bycatch mitigation on shrimp trawl fisheries in indonesia
DESCRIPTION
BYCATCH MITIGATION ON SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA. Presented in Meeting on Coral Triangle Fishers Forum Denpasar , 15-17 June 20 10. BY : WUDIANTO and BAMBANG SUMIONO. 20 10. RESEARCH CENTER FOR CAPTURE FISHERIES AGENCY FOR MARINE AND FISHERIES RESEARCH. OUT LINE. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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BYCATCH MITIGATION ON SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA
BY:WUDIANTO and BAMBANG SUMIONO
2010 RESEARCH CENTER FOR CAPTURE FISHERIESAGENCY FOR MARINE AND FISHERIES RESEARCH
Presented in Meeting on Coral Triangle Fishers Forum
Denpasar, 15-17 June 2010
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OUT LINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEVELOPMENT OF TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA
3. BYCATCH AND DISCARD IN TRAWL FISHERIES
4. HOW TO METIGATE BYCATCH IN TRAWL FISHERIES
5. RESEARCH ON BYCATCH IN TRAWL FISHERIES
6. CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION
Java Sea
South China Sea
Arafura SeaIndian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Continental Shelf :• South China Sea• Malacca Strait• Java Sea• Arafura Sea
Deep Sea :• Indian Ocean• Pacific Ocean• Banda Sea• Sulawesi Sea
Based on this topography--- the species of fish resources are significantly diffrerent among those areas
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Fisheries Management Areas in Indonesian Waters
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STATUS OF FISH RESOURCES
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
2. Laut Cina Selatan
1. Selat Malaka
9. Samudera Hindia B(Selatan Jawa-Nusa Tenggara)
3. Laut Jawa 4. Selat Makassar dan Laut Flores
5. Laut Banda
7. Teluk Tomini danLaut Maluku
6. Laut Arafura
8. Laut Sulawesi dan Samudera Pasifik
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALPELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS BESAR
UDANGPELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
DEMERSALUDANG
PELAGIS KECILPELAGIS BESAR
9. Samudera Hindia A(Barat Sumatera)
DEMERSAL
= Fully Exploited = Moderate Exploited = Overfishing = Uncertain
Source : Komnas Kajiskan, 2006
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Distribution of Fish Resources and Type of Fishing Gears
Source: FAO, 1999
Continental shelf Slope
TRAWLERS AND PURSE SEINERS PURSE SEINERS AND LONG LINERS
OceanicCoastal
Littoral
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DEVELOPMENT OF TRAWL FISHERIES IN INDONESIA
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Based on commercially approach there are two type of shrimp trawling in Indonesia :
1.Small scale shrimp trawling fisheries
2.Industrial/commercial shrimp trawling fisheries
SHRIMP TRAWL FISHERIES
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The shrimp fishery started commercially in Indonesia since 1969. There are three types of trawl used in the Arafura Sea, namely:
1) Double rig shrimp trawl: the head rope length is between 15 and 26 m. A try-net, with a head rope length between 2 and 4 m is used.
2) Single rig stern trawl: head rope length is between 26 and 35 m.
3) Quad trawl, this type has 4 cod-ends. The head rope length is between 20 and 25 m.
Source : Ditjen P2SDKP, 2006
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Distribution of fishing ground in Arafura Sea
L o n g itu d e (E )
1 3 1 ° 1 3 3 ° 1 3 5 ° 1 3 7 ° 1 3 9 ° 1 4 1 °
8 °
6 °
4 °
2 °
0 °
Latit
ude
(S)
Papua
Laut Arafura
K ete rangan :
D aerah pe nangkapan perika nan rakyatD aerah penangkapan udang kom ers ia l (tra w l)
D aerah pe nangkapan ikan kom ers ia l (fish net)D aerah pe nangkapan te lor to ran i
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Selat Malaka 1 Pukat apolo x 2 Pukat layang x 3 Mini trawl x 4 Lampara dasar x
5 Dogol berpalang/berpapan x
6 Cantrang berpalang/berpapan x
7 Fish net x
Selat Karimata dan Laut Cina Selatan 1 Pukat ikan x 2 Pukat udang x 3 Lampara dasar x x 4 Dogol berpapan x x
5 Lampara dasar berpapan x
Selat Makasar, Laut Flores, dan Selat Tiworo
1 Lampara dasar (Kaltim) x
2 Katrol/Rengreng x 3 Mini trawl x 4 Paddenreng x
5 Dogol berpapan (S. Tiworo) x
6 Dogol berpalang x
Laut Seram, Teluk Tomini, Laut Sulawesi dan Samudera Pasifik, Teluk Bintuni 1 Pukat udang x 2 Pukat ikan x 3 Dogol x 4 Lampara x
Arafura, Aru dan Laut Banda 1 Pukat udang x 2 Pukat ikan x
Laut Jawa 1 Arad x 2 Jaring WCW x
3 Dogol berpapan (DKI) x
4 Cotok x 5 Garuk kerang x 6 Payat Alit (Jatim) x 7 Krakat x
8 Mini beam trawl x 9 Arad berpalang x 10 Arad berpapan x 11 Cantrang berpalang x
12 Lampara dasar berpapan x
13 Lampara dasar berpalang x
14 Mini trawl (Jatim) x 15 Andu (DKI) x
Samudera Hindia 1 Pukek osoh (padang) x 2 Pukat ular (sibolga) x 3 Pukat ikan (sibolga) x
4 Lampara dasar (sibolga) x
Legenda Skala Kecil (< 5 GT) x Skala Sedang (5-10 GT) x Skala Besar (10 GT) x
Distribution Map of Trawl Net in Indonesia
DJPT-DKP (2005)
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BYCATCH AND DISCARDS IN SHRIMP TRAWL FISHING
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These shrimp trawls used for capturing shrimp as target species and demersal fish as the by-catch. The by-catch includes young fish and trash fish, which are comprised of small individual fish and that almost of fish are discarded at sea.
