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ENGLISH FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

HANDOUT 1

Compiled by

Anis Trisusana, S.S., M.Pd

1. What does the picture show?2. Have you experienced the situation in your own life? How can?3. What is electricity?4. Do you think electricity is important for our life?

A. Read the passage and answer the questions related to the passage.

What is Electricity?

Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable or non-renewable.

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin's experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. Thomas Edison helped change everyone's life -- he perfected his invention -- the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, direct current (DC) electricity had been used for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines.

Despite its great importance in our daily lives, most of us rarely stop to think what life would be like without electricity. Yet like air and water, we tend to take electricity for granted. Everyday, we use electricity to do many jobs for us -- from lighting and heating/cooling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the applications of heat, light and power.

ELECTRICITY

UNIT

1

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/history/people/pioneers.html#Tesla

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/history/people/pioneers.html#Edison

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/history/people/pioneers.html#Franklin

Answer the following questions1. What is electricity?

__________________________________________________________________________________2. Why is electricity called as a secondary source of energy?

__________________________________________________________________________________3. Mention the examples of primary energy sources!

___________________________________________________________________________________4. Why were many cities bulit alongside waterfalls?

___________________________________________________________________________________5. Describe the life before the invention of electricity?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. How many inventors are mentioned in the text? Mention their names and inventions______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the difference of alternating current and direct current?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What are the advantages of electricity in our life?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Language Focus

Be: personal questions

Positive/Negative Statement Questions

Complete the dialogue above with am, is, or are.

Beny is talking to his brother during a blackout at home.

Beny: Where ______ you, Steve? There _____ a blackout. I cannot see anything. It _____ so dark.

Steve: I ______ here, Ben. In the living room. Don’t be panic. I’ll check the fuse.

I think the blackout ______ because of a short connection.

Beny: Hurry up, please!

When Where Why How

am I on holiday?angry?on business?married?

is Hesheit

are youtheywe

I am

(not)

happy.from Indonesia.Chinese.seventeen years old.

YouWe They

are

He She It

is

Steve: Okay, Ben. But, where ______ the flashlight? I need it to find the way.

Beny: Oh, it _____ in the living room. It ______ beside the television.

Steve: I’ve got it. Just stay seated. I’ll check the korsleting by myself.

C. Who are you?Complete these forms of identity card and student card usimg your own identity.

D. Who are they?

STUDENT CARD

Name : _______________________________________________________

Registration Number :_______________________________________________________

University :_______________________________________________________

Faculty/Department :_______________________________________________________

Phone Number :_______________________________________________________

E-mail Adress :_______________________________________________________

This card entitle you to use facilities of the Students’ Union, including the library and the computer centre.

IDENTITY CARD

Full name : ______________________________________________________

Place/Date of Birth :______________________________________________________

Sex :________________ Blood Type :_________________ _

Adress :______________________________________________________

Marital Status : ______________________________________________________

Occupation : ______________________________________________________

Nationality : ______________________________________________________

a. Match the nationalities to the countries.b. Which of these companies is:

Korean? Italian? Indonesian? German? Japanese? Mercedes HYUNDAI SONY GUCCI Sido Benz Muncul

1. __________________________________________2. __________________________________________3. __________________________________________4. __________________________________________5. __________________________________________

CountrySpainChinaUSATurkeyItalyBritainPolandAustraliaJapanKoreaFranceRussia

NationalityBritishAmericanJapaneseChinesePolishItalianKoreanRussianFrenchSpanishTurkishAustralian

1. Bill Gates is a/an __________________ inventor.2. Nicole Kidman is a/an __________________ actress3. Valentino Rosi is a/an ___________________racer.

c. Work in pairs. Write a paragraph about a famous person in the field of technology. Can your partner guess who he/she is.

He is was born in May 14, 1984. He is from America. He is the founder of facebook company.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Can you find things in your house which use electronics? What are they?

2. Find out the meaning of these abbreviations! IC, CD, and hi-fi

A. Fill in the gaps in this table with the help of the text.Date Invention Applications in the home

Early of 20th century

1947

1958

Now

Future

Mark

Zuckerberg

ELECTRONICS

IN THE HOME

UNIT

2

Electronics in the home

Electronics began at the start of the twentieth century with the invention of the vacuum

tube. The first devices for everyday use were radios, followed by televisions, record players, and

tape recorders. These devices were large and used a lot of power.

The invention of the transistor in 1947 meant that much smaller, low-powered devices

could be developed. A wide variety of electronic devices such as hi-fi units and portable radios

Answer the following question briefly!

1. What was the great invention in the early of twentieth century?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Did vacuum tube have disadvantages? Explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________

3. How could radio become a portable device?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Mention the application of microprocesor in our life?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What do you think about the development of electronics ?___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Make a list of ways in which you think electronics may be used in the home in the future.___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_B. Degrees of Comparison

Electronics in the home

Electronics began at the start of the twentieth century with the invention of the vacuum

tube. The first devices for everyday use were radios, followed by televisions, record players, and

tape recorders. These devices were large and used a lot of power.

