building energy; identifying opportunities and …jkr.gov.my [email protected]...

NATIONAL W ORKSHOP,

BUILDING SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY2 5 t h F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 6 , P u l l m a n B a n g s a r , K u a l a L u m p u r

I r L o o i H i p P e u

B . E n g ( H o n s ) , P. E n g ( P r a c t i c e C e r t ) , J u r u t e r a G a s , F. I E M

I m m e d i a t e P a s t P r e s i d e n t M G B C ,

C o m p o n e n t 5 M a n a g e r , B S E E P

Building Energy; Identifying opportunities and technologies

T h e B u i l d i n g S e c t o r c o n s u m e s 1 5 % o f t o t a l

e n e r g y ( n a t i o n a l e n e r g y b a l a n c e ) a n d 5 5 % i n

t h e e l e c t r i c i t y s e c t o r . A s b u i l d i n g e n e r g y

( e l e c t r i c i t y ) c o m e s u n d e r i n c r e a s i n g s c r u t i n y

2 Synopsis

Building Energy; Identifying opportunities and

technologies

© I r H . P . L o o i ( h i p p e u l o o i @ g m a i l . c o m ) 2 5 F e b 2 0 1 6

f r o m p r a c t i c a l f i n a n c i a l a n d r e g u l a t o r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h e

n e e d f o r E . E . i n t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r w i l l b e c o v e r e d i n t h i s

p a p e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s :

1. BSEEP Component 5 – Demonstrating E.E. in buildings

2. Identifying Building Energy; E.E. Benchmarks and Performance Indicators

3. Identifying Technologies; Fitting technologies to NEEDS

BUILDING SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT

Component 5 – Demonst ra t ion Pro jec ts

[email protected]



[email protected]

C a w a n g a n A l a m S e k i t a r D a n T e n a g aI b u P e j a b a t J K R M a l a y s i aT i n g k a t 2 3 , M e n a r a P J D , N o 5 0 , J a l a n T u n R a z a k , 5 0 4 0 0 K U A L A L U M P U R T e l : ( 6 0 3 ) 4 0 4 1 1 9 2 | F a x : ( 6 0 3 ) 4 0 4 1 1 9 8 8 W e b : w w w . j k r . g o v . m y / b s e e p /

4 About BSEEP

5 About BSEEP


Government & Private Sectors

Implementing Agency

Implementing Partner

Financer


6 About BSEEP



Global Environmental Facility Internationalcooperation to address global environmentalissues. Funded by donors and financiers. Serves asthe financial frame work for the United NationsFramework on Climate Change (UNFCC)

United Nations Development Programme is theUnited Nations global development network.UNDP focuses on 3 main areas; (1) Sustainabledevelopment, (2) Democratic governance andpeacebuilding, and (3) Climate and disasterresilience.

Public Works Department, Ministry of Works, Malaysia

7 About BSEEP


8 About BSEEP – 5 Components


• Clear and effective system of monitoring and improving the energy performance of the building sector

1. Institutional CapacityDevelopment

• Implementation of, and compliance to, favorable policies that encourage the application of EE technologies in the country’s buildings sector

2. Policy Development &Regulatory Framework

• Availability of financial and institutional support for initiatives on EE building technology applications

3. E.E. Financing CapacityImprovements

•Enhanced awareness of the government, publicand the buildings sector on EE building technologyapplications

4. Information and AwarenessEnhancement

•Improved confidence in the feasibility,performance, energy, environmental and economicbenefits of EE building technology applicationsleading to the replication of the EE technologyapplication demonstration

5. E.E. Demonstration Projects

9 About Component 5 – BSEEP


BUILDING SECTOR ENERGY

EFFICIENCY PROJECT

C o m p o n e n t 5 – D e m o n s t r a t i o n P r o j e c t s

[email protected]

[email protected]

hippeulooi@gmail .com

Ir. Looi Hip Peu - C5 Manager

B.Eng (Hons), P.Eng, Jurutera Gas, F.IEM

Immediate Past President,

Malaysia Green Building Confederation

mailto:[email protected]





•Improved confidence in the feasibility,performance, energy, environmental andeconomic benefits of EE buildingtechnology applications leading to thereplication of the EE technologyapplication demonstration

5. E.E. Demonstration Projects

Improved confidence in the

feasibility, performance, energy,

environmental and economic benefits of

EE building technology applications

leading to the replication of the EE technology

application demonstration



As BSEEP is a fully funded (GEF-UNDP) programme, NO COSTWILL BE CHARGED TO ELIGIBLEprojects.

