BY: MADDIE LOCKWOOD & LAUREN BALERUD

Skeletal System

Function of the System

Provide points of attachment for muscles

Protect and support soft tissue

House blood producing cells

Store inorganic salts

Contain passageways for blood vessels and nerves

Parts of the System

Bones- organs of the skeletal system

Cartilage- cells in lacunae separated by an extracellular matrix

Ligaments- connect bone to bone

Tendons- connect bone to muscle

Long Bone Anatomy

Epiphysis: expanded portion at ends of each bone

Articular Cartilage: hyaline cartilage on outer surface of epiphysis

Diaphysis: the shaft of the bone

Periosteum: tough, fibrous covering of the bone

Long Bone Anatomy

Compact Bone: tightly packed tissue that makes up the diaphysis

Spongy Bone: light weight bones with spaces that make up the epiphysis

Medullary Cavity: hollow chamber inside diaphysis

Endosteum: lines medullary cavity

Marrow: soft connective tissue that fills the medullary cavity

Endochondral Bone Development

• A) As structure grows, cartilage cells begin to degenerate: enlarge, die, and calcify. • B) Blood vessels bring bone-forming cells that develop the periosteum around the cartilage shaft. • C) Bone forming cells secrete new bone to replace cartilage. The two sites of these activities are called Primary Ossification Centers in the diaphysis.

Endochondral Bone Development

•D) A medullary cavity forms in the diaphysis and is filled with marrow. Secondary centers of ossification begin in the epiphyses. •E) Cartilage between the epiphyses and diaphysis become the epiphyseal plate. When this cartilage is replaced by bone cells, the bone lengthens. •F) The epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line, and bone lengthening stops.

Intramembranous Bone Formation

Osteoblasts form spongy bone around themselves by depositing bony matrix

Once matrix completely surrounds the osteoblasts they become osteocytes, or mature bone cells.

Osteoclasts: Break down bone

Osteoblasts: Build up bone

Classes of Joints

Fibrous: Immovable Sutures between skull bones

Cartilaginous: Slightly Movable Disks between vertebrae

Synovial: Movable elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint, etc. Some have menisci (shock absorbing pads) and

some of bursae (fluid like sacs).

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Ball-and-Socket Joint (most movement) Hip or Shoulder

Condyloid Metacarpal to proximal phalange

Gliding Carpals

Hinge (moves in one direction) Elbow and Knee

Pivot Neck Rotation (atlas and axis vertebrae)

Saddle Thumb

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Skeletal Organization

•Axial Skeleton: includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

•Appendicular Skeleton: includes the pectoral girdle, the upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

23 Major Bones of Body

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Diseases

Spina Bifida

Bone Cancer

Diseases

Osteoporosis

Arthritis

Works Cited

Baxamusa, Batul. “Facts About the Skeletal System.” Buzzle. Buzzel.com. Web. 1 Mar. 2015.

"Bone Cancer: MedlinePlus." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. 

"Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues."Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. 

"Musculo-skeletal Support." Types of Synovial Joints. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.

"Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Spinal Arthritis - Cedars-Sinai."Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Spinal Arthritis - Cedars-Sinai. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. 

Shier, David, and Jackie Butler. Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print.

"Skeleton Label." Skeleton Label. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.