The invention of the transistor in 1947 meant that much smaller, low-powered devices

could be developed. A wide variety of electronic devices such as hi-fi units and portable radios

Positive degree

Comparative & Superlative Degree

Example:

The train is faster than the bus.

The train is the longest means of transportation.

C. Exercisesa. Compare the following things

1. A car – a motorcycle_____________________________________________________________________

Adjective Positive Degree(sama.... seperti ....)

Fastas ...... asMy car is as fast as yours

Adjective Comparative(lebih..............)

Superlative(paling .......)

One syllableFastSmallBig

Two syllables ending with –yBusyLazyEarly

Two syllables ending with –erClever

Two syllables ending with –owNarrowMellow

Two syllables ending with –somehandsome

Adjective + -erFasterSmallerBigger

BusierLazierEarlier

Cleverer

NarrowerMellower

Handsomer

Adjective + -estFastestSmallestBiggest

BusiestLaziestEarliest

Cleverest

NarrowestMellowest

Handsomest

Two syllables or moreExpensiveDifficultInteresting

more + adjectivemore expensivemore difficultmore interesting

most + adjectivemost expensivemost difficultmost interesting

2. A computer – a notebook_____________________________________________________________________

3. A transistor – a diode_____________________________________________________________________

4. Making a robot – making a radio_____________________________________________________________________

5. Sending an email – sending a letter_____________________________________________________________________

b. Use the following words in your sentences.1. (the most sophisticated)

______________________________________________________________________2. (the coldest)

_______________________________________________________________________3. (the most interesting)

_______________________________________________________________________4. (the most difficult)

_______________________________________________________________________5. (the tallest)

_______________________________________________________________________c. Put in the adjective in bold from the first sentence into the second sentence in its correct form

(comparative or superlative)!

1. This is a nice car. It's much ____________ than my friend's car.

2. He has an interesting game, but my sister has the ____________ game in the world.

3. In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even __________ one last weekend.

4. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is __________ than skateboarding.

5. Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the ___________ joke I've ever heard.

6. We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even ______________ than ours.

7. This netbook is cheap, but that one is the ___________ of all.

8. Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her twin brothers are nine. She is the ____________ child.

9. Dina can speak French fluently. Her mother speaks ________________ than her.

10. My house is far from here, but his house is ___________ than mine.

d. Compare two alternatives

Example. John : Should we take some food with us to the game?

Fred : Yes. It’s more expensive at the stadium.

Should we ................? Yes. It’s ..................

1. take some food with us to the game

2. stay at the Grant Hotel

a. faster than the bus

b. more expensive at the stadium

3. take the train

4. have the picnic in Rideway Park

5. go to a soccer game

c. not as far as Mountain State Park

d. less expensive than the Paramount Hotel

e. more exciting than baseball

e. Talk about the weather

A : What’s the weather going to be like tonight?

B : It’s supposed to get cooler.

1. Do you have acces to computers?2. Where? At home? At work? At college or

university?3. Can you explain what CPU stands for?

FAMILIARIZING YOURSELF WITH COMPUTERS

Perhaps you have never used a computer and are not sure how one works. Essentially, a computer is a giant brain that can be programmed to help you learn faster, work more efficiently, or just have a good time. It can also store huge amounts of information for easy reference. Although the only way to learn to use a computer is to actually do so, it is worthwhile to know before you start what the different parts actually do.____________The basic parts of a computer system ________________________________HARDWAREThe hardware is the computer machinery and consists of the following parts:CPU

COMPUTERSUNIT

3

It’s supposed to ..........................

get

cooler

warmer

colder

hotter

The CPU (short for “Central Processing Unit) is the core of the computer. It contains the processor, which translates information into a form both you and the computer can understand, and the memory, which saves information you want to keep. The CPU is made up of billions off on and off switches.KEYBOARDThe keyboard is used to put information into the computer. It has keys that look like those on a typewriter.DISKS and DISK DRIVEMost computers store information on disks, which look like records. The disks are put into a disk drive, which is connected to the CPU.MONITORThe monitor looks like a television screen. It displays either new information that you have typed or information that you have asked the computer to give you from the memory.PRINTERThe printer prints any information that you choose to have on paper.SOFTWAREThe software is the computer program. A program is a set of codes that tell the computer how to do different tasks. For example, one program may teach you French, another may help you keep a budget, while yet another lets you pretend you are flying an airplane or shooting aliens out of the sky. There are thousands of different programs, but to use a computer, there is no need to know how to program it. Because computers are programmed by specialists, all you have to learn is how to use an existing program.

