5 . ;/sf/n] qmlds ?kdf o:tf sfo{qmdx? cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 .

b'Uw If]qsf] l;+uf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df lghL, ;/sf/L tyf ;xsf/L If]q ;dGjofTds ?kdf cufl8 j9\g' kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf] lqsf]0ffTds ;dGjoaf6 /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g'sf ;fy} ul/jL Go'gLs/0fdf ;]jf 6]jf k'Ug] 5 eg] b'Uw If]qsf] bLuf] ljsf; x'g]5 .

/fli6«o:t/df b'Uw Joj;fo ;DjGwL gLlt lgdf{0f tyf tt\;DjGwL ljsf; of]hgf th"{df ug]{ lgsfosf]?kdf /fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; af8{ P]g, @)$* 4f/f ul7t ;+:yfsf] xf] . o;n] b'Uw If]qsf] ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ug{sf]] nflu g]kfn ;sf/nfO{ pko'Qm gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;'emfj lbg' af]8{sf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . To:t} /fli6«o:t/df b'Uw Joj;fo ;DjGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / tt\;DjGwL ljsf; of]hgf th"{dfsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], lghL, ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L :t/sf b'Uw Joj;flosx? jLr ;fd~h:o :yfkgf ug]{ tyf b'Uw ljsf; ;DjGwL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/fpg] af]8{sf] d'Vo p2]Zox? x'g . b'Uw If]qdf eP u/]sf sfo{qmdx? qmlds ?kdf o; jf]8{af6 k|sflzt x'g] q}dfl;s ;dfrf/ kqdf k|sfzg u/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

/fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; af]8{ aif{ !) c+s )$ r}q @)&# – cfiff9 @)&$

/fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; af]8{b'Uw ljsf; ;dfrf/

nfOei6s kz'k+IfL kfng Joj;fosf] l;+uf] If]q xf] . o;n] s"n ufx|:y pTkfbgsf] sl/j !# k|ltzt efu cf]u6\b5 . 8]/L kmfd{ nfOei6ssf] Ps lx:;f dfq xf] . t'ngfTds ?kdf o;n] s'n ufx|:y pTkfbgsf] tLg rf}yfO{ lx:;f -sl/j ( k|ltzt_ of]ubfg ub{5 . nufgLsf] cfwf/df 8]/L pBf]udf dfq kGb| c/j b]lvG5 eg] ;fgf b'Uw pTkfbs s[ifsx?sf] b"w pTkfbg tyf jhf/Ls/0fdf cGosf] eGbf clws of]ubfg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . b"w pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd 3lge"t ?kdf s[ifsdfem hfg' cfjZos 5 . s[ifsx?nfO{ plrt ;xof]u k|fKt ePdf o; k]zf dfkm{t u|fldg ul/jL Go'gLs/0f nufot /f]huf/L ;[hgf ;d]tdf 7'nf] e"ldsf v]Ng] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

b'Uw ljsf; gLlt, @)^$ :jLs[t eO{ nfu' ;d]t x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o; gLltdf b"w pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{, b'Uw ;+sng, 9'jfgL Joj:yf Pj+ k|zf]wg pBf]ux?sf] lj:tf/ ug]{,b'Uw kbfy{sf] ljljws/0f u/L cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{, b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ Pj+ lgodg ug]{ cflb dxTjk"0f{ ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z u/LPsf]x'bf gLlt sfof{Gjog x'g' kb{5 .

lj=;= @)&%÷)&% ;Dddf b"wdf cfTd lge{/ jGg] lnOPsf] nIo cg';f/ b"wsf] pTkfbg j[l4b/ sl/j !@ k|lzt x'g' kb{5 . pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ gZn ;'wf/, xl/of] 3fF;df cfwfl/t kz' kfng, kz' :jf:Yo ;]jf, Ifdtf lj:tf/ tyf jhf/ Joj:yf cu|ufdL tyf kfZj{ufdL d"No >[+vnfsf ;+hfn dhj't x'g' h?/L

s}nfz k|;fb 9'Ë]n sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] ;Gb]z

b"w pTkfbg nfut d"No

nfe nfut ljZn]if0f u/L Joj;flos kz'kfng ug'{

pko'Qm x'G5 . b"w pTkfbg nfutsf] d'Vo nufgL k/fn,

e';, rf]s/, bfgf v/Lb ug{, kz' pkrf/, s[lqd

uef{wfg, kz' ljdf, n]j/ vr{, b'Uw pks/0fx?

