building integration common work package - fbbb resurgence building integration common work package...

Building Integration Common Work Package Workpackage 3

June 2003

Prepared by:

Cenergia Energy Consultants, DK

---------------------------------------

Work Package participants:

Whitby Bird & Partners, UK

Axys Innovations/Boomsma, NL

Powerlight, DE

Enecolo, CH

---------------------------------------

Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development

RESURGENCE Building Integration Common Work Package

Cenergia 2003 2

1. Executive summary

This report has investigated the different building integration techniques used in the

Resurgence projects.

The prices for the integrated PV systems vary within the range of 2.7 Euro/Wp to 7.05

Euro/Wp with an average price of about 5.54 Euro/Wp. The cheapest systems are the

systems for flat roofs, where there are also normally fewest obstacles, like no shading, no

or few architectural restrictions and no restrictions for location of the modules.

In order to successfully achieve further market implementation of building integrated PV

systems, a number of consecutive actions are required:

* Further cost reductions and improvement of the economics of building integrated PV

* Enhancement of the technical and architectural quality of building integrated PV

* Assessment and removal of non-technical barriers.

The projects have documented that there is a need for further development of building

integration PV standard systems. One problem is that it is often necessary to adjust the

existing systems to a specific building. If the PV system shall be a fully integrated part of a

building, then it is necessary for the system to have other functions than production of

electricity. If the system also acts as a weatherproof layer or as a solar shading system or

can be used for insulation, the overall prices can be reduced since it is possible to reduce

the use of traditional building materials.

There are also still many non-technical problems to overcome like the possible overlapping

between the work of different labour groups (electricians and installers), definition of

maintenance of the systems, etc.

One of the overall aims of the Resurgence project was to make a common procurement

package for all the involved projects. However it turned out that this was not possible. For

the first, only very few companies responded to the tender and it turned out that although

some similar integration techniques were used in the projects, there were still too many

individual differences and individualities in each project. This shows that there is a need

for further development of reliable systems for building integration of PV systems so that

systems are applicable for several building types.


Cenergia 2003 3

List of Content:

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. 2

2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 5

2.1. OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. DELIVERABLES ......................................................................................................................... 5

3. BACKGROUND FOR BUILDING INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES ...................................... 7

4. TYPES OF PV-MODULES .......................................................................................................... 10

5. REVIEW OF BUILDING INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES ................................................... 13

5.1. COMBINED INTEGRATED PV-SOLUTIONS .............................................................................. 14 5.2. BUILDING INTEGRATION POSSIBILITIES ................................................................................ 14

6. IDENTIFICATION OF BEST PRACTICE BUILDING INTEGRATION METHODS ....... 16

7. BUILDING INTEGRATION EXAMPLES ................................................................................ 20

7.1. SWITZERLAND ........................................................................................................................ 20 7.1.1. Jasminweg, Zürich ............................................................................................................... 20 7.1.2. Marchwartstrasse, Zürich .................................................................................................... 21 7.1.3. Huob, Pfäffikon .................................................................................................................... 23 7.1.4. Chemin de Florency, Lausanne ........................................................................................... 24 7.2. THE NEDERLANDS .................................................................................................................. 25 7.2.1. De Mheen, St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord ....................................................................... 25 7.2.2. De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer, Savelsbos .......................................................................... 27 7.2.3. Woonconcept, Hoogeveen, Krakeel ..................................................................................... 28 7.3. GERMANY ............................................................................................................................... 29 7.4. DENMARK ............................................................................................................................... 30 7.4.1. Workers Union Building, SID, Copenhagen ........................................................................ 30 7.4.2. Students house, Herning ...................................................................................................... 31 7.4.3. Hammerthor, Herning .......................................................................................................... 34 7.5. UK ........................................................................................................................................... 35 7.5.1. Whitecross Street ................................................................................................................. 35 7.5.2. Priors Estate ........................................................................................................................ 40 7.6. TOTAL OVERVIEW OF PROJECT COSTS .................................................................................. 42

8. PV SYSTEM PROCUREMENT COMMON WORK PACKAGE .......................................... 43

9. PV BUILDING INTEGRATION AND PROCUREMENT WORKSHOP IN ZURICH. ...... 44

10. DISSEMINATION OF WORKPACKAGE RESULTS ............................................................ 46

11. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 47

Annex:

1. Partner contribution from building integration workshop, May 2002 in Zurich

2. Large scale Building integration Plan Valby, Copenhagen

3. Life cycle cost analysis for project in Valby, Copenhagen

4. Tender and Procurement reports


Cenergia 2003 4

Abbreviations:

PV Photovoltaic

WP Work Package

kWp Kilo watt peak

AC Alternating current

DC Direct current

V Volt

R&D Research and development

€ Euro


Cenergia 2003 5

2. Introduction

RESURGENCE is an EC-funded project aimed at integration of PV as part of urban

regeneration. Under the RESURGENCE project it is proposed that 1.3 MWp of

photovoltaics will be installed across 5 European countries. The RESURGENCE contract

has been signed between the European Commission and 17 project partners, representing

the 5 countries. The participating countries are Denmark, Germany, Netherlands,

Switzerland and the U.K. Further to the installation of generating capacity the project

identifies the following four key aims,

PV system cost reduction

Increased socio-economic acceptability and social sustainability

Exploitation of liberalised energy markets and

Finance innovation

The project targets the social housing/urban regeneration sector, which offers tremendous

opportunities for realisation of these aims. A specific objective, contained within one of

the project Work Packages required by the EC contract, is to demonstrate the potential for

cost reductions through competition and economies of scale.

This report seeks to identify the different trends for building integration of PV in the five

partner countries. Although there are different approaches towards the building integration

of PV technologies in the five participating countries, there is also some common ground

for the building integration of PV systems.

Although commercially available for many years, PV technologies have only recently

become sufficiently affordable and efficient to be a practical alternative or supplement to

conventional grid power. PV devices are commonly mounted on a structure on a rooftop.

Building integration is one of the most important aspects for a wider use of photovoltaic

technologies. The trend is moving more and more towards a total integration of PV panels

into standard building elements such as windows, roofing elements or façade elements; PV

is even used to enhance the architectural expression of a building in some projects.

2.1. Objectives

The aim of the report is to:

Identify best practice building integration of photovoltaic systems.

Develop adequate and cost efficient building integration systems for a variety of

European building types.

Pre-define tendering package for building integration systems (WP7).

Disseminate (internally) building integration system guidance to all participants

(housing associations, local authorities, architects, engineers, utilities and

manufacturers of PV integration systems).

2.2. Deliverables

D6: Best practice Guidance Notes on building integration systems for both internal and

external dissemination.


Cenergia 2003 6

D7: Cost-efficient, common building integration systems.

D8: Tendering package for building integration systems.

D9: Building integration Report.


Cenergia 2003 7

3. Background for Building Integration Techniques

PV-modules have for many years been used as so-called stand alone systems where an

alternative electricity supply would normally be too expensive (e.g. calculating machines,

monitoring equipment, pleasure boats, lighthouses, traffic lights and mountain cottages).