A. Read the article. Then say Right or Wrong.

1. CPU stands for “central processing unit”

2. If you want to put new information into computer, you type it on the keyboard.

3. The monitor prints information on paper.

4. If you don’t know how to program a computer, you won’t be able to use one.

5. There are probably computer programs that can teach you English.

6. The CPU isn’t a very important part of the computer.

7. A computer can help you do your work faster.

B. Give definitions for these words.

Hardware the computer machinery

Software

Memory

Keyboard

Monitor

Disk

Program

Processor

Disk drive

Printer

C.Language Focus

Simple Present: Simple present is used mainly to talk about:

a. Habits and routinititiesb. Facts and things that generally truec. Schedule or timetables

Time reference of simple present: usually, often, offten, every year, seldom, etc.

IYouWeThey

clean the roomhave fingerspush the button

HeSheIt

cleans the roomhas fingerspushes the button

Match each component or unit with its function in a battery charger. For example:

Affirmative statement

Negative statement

Question

IYouWeThey

don’t eat Vegetables

He SheIt

doesn’t eat vegetables

Why When How Where

doIyouwethey repair the car?

write the article?does

hesheit

The transformer steps down the AC main voltage.

Component unit Function in a battery charger1. Transformer2. Double-pole switch3. Neon lamp4. Fuse5. Rectifier6. Aluminium heatsink7. Smoothing circuit8. Stabilizing circuit

a. Steps down the AC mains voltageb. Prevents the output from changing when

the load variesc. Keeps the diodes from overheatingd. Shows when the charger is one. Removes the fluctuations in the DC

output of the rectifierf. Protects the transformerg. Converts the AC voltage to a DC voltageh. Switches the charger on and off

Match the words and phrases in A and B

Read about life in Britain. Complete the text with words or phrases from exercise above.

Life in BritainHOMES

Most British people live in houses not flats. Most houses have gardens.

DAILY LIFE

Most office workers (a)____________ at about nine o’clock in the morning and finish at about five or six

(b)_____________ . People don’t go home for lunch. People usually eat a big meal in the evening – they just

have (c)_______________ at lunch time.

SCHOOL LIFE

Children start school at about nine o‘clock and (d)_______________ at about half past three. Most children

have lunch at school. Children (e)_________________ school when they are four or five years old and leave

when they are sixteen or eighteen.

A

startopena big mealin the eveninggo to work

Ba snackin the morninggo homeclosefinish

SHOPS AND RESTAURANT

Shops (f)__________________ at about nine o’clock in the morning and (g)________________ at about six in

the evening. Normally, they don’t close for lunch. Most shops open on Sunday, too. Many supermarkets stay

open twenty-four hours, but most pubs and restaurant close at about eleven o’clock in the morning.

Describe about the use of computers in your life.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Common verbs in electronics

These verbs are often used in electronics:

conduct emit rectify sample

dissipate process record suppres

HOW DOES IT WORK?

UNIT

4

Fill in the gaps in these sentences with an appropriate verb from the list above. Make sure the verb is in the correct form.

1. Computers ________ data.2. You can ___________ sound on tape or disc.3. A bridge circuit is used to ___________ alternating current to produce direct current.4. All metals, and some non-metals such as carbon, _____________ electricity.5. To prevent radio interference, you must _____________ any sources of interference such as car

ignition systems.6. Power transistors _____________ heat. Therefore they must be mounted on a heatsink.7. The electron gun in a CRT ______________ a stream of electrons.8. When recording a CD, sound is _____________ 44,100 times every second.

Verbs and related nouns

Each of these verbs has a related noun ending in –er and –or which refers to an instrument or component. Complete the column of nouns.

Verb NounExample: record recorder

1. Oscillate2. Transmit3. Transform4. Charge5. Rectify6. Process7. Amplify8. Collect9. Detect10. tune

Compound Nouns

a. Study these examples of compound nouns and their meaning;

A silicon diode = a diode which contains silicon

A smoke alarm = an alarm which warns of smoke

A car radio = a radio for use in car

b. Explain each of these compounds:1. A burglar alarm : ____________________________________________________________2. A clock timer : ____________________________________________________________3. A mercury switch : ____________________________________________________________4. A car phone : ____________________________________________________________5. A germanium diode : ____________________________________________________________6. A computer screen : ____________________________________________________________7. A block diagram : ____________________________________________________________

8. An assembly line : ____________________________________________________________

c. Some compound nouns have become single words, for example, a voltmeter is an instrument for measuring voltage. Explain the meaning of these words:1. A fuseholder : ___________________________________________________________________2. A wavemeter : ___________________________________________________________________3. A cellphone : ___________________________________________________________________4. Headphones : ___________________________________________________________________5. An ammeter : ___________________________________________________________________6. A handset : ___________________________________________________________________

d. Study these examples of compound nouns:

A signal generator = equipment for generating signals

A cassette player = equipment for playing cassettes

A battery tester = equipment for testing batteries

What do we call equipment for ....

1. Playing CDs?2. Receiving radio (signals)?3. Charging batteries?4. Amplifying aerial (signals)?5. Filtering (out) noise?6. Synthesizing speech?7. Cleaning cassette heads?8. Amplifying (the) power (of a signal)?9. Sensing vibration?10. Scanning (the human) body (for disease)?