v/Lb, kfgL ljh'nL cflb x'g . kz'kfng Joj;foLdf

nfUg] nufgL :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u x'g]

x'gfn] lhNnf lkR5] pTkfbg nfut km/s km/s

kfOG5 . bfgf rf]s/ tyf k/fn v/Lb u/L v'jfpg'

eGbf xl/of] 3fF;df cfwfl/t kz'kfng Joj;fo

ugf{n] clws kmfObf x'G5 . To:t} :yfgLo ufO{

e}+;Lsf] eGbf pGgt gZnsf qm; hftsf

kz'kfngaf6 sd nufgL u/L jl9 cfDbfgL

b]lvG5 .

s]lGb|o b'Uw ;xsf/L ;+3n] b"wsf] d"No j[l4 ug]{

;DjlGw kz'k+IfL ljsf; dGqfnodf lgj]bg u/]sf]

lyof] . dGqfnon] pQm lgj]bgsf] sfo{jfxL

jf]8{nfO{ tf]s cfb]z u/]sf] lyof] . jf]8{n] ;/f]sf/

jfnf lgsfox?sf] ;ldlt u7g u/L nfut d"Nosf]

cfwf/df lhNnfx?df cWoog u/] . k|fKt cWoog

k|ltj]bg jf]8{n] l;kmf/L;sf nflu kz'k+IfL ljsf;

dGqfnodf k]z u/]sf] 5 .

;+/Ifs – s}nfz k|;fb 9'·]n

pk–;+/Ifs – afa' sfhL kGt

;Dkfbs d08n

;+of]hs M 8f= afns rf}w/L

;b:ox? M ljb'/ /fO{

8f=x;gf d}of >]i7

lbk]Gb| clwsf/L

cdf]3sfn]

cf]d k|sfz v/]n

/fh]z l8=;L=

gf/fo0f b]zf/

cho kf]v|]n

8f= /ljGb| ljnf; d/x7\7f

z+s/ clwsf/L

/fli6«o b'U3 ljsf; jf]8{

cfufdL c+sx?df b'U3 If]qsf] ultljlw

tyf ;kmntfsf syfx? jf]8{nfO{ pknAw

u/fO{ lbgx'g kf7s j[Gbaf6 ck]Iff ub{5 .

æxl/of] 3fF;df cfwfl/t b"w pTkfbg u/f}, pTkfbg nfut 36fcf}Æ

ljBfno b'Uwkfg sfo{qmd

b"wsf] pkef]u a9fpg :s"nsf jfnjflnsfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L ljBfno b'Uwkfg sfo{qmd af]8{n]

;+rfng u/Lb} cfPsf] 5 . !^ jif{ d'lgsf afnjflnsfx? :s"n hLjg ljtfpg' kg]{ l;nl;nfdf

lghx?sf] zf/Ll/s tyf

dfgl;s ljsf;df b"w

tyf b'Uw kbfy{sf] cxd

e"ldsf x'g] ljleGg

cWoogaf6 k|dfl0ft

ePsf] xf] . ljBfno :t/df

lzlIft Pj+ k|j'4 ju{ x'g]

x'bf b"wsf] dxTj, pkef]u

;DalGw k|rf/ k|;f/

tyf lghx?af6 dfgj

;dfhdf kg]{ ;sf/fTd

k|efjsf] pkfb]otfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L of] sfo{qmd th'{df ul/Psf] xf]] . ljBfno b'Uwkfg sfo{qmd;+u}

:jR5 b"w pTkfbg, ;+sng, k|zf]wg h:tf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] x'bf ;Dj4 s[ifsx?, kqsf/ ;d]t

o;af6 nfeflGjt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ldlt @)&#.!!.@# ut] dxfb]j:yfg, d08g, sfe|]knf~rf]s cjl:yt >L 8]8Ly'Dsf dfWolds

ljBfnodf laBfno b'Uwkfg sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/LPsf] 5 . sfo{qmddf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? lhNnf

kz' ;]jf sfo{nosf k|ltlglw, sfe|] lhNnf b'Uw pTkfbg ;+3sf cWoIf tyf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks,

lzIfs lzlIfsfx/msf] ;d]t u/L sl/j ^%% hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf b"w tyf b'Uw

kbfy{sf] kf}li6s dxTj / ltgsf pkef]usf] k|f]T;fxg tyf :j:y vfB Aoaxf/sf] lasf; ug{

laBfnosf] e'ldsfaf/] k|sfz kfl/Psf] lyof] . ljBfnosf afnaflnsf, pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ /dxfg'efjx?nfO{

b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{ ;]ag u/fpg'sf ;fy} b'Uw kDKn]6 tyf km\n]S;x?dfkm{t pkof]uL ;Gb]zx?

