building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fisheries and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Building resilience & reducing vulnerabilities to climate change in the fisheries and aquaculture
sector
Cassandra De YoungFisheries and Aquaculture Department
FAO
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Outline
1. What is at stake?
2. How can we respond?
3. What are risks and vulnerabilities?
4. Examples of adaptation and mitigation in FI&AQ
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Over 500 million people depend –directly or indirectly – on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihoods
Aquatic foods provide essential nutrition for 4 billion people and at least 50% of animal protein and minerals to 400 million people in the poorest countries.
Fish products are among the most widely-traded foods, with more than 37% by volume of world production traded internationally.
1. What is at stake?
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Biophysical changes
from GHG
accumulations
Ocean currents
ENSO
Sea level rise
Rainfall
River flows
Lake levels
Thermal structure
Storm Severity
Storm frequency
Acidification
Effects on:
Production
Ecology
Fishing &
Aquaculture
operations
Communities
Livelihoods
Wider society &
Economy
Impacts on:
Species composition
Production & yield
Distribution
Diseases
Coral bleaching
Calcification
Safety & efficiency
Infrastructure
Loss/damage to assets
Risk to health & life
Displacement & conflict
Adaptation & mitigation costs
Market impacts
Water allocation
CC impacts on fisheries and aquaculture
Badjeck et al, 2010
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Predicted effects on fisheries’ catch potential
Cheung et al. 2010
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Economic costs to fisheries
The costs of inactionSEI 2012
Australia - net economic effect on fisheries due to
climate change for the year2030
Norman-Lopez et al 2011
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Climate change impacts on fisheries in West Africa: implications for economic, food and nutritional
security
2050 versus 2000Lam et al 2012
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Understanding vulnerabilities: applied fisheries example
Global mapping of national economies’ vulnerability to climate change impacts on fisheries
Allison et al, 2009
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Understanding Vulnerabilities: Evolving the IPCC model
Cinner et al (2013)
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Understanding Vulnerabilities of fisheries-depending communities
Cinner et al (2013)
Plot of the vulnerability of coastal communities to the impacts of coral bleaching on fisheries
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3. What can be done?
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Preparing and responding to the impacts: adaptation to climate change through broader vulnerability reduction
• Ecological, Economic and Social Resilience
– implementation of ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture, the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
– livelihood diversification, flexible access rights, public and private insurance
• Technological innovation
• Planned adaptation –policy coherence across sectors (water, agriculture, forestry, CZM, DRR/DRM)
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A few FI&AQ adaptation examples
• Diverse and flexible livelihood strategies– Diversification of patterns of fishing/fish farming activities with respect to
the species exploited, location of fishing grounds/farms and gear used
– Changes in post-harvest techniques/practices
– Switching between rice-farming, tree-crop farming and fishing in response to seasonal and inter-annual variations in fish availability
– Migrating along the coast or between islands
– Integrated agriculture (e.g. rice-fish)
– Selected strands of species in aquaculture
– Investing in aquaculture (e.g. mud crab, seaweed, cage)
– Culture-based capture (stocking of aquatic systems)
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• Flexible and adaptable institutions
– Incorporating uncertainty into fisheries management
– Incorporating CC into policies, investments and development plans
– Allowing for flexible temporal and spatial planning to permit stock recovery during favorable climatic periods
– Permitting flexible redistribution of fishing rights among neighboring municipalities, according to needs and surpluses
– Applying transboundary stock management that takes into account changes in distribution
– Implementing flexible co-management frameworks including participatory information systems
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• Risk reduction initiatives– Reinforcing natural bariers, such as sand dunes, mangroves and
coral reefs, to dampen wave or storm damage
– Reinforcing cage and ponds
– Cage and pond siting to minimize environmental risks
– Integrating DRM into fisheries and aquaculture
– Using portable telephones to share weather related information as part of an early warning system
– Improving saftey at sea and coast programs for small-scale fishersand transformers
– Insurance – private, social, social-private
– Improving post-harvest processes and infrastructure to minimizelosses
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Mitigation - Oceans, aquatic ecosystems
Removing emissions:
Carbon capture and storage (sea beds, phytoplankton, and blue carbon) – BIG NUMBERS 93% carbon storage and 30% sequestration
Halt the disruption of carbon sequestration in aquatic ecosystems by, e.g., habitat destruction
Implement mangroves and floodplain forests in REDD+ and develop blue carbon funds
Avoiding or displacing emissions:
Renewable energy potential – tides, currents, waves, wind, hydropower, aquatic biofuels (algae, fish oil)
Reducing emissions:
Emissions reductions from aquatic food production systems and maritime transport (feed and fuel hotspots in primary production, fuel use and waste/loss in post-harvest)
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Thank you!
Join us for the Global FishAdapt Adaptation on the Ground Conference,
8-10 August 2016Bangkok, Thailand
www.fishadapt.com