But within the last few years the interest has increased concerning using PV systems in

buildings for either local electricity production or production to the grid system and with

sale of PV electricity in the same way as e.g. electricity produced by windmills.

It is still expensive to install grid connected PV-systems. The prices of solar cells, PV

modules and PV systems are however steadily decreasing owing to financial support

schemes, policies to R&D, and ambitious effort by PV manufacturers. In e.g. Japan

average prices of PV modules have decreased to 12.3Euro/W in 2001 from 13.9 Euro/W in

2000 (about 12% decrease). In addition, typical prices of PV systems, also in Japan,

decreased to about 24.1 Euro/W in 2001 from 25.6 Euro/W in 2000 (about 6% decrease)

for PV systems with more than 10 kW capacity for public and industrial facilities use, and

to 19.6 Euro/W in 2001 from 21.8 Euro/W in 2000 (about 10% decrease) for 3 - 5 kW PV

systems for residential use. In many places in Europe it is now the aim to install systems at

a price around 7-8 Euro/W. Figure 3.1 shows the development in PV prices in dollars.

figure 3.1

Wholesale Price of Photovoltaic Panels

(1997 fixed dollars per rated peak watt), ref. World Bank

The decrease in the prices is due to a strong increase in the production. The price of PV-

modules has been reduced by 50 % every fifth to seventh year since 1978. In many

countries there is therefore a belief that this technology can play an important role in a

future solar energy society.

Fig. 2.2 shows the development of PV production capacity.


Cenergia 2003 8

D eve lo p m e n t in the prod u ctio n k ap ac ity fo r PV-m o du les a t w o rld le vel

201

74

401

288

155

201

172

126

89

28

139

54

95

61

54

8

48

80

26

19

23

19

16

14

14

5 9

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

M W

E urope ex.

G erm any

A ustra lia

U SA

A sia

ex cept

Ja pan

Ja pan

Poly

crysta l-

line

M ono

crysta l-

line

Thin film

D istribu-

tion

area

Types of

P V-

m odules

G erm any

Producers

O ther

P hotow att

M itsubish iS anyo

Isofoton

R W E solar

A stroP ower

S iem ens &

S hell Solar

K yocera

B P Solar

S harp

figure 3.2

Development of the production capacity for PV-modules at world level

(Ref. Photon 1998-2002).

To obtain the best possible integration and economy for grid connected PV-modules it is

necessary to focus on the possibilities to integrate the PV systems on building facades and

roofs and other constructions. A German investigation has documented that building

integrated PV-systems can cover up to 40 % of the existing electricity consumption in

households.

Moreover the World Watch Institute has the opinion that on a long view PV-modules can

be part of a hydrogen based energy system that also includes fuel cells and a possibility to

store the energy. There will also be decentralised solutions, which can e.g. be used in the

transport sector too.

In a number of countries, the development of building integrated PV-modules, connected

to the electricity supply system, has grown very fast, supported by large national plans for

use of PV in buildings.

The initial cost of PV-modules has until now been high and has thus prevented the

extension. However, improved efficiency, increasing environmental awareness and

improved agreements concerning network connected PV-systems and improved support

policy are now expected to turn the standstill and make way for an intensive development

and use of PV-modules. This may within the next years have an important impact on the

pricing.

Integration of PV-modules has in addition to the energy effect a considerable and

challenging influence on the architecture. In recent years a number of good examples of

PV-integrated buildings have been developed and several producers of building elements,

e.g. window producers, have presented systems for integration of PV-modules into other

standard elements.


Cenergia 2003 9

figure 3.3

Example from a utility company’s headquarter in Aachen in Germany PV modules integrated in

window wall.

figure 3.4

PV-modules integrated in a roof window in the

energy balance house in Amersfoort in Holland

figure 3.5

Window integrated PV-modules in the facade on the

library in Mataro near Barcelona Spain.


Cenergia 2003 10

4. Types of PV-modules

PV-modules are in most cases made of silicon. There are in principle two types of silicon

based PV-modules: crystalline and amorphous, of which the last type is a so-called thin

film PV-module.

The crystalline module exists in two types: mono-crystalline and polycrystalline. The

mono-crystalline is the most efficient with up to 15-17 % efficiency but it is also the most

expensive. Polycrystalline PV-modules are easier to produce and therefore cheaper. The

efficiency is only a little lower than for the mono-crystalline with approx. 12 % efficiency.

The visual appearance is different for the two types of crystalline PV-modules, as close by

it is possible to see the structure of the crystals and the many nuances in polycrystalline

PV-modules.

figure 4.1

Monocrystaline PV modules integrated in roof, Frederiksberg, Denmark

Figure 4.2

Polycrystaline PV Modules, Skovlunde, Denmark

The cheapest solution per m² is the amorphous thin film PV-modules, which in return only

has an efficiency of 4-6 %.


Cenergia 2003 11

figure 4.3

Amorphous solar cells, Copenhagen Denmark

The amorphous cells have a number of advantages compared to the crystalline excluding

the yield:

The price is 1/3 of the crystalline;

They use less energy by production;

They have a uniform colour and a homogeneous appearance;

They are less sensitive to partial shadow areas;

They are less sensitive to temperature variations;

There are potential for making them cheaper.

But at the same time seems difficult at the moment to get a satisfactory high quality

production with a reasonable efficiency.

The wafers are normally opaque but e.g. crystalline PV-modules can be placed with a gap

between the cells in a glass pane with which the entire module gets some kind of a

transparent appearance. Modules built with closely spaced PV-modules are not transparent.

It is also possible to have semitransparent PV-modules, where the wafers are made with

tiny wholes in, only they have a lower efficiency.

In addition to amorphous PV-modules there are a number of other new types of thin film

PV-modules, which are interesting especially with regard to the price. This is CIS and

CIGS modules, where the efficiency is apparently approx. 10 %, and CdTe modules

(cadmium telluride).

The problem for the last mentioned is, however, that cadmium is included in the product,

just as it e.g. is in rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries. Even though it is assured that

they are 100 % reusable, this must be demonstrated in practice before it is possible for the

users with a clear conscience to consider the use of these PV-modules. They can

apparently be produced at a lower price, but this is still only in the research phase. Finally

the organic PV-modules can be mentioned, which can in principle be produced at a low

price, but these are still also in the research phase.

PV-modules are always built of a number of interconnected cells that constitute a module.

One cell can only produce 0,5 V. In practice a number of serial connected cells are

connected in a module to obtain a useable power on e.g. 12 V.


Cenergia 2003 12

PV-modules can be put together to large surfaces. As the produced electricity is direct

current (DC), the electricity it is either going to be used at once for operation of electrical

equipment that can use DC electricity or it is transformed into AC electricity.

If an inverter is installed, a possibility to connect the system to the ordinary electricity

supply system is obtained. This means that in periods where the electricity production is

larger than the consumption, the electricity can be sold to the ordinary electricity supply

system. Another solution is to utilise a so-called net-metering concept where it is possible

to utilise an electricity meter that can measure both electricity bought and electricity sold

(it can “run both ways”). The result of this concept is that it is possible to get a payment for

the PV electricity, which is the same as the normal electricity price. But if it is possible to

get higher prices, e.g. in connection to a solar stock exchange or feed in tariff like in

Germany then this is a better solution.