k|bz{gL ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{ ;DjlGw k|Zgf]Q/ ul/ ljBfyL{x/mnfO{ k'/:s[t

;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdaf6 b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{sf] dxTjaf/] hgr]tgf clea[l4 tyf afnaflnsfx?dfkm{t ltgsf]

pkef]o a[l4 x'g ;Sg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; jf]8{n] ljBfno b'Uwkfg sfo{qmd

cleofgs} ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g' kg]{ ;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 ;'emfj JoQm ePsf] 5 .

b'Uw ljsf; sf]if

af]8{df 8]lg8f ;xof]u cfof]hgf z'?cft eP kZrft\ b'Uw ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . lj=;=

@)%^÷)%& lt/ b'Uw If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljgf lwtf] b'Uw pks/0fx? ef}lts ?kdf C0f :j?k

;/f]sf/jfnf ;+3÷;+:yf÷pBf]uL?nfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . pknAw u/fOPsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?

dWo] !$ j6fn] xfn;Dd ls:tf glt/]sf] b]lvG5 .

b'Uw Joj;fodf nufgLsf] cefj dx;'; ub}{

;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] lwtf] /fvL ;x'lnot Jofhb/df

C0f pknAw u/fO{ lbg' x'g u/]sf] dfusf] cfwf/df

jf]8{sf] ;+rfns ;ldltn] plrt ;DemL cf=j=

@)^#÷)^$ b]vL nufgLsf nflu :jLs[t u/]sf]

kfOG5 . Joj;foLx?n] dfu u/]sf] C0fsf] cf}lrTotfsf]

cfwf/df k|fljlws ?kdf ;DefJo b]lvPsf] zt{df

dfq C0f k|jfx ug]{ ul/Psf]] 5 . jf]8{n] b'Uw

ljsf; sf]if ;+rfng lgb]{lzsf tof/ kf/L b'Uw

If]qsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug] u/L lwQf] lnO{ ;x'lnot -^ k|ltzt_ Jofhb/df #^ j6f ;d'x÷;xsf/L÷

lghL Joj;fonfO{ C0f pknAw u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 . C0f k|jfx u/]sf] dWo] !^ j6fn] xfn;Dd s'g}

klg ls:tf gj'emfPsf] /]s8{jf6 b]lvG5 . lwtf] /fvL / g/fvL C0f pknAw u/fO{Psf] dWo] #) j6f

-^)Ü_n] xfn;Dd ;fjf Pj+ Jofh glt/]sf] -rf6{ !_ b]lvG5 . C0fL dWo] !@ -@$Ü_ j6fn] cf+lzs

?kdf ;fjf Pj+ Jofh lt/L /fv]sf] 5 . yf]/} dfqn] ;kmn Joj;foLsf] ;+1f lbb} @ j6f -$Ü_ k"0f{ ?kdf

C0f lt/]sf] /]s8{ b]lvG5 . To:t} ^ -!@Ü_ gofF Joj;foLx?nfO{ ev{/} C0f k|jfx u/LPsf]n] ls:tf

ltg]{ cjlw jfsL b]lvG5 .

jf]8{n] df}h'bf %) Joj;foLx?nfO{ ?=%^)%&$$(.)) C0f k|jfx u/]sf] 5 . ;dodf ;fjf / Jofh

glt/L ;f] sf] Jofh / ljnDj z'Ns u/L hDdf ?= !&*(#*)& ePsf] /]s8{af6 b]lvG5 .

b'Uw ljsf; sf]ifaf6 pknAw u/fOPsf] C0f b'Uw Joj;foLx?n] tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq C0f r'Qmf u/L

cGo b'Uw Joj;foLx?nfO{ ;d]t jf]8{sf] b'Uw ljsf; sf]ifaf6 nfeflGjt x'g] cj;/ pknAw u/fO{

lbg' x'g] 5 eGg] ck]If ul/Psf] 5 .