However BSEEP will be keen toearn Environmental Profit.

Participating project owners mustbe willing to share data withBSEEP.

12 BSEEP C5 Activities


(1) Pro Active Intervention

(a) Building Simulation

(b) Energy Audit

(2) Active Intervention

(a) Grant for E.E. Technology for retrofit or new projects

(b) On Line Monitoring for Building Energy

1. Project which promote and showcase successful application

of EE technologies and practices (exclude the broader

agenda of ‘green’).

2. Building Sector Only (exclude industry sector).

3. Building retrofit (i.e. existing) OR new construction are eligible

4. Project in the public or private sector are eligible

5. All Activities are fully funded by BSEEP

New Project

Existing Building


13 BSEEP C5 Grants

BSEEP provides grants for approved projects underComponent 5 Only building sector Demonstrate clear E.E. Objectives An achievable target of RM grant per tCO2 abatement Existing building retrofit and new buildings eligible Grants provided are subject to conditions:

E.E. measures where grant is provided MUST becompleted.Grants are NOT FULL funding but may be partialfunding.Grants are generally for technical assistance ONLYPartial funding of capital cost MAY be possible (subjectto approval.

14 BSEEP C5 – Identifying Technologies


Technologies General Application

1 ACMV – Chiller Replacement Generally large chillers

2 ACMV – air cond retrofit/replacement Eg small central chiller, VRV systems,

3 ACMV – System retrofit Air side retrofit, water side retrofit, VSD drive, Energy management

4 ACMV – Passive design, low thermal wall

5 ACMV – Passive design, glazing

6 ACMV – Total building envelope studies Shading device, tinting of glazing

7 ACMV – Enthalpy wheels, heat recovery

8 ACMV – heat recovery from reject system for hot water

9 Solar thermal – hot water Generally only hotels and hospitals

10 Solar air conditioning (Adsorption Chiller) Currently capex is still to high.

11 Lamp replacement/ low energy lamps

12 Energy management system

13

15 BSEEP C5 – Identifying Technologies


Data; Preliminary ONLY pending detail analysis at end of C5 programme

16


Email: C5 Manager [email protected]

Provide some basic details:

1. Type of project (new or retrofit, building

type, GFA, location, owner etc)

2. Energy audit done

3. What kind of assistance preferred?

BSEEP C5 – End

18


Components of Building Energy

U n d e r s t a n d i n g B u i l d i n g C o m p o n e n t s a n d B u i l d i n g E n e r g y

B e n c h m a r k s a r e i m p o r t a n t a s a f i r s t s t e p i n i d e n t i f y i n g E . E .

t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d m e a s u r e s .

W h a t a r e t h e t y p i c a l c o m p o n e n t s o f B u i l d i n g E n e r g y a n d w h a t

a r e t h e i n d i c e s u s e d t o b e n c h m a r k E . E . p e r f o r m a n c e ?

G e n e r a l l y t w o M A J O R s u b s e c t o r c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d . B o t h s u b

s e c t o r s a r e d i f f e r e n t i n t e r m s o f e n e r g y u s e p r o f i l e ,

b e n c h m a r k i n g m e t h o d o l o g i e s a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s

t o b e a p p l i e d . T h i s s u b m o d u l e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c s :

1. Introduction; difference between Residential and Non Residential Sector

2. The Residential Sector

4. The Non – Residential Sector

19


Introduction Building Energy

Non-Residential

Building Sector (34%)Residential Building

Sector (21%)

20



Typical Office

Typical Middle Class

Household

Energy Use for the Residential

& Non Residential Sectors are

substantially DIFFERENT in

terms of use profile and

technologies.

21



The Industrial sector consumes 45% of total energy

nationally. Note; MToe = Millions, Tonnes Oil Equivalent

22


The Residential Building Sector

Landed properties constitute a major

proportion of housing types (more than

77%) with high-rise apartments and flats

constituting only 16% of housing stock

23


The Residential Sector

24



25



26



27



28



Case Study (Middle Class Malaysian Family)

29



For Residential Buildings NO BEI benchmarks, BUT building

energy performance based on OTTV as practiced by GBI:

Levels GBI RNC Version 3 OTTV landed

GBI RNC Version 3 OTTV High rise

1 50W/m² 50W/m²

2 46W/m² 46W/m²

3 44W/m² 42W/m²

4 42W/m² 38W/m²

5 40W/m² 34W/m²

6 38W/m² 30W/m²

30


The Residential – Benchmarking?

Energy Use for the Domestic Sector

Arithmetic mean of electricity use based on sum total of all domestic consumers inMalaysia (kWh per domestic consumer per year).

31



Energy Use for the Domestic Sector

Singapore Data

Average Monthly Sales in kWh 2009 2010 2011

Overall 481 489 470

HDB Public Housing 375 382 369

1-Room / 2-Room 149 154 153

3-Room 278 284 277

4-Room 387 394 380

5-Room and Executive 473 482 465

Private Housing 821 824 784

Private Apartments and Condo 678 679 644

Landed Properties 1203 1229 1190

32



33



34



35


TNB – Online Monitoring

36


The Residential Sector Case

Case Study to find out how

much building envelope

contribute to Residential

Energy

37



Simulation of

Cooling Energy

due to insulation

and AAC bricks.

Single StoreyCorner Lot Intermediate Lot Double Storey

Corner Lot Intermediate Lot

38



Single StoreyCorner Lot Intermediate Lot

Double StoreyCorner Lot Intermediate Lot

39


The Non-Residential Sector

Typical Energy Use (kWh)

Typical Office Building

40



In Commercial buildings, we can conclude that building

energy comprise the following:

It is possible to design a building which lessen energy use

of those components listed above. These building

components can be said to be “intrinsic” to the building

OR part of the building ‘character’.

1. Air conditioning = 45% - 60%

2. Lighting = 15% - 25%

3. Utilities = 10% - 30%

4. General power outlets = 10% - 30%

These are dependent

on building design.

This do not depend on

building design.

41


Commercial Building Standards

42


The Non-Residential - Standards

Benchmarking buildings is illustrated in this diagram.

1. The NFPA 101 (NFPA = National Fire Protection Association, USA) is a technical

standard for designing codes for “Life Safety” which relates to fire safety. Insurance

company refers to this code for setting of premiums.

2. The UBBL (Uniform Building By Law) is a building design code which is mandatory

in Malaysia. It prescribed life safety which includes structure, fire safety, ventilation

and lighting.

3. The MS1515 (Malaysian Standards) and ASHRAE90.2 (American Society of

Heating, Refrigeration and Airconditioning Engineers) are two technical standards

for energy efficient buildings.

4. NABERS (National Australian Built Environment Rating System) rate building for

environmental sustainability and developed and supported by the Australian

government.

5. ASHRAE 189 is a technical standards for high performance buildings which include

multi-criteria for environmental benchmarks.

43



44


Commercial Sector Energy Benchmark

90 – 140kWh/m²

> 200kWh/m²

160 –200kWh/m²

< 100kWh/m²

140 – 200kWh/m²

Office Building

45



Office Building

Study by Dr Lee (NUS); most building average 220 – 300kWh/m² (2003)

In 2009 GreenMark became mandatory. BEI for GreenMark certified would be at least

150kWh/m²

46



For Commercial Buildings the following benchmarks by GBI &

JKR-BSEEP:

Leve

ls Office BEI per year

Hotel / Resort, BEI

per year

Retail Malls BEI/

year

Health care BEI/year

Industrial Building BEI/year

Data Centre (PUE)

1 150kWh/m² 200kWh/m² 240kWh/m² 200kWh/m² 180kWh/m² 1.9







8 - - - - 90kWh/m²

Low Energy Building (LEO) is any building performance, level 6

and below!