Cenergia 2003 13

5. Review of building integration techniques

PV building-integrated technologies have great potentials for ensuring a renewable energy

based energy supply especially in cities. Here good architectural solutions will be a must if

the public shall approve large-scale implementation.

Especially new buildings and rehabilitation projects have considerable saving potentials,

both as regards materials and installations by integration of PV-modules in the façade or

roof surfaces on a building. If a standard building integrated PV-system is used, it can in

some cases be possible to obtain a lower price of the PV-module facade or roof than the

price for only the PV-modules, as the possible savings of façade or roof surfaces can be

considerable. PV-module can have more functions than only producing electricity, it can

be used as a roofing element, keeping out rain and protecting the building against wind, PV

can be integrated into glazing systems and function as a window element, it can be

integrated as a solar shading element or it can let in light. PV can also be integrated in

facades or balconies and thereby replacing traditional construction elements.

The term building integration of PV systems is used in many connections, however often

the PV systems are not actually integrated in the building structure but merely placed e.g.

on top of the building or outside the facade. A real integration is achieved when the PV

modules are acting as other building material and not as something extra added on the

building after the completion of the building. When PV are more widely accepted among

building owners and architects, when the efficiency of PV modules will be increased and

when the price is reduced, it is most likely that there will be more “real” integration of PV

in the building design.

New investigations show that on office blocks, where the façade surface is often very

expensive, electricity from PV-modules will within a few years be competitive to ordinary

electricity from the electricity supply system.

The further integration requires that the modules can be purchased in similar sizes as other

building materials and integrated in traditional mounting systems, e.g. curtain wall

systems, skylight construction etc.

When building integrated PV-modules are looked at, the experiences from projects have

shown examples of both very expensive solutions and also solutions that does not cost

extra because they are building integrated. This will be an important item to focus on in

connection with the next years development work for PV-modules.

It will be the aim to develop PV-designs at lower prices than today and therefore it is a

great challenge to get integration designs developed for PV-modules for roofs and facades

in buildings that does not results in considerable additional expenses.

It is an obvious possibility to aim at a close co-operation between PV-module suppliers,

PV-module specialists and building component producers. At the same time it is necessary

to focus on hybrid utilisation of PV-modules to secure that a market for utilisation of

building integrated PV-modules is created quickly on a normal financial basis.


Cenergia 2003 14

A potential issue when PV systems are mounted on a roof deck that provides weather

tightness is that mechanical fixing associated with the PV could compromise this weather

tightness. For example a roof contractor may be reluctant to offer a warranty if PV

installation work is to be carried out on the roof following completion of their own works.

5.1. Combined integrated PV-solutions

By combining the use of PV modules with other functions it is possible to increase the

overall efficiency of the systems and thereby reduce the investment costs. This can e.g.

include use of PV-modules for preheating of ventilation air and use of PV-modules for

direct operation of ventilation. But also use of e.g. PV-modules for direct operation of

lighting systems or PV-modules as part of daylight solutions or sun protection solutions are

interesting to work on.

By integration of PV-modules it is sometimes also possible to utilise not only the

production of electricity from the modules but also the production of heat. Furthermore the

electricity production from the PV-modules is increased when the modules are cooled, so it

is possible to take the heat away from the modules and using it for e.g. heating of

ventilation air. The above-mentioned solution also has advantages regarding obtaining the

best possible balance between the energy that is used for production of the PV-modules

and the yield that can be obtained within the lifetime of the PV-modules.

PV-modules can on a long term also operate together with natural gas fired local combined

heat and power systems in a beneficial way for the society. The heat demand during the

summer is not very large and it sets a limit for a combined heat and power production in

this period. Electricity production from PV-modules increases the local electricity

production, also resulting in reduced net losses. Electricity from PV-modules does neither

compete with utilisation of solar heating for hot water.

5.2. Building integration possibilities

The shape of PV systems is determined by the way the photovoltaic wafers are produced.

The most used types are the mono- and crystalline types, where a siliceous crystal is made.

Mono-crystalline wafers are, as the name says, made of one large crystal. The shape of this

is originally round, but can be cut square either with rounded corners or as a real square,

which is then smaller. The material is very brittle and it is therefore necessary that there is

a layer of glass or similar on both the front and the back. The wafers, which are 10 cm x 10

cm and about 0,3 mm thick are put together under a pane of glass. This pane or the PV

module can in principle be made according to the demand, but most manufacturers have a

standard measure for a PV module.

figure 5.1 Mono-crystalline wafers.


Cenergia 2003 15

The modules are available both with frames and without frames. This means that the most

common type is a glass-like flat pane, with no load bearing capabilities, but the same

resistance against rain and wind as a windowpane.

This makes it most obvious to use PV systems in the same way, that glass has been used in

buildings, the only problem is that the PV cells blocks out the light, so it can not replace

windows, where the need is daylighting and a look to the outside. However this still leaves

many possibilities for using the PV modules for e.g. shading systems etc.

Another possibility is to use the modules as e.g. a part of the roof. Some PV modules are

formed as roof tiles and can be integrated in standard roofing systems, giving the same

water resistance as the traditional materials.

Other possibilities, not directly building integrated, is the mounting of PV modules on an

existing roof or on the outside of a façade, or mounted on e.g. flat roofs in trays or other

similar systems. These methods are being more and more developed and the mounting

systems are being integrated into traditional building systems.

figure 5.2

Example of PV module, polycrystalline frameless with black tedler background.


Cenergia 2003 16

6. Identification of best practice building integration methods

In the following there will be a short description of different integration techniques.

Cenergia, Denmark

Roof mounted PV

The PV modules are fixed on top of a traditional

roof with different systems, either fixing the PV

module directly to e.g. a roof tile or with a screw

system going through the tiles. The latter requires a

water proofing system to avoid leakage problems.

Advantage: Very good solution for existing

buildings.

Disadvantage: Problems with water proofing,

problem when the roof has to be repaired or

replaced. The ventilation of the modules is not very

good.

BEAR Architecten, Holland

PV roof tile integrated system

The PV modules are the same shape as roof tiles or

made of a system, that can be mounted like roof

tiles. Can work as the waterproof part of the roof or

as normal roof tiles with a waterproof layer

underneath. Can both be in the form of small tiles

and also bigger tiles.

Advantages: Replaces the traditional roofing

system, gives a better integrated look (may look

like the rest of the roof).

Disadvantages: many connections, difficult to

control faults. There may be more shading of the

panels. Expensive production if the tiles are not

made of standard elements. Poor ventilation of

modules.


Cenergia 2003 17

Enecolo, Switzerland

Free standing PV modules on flat roof

The PV modules are mounted on profiles or similar,

which are secured and fixed to the flat roof.

Advantages: Cannot be seen from the ground, easy

to mount, can be placed independently of the

building orientation. Good ventilation of modules.

Disadvantages: Difficult to get the roof watertight,

necessary to penetrate the roof-surface. The wires

are exposed to UV light from the sun. Must be

removed if the roof shall be renovated.