8]/L km'8 km]l:6jn, @)&#

/fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; jf]8{4f/f cfof]lht ldlt

@)&# ciff9 @@ ut] Ps lbg] 8]/L km'8 km]li6jn,

@)&# nf}grf}/ a}Sj]6, n}grf}/df ;DkGg ePsf]

xf] . d]nfsf] pb\3f6g k|d'v cltly -kz'k+IfL

ljsf; dGqL_ >L zfGtf dfgjLn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .

To:t} sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf >L s}nf; k|;fb 9'+u]n

-sfo{sf/L lgb]{zfs, /fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; af]8{_ n]

u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmddf kz'k+IfL ljsf; dGqfnosf

;lrj >L s[i0frGb| kf}8]n nufot ;/f]sf/jfnf

lgsfosf k|d'v Pjd\ k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf]

lyof] . kf]if0fo'Qm b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{sf] pkef]udf

j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] 8]/L km'8 km]li6jn cfof]hgf

u/]sf] xf] . o; km]li6jndf b'Uw pBf]ux?sf] u/L

#% j6f :6nx? lyP . :6ndf b'Uw pBf]un] pTkfbg u/]sf b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{x?sf] k|bz{g Pjd ljqmL

ljt/0f u/]sf lyP . o; 8]/L km'8 km]li6jndf pkef]Qm ju{, ljBfyL{, kqsf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? u/L

sl/j %!) hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

b'Uw If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf Pj+ r'gf}ltsf]

klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfox?af/] 5nkmn

u/]sf lyP . b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{x?sf] pkef]u

;DjGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ ljifodf

g]kfns} Voflt k|fKt snfsf/ -lbkf>L lg/f}nf,

lbks /fh lu/L_, xl/v8sf -k"j{ /fli6«o km'6jn

v]nf8L_ n] ;Djf]wg efif0f u/] . lghx?nfO{

cfof]hs tkm{af6 ;Ddfg ;d]t u/]sf lyP .

:j:ys/ b'Uw kbfy{ pTkfbgsf nflu :j:y

kz'sf] ljsf; ug'{ ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] k|d'v

cltlyn] ;Djf]wg efif0fdf jtfpg' eof] . b"wdf g]kfn cfpg] @ jif{leq cfTd lge{/ aGg ;/sf/n] ljz]if

of]hgf Nofpg nfu]sf] ;Djf]wg efif0fdf eg] . o; km'8 km]li6jn sfo{qmdaf6 kf]if0fo'Qm b"w tyf b'Uw

kbfy{sf] jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] ljZjf; u/LPsf] 5 .

ljZj b"w lbj;, @)&$

k|ltjif{ h'g ! sf lbg dgfOg] ljZj b"w lbj; g]kfnn] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? u/L ?kdf dgfOof] . g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!! b]lv dgfOb} cfPsf] ljZj b"w lbj; æb'Uw If]qsf] k|j4{gM cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fÆ gf/fsf ;fy ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgf u/L # lbg -h]7 !^, !& / !* ut]_ dgfOof] . b"wsf] dxTj Pj+ pkef]Qmf ;+usf] kx'rsf] jf/]df ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/Lsf nflu h]7 !^ ut] kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/LPsf] lyof] . pNn]lvt gf/fdfly ljBfno :t/Lo pkTosf JofkL jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf h]7 !& ut] ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} 6+ufn dfWolds ljBfno, xg'fkf]v/Lsf :s"n] jfnjflnsfnfO{ b'Uwkfg u/fOPsf] lyof] .

h]7 !* ut] tbg';f/ h'g ! sf lbg k|eftkm]/L ul/of] . k|eftkm]/L sfo{qmddf /fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; jf]8{ nufot ;/f]sfjfnf cfof]hs lgsfo kz';]jf ljefu, s]lGb|o b'Uw ;xsf/L ;+3, g]kfn 8]/L Pzf]lzP;g, 8]/L pBf]u ;+3af6 sl/j #%) hgfsf] ;xefuLtf lyP . o;} ;Gbe{df b'Uw ljsf; af]8{sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L s}nfz k|;fb 9'+u]nsf] cWoIftf k|d'\v cltly kz'k+IfL ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj 8f= o'js Wjh hf]zL /x]sf] Ps sfo{qmddf b'Uw If]qdf

ct'ngLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'g] b"w pTkfbs s[ifs, pBdL, kqsf/ tyf k|fljlwsx?nfO{ ;Ddfg tyf sb/ kq k|bfg u/LPsf] lyof] .