Since the trawl banning in some part of Indonesia waters in 1980 (presidential decree No.39/1980), only by-catch excluder device (BED) equipped shrimp trawl is allowed to be operated in Arafura Sea and its adjacent waters.
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Year Sub Area Ratio By-Catch:Shrimp References
1992 II Bintuni 9:1 Iskandar et al. (1993)
1993 II Bintuni 5:1 Badrudin & Karyana (1993)
1993 III Kaimana 4:1 Badrudin & Karyana (1993)
1995 III Kaimana 5:1 Nasution (1997)
1996 III Kaimana 9:1 Widodo (1997)
1997 III Kaimana 8:1 Suharyanto (1997)
1998 III Kaimana 8:1 Sumiono et al (1998)
2001 III Kaimana 5:1 Badrudin (2001)
2002 III Kaimana 6:1 Budihardjo & Budiman (2002)
1982 IV Dolak 18:1 Sumiono (1982)
1982 IV Dolak 19:1 Naamin & Sumiono (1983)
1985 IV Dolak 21:1 Rusmadji & Soselisa (1985)
1993 IV Dolak 12:1 Badrudin & Karyana (1993)
1982 VI Aru 11:1 Sumiono (1982)
1991 VI Aru 13:1 Widodo (1991)
1993 VI Aru 12:1 Widodo (1997)
1996 VI Aru 8:1 Widodo (1997)
1997 VI Aru 11:1 Suharyanto (1997)
1998 VI Aru 13:1 Sumiono et al (1998)
2001 VI Aru 12:1 Badrudin (2001)
By-catch ratio to shrimps by sub areas caught by shrimp trawler in the Arafura waters
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FISHING GROUND FOR SHRIMP TRAWL IN ARAFURA SEA
23
5 6
91011121314
16171820
21222324252627
2829
3031323335 363738 40414445464748
495051525354
a b c d e
f g h Ij
k l mn o
pqrs tuvw
xyzzazbzczd
zezf zgzhzi
zjzkzlzm
130 .0 131.0 132.0 133.0 134.0 135.0 136.0 137 .0 138.0 139.0 140.0
Longitude (E )
-8.00
-7.00
-6.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00La
titud
e (S
)
II
III
IV
V
VI
Papua
Arafura Sea
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Family / Species groupsPercentage (%)
1991 1) 1997 2) 2003 3)
LutjanidaePomadasydaeNemipteridaeFormionidaeLeiognathidaeMullidaeSciaenidaeTheraponidaeSynodontidaeOther fishes
3,688,951,534,385,031,75
32,290,876,84
28,94
2,115,221,213,336,052,25
17,500,514,45
29,02
0,100,471,172,706,840,81
13,410,260,59
32,83Demersal fish 52,97 60,03 57,05
Pelagic fish 22,87 19,08 25,68Non fishes 3,14 4,44 5,18
Shrimp 21,22 16,45 12,09
Catch rate (kg/hr) 103,2 286,6 148,8
Catch composition of shrimp trawl net in Arafura sea, 1991-2003
References:1) Badrudin & Karyana (1993)2) Sumiono et al. (1998)3) Budihardjo & Budiman (2003)
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Bycatch Reduction Efforts in Trawl Fisheries using BRDs
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For reducing bycatch:Choosing a BRD or TED ?
Eayrs (2005)
BRDs is any modification designed principally to exclude fish bycatch from a shrimp trawl, and also exclude other animals and non-living material (debris).
TED or Turtle Excluder Device is any modification to a shrimp trawl designed to reduce the capture of turtle, and large animal including sharks, stingrays, jellyfish and some large fish.