Enecolo, Switzerland

PV on flat roofs on concrete elements

The PV modules are mounted to a heavyweight

element or an element filled with stone or rubble.

This means that it is not necessary to fix it to the

roof and no penetrations are necessary.

Advantages: No penetration of roof necessary, can

be placed anywhere, cheap solution. Easy to install.

Disadvantages: Heavy weight, difficult to ventilate

the modules.


Cenergia 2003 18

Powerlight, Germany

Horizontal PV on flat roof

Roof construction with PV and insulation, can be

used to insulate an existing flat roof.

Advantages: good for lightweight roof

construction like industrial buildings. Easy to

install.

Disadvantages: Lower electricity production than

tilted modules. Poor ventilation of modules.

Cenergia, Denmark

Façade mounted PV

Ventilated façade elements, where the outer layer is

a PV module and is weather proof.

Advantages: Can be combined with other façade

systems.

Disadvantages: difficult to get enough ventilation

around the modules, problems with shading from

surroundings.


Cenergia 2003 19

Cenergia, Denmark

PV shading system

PV modules are integrated in a shading system.

Advantages: The electricity production is highest

when the need for shading is also high.

Disadvantages: Small modules, many connections,


Cenergia 2003 20

7. Building Integration Examples

In the Resurgence project there is a special focus on the social housing sector, which has

been very supportive concerning the use of PV in many EU countries. In connection to this

it is important to introduce reliable and low cost PV solutions and try to avoid costly

“fancy” architecture where the electricity production in some cases is not so high due to

e.g. shadows, vertical installations or poor backside cooling of the PV-panels. Also the

possibility of easy maintenance and aesthetic solutions should be introduced. To be able to

ensure the most professional operation of the PV system, PV investments can be organised

by special organisations like Edisun in the Solar Stock Exchange in Switzerland or the PV-

Coop being prepared in Copenhagen in relation to the Solar Stock exchange here.

In the following it is illustrated how PV-modules can be integrated in buildings in different

ways with focus on the five project member countries, Switzerland, Germany, Holland,

England and Denmark.

7.1. Switzerland

In Switzerland four projects have been realised. The projects are the following:

Name of Project Integration Method Effect

Jasminweg, Zürich Sofrel on flat green roof 24 kW

Marchwartstrasse, Zürich Solrif integrated into pitched roof 46 kW

Huob, Pfäffikon Flat roof installation, Solgreen 32 kW

Chemin de Florency,

Lausanne

Solrif system on pitched roof 38 kW

7.1.1. Jasminweg, Zürich

This project will be realised on a new low-energy-building belonging to the

housing association „Allgemeine Baugenossenschaft Zürich“ (ABZ). Owner

of the installation will be the company Edisun Power. The energy will be

sold into the local solar stock exchange in Zürich.

The System:

Solarcells are placed on the flat roof, using the system

Sofrel, which consist of two concrete consoles, which are

placed directly on the roof with no wholes or penetration

of the roofing structure. The solar panel is glued onto

some clips fixed on the concrete consoles.

Figure 7.1

Jasminweg Zürich


Cenergia 2003 21

The Concolles

The clips

Cleaning of the clips

Silicon glue is put on the clips

The module is placed on the clips

Secured with a light pressure

figure 7.2

Illustrations of the Sofrel mounting system

Advantages:

The system is very easy to install, there are no penetration of the roof, and it is possible to

renovate the roof later. Good ventilation of the panels.

Disadvantages:

The weight of the consoles makes it necessary to use e.g. a crane; it is necessary that the

roof is made so that it is possible to walk on it.

7.1.2. Marchwartstrasse, Zürich

Building and installation owner is the housing association company

„Allgemeine Baugenossenschaft Zürich“ (ABZ). The energy will be sold

into the local solar stock exchange of Zurich. Together with an existing

installation, it will become the largest housing PV installation of

Switzerland.


Cenergia 2003 22

The system:

PV panels are installed direct on the

existing roof using the system, Solrif,

which consists of a standard PV

module and four special extruded

aluminium profiles, which are

enclosing the panel as a frame. The

system works as a roof construction

and protects the roof against rain and

wind. The mounting system is suitable

for all sloped roofs in existing or new

buildings and fulfils high aesthetic

requirements.

SOLRIF enables the roof integration of laminates amidst normal clay tiles but also the total

covering of the roof. The bottom profile is designed to let snow glide off and grime to be

washed away by rain - in contrast to standard module frames. The self-purification of

modules guaranties their full electrical capacity at all times. The Solrif aluminium profile

system is independent of the size of the PV laminates and is therefore suited to all makes

of standard laminates up to 5,5 mm thickness. As an option, the profiles are available in

any colour for optimal matching to the surrounding and the laminate.

Installation of Solrif panels is simple and quick. The work step complies with the standard

clay tile laying procedure because of the similar surrounding design. Furthermore Solrif

provides a variable head- and side-lap of the panels against horizontal and vertical

deformation of the support. The panels will be simply hung-in to metal stirrups fixed to the

vertical or horizontal battens. The concept allows each Solrif module to be removed and

replaced individually.

figure 7.3

Marchwartstrasse, Zürich


Cenergia 2003 23

figure 7.4

PV modules are installed on the existing roof

figure 7..5

Detail of the edge

figure 7.6,

Details of the mounting system Solrif

Advantages:

It is very easy to install, since it is similar to normal tile installation principles. Can be

placed on existing roofs, act as a weather tight layer. Standard PV modules can be used.

Disadvantages:

It is important to make the details around edges very precise.

7.1.3. Huob, Pfäffikon

This project will be realised on a newly erected low-energy-building of

„Swiss Re“ (Re-Insurance company). Owner of the installation will be

Edisun Power. The energy will be sold to the utility ewz, which runs a

heating system as contractor in this building.

The System:

The roof will be a green flat roof with vegetation, where the system Solgreen will be

installed. The system is using the covering material (gravel etc) as ballast, thereby the

weight of the construction can be reduced and it is easier to handle and install on the roof.


Cenergia 2003 24

A corrugated roof plate with special fixing

points is placed directly on the roofing felt.

There is no penetration of the roofing felt.

Gravel or soil is spread over the roof and

the corrugated roofing plates. An

aluminium frame is locked to the fixing

points in the corrugated roof plate. This

construction allows the use of frameless

modules and also the use of vegetation on

the roof. The only concern is that the

vegetation shall be short in order not to

make shadows on the panels.

7.1.4. Chemin de Florency, Lausanne

An existing building has got a new roof, where the entire area of the one

side is a PV roof. Building owner is „Le logement simple“, a local housing

association that owns only that one building. Installation owner is Edisun

Power. The energy will be sold into the local solar stock exchange of

Lausanne.

The system:

The system Solrif has also been used for this

project, where the entire roof area on one side

of the roof is covered with PV panels,

working as a weatherproof roof.

figure 7.7

Huob, Pfäffikon

figure 7.8

Chemin de Florency, Lausanne


Cenergia 2003 25

figure 7.9

SOLRIF Solar Roof Integration System

Advantages:

Normal standard modules are used.