pkTosfJofkL jSt[Tj k|ltof]lutf 6+ufn l:yt >L 6Fufn dfWolds ljBfno, 6+ufndf jf]8{sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L s}nfz k|;fb 9'+u]nsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . k|ltof]uLx?sf] d"NofFsg ;flxTosf/ 4o >L x]d k|efif / kn/fd bxfnn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . s"n @! 5fq5fqfx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm k|ltof]lutfdf ljh]Zj/L 1fg dlGb/ ;}lgs dxfljBfnosf] 5fqf pT;'stf ;'j]lb -sIff !)_, kfof]lgo klJns :s"nsf cfef kf}8]n -sIff !)_ / 1fgd"ld dfWolds ljBfnosf sf]lknf b]jsf]6f -sIff (_ sf qmdzM k|yd, l4tLo / t[tLo ePsf] lyof] . lghx?nfO{ ;Ddfg kq tyf gub pknAw u/fPsf lyP .

/fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; af]8{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox? kz' ;]jf ljefu, kz' pTkfbg lgb]{zgfno, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg, s]lGb|o b'Uw ;sxf/L ;+3, g]kfn 8]/L Pzf]lzP;g, 8]/L pBf]u ;+3 tyf s]lGb|o kz'k+IfL kfng ;xsf/L ;+3sf] ;xof]udf cfof]hgf ljZj b"w lbj; @)!&

;DkGg ul/of] .

sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] 8]/L pBf]udf w'nf] b"wsf] pkof]u

8f= afns rf]w/L8]/L ljz]if1

kl/ro

b"w pTkfbg jif}{e/L Psgf;sf] x'b}g . jiff{ l;hgdf clws dfqfdf kz'x? n}gf x'g] tyf w]/} b"w pTkfbg

x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;'Vvf l;hgdf b"w pTkfbg 36\g hfG5 . b"wsf] jhf/ Joj:yfkg klg l;hg cg';f/

km/s km/s x'bf] /x]5 .

sf7df8f}+ g]kfnsf] ;j}eGbf 7'nf] b'Uwsf] jhf/ xf] . lbgfg'lbg sf7df8f}+sf] hg;+Vof j[l4;+u} rflxg] kf]if0fo'Qm

b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{sf] dfu ;f]xL cg's"n j9\g] qmddf /x]sf]] 5 . jif}{e/L b"w pTkfbg Ps gf;sf] ePsf]

gkfOg] x'bf b"wsf] cefjsf] j]nf w'nf] b"wsf] k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf x'G5 . w'nf] b"wdf sRrf b"wdf kfOg]

;Dk"0f{ kf]ifs tTjx? /xL /xgfn] cGo vfBkbfy{df o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ u/LG5 . clws d"No kg]{ cfO;lqmd,

km\n]j8{ ldNs, bxL cflb b'Uw kbfy{x?df w'nf] b"wsf] k|of]u x'G5 . o;n] b'Uw kbfy{df afSnf]kg Nofpg],

lglZrt\ cfsf/ k|sf/ lbg], :jfb, jf:gf sfod ug{ dbt ub{5 . vfB pBf]udf w'nf] b"wsf] pkof]u ;DjGwL

cWoog pkTosfsf] @# j6f b'Uw pBf]ux?df j}zfv @)&$ df u/LPsf] lyof] . k|ltj]bgn] sRrf b"wsf]

cefjsf sf/0f tyf u'0f:t/Lo b'Uw kbfy{ pTkfbg ug{ s"n b"wsf] !% k|ltzt w'nf] b"wsf] k'gM lgdf{0f u/]sf]

kfOof] . b"w clws pTkfbg x'g] l;hgdf ljz]if k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L b"wdf ePsf] kfgL tyf lrNnf] cnU

ofP/ w'nf] b"wsf] pTkfbg ul/G5 .

