.

Figure 10: Louvres (left) and Lightshelves (right) incorporated into the design of the workshop

Due to technical difficulties, it was impossible to conduct a lighting contour study, and as a result to

calculate the daylight factor, the 2nd method was used.

Figure 11: Daylight factor calculation with accounting for shaded areas

Figure 12: Daylight factor calculation result

With a daylight factor of 5.76%, it falls under MS1525’s regulations as being “good”. This is important as

the workshop is filled with potentially dangerous machines, and thus having adequate daylighting is

paramount to ensure the safety of its users.


As the library is also meant to be open during the

night, an appropriate artificial lighting strategy is also

employed.

A luminaire called the LUCCI LEDLux is used, with it

having a luminous flux of 3000 lumens and as well as a

cool white colour temperature. This slightly blue

tinted light helps to promote concentration in the

users of the workshop, and thus minimize accidental

incidents with the machines.

This luminaire, in addition to its aesthetic beauty, is

thus suitable to be used in the workshop.

Figure 13: Luminaire information

To calculate the number of luminaires needed, it is first necessary to know what is the required

illumination level. As set by IES and the JKR department, the recommended illumination level is 400 lux.

Using the lumen method, the required number of luminaires can be determined. After that, the room

index is determined and utilization factor is derived from a referenced table.

The room’s materials are as follows:

Figure 14: Room material along with its associated reflectance values.

Figure 15: Room index calculation and result.

Figure 16: Referenced table for utilization factor.

Figure 14: Lumen method calculation and result

It is thus determined that, in order to reach the recommended illuminance of 400 lux, it is necessary to

have a minimum of 14 luminaires of the type described above. The distance between these luminaires is

thus calculated using:

Figure 18: Luminaire maximum distance between each other.

In conclusion, it is calculated that 14 luminaires of the type LUCCI LEDlux has to be arranged with a

maximum distance of 4.2m from each other in order to achieve a illuminance set by MS1525 of 400 lux.

Figure 19: The resultant workshop ceiling plan with the luminaires laid in accordance to the calculations,

and wired for PSALI.

Figure 20: Light contour of artificial lighting arrangement which has provided even lighting.

2.2.3 PSALI

As aforementioned, the pure daylighting approach had left much to be desired, and thus PSALI was

implemented in order to provide a more even distribution of light. In addition, shades and lightshelves

were installed, and the resultant daylighting simulation is as follows:

Figure 21: Light contour after application of shades and PSALI lighting wiring.

The PSALI has greatly helped to evenly distribute lighting, especially towards the interior. Another

calculation with PSALI and shading use also resulted in a greatly improved daylight factor:

Thus, the workshop now has a sectional profile as follows:

Figure 22: Diagrammatic section showing the lighting strategies employed in the workshop.

2.2.4 Conclusion

With PSALI, shades and lightshelf: 6% DF

Without PSALI, with shades and lightshelf: 5.76%

Without PSALI, without shades and lightshelf: 8.6%

The workshop has an adequate lighting solution that provides adequate illuminance for the safe and

efficient conductance of the activities within.

2.3 Café

The café is a 100m2 common space located also on the 1st floor of the community library. Unlike the

Workshop, the café does not have a direct opening for daylight. Instead, the café uses the adjacent

exterior staircase’s stairwell to provide diffused light into the interior. In addition, the adjacent

amphitheatre has perforations that allow it to act as a lightwell, providing more dramatic, spotlight-like

lighting.

The cafe is the place where its users have a place to unwind after a day’s work, to sit back with coffee in

one hand and a magazine in other. As such, this place should be bright enough for easy reading as well

as safe navigation. By JKR guidelines, it should be 300lx in illuminance.

Figure 23: Table showing recommended illuminance level of the café, here set as 300 lux.


As the café features an unorthodox lighting solution, the only method to determine its daylight factor is

by creating a lighting contour simulation.

Figure 24: Lighting contour for the café. Note extremely poor illumination performance.

Despite its unorthodox lighting arrangement, as it stands it has major lighting issues. The daylight factor

calculation further highlights this fact.

With the average illuminance at a measly 500 lux:

(500lx /30000lx) x 100 = 1.67%

Poor lighting will make the café unsuitable for any reasonable reading or even eating activity. As such,

PSALI intervention is required.

2.3.2 Artificial Lighting Calculation

As aforementioned, the library is also

meant to be open at night, and thus

an artificial lighting solution must also

be designed.

The selected luminaire is an LED tube.

LEDs have a very high efficiency,

allowing it to minimize heat waste

while saving on electricity. The high

luminous flux is needed to greatly

brighten up the dark interior.

The 2700K colour temperature is

warmer than the one found in the

workshop, and thus provides the

more intimate, relaxed and informal

atmosphere of the café.

Figure 25: Lighting specifications

The café’s surfaces are as follows:

Figure 26: Room material along with its reflectance values.

While the materials are different, being more industrial and rough in nature, their associated reflectance

values are quite similar to the ones found in the workshop.

Figure 27: Room index calculation

The utilization factor thus is determined using the referenced table.

Figure 28: Utilization factor determined to be exactly the same as the one in the workshop.

With these values, the number of luminaires can now be established using the following equation.

Figure 29: Lumen method equation for determining number of luminaires.

Following MS1525, the recommended illuminance is set at 300 lux.

Figure 30: Number of luminaires determined with the lumen method.

In addition, to determine the distance between the lights:

Figure 31: Distance between lights

Thus, a total of 23 luminaires of the type HOMELI with a distance of X from each other is needed to

adequately illuminate the café to an illuminance level of 300 lux.

Figure 32: The resulting lighting arrangement, with PSALI wiring.

Figure 33: Artificial lighting contour, showing even and adequate illuminance throughout the café.

2.3.3 PSALI:

PSALI is required for the actual use of the space as without it, the space is just too dark. With PSALI, the

spaces are now adequately lit.

Figure 34: PSALI lighting contour

With PSALI, the average illuminance has risen significantly. Redoing the daylight factor calculation gives

us the much improved result:

Figure 35: Daylight factor calculation. A far improved result. A 5% DF is considered “good”.

Figure 36: Diagrammatic section showing the lighting strategy employed

2.3.4 Conclusion:

With PSALI: 5% daylight factor

Without PSALI: 1.67% daylight factor

By using PSALI, the quality of the interior has risen dramatically. The café now has the illuminance

needed for the safe usage by its users.

References:

ROOM ILLUMINATION LEVEL (2016). Retrieved 12 July 2017 from

http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new.pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

Ander, G. (2003). Daylighting performance and design. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons

Department of Standards Malaysia (2007). CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION). N.p, Department of

Standards Malaysia, Retrieved from www.msonline.gov.my

Izdihar, I.A. (2013). MS1525(2013/2014) 2nd Revision. Retrieved 10 July 2017 from

http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012#20Amendments%20on%20EE%

Kim G.C., Farid A., Chee M.Y., Eng C.K., (2012) Techno-economic Analysis of LED Lighting: A Case Study in

UTeM’s Faculty Building, Perlis, Malaysia. Elsevier Ltd.

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