How does it work?

Linda Brown and Jerry Rothman own Holiday Tours, a small travel agency. Today is Linda’s first day back from a

two-week vacation.

Jerry : Welcome back, Linda. How was your vacation?

Linda : Great. I really got a lot of rest. Hey, what’s this?

Jerry : It’s a telephone answering machine.

Linda : Oh, yeah? How does it work?

Jerry : It’s easy. Before you leave the office, turn this dial to ANSWER. Then push the ON button.

Linda : Like this?

Jerry : Yes, that’s right.

Linda : This coffee maker is new, too. How does it work?

Jerry : Well, you put the coffee in here and the water in here. Then you turn on the machine.

Linda : Hey, let’s make some now. Uh, where’s the coffee?

Jerry : There isn’t any left.

Linda : Oh, that’s too bad.

Give instruction

A : What’s this?

B : It’s a telephone answering machine.

A : How does it work?

B : (You) turn the dial to ANSWER. Then (you) push the ON button.

1. Give the name of each machine or appliance.

2. Then match the pictures with the appropriate instructions.

a. Put the clothes into the machine and add soap. Then turn the dial to WASH.

b. Put a tape in the machine. Then push the PLAY button.

c. Put a record on the turntable. Then push the switch to AUTO.

d. Turn the OFF/ON dial to the right. Then select a station.

3. Complete the conversation using the information about one of the machine or appliances above. Then

act it out with a friend.

A: Hey, what’s that?

B: Oh, it’s my new ____________________________________ .

A: How does it work?

B: Well, first you ____________________________________________ .

A: Like this?

B: Yes, that’s right. Then you _____________________________________ .

A: Oh, that’s not hard.

Explain about the way to operate an electric device.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Add you to soften the instruction.

a radio a record playera tape recorder a washing machine

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

ELECTRICITY

UNIT

5

Safety Tips

Electrical energy can perform many useful functions. However, improper use can result in

electrical shocks or fires.

CAUTION: Please read and observe all warnings and instructions contained in this pamphlet.

Keep this pamphlet for reference.

1. After unpacking any electrical appliances, examine it carefully to make sure it isn’t

damaged. If it seems damaged, do not plug it in. Contact the store or have it

repaired.

2. If the electrical cord is damaged in any ways, do not use it. Have it repaired or

replaced.

3. Do not use an electrical appliance near water. Never touch an electrical appliance

with wet hands. Before cleaning, unplug the appliance. Do not apply liquid cleaners

A. Read the safety instructions. Then answer the questions.

1. What are you supposed to do if you buy an appliance that is damaged?

____________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why shouldn’t you plug a lot of appliances into the same wall outlet?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is one very important thing to do before you clean an appliance?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. How should you clean an appliance?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Why do you think a television antenna isn’t supposed to touch another electrical appliances?

____________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

6. What do you think can happen if you hide an electrical cord under a rug?

____________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

B. Fill the table below based on the information given in the text.

Things to do Things not to do

Safety Tips

Electrical energy can perform many useful functions. However, improper use can result in

electrical shocks or fires.

CAUTION: Please read and observe all warnings and instructions contained in this pamphlet.

Keep this pamphlet for reference.

1. After unpacking any electrical appliances, examine it carefully to make sure it isn’t

damaged. If it seems damaged, do not plug it in. Contact the store or have it

repaired.

2. If the electrical cord is damaged in any ways, do not use it. Have it repaired or

replaced.

3. Do not use an electrical appliance near water. Never touch an electrical appliance

with wet hands. Before cleaning, unplug the appliance. Do not apply liquid cleaners

1. .........................................................

2. .........................................................

3. .........................................................

1. .........................................................

2. .........................................................

3. .........................................................

Complete these sentences with a suitable action or consequence.

If pressure mats are constantly walked on, _________________________________________________

If you fit an exit delay,_________________________________________________________________

If your system doesn't have an automatic cut-off,______________________________________________

If a burglar walks in front of a motion sensor,________________________________________________

Vibration sensors will respond if_______________________________________________________

Tamper sensors will trigger the alarm if___________________________________________________

Language study Giving advice

For example:

Things to do

Leave it for a bit before you make the final copy.

Things not to do

Make sure you don't go into the red or you'II get distortion.

Here are some other ways in which we can give advice in an informal way. Note how we can make the advice stronger.

Things to do

1 You should keep an eye on the recording level.

2 Always keep an eye on the recording level.

3 You must always keep an eye on the recording level.

Things not to do

1 You shouldn't put the microphone too close to the drums.

2 Never put the microphone too close to the drums.

3 You must never put the microphone too close to the drums.

A magnet on the moving part trips a switch if________________________________________________

The alarm stops after a set time if______________________________________________________

Give some tips in using a technology.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write a list of things to do and things not to do when making a recording. Use information from the text and from the tape together with any information of your own. For example:

Things to do

1 You should listen to your master through different speakers.

Things not to do

2 Don't keep turning the volume up to 'hear things better'.

When you have finished, exchange lists with your partner. Do you agree with the list your partner has made? If not, discuss any disagreement with your partner.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

GETTING IN TOUCH THROUGH THE AGES

Nobody knows who wrote the first letter or when, but we know that 4,000 years ago in ancient Egypt

people carried letter by hand over hundreds of kilometers. Very few people could write, so there were special

people, called scribes, who wrote letter for everyone else.