w'nf] b"wsf] k|of]u

w'nf] b"wdf clws dfqfdf k|f]l6g -sl/j #^ k|ltzt_ x'G5 . ljleGg vfBkbfy{x? pTkfbg ug{ w'nf] b"wsf]

k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 . vfBkbfy{df b"wsf] h:tf] jf:gf pTkfbg u/fpg] tyf d"No clej[l4 ug{ w'nf] b"wsf]

clws k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . j]s/L tyf :gfS; pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux? nufot lj:s'6, rsn]6 tyf cGo

b'Uw kbfy{sf] pTkfbgdf w'nf] b"wsf] k|of]u x'G5 .

cw{ 7f]; kbfy{sf] ?kdf pTkfbg x'g] bxL, cfO;lqmd cflbdf lrNnf] /lxt cGo 7f]; kbfy{ sd;]sd !)

k|ltzt x'g' kg]{ /x]sfn] b"wdf gk'u SMP sf] k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 .

jhf/df tfhf sRrf b"wsf] dfu j9]kl5 ;f] cg'?ksf] sRrf b"wsf] cefjsf]

j]nf w'nf] b"wnfO{ k'gM lgdf{0f u/L dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ rng 5 .

ljslzt b]z eGbf ljsf; ;f]Gd'v b]zdf o; k|sf/sf] dfu tyf cfk"lt{df

clws ljeGgtf /x]sfn] w'nf] b"wnfO{ k'gM b"w lgdf{0f u/L k|of]u clwsdfqfdf

k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

k|sfzs

/fli6«o b'Uw ljsf; af]8{xl/x/ejg, k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/

kf]=a=g+= %()! sf7df8f}+, kmf]g M %%@%$)), %%$@&$! k\mofS; M %%#@)(^, e-mail:nddbnepal@mail.com, web:www.nddb.gov.np

w'nf] b"w

g]kfndf b"wsf] dfu adf]lhd pTkfbg j[l4 lbgfg'lbg sd x'g] kl/k|]Ifdf w'nf] b"wsf] dfu j9\g] qmddf /x]sf]

5 . w'nf] b"wsf] k|of]u b'Uw pBf]udf dfq geO{ cGo vfB pBf]ux? h:t} sGkm]S;g/L, j]s/L, lj:s"6,

rsn]6 pTkfbg ug]{ 7fpFx?df ePsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn eG;f/ ljefun] cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ df !!!$ ldlnog ?k}+of j/fj/sf] @*%) d]l6«s6g ljleGg

k|sf/sf w'nf] b"w cfoft ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . xfn b]zdf sl/j #))) d]l6«s 6g w'nf] b"wsf] k|of]u e}/fv]sf]

cg'dfg u/LPsf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o jhf/df w'nf] b"wsf] d"No a9\g] qmd;+u} o;sf] c;/ b'Uw pBf]ux?df

k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . ljZj jhf/df lgof{t ug]{ b]z tyf sDkgLx? Amul and Nova (India) Nestle (Switzerland), Alpen Dairies (Netherland), Miraka and Fonterra (New Zealand), Lactoland (Germany) cflb x'g .

pkTosfsf] b"wsf] jhf/ cWoog ljZn]if0f

sf7df08f}+ pkTosfsf @# j6f b'Uw pBf]udf b"w ;+sng, k|zf]lwt

b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{ pTkfbgsf] Ps cWoog -j}zfv @)&$_ u/Lof] .

lgoldt If]qdf b}lgs s"n #%%%)) ln6/ b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{sf]

sf/f]jf/ u/]sf] kfOof] . jhf/sf] dfu / cfk"lt{nfO{ ;dGjo ug{

s"n b"wsf] sl/j !% k|ltzt w'nf] b"w k'gM lgdf0f{ u/L k|zf]wg

ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . jhf/df k|zf]lwt Kofs]6 b"wsf] dfu cTolws

-** k|ltzt_ /x]sf] kfOof] eg] afsL !@ k|ltzt -rf6{ - !_

b"wsf] dfq b'Uw kbfy{ jgfpg] u/]sf] b]lvof] .

pBf]ux?n] jhf/df k7fpg] k|zf]lwt b"w tyf b'Uw kbfy{x?dWo]

sl/j @&%)) ln6/ j/fj/ b"wsf] ;f]xL kl/df0fdf bxL pTkfbg

u/L -Rff6{ - @_ jgfpg] tyf jhf/Ls/0f ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .