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Building a shared representation of the landscape as asocio-ecological system and visualizing the challenges of

climate-smart agriculture.Abigaïl Fallot, Jean-François Le Coq, Julio Cesar Salinas, Teresa Aguilar,

Romy Cronenbold, Roberto Vides-Almonacid, Tahia Devisscher

To cite this version:Abigaïl Fallot, Jean-François Le Coq, Julio Cesar Salinas, Teresa Aguilar, Romy Cronenbold, etal.. Building a shared representation of the landscape as a socio-ecological system and visualizing thechallenges of climate-smart agriculture.. Climate-Smart Agriculture 2015. Global Science Conference.,Mar 2015, Montpellier, France. �hal-01137546�

With OSPC, the overview of dynamics situates the landscape within the wider national context and facilitates a consensus in the formulation of a shared problem at the landscape level:

HOW TO ENSURE THE QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY OF WATER FOR HUMAN

CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES FOR A SHORT AND LONG-TERM,

IN A CONTEXT OF WEAK WATER GOVERNANCE, AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE

RANCHING EXPANSION AND DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH,

CONSIDERING DRY PERIODS ARE BECOMING MORE PROLONGED & INTENSE? The situational analysis highlights trade-offs on development opportunities and threats on natural resources at different scales of intervention

With PARDI, we get a refined and systemic representation of actors logics and their consequences on resource dynamics within the landscape. It emphasizes the need for better coordination between authorities so as to avoid perverse incentives; and makes explicit the link between deforestation and water quality, and consequently the unsustainability of current practices.

The multiscale historical profile deepens the understanding of the influence of events at regional and national levels on the landscape locally. It namely identifies the role of new laws and national re-distribution processes, on land and water management in the SES.

Research developed in the ECOADAPT project, funded by the European Commission

Aguilar et al. 2014. Análisis participativo de las dinámicas socio-ecológicas de la Cuenca Zapocó en Bolivia. <hal-01091946>. CMP 2007. Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, version 2.0. Conservation Measures Partnership. Etienne et al. 2011. ARDI: a co-construction method for participatory modeling in natural resources management. Ecology and Society 16(1):44. Resilience Alliance, 2010. Assessing Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems : Workbook for Practitioners. Salinas, J.C., Vides, R., Justiniano, H., Valdes, A., Sanin, N. , Cronenbold, R., Flores, J., Anivarro, R., Pacheco, N., 2013. Aplicación de los Estándares Abiertos para la Práctica de la Conservación en un Bosque Seco Tropical de Bolivia. Poster at IUFROLAT, 2013, San José de Costa Rica.

Participatory conceptual modeling allows to build a shared vision of the Zapocó basin landscape. As a way to strengthen local stakeholders‘ reflexive and abstraction capacity, it enables innovative solutions and may reduce tensions on resources.

Thus promoting a local stakeholders’ learning process contributes to create Climate Smart landscapes.

Possible next steps : implementation of specific identified measures necessary to improve local SES dynamics; further exploration to understand these dynamics in the longer run.

7. References

6. Conclusion

4. Results

Th

e Z

ap

ocó

w

ate

rsh

ed

, B

olivia

Forestry regularizationIntegration of forest and

land management

Strengthening of urban-rural connections (roads, market,

comms, electricity)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Territorial restructuring Decentralized planning

Political restructuring and public stimuli

1953Agrarian reform

Nac

ion

alR

egio

nal

Loca

l

Establishment of first communities‘Patron’ and ‘Peon’ are de-coupled

Payment for labour

Political power linked to economic power in hands of old ‘patrones’ of the private sector

Consolidation of communitiesEstablishment of cooperatives and development of

infrastructure in communities with support from the Church

Leadership and financial support from the Catholic Church

Narco influence on the livestock sector

Adoption of neo-liberal policies and economic expansion

1992Indigenous March

Conversion to indigenous communities: identity change, new expectations and interests, land tenure security

access to funds, local participation in dev planning

Support from NGOs, reg Gov

New Laws:Popular participation,Forest

Law, INRA

2003Free of foot and mouth disease

Foreign investment in the productive sector (Livestock)

Public-private agreements to

intensify agro sector

Process of colonization, establishment of ADEMAF

ABT controlCommunity-based forest

management

Policies in hand of social movements

Re-distribution of funds and public

subsidies

1986Noel KempffdeathFELC

International cooperation support

Point of change

Cascading effect, inter-scalar relation

Migration of miners to the lowlands

2000Land tenure, FES

Neo-liberalism & foreign influence

2005New natGov 7 new Constitution

Through a learning-by-sharing process, the analysis of SES dynamics around a specific and collectively recognized problem (here on water security), helped to define a shared representation of the landscape and integrate different types of knowledge.

A consensus on solutions is not ensured. But gathering persons that usually don't meet and exchange their viewpoints is already an achievement. Existing participatory process and consolidated local organization (here, the FCBC) facilitate the successful application of the articulated methods..

Though qualitative and relying much on stakeholders' perceptions and their interpretation, they complement an evidence-based approach, allowing to identify knowledge gaps and discuss priority research needs.

5. Discussion

Cross-scale effects (Resilience Assessment) Actors' interventions in the SES (PARDI)

Largeholder

Cattle

Precipitation

MINI DAMSuperficial

water

Community organization

Land (forest/pasture)

Dom. well

Water elec. pump

Manual water pump

Water committee

runs off

Mine

Aquifer

Communal smallholder

Latrine

Residual water

Municipality

Sawmill

gra

zes

constitutes

infiltra

tes

maintains

genera

tes

raises

use

s

flows in

consu

mes

lives o

n

Upstream land use (forest, pastures)

Inhabitant Concepción,

Altamira, Porvenir

Distribution network

Precipitation

Water treatment

plant

Zapocó river

WellMunicipality

Aquifer

Individual well

COSEPCO

Zapocó Dam

Hospital

Upstream productive activities (sawmill, cattle

ranching)

flows

Residual water

generates

retu

rns w

ate

r to

recreates

runs

Sewage treatment

facility

Latrine

Cattle rancher

Forest authority

AAPS

MAyA

Fedecaas

feeds into

feeds into

regulates

regulates

feeds into

runs

R

u

r

a

l

w

a

t

e

r

U

r

b

a

n

w

a

t

e

r

VISION: ecosystem conservation to ensure water quality and

availability

Forest

Aquifers & recharge

zones

Superficial water

Water infrastructures

Unsustainable forest mgmt.

Fire

Deforestation

Water pollution

Deterioration

Forest exploitation

(paths)

Drought

Bad practices in water use

Water projects for rural

development

Land planning

Legal framework

socio-economic development

Laws (not enforced)

Timber markets

Meat market

Land price

Population growth

mainly by migration

Environmental education

Poor firemanagement

Illegal logging

Cattle ranging extension

Solid and liquid waste

management

Financial and technical resources

CONSERVATION TARGETS

THREATS

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS: indirect threats and opportunities

Storm

Cultures

International trade

(certifications…)

Climate change Extreme events

Situational analysis (OSPC) Agricultural frontier

Abigail Fallot ¹ 4, Jean-François Le Coq1 5, Julio Cesar Salinas2, Teresa Aguilar1, Romy Cronenbold2, Roberto Vides-Almonacid2, Tahia Devisscher3

¹Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), France 2Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano (FCBC), Bolivia 3Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)- Oxford, U-K 4Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Costa Rica 5Universidad Nacional (UNA), Costa Rica

Building a shared representation of the landscape as a socio-ecological system and visualizing the challenges of climate-smart agriculture

• Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) refers to a still little delineated set of proposals for improving rural land use practices and disseminating solutions to food insecurity, low climatic resilience, and high greenhouse gas emissions. CSA addresses these sustainability issues principally at the landscape scale.

• As previously observed in many development and innovation projects of the last decades, such proposals are not always accepted, solutions sometimes fail to be sustainable over time or to address local priorities. These difficulties often highlight the lack of a shared vision by the actors of their landscape, where an intervention is considered to improve natural resource management practices.

• We assume that the applicability of knowledge on climate vulnerability and CSA options, depends on its integration within a representation of the socio-ecological system (SES) of the landscape.

1. Introduction

To account for the diversity of viewpoints in the SES and promote a shared understanding of how the

landscape functions around a problem faced by all.

Three tools for participatory conceptual modelling were articulated:

- initial conceptualization with Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation (OSPC), from the Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP 2007, Salinas et al 2013)

- PARDI modelling (Problem, Actors, Resources, Dynamics, Interactions), an adaptation of ARDI (Etienne et al. 2011) from the Companion Modelling approach

- historical profile of the Resilience assessment workbook (RA 2010)

2. Objective

3. Material and Methods

Carrying

water home

T.Aguilar

Micro dam

(atajado)

T.Aguilar

Teresa Aguilar

Discussing

urban water

quality

N.Pacheco

Open Standards PARDI Resilience Assessment

Focus Situational analysisActor’s intervention

in the SES Cross-scale effects

Outlook systematic systemic chronological

Socio-ecological dynamics

Threats in the landscape and their drivers at a larger scale

Actors and resources interactions

Past events andtheir connections

Expected output

Conceptual model and formulation of problem faced by all in landscape

Conceptual models on what determines the

problem and its solutions

Historical profile linking current period with

events at various scales

Purpose of the approach Next possible steps

Strategy elaboration and implementation +

monitoringMulti-agent modelling

Scenarios and irreversibility/threshold

Rancher or farmer

ABT

Unproductive land

Micro dam

Freshwater

Timber

INRA

Pasture

Cattle

PMD/PGMF

Aquifer

Precipitation

requests

drinks from

buys

deforests

Forest

Sawmill/carpentry

compacts and erodes soil above

generates

FS/FES

gets

coord

inate

d w

ith

rech

arg

es

infiltra

tes