47



Case Study: Find the component of

building energy attributed to building

envelope.

Model Case

48 The Non-Residential Sector

Building thermal envelope contributes up to 15% of

building cooling energy which make up about 50% of

total building energy.

50


E.E. Technologies Synopsis

E . E . m e a s u r e s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d b y

t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d m e t h o d w h i c h c a n b e d e p l o y e d . T h e K e y

t o e f f e c t i v e E . E . m e a s u r e i s t o m a t c h a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y

t o c o n d i t i o n s a n d f i n a n c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ( R o I ) .

I d e n t i f y i n g E . E . Te c h n o l o g i e s f o r t h e b u i l d i n g s e c t o r i s

p r e s e n t e d w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g t o p i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s :

1. Understanding Concepts

4. Active Design; Air Conditioning

2. Design Approach to Building E.E. – Passive and Active Design

3. Passive Design; Building Envelope

51


Concept – Understanding Site Source

“Secondary energy is energy embodied in commodities that

comes from human induced energy transformation”

“Primary energy is energy embodied in sources which

involve human induced extraction or capture, that may

include separation from contiguous material, cleaning or

grading, to make the energy available for trade, use or

transformation”

52


UNDP Definition – Primary/Secondary

53


Site Source – Not All Energy is the Same

We conclude that electricity as a secondary form of energy has a site source factor of about3.3 (i.e. 3 times more primary energy is required to utilise 1 unit of electrical energy.

54 Site Source – Not All Energy is the Same

We can conclude that, the use of primary energy at final consumer-end is more

efficient than the use of secondary-electrical energy. In this example, a clear

advantage of at least 2 times higher efficiency using gas-ring as compared to an

electric water heater. It should be noted that a ‘closed-type’ gas-heater has efficiency

as high as 90%. In such case, the site-source efficiency of enclosed-type gas heater

will be at least 3 times that of electric heater.

55 Site Source – Not All Energy is the Same

56


Space Cooling – District Cooling

Conventional space cooling every building

within a district has its own space cooling

plant. The CoP of each individual plant ranges

from CoP 2 to 6 (smaller plants have lower

CoP). Additionally individual plant may not

be able to deal with part loads inherent in

the operation of each building. This will

further degrade the apparent CoP of

individual plants. The aggregated CoP of a

district may be estimated at say 4.0.

I unit primary energy provides approx. 1.2 units cooling energy

57




District Cooling Plant with Natural Gas as Primary Energy Source

58




DC Plant with

Electricity

Generation and

Gas Engines

59



Energy balance of gas

engine (typical), with 100%

energy input

60


Energy Convertors / Pumps

Energy

Conversion

DeviceEnergy

Input

Useful

Energy

Output

Energy convertors converts energy from one form to another form. The input formmay be either primary or secondary energy source e.g. coal, natural gas, petroleum,electricity etc.; while the useful energy output include (examples) kinetic, shaft ormechanical energy, thermal (heat or cold) energy, or secondary energy such aselectricity.

Concomitant to the energy convertor is the efficiency of conversion defined as:

Efficiency of Conversion; Ƞ =𝑼𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑶𝒖𝒑𝒖𝒕

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

Ƞ is less than 100% or 1 and the differences can be attributed to losses such as friction,inefficiencies in fuel conversion, exhaust gas, system cooling etc.

61


Energy Convertors – Common Eff.