In those days, you didn’t need a stamp. The first stamp didn’t appear until 1840 and it cost just one

penny. Nowadays, one of these original stamps costs $375. Letter writing was so popular in the 1840’s that

they delivered the post several times a day.

An American company – Remington and Sons – made the first typewriter in 1871. All the letters in the

word ‘typewriter’ were on the top line of the keyboard so that salesmen could demonstrate the machine

easily. Amazingly, the letters are still in the same place on the modern computer keyboard.

In 1876, when Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated a fantastic invention called the telephone,

nobody was very interested in it. The first fax machine appeared at around the same time, but it was so

enormous that no one wanted one – in fact fax machine didn’t become popular for another hundred years.

Then there was the talkie walkie, a small two-way radio first used by the US army in the 1930’s.

However, since they weighed around 13.5 kilos, the talking was perhaps easier than the walking. After World

War Two they became popular with police officer. Before that they had to use whistles to call for help.

Nowadays, of course, we can send messages and pictures around the world in a few seconds using

computers and mobile phone. It’s hard to believe that e-mail was only invented in 1971, and the first text

message was sent in 1992. Today we send over a billion text messages around the world every single day, and

an incredible thirty-six billion emails. Technologies, surely, have changed our ways of getting in touch.

A. Answer the following questions based on the information given in the passage.

1. How did people send messages 4,000 years ago?

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Can you explain the similarity of a typewriter and a computer?

TECHNOLOGY

UNIT

6

______________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. Mention at least three invention of technology mentioned in the passage and their function?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

4. Technologies have not only advantages but also disadvantages. Clarify this statement.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

B. Language study

Present Perfect

The present perfect often refers to an unspecified time in the past.

I have done the assignment. (I have finished it)

IYouTheyWe

have(not)

repairedfixed

finished

my computerthe car

HeSheIt

has

(How long)

haveI

youtheywe

completedpassed

the tasks.the exam.

hassheheit

Study these sentences

Engineers developed optical fibre cables in the 1980s.

Optical fibre cables have improved the telephone system immensely. Morse first developed tlie telegraph, a digital system,

in 18 32.

Digital systems of information transmission have replaced analogue systems in the last 20 years.

Zafira has brought in her video cassete recorder (VCR) to be repaired. Look at the repair checklist form. Then,

use the present perfect tense to describe the repairs.

The technician has checked the recording heads.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

24 | P a g e

TEKTRONIK

Customer: Zafira Date received:4/8

Item: Avant VCR (SL-88) date due: 4/22

COMPLETED NOT COMPLETEDCheck recording heads √Check playback heads √Clean bearings √Adjust tension √Lubricate motor √Fill out service report √

Check recording heads √

Tim Berner-Lee invented something important. Do you know what it was?

An ordinary life, an amazing ideaTim Berners-Lee looks very ordinary. He’s about fifty years old and has brown hair. He was

born in England but now lives in Massachusetts in the USA. But in 1989 Tim had a very important idea. He invented the world wide web (www).

Tim went to school in London. Both his parents worked with computers so it isn’t surprising that he loved computers from an early age. When he was eighteen, he left school and went to Oxford University where he studied physics. At Oxford, he became more and more interested in computers, and he made his first computer from an old television. He graduated in 1976 and got a job with a computer company in Dorset, England. In 1989, he went to work in Switzerland where he first had the idea of international information network linked by computer. He decided to call it the world wide web, and he also decided to make his idea free to everyone - that is why today we do not pay to use the Internet. In 1994 he went to live in the United States where he now works. In 1995 he wrote an article in the New York Times where he said, ‘The web is a universe of information and it is for everyone’. Today his idea of a web, where people from all over the world can exchange information, is real.

A. Anwer the questions below after reading the passage.1. What does www stand for? What is it?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How could Tim be interested in computer when he was in childhood?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Why can people use an international web for free? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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INTERNETUNIT

7

4. Do you think Tim’s invention of a web is useful for people’s life? Explain your answer.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Find some past tense forms of irregular verbs in the text.1. Have2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1. Had2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

B. Language FocusPast SimpleSimple past is used for a completed events in the past. Sometimes, a day, date or time is given, e.g. in 1832, yesterday, last week, two years ago.

Past tense irregular verbs: affirmative and negative statement

Past tense: QuestionDid you

heshethey

call an ambulance?go to the bookstore?Why

HowWhenWhere

did

Make statements using the words in parentheses.1. (go to a party – have a good time)

He went to a party but he didn’t have a good time.