Disadvantages:

Condensation may occur under the panels, the ventilation of the modules is not very good.

7.2. The Nederlands

Three PV projects have been realised in Holland.

Project Integration method Effect

St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord Pitched roof integrated

system

1 MWp

De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer,

Savelsbos

Flat roof 99 kWp

Woonconcept, Hoogeveen,

Krakeel

Sloped roof 78,6 kWp

7.2.1. De Mheen, St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord

The first steps towards this largest pv project in the world with roof filling

PV-systems in existing stock were taken in fall 2000. Housing association St

Joseph Apeldoorn consulted Lafarge Roof-products whether or not solar

panels were a feasible alternative to the roof tiles, which needed to be

replaced. Finally it was decided to fill the roofs with some 2,5 kWp of solar

panels. Lafarge developed a new system especially for this site, mainly

concentrating on cost reduction.

Municipality: Apeldoorn (NL)

Housing Association: St. Joseph Apeldoorn

Numer of apartments: 120

Solar power: 245 kWp DC

Expected yield: 65.000 kWh/yr


Cenergia 2003 26

The system:

Frameless PV modules are fixed with

clips screwed to wooden beams. The PV

modules are overlapping each other like

roof tiles and works as a traditional roof,

protecting against rain and wind.

Modules: Lafarge

Inverters: Mastervolt Solar Sunmaster

QS3200 inverter

figure 7.11

PV system in Apeldoorn

Advantages:

Easy to install. Standard modules can be used.

Disadvantages:

Difficult to ventilate, many connections

Price:

Costs of installations: € 1.727.000 excl. VAT (19%) (=7,05 €/Wp)

figure 7.10

De Mheen, St. Joseph, Apeldoorn, Sluisoord


Cenergia 2003 27

7.2.2. De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer, Savelsbos

The Savelbos PV-project is the largest one-roof PV-project at housing

associations in the Netherlands so far. The project is developed by

Ekomation, a Dutch PV project developer. Ekomation has found the

Zoetermeer based housing association De Goede Woning willing to

purchase a large PV-system. The apartment block ‘Savelsbos’ combines a

large roof surface with a good orientation. One of the main reasons for the

management of De Goede Woning to execute this PV-project was the

opportunity to show the association’s move from a rather conservative and cautious

organisation to a more progressive and socially/environmentally involved organisation. In

several ways the project has been and will be promoted to especially the tenants of De

Goede Woning and the inhabitants of Zoetermeer.

Municipality: Zoetermeer

Housing Association: De Goede

Woning (based at Zoetermeer)

Numer of apartments: 309

Solar power: 99 kWp DC

Expected yield: 65.000 kWh/yr

The System:

PV panels are placed on a flat roof with

roofing asphalt and shingles on a framing

system.

Modules: 600 x PV-modules Isofotón

I-165

Inverters: 25 x SMA Sunny Boy 3000

Control system: Sunny Boy Control with GSM-modem

figure 7.13

PV modules on the roof in the “de geode Woening”

figure 7.12

De Goede Woning, Zoetermeer, Savelsbos


Cenergia 2003 28

Advantages:

Easy to install on existing flat roof. Can be used for all types of panels.

Disadvantages:

Prices:

Costs of installations: € 547.000 excl. VAT (19%) (=5,53 €/Wp)

7.2.3. Woonconcept, Hoogeveen, Krakeel

The PV project Krakeel is part of the large renovation plan of Krakeel.

Woonconcept housing association wants to upgrade this living area to a

great extent. The dwellings are renovated completely on the inside and on

the outside. Inside, the kitchen and bathroom are completely replaced and

also new radiators and a mechanical ventilation unit are installed. In

addition, a large number of measures are taken to reduce energy

consumption and to make use of solar energy. Roofs and outer walls are well insulated and

high efficiency boilers coupled with solar collector replace old boilers. Furthermore, solar

panels (PV) are used and double-glazing is installed. The totally achieved CO2 emission

reduction is 60%. A large number of renovated dwellings will be sold to the current

tenants.

Project name: Krakeel

Municipality: Hoogeveen

Housing Association: Woonconcept (based at

Meppel)

Dwellings: 126

Solar Power per dwelling: 624 Wp

Total Solar Power: 78,6 kWp

The System:

Modules per dwelling: 6 x Shell Solar RSM 105

ACN

Inverters: attached to the module (AC-module)

Control system: none

Advantages:

Good location on sloped roof

Disadvantages:

Restrictions in location due to architectural look of building, poor ventilation of modules.

Prices:

Costs of installations: € 535.000 excl. VAT (19%) (=6,81 €/Wp)

figure 7.14

Woonconcept, Hoogeveen, Krakeel


Cenergia 2003 29

7.3. Germany

In Germany two different systems are used, one traditional system added on to a slopping

roof and one using the system PowerGuard,

which is placed on a flat roof.

System:

PowerGuard

is a patented photovoltaic (PV) roof tile assembly system that

delivers solar electricity to the building while protecting the roof from the

damaging effects of weather and ultraviolet rays (UV).

The PowerGuard® tiles have insulating polystyrene foam on the back

thereby increasing building thermal insulation and extending the lifetime of

the roof. Tiles are electrically interconnected to an inverter, which feeds AC power to the

building electrical system.

This lightweight system installs in

discrete arrays with no roofing

penetrations and is suitable for flat

to moderately sloped roofs. The

PowerGuard® system can be inte-

grated into new and re-roofing

projects or readily applied over

existing roofs. Tiles feature inter-

locking edges, which enable the

overall system to resist wind uplift

without roof penetrations.

PowerGuard® tiles are electrically

connected in rows using weather-

proof quick-connects. Around the

perimeter of each PowerGuard®

array, RT Curb is installed as

ballast. Rainwater is permitted to

drain between the edges of the ti-

les and flow over the roofing

membrane to typical drainage

courses.

Advantages:

No roof penetration, needs no additional fixing. Suitable for e.g. industrial buildings with

flat roofs.

Disadvantages:

Low ventilation of the modules; the electricity production is lower than for tilted modules.

There may be problems with dirt and snow staying on the panels.

Prices:

About 5.5 Euro/W

figure 7.15

Principle of the PowerGuard PV system


Cenergia 2003 30

7.4. Denmark

In Denmark several projects are part of the Resurgence project. Here will only be a short

description of the integration methods for the projects, which are finished or near

completion at this time. When more systems have been installed, they will be described in

the revised version of this report.

Three projects have been completed by now.

Integration method Effect

Workers Union Building,

Copenhagen

Flat roof, consoles 25 kWp

Students house, Herning Solar blinds and roof

consoles on flat roof

6 kWp

Hammerthor, Herning Sloped roof 7 kWp

7.4.1. Workers Union Building, SID, Copenhagen

The building is an office building with a large flat roof. The owner of the

building is the Workers Union of Denmark. The roof was renovated and as

part of the renovation PV modules were mounted on consoles called

ConSole from the company e-conenrgy in Holland. The PV system is

owned by the Energy Utility Copenhagen Energy and the electricity is sold

on the newly opened PV stock exchange for Copenhagen.

The System:

The PV modules are placed on the flat roof

using a Dutch console type mounting system,

called ConSoles from the company e-conergy

in Holland. The ConSole is designed for

quick, easy and professional mounting of all

common solar panels on flat roofs, if

necessary in long adjoining rows. The

ConSole is made of 100% chlorine, mainte-

nance free, recycled, and highly durable

plastic.

The curves in the design protect the roof from

damage. Especially integrated ducts are used

for the cables. Weighing only four kilos, the

stackable ConSole is also safe and

inexpensive to transport by road and place on

a roof. The only thing that remains is to add ballast (e.g. shingle or tiles) and then the

installation is complete.

Advantages:

Quick and easy installation. It is possible to work on the roof later; there is no penetration

of the roof. The weight of the consoles is low.

figure 7.16

The SID building, Copenhagen


Cenergia 2003 31

Disadvantages:

Many connections

Roof mounted PV modules

The console without ballast

The console can be filled with tiles or gravel

The ConSole

Figure 7.17 Illustrations of the ConSole principle.

7.4.2. Students house, Herning

The company Alu-PV has developed a sun-shading system with PV solar

cells on the shading lamellas. The system has been tested by the Danish

institute of Technology. The result was the effect was higher for the sun

shading system than for other building integration systems, probably

because the angel is better and because the cooling of the PV cells is also

improved due to the aluminium frame. The shading system has been

installed on a house for students (café, sports-hall) in Herning in

cooperation with the housing association Fruehøjgaard, Herning. The com-

pany Dasolas International Production A/S from Lystrup, which is a leading

company within the solar shading area, has done the installation.

PV solar cells are also installed on the roof in the same system as used for

the building described above, plastic consoles filled with gravel or stones.


Cenergia 2003 32

In combination with the PV solar shading system, a low energy ventilation system has also

been installed. The PV electricity has been designed to match the annual electricity

consumption for the ventilation system.

The system:

Solar shading system:

The lamellas are placed on an aluminium

construction. The cable work by the installation

has been reduced to a “quick-switch” (multi-

contact). The cables are lead on the back of the

modules in the aluminium profile. The by-pass

box is placed on the back of the aluminium

profile.

Roof mounted PV systems:

The Dutch console type mounting system, called ConSoles from the company e-conergy in

Holland is used. The ConSole is made of 100% chlorine, maintenance free, recycled, and

highly durable plastic. Especially integrated ducts are used for the cables. The weight is

four kilos, the stackable ConSole is also safe and inexpensive to transport by road and

place on a roof. Ballast can be shingle or tiles.

Advantages:

The solar shading solar cells can be placed in the optimal angle and are cooled very well.

Disadvantage:

Prices:

Costs of installations: Around 7 EURO/Wp.

Figure 7.18.

Student house, Herning


Cenergia 2003 33

figure 7.19

Sun shading PV system, Studenthouse, Herning

figure 7.20

Detail of sun shading lamellas

figure 7.21

Solar cells mounted on the aluminium profile. Cables are connected by a multi-switch.

figure 7.22

The cables and the by-pass box are placed on

the backside of the module.

figure 7.23

Roof mounted PV on consoles

figure 7.24

PV consoles ConSole


Cenergia 2003 34

7.4.3. Hammerthor, Herning

This building project is situated in Herning, Denmark, and includes 29

dwellings in total and a common room. The buildings of Hammerthors are

placed in an older town-area from 1900. Originally the buildings were used

for the oldest textile industry in the town. The old buildings are converted

into dwellings and two new buildings are made also with dwellings. The

projects is carried out together with the housing association, Fruehøjgård.

About 70 m2 roof integrated PV are installed on the south facing roof of the buildings. The

dwellings have individual ventilation system, where the annual energy consumption is

matched with the electricity production from the PV system.

The System:

The polycrystalline solar cells are mounted on

an asphalt roof.

Advantages:

Can be placed on existing roof with roofing felt.

The same roof warranty is maintained for the

roof

construction incl. use of PV.

Disadvantages:

figure 7.26

Solar cells installed on the Hammerthor building

figure 7.25

Hammerthor, Herning


Cenergia 2003 35

7.5. UK

Two projects are to be carried out in the UK. In both of the U.K installations that have

been tendered for to-date, the integration system will consist of modules mounted on a

secondary framework that is either clipped or bolted to a steel roof deck. The framework

consists of two perpendicular layers of steel struts. The modules are either slid into the

upper layer (as in the Alutec system) or are mounted on top of the upper layer and held in

place by clips (as in the BP Solar diamond-fixing system).

The specialist PV contractors appointed for the first two U.K installations offer differing

scopes of services. One of the installations will be installed as a turnkey package and kept

separate from the refurbishment works covered under the main contract. The specialist

contractor for the second project will act as the supplier of PV equipment, but the main

contractor will carry out the installation work during the refurbishment works.

Integration method Effect

Whitecross Sloped metal roof 43kWp

Prior Estate Sloped metal roof 157 kWp

7.5.1. Whitecross Street

The Whitecross Street

PV System was supplied

and installed as a turnkey

package. The estate con-

sists of three buildings,

two with a sloped roof

and one with a flat roof. The PV

systems are installed on profiled steel

plates.

figure 7.27

The whitecross street building


Cenergia 2003 36

Figure 7.28 Whitecross Street, illustrations of the roof mounted PV syste, Kalzip

The System:

It is very common in the U.K for the roof skin of large buildings to be fabricated from a

profiled steel sheet. This is a cost-effective, durable and low maintenance solution for roof

replacement and an ideal choice for the roof refurbishments of the Peabody Trust

properties. The PV systems will be mounted on a steel framework affixed to the top of this

metal deck, either using a system of clips or by bolting directly through the roof.

A potential issue when PV systems are mounted on a roof deck that provides weather

tightness is that mechanical fixing associated with the PV could compromise this weather


Cenergia 2003 37

tightness. For example a roof contractor may be reluctant to offer a warranty if PV

installation work is to be carried out on the roof following completion of their own works.

These problems are avoided when the Kalzip roof system is used (manufactured by the

steel company Corus). This roof system has a standing seam onto which the PV mounting

framework can be clipped, using clips developed and manufactured by Kalzip, without

need for making penetrations. The framing system consists of two perpendicular layers of

steel struts, the primary (or bottom) layer is bolted to the Kalzip clips and a secondary

(upper) layer bolted onto the primary (see Figure 7.20).

There are a variety of methods for mounting the PV modules onto the secondary

framework. One system that will be used in the U.K Resurgence projects uses a carrier

frame called Alutec as the secondary layer, into which the laminates are slid. An

alternative that has been proposed by BP Solar uses proprietary point fixings – called

‘diamond fixings’ – to hold laminates in place. A further alternative is to use framed

modules and simply bolt the frames to the secondary layer of the mounting structure.

The mounting system for a Kalzip roof is shown in plan and in section in the figure below.

The method of clipping the framework to the standing seam is shown. In this figure the

secondary layer of framework is a carrier frame that the modules are slid into.


Cenergia 2003 38

Figure 7.29 The framing system used to mount PV arrays onto a metal roof deck with a standing seam (e.g. the

Kalzip system). The mounting frame is clipped to the roof seam and the laminates are slid into the

secondary layer (the Alutec mounting system).

A simple profiled metal sheet, without standing seams on to which clips can be fixed, is a

cheaper alternative to Kalzip. The PV system is to be mounted on the same type of

framework structure as described above. However, as there is no clipping system to attach

the framework to the roof skin, penetrations are unavoidable. In this case, the first layer of

the framing structure is bolted to the roof by way of ‘Z’ shaped brackets (Zeds).

This type of integration is shown in the Figure below, in plan and perpendicular sections.

In this figure the PV laminates are shown mounted on the secondary layer of framework by

point fixings of the type developed by BP Solar.

Although penetrations through the roof is a necessity, the bolting of the zeds to the roof is

done using self-sealing, self-tapping screws, which should not compromise the weather

tightness of the roof. However, when this type of integration system is used, it is

beneficial to have close co-operation between the PV contractor and Main contractor to

ensure that the PV installation works do not affect the roof warranty. This co-operation

can be formalised through contractual arrangements – the PV installer will be sub-

contracted to the main contractor. This is less of an issue when the mounting framework is

clipped to a Kalzip roof as no penetrations are required.


Cenergia 2003 39

Figure 7.30

The framing system used when the roof deck is fabricated of profiled metal sheet, without a stan-

ding seam. The lower layer of framing is bolted to the roof using ‘Z’ shaped brackets. In the system

shown here, the laminates are mounted on the upper layer of the support frame using point-fixings.


Cenergia 2003 40

Prices:

The full cost breakdown is given below:

Whitecross Street

Array capacity (kWp) 43

Costs GBP (£) Euro (€)

Laminates 96,300 147,724

Inverters 19,030 29,192

Monitoring 2,750 4,218

Electrical works (DC/AC) 12,500 19,175

Installation of secondary

framework

28,300 43,412

Liason with DNO and payment

of connection charges

(provisional sum)

5,000 7,670

Design and Commissioning 14,250 21,859

Cost of Warranty 1,800 2,761

Total 179,930 27,6012

Cost/kWp 4,199 6,441

The table above indicates a cost of € 43,412 for installation of the secondary framework

(including purchase of materials), or 1.01 €/W. Total costs are about 6.4 Euro/W.

7.5.2. Priors Estate

The Priors Estate installation consists of 3 separate arrays installed on 3 blocks of flats.

The PV system will be supplied as a package up to the inverters, i.e. all laminates,

inverters, DC wiring, junction boxes and isolators are included, but no AC electrical

equipment is provided, no installation works is provided (apart from minimal site

supervision) and only part of the framing system is included.

Figure 7.31 Prior Estate


Cenergia 2003 41

A full breakdown of the inclusions and exclusions are detailed below.

Included:

Laminates

Inverters

Control unit and datalogger

Modem

Solarimeter

Temperature sensors

Alutec carrier frame

Unistrut primary framing

DC cabling

DC junction boxes

Site supervision

Excluded:

AC cables, isolators, distribution

boards

kWh meters, protection relays.

Mounting and fixings for support

frame

Installation works

Array size 157 kWp

Cost £ 575,174 3,982 £/kWp

A breakdown of the cost of the included items is not available.

The Main Contractor appointed for the refurbishment works will carry out the excluded

works and have allowed a sum of £50,000 for that purpose.

Total cost to client £ 625,174

Cost/kWp £ 3,982 or 6.11 Euro/Wp


Cenergia 2003 42

7.6. Total overview of project costs

Country Project

Capacity, kW Price, Euro/Wp

Switzerland Kraftwerk 1 41 7.14 Euro/Wp

Jasminweg, Zürich 24 6.03 Euro/Wp *

Marchwartstrasse, Zürich 44 6.50 Euro/Wp *

Huob, Pfäffikon 31 5.45 Euro/Wp

Chemin de Florecy, Lausanne 38 7.68 Euro/Wp

Holland St. joseph, Apeldoorn 1000 7.05 Euro/Wp

De goode Woning, Savelbos 99 5.53 Euro/Wp

Woonconcept, Krakeel 79 6.81 Euro/Wp

Germany System PowerGuard - -

Denmark Workers Union building,

Copenhagen

25 5 Euro/Wp

Students House, Herning 6 7.0 Euro/Wp

Hammerthor 7 6.0 Euro/Wp

Dalgasparken, Herning 20 4.7 Euro/Wp

UK Whitecross Street 43 6.44 Euro/Wp

Prior Estate 157 6.11 Euro/Wp

Total/average 1614 6.72 Euro/Wp *Not finalised yet.

Please note that this table is not including all Resurgence projects, only the ones finalised or known with

respect to prices at the time of this report.

The prices varies within the range of 4.7 Euro/Wp to 7.68 Euro/Wp with an average price

of about 6.72 Euro/Wp for a building integrated system. The cheapest systems are the

systems for flat roofs, where there are also normally the fewest obstacles, like shading,

architectural restrictions and location of the modules.


Cenergia 2003 43

8. PV System Procurement common work package

It was planned through the RESURGENCE project, that 1.3 MWp of PV would be

procured and installed across the five participating European countries. One of the primary

aims of RESURGENCE has been to find cost effective means of implementing PV

installations and a potential method of achieving this, identified at the outset of the project,

is the joint procurement of system components between projects. To this end, during the

previous reporting period joint tender documents have been issued to 12 European

suppliers requesting budget costs for both supply of modules and supply of complete

supply and install packages. These tender documents and a report on the responses

received can be found in annex 4.

A key finding of the common procurement process relates to the arrangement of the

RESURGENCE work plan. At the time when tender documents were prepared, it was

found that not all of the 1.3 MWp of PV systems were still available for inclusion in the

tender package. This was a result of programme pressures on individual projects that

required separate tender processes to be initiated before the start of the RESURGENCE

common procurement work package in month 6. In retrospect it may have been

advantageous if the common procurement work package had been started earlier, although

it may still have been the case that the different rates of progress of projects would have

precluded the possibility of procuring the whole of RESURGENCE in a single tender.

The common procurement tender was to be pursued as a two-stage tender of which the first

stage – a request for budget costs on the basis of kWp and preferred module type of each

project – has been completed. The response to this tender request was disappointing in two

ways. Firstly the response rate was very poor – only 3 of the 12 companies approached

submitted costs – and secondly the costs submitted did not demonstrate the opportunity for

substantial cost reductions compared to procurement on a project-by-project basis. The

breakdown of responses and reasons for the poor response is explored in greater detail in

the work package report.

The rationale behind the two-stage tender approach was that it would enable an indication

of the potential benefits of the process to be identified on the basis of only minimal project

information. It had also been hoped that the request for only budget costs would encourage

a high response rate. If the budget costs received indicated that substantial cost reductions

could be achieved through common procurement, then a second stage in which project

details were submitted and a fixed cost negotiated would have been entered in to with a

preferred supplier. Based on the responses to the RESURGENCE common procurement

tender, it is unlikely that this second stage will be pursued in the present project.


Cenergia 2003 44

9. PV Building Integration and Procurement Workshop in Zurich.

(WP3+7).