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TED super shooter (US type)
Grid length (cm) 120 cmGrid breadth (cm) 90 cmGrid bar shape and
size45 º
Grid material Aluminium pipeDiameters of grid (mm) 16 mmNo of element 8Bar distance (cm) 10 cmGrid setting angle (º) 47,5 ºGrid position Front part of cod
end
Technical specification of BRDs used in sea trials at Arafura sea
Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)
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Square mesh window Mesh type Square mesh windowWindow positioning -
Window length 22 M = 978 mm (in stretched)
Window breadth 48 M = 2136 mm (in stretched)
Mesh opening (mm) B1 = 22,5 mm (A,B,C) and B2 =31,75 mm (D)
Netting material PE 380, 60 flyKnotted/knotless KnottedTwine type Multifilament (raschel net)Twisted/braided twine TwistedSingle/double twine SingleTwine diameter (mm) 1,60 mm (A,B,C) and 2,30
mm (D)Twine colour Green
Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)
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Fish eye Code -Fish eye material Stainless
steelDiameter of fish eye (mm) 12,7 mmLength of frame (cm) 55 cmBreadth of elliptical opening
(cm)20 cm
Width of elliptical opening (cm)
45 cm
Fish eye position -
Source: Purbayanto et al. (2007)
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RESEARCH ON BYCATCH REDUCTION DEVICES (BRDs)
IN SHRIMP TRAWL FISHING
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Research on selective devices for industrial shrimp fishing had been carried out by Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) and other institution ; Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Directorate General of Capture Fisheries.
Some types of selective devices had been researched through fishing experiment method, namely ;1. BED (By-catch Excluder Device)
or rigid hooped TED (Turtle Excluder Device)
2. SS-TED (Super Shooter-Turtle Excluder Device) and
3. JTED for juvenile excluder device
rigid hooped TED
single-grid hard TED
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The research was aimed to determine design & construction of by-catch excluder devices that would be easy to use, would not affect the catch (especially for shrimp) and would be easily accepted by fishermen.
The research was began with a collaborative fishing trial by introducing BED (the first type TED) to shrimp fishing companies in Arafura Sea in 1982.
Source, Dept. PSP, FPIK-IPB
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Type of BRD
Year Location Vessel Type of Trawler
Institution
BED/TED 1982 Arafura Comm Double rig RIMF, AAAT,IPB
BED/TED 1982 Southern Cilacap
R/V Stern trawl RIMF
SS-TED 1997 Aru and Dolak
Comm Double rig RIMF
SS-TED 2002 Northern Java
R/V Stern trawl RIMF
SS-TED 2006 Makassar strait
R/V Stern trawl RIMF
SS-TED 2007 Arafura waters
Comm. Double rig IPB, DGCF
JTED 2007 NorthernJava
RV Stern trawl RIMF
Some fishing experiment of selective devices on shrimp trawling fisheries
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Avarage rate of by-catch reduction and loss of shrimp per towing
Catches BED in Arafura waters BED in Southern Cilacap waters
Kg/hour % Kg/hour %
By-catch 80.1 42.51 86.2 63.9
Shrimp 4.3 27.48 1.4 31.4
RESULTS OF FISHING EXPERIMENT
Fishing exp in Arafura waters used pair towing of two nets and in Cilacap waters used single towing net.
These results could not prove the potential benefit of BED to be promoted to industrial shrimp fishing in the Arafura Sea. In addition the BED was heavy, large and difficult to handle.
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Average of by-catch reduction and loss of shrimp per towing
By-catch ShrimpKg/jam % Kg/jam %
SS-TED Aru ’82 128.4 41.15 3.4 34.07
SS-TED Dolak ’82 196.6 45.65 9.3 33.09
SS-TED Arafura ‘97 219.9 64.2 3.2 21.9
SS-TED Northern Jawa ‘02
14.95 – 96.27 5 - 60 0.34 – 1.55 13 - 59
SS-TED Arafura ‘07 19.5 32.9
Fishing exp in Arafura, Aru and Dolak waters used pair towing of two nets and in Northern Java waters used single towing net
These results still could not prove the potential benefit of the SS-TED, because high loss of shrimp catch occurred. However the construction of SS-TED simpler than BED and easy to handle
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125 cm
110 cm
12 mm
10 mm
4,6,8,10,12 cm
Spesification frame of SS-TED in Java Sea fishing experiment
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Exit hole
Cover net
codend
funnel
Frame
top cover over the window (Wileman et al., 1996)
Data collecting method
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Mahiswara (2004) reported that: TED super shooter decreased bycatch/towing/
hour by 5% (12 cm grid space) and by 60% (4 cm grid space).
Ari Purbayanto, Prof.Dr.
TED performance (815 shots, 3 years period)
turtle reduction 99% stingray reduction 96% large shark reduction 80% sponge reduction 80%
shrimp loss 2 – 38%Source: Eayrs (2006)
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JTED (bar 1.75 mm) save fish of 33 % (Widodo & Mahiswara, 2007)
0
20
40
60
80
Kantong Lolos
%
67 %
33 %
Juvenile fish
Retained Escaped
Experiment result on the use of JTED on mini trawl at Northern Java waters
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Conclusion The ratio of by catch and shrimp as target species are fluctuated depend on fishing areas. The catch of bigger size of fish tend to decrease in the recent year.
Result from experimental fishing indicated that technically BRD and SS-TED were effective enough in reducing by-catch.
The use of by-catch excluder devices is compulsory on board for shrimp trawlers in Arafura Sea. In general, the fishing operators have still not perceived the benefit from using the devices because some loss of shrimp.
Research for improving by-catch excluder devices should be carried out, include to study of soft BRD (square mesh and fish eye) and JTED.
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Thank You