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IHe She It

was

(not)a rich person.the best student.famous groups.You

We They

were

IYouHeSheWeThey

wentdidn’t go

to the hospital.

sawdidn’t see

the play.

haddidn’t have

a good time.

2. (hurt her finger – break the vase) ________________________________________

3. (sell the old car – buy a new one)________________________________________

4. (make dinner – do the dishes) ________________________________________

C. Do you know who invented the telephone? The radio? Read and complete the following text to find if you were correct.

Who really invented the telephone and the radio?Many schoolchildren learn that the Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell (1)_____________

(invent) the telephone in 1876. But the real inventor (2) ____________ (be) Antonio Meucci, a poor Italian American. He ___________ (share) a workshop with Bell in the 1860s, and (4)___________(make) a ‘talking telegraph’ for his wife who was ill in bed, so that she (5)_________(can) call him when she (6)__________(want) something. But Meucci never (7) ______________(take) his idea to the US Patent Office because he was too poor to pay the $250 that he (8)____________(need). So on February 14th 1986 Alexander graham Bell (9)___________ (take) the invention to the Patent Office instead. Just two hours later another inventor, Elisha Gray (10)_______________(arrive) with the same idea – too late!

At the time, nobody (11)______________(believe) that the telephone was an important invention. Bell’s father-in-law, also a scientist, (12)___________(describe) the invention as ‘a beautiful toy’. And it was in 2002 before the US Congress (13)____________(decide) that Meucci was the true inventor of the telephone.

But everyone knows that the Italian Marconi (14)_______________(invent) the radio, right? Wrong. Actually, Guglielmo Marconi (18)____________(take) the idea to the US Patent Office and soon (19)____________ (begin) to sell it. In 1909 he even (20)____________(win) a Nobel Prize for his invention.

In 1943 Nikola Tesla (21)_____________(die) in New York, a poor man. That year, the US Congress (22)______________(decide) that Nikola Tesla was ‘the true father of the radio’.

Put this time phrases in order to go back into the past.yesterday morning when I was twelve a few years ago not long agowhen I was born last year one day

Work in small groups. Play the board game using a die. Take turns. When you land on a question, choose which member of the group to ask.

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Tania, when was the last time you bought some new clothes?

About a month ago – I bought some jeans.

When was the last time you....?

Describe about technology is your life._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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STARTswim in the sea or

in a lake

travel by trainswim in tthe sea or lake

write an e-mail go to the cinema

speak English outside the English

lessonFINISH

COMPUTER SHOPPING

UNIT

8

Computer Shopping in Your HomeWill people still run their errands in the same way ten years from now? Will they still go to the grocery

store for food and to bank for money?

Some experts think that in ten years, people will run both of these errands – and more – from their

living rooms. To do this, they will have to buy home computers, but they won’t have to take college courses in

programming. They will simply talk to their computers and, if these futurists are right, the computers will talk

back to them.

More and more, people will shop from home. Let’s say a family wants to buy a TV. They will see a

picture of the model they want on a video screen and find the store with the best price. They they’ll send a

message to that store, and the right amount of money will be taken out of their bank account and put into the

store’s.

Of course, few people will run all of their errands electronically. Sometimes they will still want to go

shopping the ‘old-fashioned’ way – going from store to store to find shoes that fit or a comfortable chair for

living room.

A. Read the article

1. Do you think people will really shop from their living rooms in ten years?

________________________________________________________________________________

2. Do people need to study computer programming for shopping from home? Explain your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the way of how people purchase the chosen thing through computer shopping?

____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such system?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. Find other examples of the use of technologies which make our life better in the future.

____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

B. Language Focus

Simple Future

Future with will: affirmative and negative statements

IYou

ThomasThey

will (not)repaircheck

the computerthe installation

tomorrow.next week.

Form of question Why

HowWhereWhen

will youThomas

they

repaircheck

the computer?the installation?

The future with will is often used with maybe and probably

Maybe I will go away this weekend

Tom will probably go away this weekend.

C. Read the article above and then say Right or Wrong.

1. A robot is a machine. ( ........... )

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About Education

Imagine a factory with no people where robots are building robots. Or a computer that designs products, then tells robots on the factory floor how to make them.

Science fiction? No, says James O’Toole, just a description of what is already happening in a factory in Japan where robots do all the work. Dr. O’Toole, associate professor of management at the University of Southern California, says that robots will soon make every product in American factories. But what will this mean for millions of future workers? What will they do? If there are not great improvements in public education, Dr. O’Toole says, there will be serious problems.

Education in the future will need to emphasize computing, analyzing, and solving problems, in addition to the basic skills of reading, writing, and math. According to Dr. O’Toole, succes will come to people who “learn how to learn”. Machines will do all the ‘unthinking’ jobs.