Monday 6th

May 2002, at 13:30-16:30, at Technopark in Zurich.

Participants:

Company: Country: Names:

Meteocontrol (ex IST EnergieCom) D Robert Pfatischer

Cenergia Energy Consultants DK Peder Vejsig Pedersen

Copenhagen Energy DK Thomas Brændgaard Nielsen

Copenhagen Urban Renewal Corporation

CURC

DK Jacob Klint

Encon Entreprise A/S DK Kenn H. B. Frederiksen

Coop Bank GB Jon Lay

Housing Corporation GB Chris Watts

London Electricity GB Andrew Wincott

Peabody Trust GB Malcolm Kirk

Peabody Trust GB James Drummond

Whitby Bird & Partners GB Duncan Price

Whitby Bird & Partners GB Hannah Routh

Bear Architekten NL Tjerk Reijnga

Boomsma (AXYS Inovation BV) NL Harm Boomsma

Ekomation NL Jeroen Roos

W/E consultants NL Pieter Nuiten

W/E consultants NL Evert Vrins

ABZ CH Peter Schmid

Enecolo CH Peter Toggweiler

The workshop started with a presentation round between the Partners.

After this Peder Vejsig Pedersen from Cenergia presented an overview of WP3 and the

deliverables foreseen for this together with a suggested content of the workshop and the

aimed at conclusions.

Before the workshop Whitby Bird & Partners had distributed proforma sheets to all the

partners where the partners should fill in information on D6: PV-building integration Best

Practice Guidance Notes, and for WP7-PV-System Procurement. On the latter Whitby Bird

& Partners gave an example from Bedzed where BP Solar Supply had delivered a turnkey

system at a fixed price. In this way BP Solar were taking care of the risks of price

fluctuations with subcontractor and suppliers. It was the conclusion that this was a good

option if it was difficult to manage the whole supply chain yourselves. It was agreed to

deal more detailed with PV-system procurement later organised by Whitby Bird & Partners

at a special workshop.

At the meeting there was also a more general discussion on PV-procurement and the

policies in each of the countries.


Cenergia 2003 45

In e.g Switzerland the company Enecolo were normally managing the whole supply chain

themselves, choosing the PV modules to be used, checking the modules at production, and

testing a module at a test institute, and designing the whole PV system with special focus

on reliable inverters.

Concerning Best Practice PV information, filled in proforma sheets, can be found in annex

1.1. Here there were presentations made by Peder Vejsig Pedersen on Best Practice PV

experience from Denmark mainly based on Cenergia’s realised PV projects in Denmark

since 1992, see annex 1.2.

From Switzerland, Robert Kröni from Edisun gave an introduction to Swiss experience

concerning PV integration and here introduced interesting integration systems like

SOLRIF and Sol Green (see brochures in annex 1.3).

From Germany Robert Pfatischer the company Meteocontrol gave an introduction to the

PowerGuard system (see brochure in annex 1.4).

And from The Netherlands Evert Vrins from the company W/E consultants sustainable

building gave an introduction to the PV systems foreseen to be used in Netherlands e.g.

from the company LaFarge, and Harm Boomsma from the company Boomsma gave an

introduction to the special PV integration system for flat roofs he had developed and used

at the roof of the office building from the company Bear Architekten in co-operation with

Tjerk Reijnga (see annex 1.5).

After this a presentation was made by Duncan Price from the company Whitby Bird &

Partners, on building integration at the Bedzed scheme with Peabody Trust, and expected

solutions from the Resurgence projects.

Based on the presentation it was agreed that it would be of interest to try to demonstrate

the Harms Boomsma system and one of the Swiss systems at the PV demosite, which is

foreseen to be made in Valby in Copenhagen (see annex 2).

Minutes by :

Peder Vejsig Pedersen

Cenergia


Cenergia 2003 46

10. Dissemination of Workpackage results

The Resurgence workshop on building integration techniques held in Zurich in May 2002

(see previous chapter) resulted in a good dialogue between the project partners. Different

PV integration possibilities were discussed and lead to inspiration for other project

partners.

A local workshop was arranged in Copenhagen in April 2002 covering the large PV

development project in Valby, Copenhagen. Several architects and planners participated

together with local interest groups (see: www.solivalby.dk).

The different building integration systems presented in this report are also available on the

Resurgence homepage on the Internet: www.resurgence.info.

http://www.solivalby.dk/

http://www.resurgence.info/


Cenergia 2003 47

11. Conclusions

As can be seen from this report, many different systems for building integration of PV

systems exist. The cheapest and most simple systems are the “console” and similar systems

for flat roofs, but they have the limitation that they can only be used for flat roofs.

It is important that the PV building integration systems allow for the use of standard

modules, since the price will increase significantly when custom-made modules are to be

used.

This report has also showed other interesting building integration solutions for PV systems,

e.g PV integrated into sloped roof in the same way as roof light windows or as a sun

shading system.

In order to successfully achieve further market implementation, a number of consecutive

actions are required:

* further cost reductions and improvement of the economics of building integrated PV

* enhancement of the technical and architectural quality of building integrated PV

* assessment and removal of non-technical barriers.

Cost reductions:

The technologies which are nowadays available for the integration of PV into buildings

are, in general, too expensive for large scale introduction. Cost reductions are thus still

essential. They can be achieved by carefully redesigning the PV support structure, but also

by integrating the PV system into well-known building components such as the

prefabricated roof or the structural-glazing facade.

Quality enhancement

If PV is to become a well-accepted technology readily available for architects, building

industry and property owners, integration concepts will have to meet regular building

quality standards. This can be achieved by fully integrating the PV system into building

materials and by integrating the construction process of PV systems into the building

construction process. Building integration must include the building process. On the other

hand, the physical characteristics of PV products for integration in buildings must meet

architectural requirements (colour, size, materials), sometimes with economic

consequences. This is a challenge for both the architect and the PV module manufacturer.

Non-technical barriers

A further market acceptance, both by property developers and end-users (such as utility

companies) is required. Added values, other than avoided electricity costs, should be clear

to potential customers. The owner of the building and the operator of the PV-system must

have long-term confidence in the performance of the PV system, both as an electricity

source and as a building component. If the utility is not the owner of the PV system, long-

term agreements on the grid-connection (including payback tariffs) are required. Enhanced

market acceptance can also be achieved by a holistic approach of the design of the PV

building, including overall energy efficiency and sustainability of the building design,

components and materials.


Cenergia 2003 48

List of Literature

1. Gebäudeintegrierte Photovoltaik, Architektonische integration der Photovoltaik in die

Gebäudehülle. Ingo B. Hagemann,

Rudolf Müller, 2002

2. Solar Air Systems, Built Examples, Robert Hasting, International Energy Agency

(IEA), James & James, 1999

3. Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning, Thomas Herzog, READ, EU,

Prestel, 1994

4. IEA PVPS Task 7, Photovoltaic Power Systems in the Built Environment,

http://www.task7.org/, www.pvps.com, www.pvportal.com

http://www.task7.org/

http://www.pvps.com/

http://www.pvportal.com/

building integration common work package - fbbb resurgence building integration common work package...

Documents