by whitney zack and wade campney

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By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

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Page 1: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Page 2: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Key points

Problem with MemoryNon‐Volatile Memory

MRAM

Volatile MemorySRAMDRAM

Hybrid/Hyper Memory Cube (HMC)DesignPerformance

Page 3: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

RAM

Page 4: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

The Problem with Memory

Memory performance is not scaling to Moore’s Law (CPU performance.)This creates a bottleneck in performance.Some call this a “memory wall”Conventional memory architectures Memory I/O performance/bandwidth cannot keep upProblems with heat and power consumption when adding more memory or moving it closer to CPU

Page 5: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Non‐Volatile

Is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered

MRAMFeRAMPRAM

Page 6: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

MRAM: “Universal Memory”

Magnetoresistive Random Access MemoryMagnetic cells instead of electric chargeSlower than SRAMLow voltage, and low cell leakage.Similar density compared to DRAM

Page 7: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

MRAM Drawbacks

Requires a lot of current to write to memoryRequires big cell size to prevent the ‘half‐select problem’No plans for FAB quite yet due to other memory demands(Flash/DRAM)

Page 8: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

MRAM: Toggle Mode

Cell is modified to contain an artificial antiferromagnet layer.Resulting layers only have two stable states, which can be toggles by skewing the write currents to “rotate” the field.This fixes the half‐select problem and allows for smaller MRAM cells. 

Page 9: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

MRAM: Toggle Mode(PIC)

Page 10: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

MRAM: Spin Transfer Torque 

This method uses spin‐aligned electrons to directly torque the domains.Lower amount of current required to write to the cells.Allows for even smaller cell sizes(~65nm), which allows for a higher density.

Page 11: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

MRAM Spin Transfer(PIC)

Page 12: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Volatile Memory

Retaining data only as long as there is a power supply connected

SRAMDRAMHybrid Memory Cube

Page 13: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

SRAM(Static RAM) drawbacks

4‐6 transistors to create a single bit of SRAMSRAM takes up much more space than DRAMSRAM is byte for byte more expensive than DRAMNo leaking like in DRAM so there is no need for refresh circuitFlip Flop design allows for instantaneous written instead of capacitor fill up like DRAM

Page 14: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

DRAM(Dynamic Ram) drawbacks

1 transistor and 1 capacitorLow cost per bitHigher memory density of SRAMHigh Power consumption because of refresh circuitHeat problems

Page 15: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

HMC – In Development

Intel/Micron originally researchedMicron/Samsung/IBM created consortiumUses TSV (Through Silicon Via) to stack memory vertically.Low power consumptionSmall SizeSpecs to be released in 2012

Page 16: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Some Specs

15X bandwidth of DDR370% reduction in energy per bit than DDR3 Reduced latency with lower queue delays, and increased number of banks.System Architecture makes it extremely efficient on space.

Page 17: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Design

Page 18: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Actual Picture

Page 19: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

DRAM 512 MB Memory Stick

Page 20: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

512 MB Memory Cube

Page 21: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

1 TB/s HMC DRAM Prototype

Page 22: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Bandwidth Performance

Page 23: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Power Performance

Page 24: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

The Future

Intel speculates super computer by 2018 that can operate at exaflop performance (1018)Will probably be seen first in graphics for memory performance improvementAdaptable to many types of systems because of logic layerPotential for first universal memory (Personal/home computing, Commercial use)

Page 25: By Whitney Zack and Wade Campney

Questions, Comments, etc…

Thank you