2. In some countries, machine will soon work that most factory workers do today. (............)

3. Future workers will not need a good education. (..............)

4. Robots can analyze and solve problems. (................)

5. Machines will do all the work in the future. (................)

D. Complete the conversations. Use the future with will and the verbs in parentheses.

1. Jim : What are you going to do this weekend?

Fina : I’m not sure. Maybe I’ll go to the beach. (go)

Jim : Well, I probably _______________ anything special. (do)

2. Sidney : Jim has just called. He __________ in the office tomorrow. (be) He has to go to Canada.

Tom : ________________ back on Friday? (be)

Sidney : No. He’s going to spend the weekend there, too.

3. Aryo : Let’s go to Bali nextweek.

Sandra : But, _________________________________. (stay)

Aryo : At my uncle’s. He called last night and invited us.

4. Martha : Do you have any plan for the summer?

Bill : I think ________________________ to Mexico. (go)

5. Ben : I’m not going to go to the football game. It’s raining too hard.

Wendy : Oh! Well, maybe _________________________ either. (go)

Maybe ______________________________ home instead. (stay)

6. Jenny : Could you help me please?

Steve : Sure. What’s the trouble?

Jenny : I think the radiator exploded. The engine seems overheated.

Steve : Let me take a look.

Jenny : Gee, I hope you can fix it.

Steve : (Looks under hood) Well, I don’t think I can today. I probably _______________a part of it.

(order)

E. Write a paragraph that tells about the revolution of human life in the future due to the development

of technology.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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LASERSUNIT

9

A. Read the following passage and answer the given question

LASERS

The Light of Twenty-first Century

The word laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. More simply, a laser is a device that produces a very strong light. The light from a laser is called coherent light. The light we are most familiar with is incoherent light. Incoherent light comes from electric bulbs and the sun. This light moves in all directions. The light from a laser, however, moves in only one direction and is much stronger.

Laser light is created by a process called stimulated emission. In this process, the atoms of a certain substance, such as a crystal or gas, are excited in such a way that they produce an extremely strong light that travel in one direction. This light is called laser beam.

Once laser light was developed, scientists immediately started to think about its applications. One of the laser’s earliest uses was to measure distances and speeds. It was discovered that this could be done with amazing accuracy. For example, the distance to the moon was measured to within a foot, and the exact speed of light was determined to be 186,282,397 miles per second.

In its early days, the military also thought about using the laser. The laser was capable of “selective” destruction as opposed to total nuclear war, which would have disastrous results. But, research into constructive (positive) uses of the laser has taken place just as quickly. The laser can be used in surgery. This marvelous device can open and close an incision without the danger of infection. A laser beam can be used to delicate eye operations. For example, it can be used to reattach a retina and prevent excessive bleeding of tiny blood vessels in the eye.

The laser is also important in the study and treatment of cancer. A laser beam can remove a cancerous growth and completely destroy it. No dangerous cancer cells are left behind which may spread to others parts of body. Because a laser can concentrate on an individual cell, it could become a tool for studying and preventing this deadly disease.

Lasers are used for everyday tasks as well. In factories, they are used to cut cloth, harden metals, and – with robots – increase the accuracy of work on assembly lines. In supermarkets, a laser at checkout counter reads the price codes on packages. These codes consist of closely – spaced black lines. The information is put into the cash register, which then records it as a price on a receipt.

The laser promises to bring great changes in the way telephone work. In ordinary telephone technology, sound waves travel along thousands of miles of copper wire. But a laser can transmit sound waves much faster. Ina addition, the laser would lessen the need for copper, a natural resource. The laser is also used in video disc players to show programs on television. When a disc is inserted into the player, the laser can “read” the information on it in order to produce the sound and picture on the TV.

There are thousands of uses for laser light, but they are only a beginning. The laser could truly become the light of the twenty—first century.

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1. What is laser? _______________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the difference of coherent light and incoherent light.

____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. How is the laser light formed?

____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. What a laser beam is?

___________________________________________________________________________________

5. Give at least three uses of lasers.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

6. Match the synonymous words

7. The suffix –ous means “possessing or having” and changes a noun into an adjective, as in cancerous – “possessing or having cancer.” Complete the paragraph, filling in each blank with an appropriate word from the list.

Cancerous humorous mysterious

Dangerous marvelous numerous

About twenty years ago, a laser was a new and ___________ device. Now, it is clear that laser light has __________ applications. For example, it can remove a _____________ growth and prevent its ______________ spread to other parts of the body. This _______________ device may truly become the light of the twenty-first century.

B. Language FocusPassive Voice

Describing a process

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a. Sendb. Cutc. Used. Instrumente. Create

1. Produce2. Application3. Device4. Transmit5. Incision

In English, the passive is often used to describe processes. Study this examples:

1. Each instrument is recorded.2. Special effects are used.3. Copies can be made.

The passive is made using the verb to be (am, is, are, etc) and the past participle of the verb. Most technical verbs are regular so the past participle is made simply by adding –ed (Example 1).