62


Energy Plants

System Range CHPElectricalefficiency

TypicalOverallEfficiency

Power-to-Heat Ratio

Advantages Disadvantages

Steam turbine

0.4-300 MWe

10-45% < 80% 0.15-0.75 Fuel flexibility Moderate electrical efficiency

Gas turbine 0.5-300 MWe

25-40% < 65-90% 0.45-0.75 Low investment cost

Low part load electrical efficiency

Combined cycle

10-300 Mwe

35-50% 75-90% 0.75-1.7 High electrical efficiency

Not economic for small scale

Internal Combustion Engine

1kWe-15 Mwe

25-45% 65-85% 0.5-1.8 High overall efficiency

Low temperature heat supply

Steam engine

20kWe-2 Mwe

5-25% 70-80% 0.1-0.45 Good partial load performance

Low electrical efficiency

Micro turbine

25-200 kWe

25-30% 50-80% 0.55-0.75 Low maintenance costs, Low noise

Not fully mature technology

63


Energy Convertors / Pumps

Thermal pumps move thermal energy from one source to another location. A

good illustration is the Peltier heat pump. In the reverse ‘Seeback effect’, a

voltage difference will cause a cold and hot difference at both junctions. This

effectively “pumps” heat from one end to the other. In contrast an electric

heater is an energy convertor. More conventional heat pumps are chillers in

space cooling.

In the case of thermal pumps, efficiency is defined by the Coefficient of

Performance (CoP).

(𝑪𝒐𝑷) =𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕CoP may be more than 1 and represent the thermal energy (heat or cold)

which can be pumped with the input of 1 unit of energy.

Thermal PumpThermal

Energy

Source

Thermal

Energy

DeliveredEnergy Input

64


Concept – Pump & Convertor ?

PUMP COMPARED TO ENERGY CONVERTORS

Kinetic Energy

Convertor e.g. motor

Water at lower level

Water

Prime Driver

1 unit of energy input

Amount of water being pumped through

Pumps does not ‘create’ or

convert Energy. It merely move

‘fluid’ from 1

65



Kinetic Energy

Convertor e.g.

motor

Heat OR Cold Rotary Chiller

Heat Or Cold

Prime Driver


3 to 6 units of thermal energy transferred

CoP = 6 means 1

unit of energy input pumps 6 units of thermal energy

HEAT PUMP – CONVENTIONAL COMPRESSION/EXPANSION

66



ADSORPTION/ ABSORBTION CHILLERS

Heat

Cold Ab. Chillers “Cold”

Prime Driver


1 unit of prime energy input

can transfer less than 0.5 to

3 units of thermal energy.

CoP = 6 means 1

unit of energy input pumps 6 units of thermal energy

67


Absorption Chiller

CoP >> 1 to 3

68


Adsorption Chiller

CoP >> 0.5 to 1.2

69


MS 1525 – Min CoP of Unitary Air Cond

70


MS 1525 – Min CoP of Unitary Air Cond

71


Chiller Technology – Magnetic Bearings

72


Chiller Technology – Statistics

73



Conversion: (EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio)

1 kW/TR = 12 EER

3.51 kW/TR = 1 COPCOP

3.5

8.7

74


Design Concepts

Passive design are features which

are intrinsic (or part of ) the building

form which contributes to good

environmental qualities such as

providing shelter or insulation

against the hot tropical sun or its

layout is such that it ensures quality

environment for occupant.

Active design features are M&E

systems which actively ‘intervene’

to ensure good or adequate

environmental qualities in a

building. Active measures include

lifts, air conditioning, mechanical

ventilation , artificial lighting etc.

75


Design Concepts; Passive Design

Up to 50% of electrical energy is used for Cooling. Cooling energy is verymuch a component of Building Form. The following approaches to designingfor thermal comfort are adopted / available:

Building Thermal Envelope (OTTV & RTTV).

Calculating Cooling Load for Residential Space

Passive Design for Thermal Comfort (Cool House)

Thermal Mass

Natural Ventilations

76



Design Approach Issues Addressed Technical Standards

Building Thermal

Envelope (OTTV and

RTTV)

(i) Reducing cooling load for

‘active’ air cond. (static load)

(1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18.

(2)MS1525

(ii)Thermal comfort (1)ASHRAE 55;

(2)ISO 7730

Cooling Load

Calculation

(i) Cooling load for ‘active’ air

conditioning units (static and

dynamic load)

(1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18

(2)MS1525

(3)ISO 13786

Building Thermal

Mass

(i) Reducing cooling load for

‘active’ air conditioning

(dynamic cooling load).

(1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18

(2)MS1525

(3)ISO 13786

(ii)Thermal comfort (1)ASHRAE 55;

(2)ISO 7730

Natural Ventilation (i) ‘Natural’ thermal comfort (1)ASHRAE 55;

(2)ISO 7730

(3)UBBL by-law 39 and 40

Day Lighting (i) Day lighting (1)MS 1525

(2)UBBL by-law 39

Table 8 – Summary of Passive Design and Technical Standards for Residential Buildings

77


Building Envelope

OTTV= 𝟏 −𝑾𝑾𝑹 𝒙𝑼𝑾𝒙𝑻𝑫𝒆𝒒 +𝑾𝑾𝑹𝒙𝑼𝒇𝒙𝜟𝑻 +𝑾𝑾𝑹𝒙𝑺𝑪𝒙𝑺𝑭

78


Building Envelope

Heat Conduction Through Walls;

15 α (1-WWR)Uw

Heat Conduction Through Windows

6(WWR)Uf

Solar Heat Gain Through Windows;194xOFxWWRxSC

OTTVi = 15 α(1-WWR)Uw + 6(WWR)Uf + 194xOFxWWRxSC

α = Solar Absorptivity (Colour of Wall)WWR=Window to Wall RatioUw = Heat transmission value of wall W/m² oKUf = Heat transmission value of glazing W/m² oKOF = Correction factor for solar orientationSC = Solar Coefficient for glazing.

79


Building Envelope

Building Thermal Envelope (OTTV)

Roof Thermal Envelope (RTTV)

OTTV and RTTV provide an index of TOTAL external energy infiltration into internal

building space via the building envelope.

80


Building Envelope

Heat Conduction

Through Walls;15 α (1-WWR)Uw

Heat Conduction Through Wall

Colour of Wall Alpha Value

Black Paint 0.90 – 0.99

White Paint 0.15 – 0.30

Aluminium Oxide Paint 0.09

Red Roof TIles 0.4 – 0.8

Wall Construction Typical U values

Cement Sand Bricks > 3.0 W/m² oK

115 clay bricks with 15mm plaster both sides

> 2.6-2.8 W/m² oK

100 Aerated Lightweight bricks < 1.00 W/m² oK

81


Building Envelope

Heat Conduction


200mm Brick Wall

82


Building Envelope

Heat Conduction


150mm Brick Wall

83


Building Envelope

Heat Conduction

Through Windows

6(WWR)Uf

Glazing Type Typical U values Indicative Cost RM / ft²

Single Glazed 5.7 W/m² oK 4.5 – 5.5

Single Glazed Low-e 4.2 W/m² oK 11 – 12

Double Glazed 2.6-2.9 W/m² oK 15 – 20

Double Glazed Low-e 1.2 30 - 45

84


Building Envelope

WHAT IS THE HEAT GAIN THROUGH THE BUILDING FABRIC,

CAPITAL COST IMPACT AND IMPACT ON BUILDING ENERGY ?

85


Building Envelope

0 W

1,000 W

2,000 W

3,000 W

4,000 W

5,000 W

6,000 W

7,000 W

Walls Glazing Roof

Insulation inRoof Ceiling

© BSEEP October 2015

0 W

1,000 W

2,000 W

3,000 W

4,000 W

5,000 W

6,000 W

7,000 W

Walls Glazing Roof

Insulation inRoof Ceil ing

© BSEEP October 2015

Single Storey TerraceCorner Intermediate

Double Storey TerraceCorner Intermediate


Preliminary

AssessmentWalk Through

SurveyEnergy Audit

(Grade 3)

Appoint

Contractor

Investment

Grade Audit


87 Approach to Energy Planning

91


Approach to Energy Planning

Design & Installation

• Planning for Energy Plant

• Designing process for E.E.

Operations

• E.E. Management Plan

• E.E. Indexing

Energy Tariff

Electricity connection

Economics of fuel types

Energy Plant Concept

Energy Convertor

Heat Pumps

Waste Energy Recovery

Best available technology

Pushing the limits

Addition cost e.g. latest technology etc

EE Management Plan

ISO 50000

Energy manager/ Quality circles

Maintenance for EE

Plant operation for EE

E.E. Indexing for Industry

Process

Benchmarking your process

Possible instrument for future

‘carbon taxation’

92



Non Renewable

• Natural Gas

• LPG

• Medium Oil

• Bunker Oil

Renewable

• Biomass

• Biogas

• Waste

• Solar

Electricity

• Capacity

• Profile

Thermal

• Capacity

• Profile (heat/cold)

Identify Primary Fuel Source Identify Energy Needs

Energy Convertor

Engine-Alternator

Boilers

Turbine-alternator

Heat Pumps

Conventional electric chillers

Adsorption Chillers

Absorption Chillers

Waste Energy Recovery

Waste Biomass – boilers/furnace

Heat Exchanger

Plant Process

Thermal – hot/cold needs

Electricity needs

93



Energy tariff (principally electricity) is the first step in planning for the main

energy plant. An assessment of prime energy source for each type of plant is

required to confirm the concept for energy plant to be adopted.

1. Electrical Substations

2. District Cooling Plants

3. Co-Generation Plant

ENERGY TARIFF

94


Example Audit Result

95


Daily Load Profile Example

96


Daily Load Profile Example

97



98



99


Simple Rule of Thumb Estimate

Simple rule of thumb estimate make use of expert knowledge.

1. It should ONLY be done by an expert (with the knowledge)

2. Due to experience, rule of thumb figures are useful to make quick

estimate

3. Quick estimate may be a starting point to decide whether to proceed

with more substantial measure e.g. walk through audit OR grade 3

audit

(a) Start by collecting electricity bill.

(b) Find out GFA of building.

(c) Translate to kW/m² - A quick idea can be form regarding the GAP

which EE measure can done.

(d) Have an idea of kWh benchmark.

(e) Rule of thumb : Air Cond takes up 50% and Lighting 20% - 25%

(f) Air Cond Chiller CoP can be inferred (roughly). Chiller takes up 50%

of energy

(g) Have some idea of rule of thumb cost e.g. RM2K/Tr for chiller etc.

100


Example 1

Replace the existing air cooled chilled water system to a centralized central chilled

water system.

Baseline cost = RM 1,417,500; Upgrade cost = RM 2,205,000.00

Incremental cost = RM 787,500,.00

For abatement of 1,000,000kWh/year or 741,000kg CO2/year.

Capex incremental achievement @ 1.27kWh/year OR 0.94kgCO2/year

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Example 2

OPTIMAL REPLACEMENT OF AC UNIT

An existing commercial tower located in the heart of KL.

Air-conditioning accounts for 65% of total energy use (the norm should be 50% or

less – this means this is a very inefficient building energy wise).

The building has 90 units of 10HP air cooled packaged air cond units (ACPU).

Study finds an OVERPRIVION of capacity.

Solution replace ALL 90 units of 10HP ACPU with 90 units of 7.5HP compressors

Investment cost = RM 540,000,.00

For abatement of 330,000kWh/year or 244,000kg CO2/year.

Capex incremental achievement @ 0.61 kWh/year OR 0.45 kgCO2/year

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Example 3 – Shop Lot Office

Replace (about) 12 split units with multi-split Variable Refrigeration Volume (VRV) system – decrease in kWh by 40%.

103


Preliminary Results BSEEP

building energy; identifying opportunities and …jkr.gov.my [email protected]...

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