Tense Active form Passive form ExampleSimple Present S + V1/Vs S + am/is/are + V3 A:

P:Past S + V2 S + was/were + V3 A:

P:Future S + will + V1 S + will + be + V3 A:

P:Continous Present S + am/is/are + V-ing S + am/is/are + being + V3 A:

P:Past S + was/were + V-ing S + was/were + being + V3 A:

P:Perfect Present S + has + V3 S + has + been + V3 A:

P:Past S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3 A:

P:Future S + will + have + V3 S + will + have + been + V3 A:

P:Modal S + can +V1

may,mustS + can + be + V3 may, must

A:P:

C. Complete this summary of how to make a recording by changing each of the verbs in brackets in the

correct form. For example:

Each instrument __(record)__ using a microphone. The sound __(feed)___ to a mixing desk. The recording

level __(control)___ and the EQ ____(adjust)___ by the sound engineer. The output ___(record)___ on a

multitrack. The sounds from the multitrack ___(master)__ back through the mixer. The tape ___(remix)___

until the musicians are happy with the sound. Special effect can ___(add)___ on the mixing desk. The remixed

tape __(master down)___ to produce a master tape. This can ___(use)___ to produce copies in many formats.

D. Describing purposea. Study these ways of describing the purpose of random access memory:

RAM is used for the temporary storage of programs and data.

RAM is used for storing programs and data temporarily. RAM is used to store programs and data temporarily.

b. Identify each of the electronic components or pieces of equipment described below. Compare answers with your

partner.

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1. It's used to change AC voltages from small to large or from large to small. ( ___________________________ )

2. It's used for measuring very small currents. ( _____________________________________ )

3. It's used to check the logic levels in the pins of ICS. ( _____________________________________ )

4. It's used as part of a burglar alarm to detect movement. ( ___________________________________ )

5. It's used for the transmission of RF signals. ( _______________________________________ )

6. It's used for protecting circuits from a surge in voltage. ( ___________________________________ )

7. It's used to master down different recordings to make a master tape. ( ____________________________ )

8. It's used to find buried metal. ( __________________________________ )

E. Follow up

Write a composition that describes the use of an electrical device.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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FIRST AID

UNIT

10

First Aid for Electric Shock VictimsSomeone who is in direct contact with electrical current needs immediate help. The victim may

be unable to move because of muscle spasms, or may be unconscious. Rescuing such a person can be very dangerous. If you touch the victim, you yourself may get caught by the current and become a second victim.Making sure that you are not stepping in any electrified water on the floor, try to unplug the appliance (turning it off is not good enough) or better yet, turn off the power at the electrical panel. If for any reason turning off the power is not possible, try and get a long piece of wood (a broom handle will do) or anything else that will not conduct electricity, and try to push the current away from the victim. You can also try some dry rope or clothing, and possibly loop it around the victim's arm or leg, pulling them free of the current.

PLEASE NOTE: If someone is being electrocuted by high-voltage current, do not go near them. High voltage currents can arc (jump) as far as 7 meters. Normal types of insulation will not protect you. Call for emergency help.

Unless there is immediate danger, do not move the victim. Keep him/her lying down. Unconscious victims should be placed on their side to allow drainage of fluids. Do not move the victim if there is a suspicion of neck or spine injuries unless absolutely necessary.

If the victim is not breathing, apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. If the victim has no pulse, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Then cover the victim with a blanket to maintain body heat, keep the victims head low and get medical attention. Stay with the victim until help arrives

A. After reading the passaage, answer the questions below.1. Why is helping electric shock victims very dangerous?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mention the steps for immediate help to the victims of electric shock?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What can you do if the victim is being electrified by high voltage current?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the functions of resuscitation?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Why do we need to keep the victims head low?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Language FocusAdjective Clause

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Adjective Clause is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who ", " whom" "that", "whose", or "which".

EX: They are searching for the one who borrowed the book. Did I tell you about the author whom I met? The books that people read were mainly religious. The meat which they ate was tainted. The book which has the blue cover is mine.

Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective PhrasesAn adjective phrase modifies a noun. It doesn’t contain a subject and verb.An adjective clause can be reduced to an adjective phrase.

• People who are sitting on the floor should find a seat or leave the room.• People sitting on the floor should find a seat or leave the room.• The room was full of people who were trying to buy airplane tickets. • The room was full of people trying to buy airplane tickets.• The student who is wearing a red dress is new.• The student Ø Ø wearing a red dress is new.• The book that is taught in this class is challenging.• The book Ø Ø taught in this class is challenging.• Students who are from out of state usually pay higher tuition. • Students Ø Ø from out of state usually pay higher tuition.

Make your own sentences by using adjective clause.

1. ____________________________________________________________________________________2. ____________________________________________________________________________________3. ____________________________________________________________________________________4. ____________________________________________________________________________________5. ____________________________________________________________________________________6. ____________________________________________________________________________________7. ____________________________________________________________________________________8. ____________________________________________________________________________________9. ____________________________________________________________________________________10. ____________________________________________________________________________________

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