byrraju foundation

7/28/2019 Byrraju Foundation

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An Initiative in Rural Transformation

Byrraju FoundationSatyam Enclave, 2-74, Jeedimetla Village, NH-7, Hyderabad - 500 055 (AP) INDIA

Phone: 91-40-23191725, 23193881 / 82 Fax: 91-40-23191726

Email: [email protected]

www.byrrajufoundation.org

SANITATION


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Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Utility of the Binder3. Abbreviations4. Concepts & Definitions

5. Initiating Village Adoption Processa) The Foundations roleb) The nodal government agencies to approachc) Commitment from Governmentd) Commitment from Community


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6. Approacha. Surveyb. Eligibility Criterionc. SWOT Analysisd. ISL Sanction Process

e. Disbursement of Fundsf. Construction Cost Assessmentg. UNICEF-approved Modelsh. Funding Patterni. Involvement of Local Communityj. Involvement of Mandal/District officials Concernedk. Usage Surveyl. Penalty for Open Defecation

7. The future ahead

a) Statement of the Problemb) Identifying Beneficiaries

8. Problems8.1 Location Choice8.2 Precautions9. Construction of ISLs10. Creating Awareness11. Toilet Models12. Quick Start Guide12.1 Initiating the Process

12.2 Leach-pit Technology12.3 Advantages of Leach-pit Technology12.4 People Involved

1. Introduction

Emphasising the relative importance, Mahatma Gandhi had once said,"Sanitation is more important than Independence." Today, more than halfa century after Independence, India still finds it hard to provide sanitationand clean drinking water to its people. Sanitation plays so important a rolein the well-being of a person, that unsanitary surroundings form the basefor spread of many a life-threatening disease. According to a Planning


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Commission (2003) report, between 400,000 and 500,000 children underthe age of five die due to water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea,hepatitis and typhoid in India, and there are fears that these numbers aregrossly underrepresented. The World Health Organisation (WHO)observes that polluted water is the root cause behind 80 per cent of

diseases in our country, a result of poor sanitation and far from adequatesewage disposal methods. Less than 40 per cent of the countryspopulation has access to proper toilet facilities. This indicates that amajority of them relieve themselves in the open contaminating waterbodies and other natural resources. Further, people also need to beeducated on the importance of sanitation, because in some places theyuse the facilities built by the government as store rooms rather than astoilets.(Link: http://www.nposonline.net/water-sanitation.shtml )

The poorer sections of society, especially in rural areas lacking adequate

facilities, bear the brunt of inadequate sanitation. Children under the ageof 3 are particularly susceptible to diarrhoeal diseases. Older children andadults get infected with intestinal worms, most commonly the humanroundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and the human hookworms(Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). Occurrence of thisdisease is generally very high in low-income semi-urban and rural areas.

This is why there is an urgent need for sanitation in rural India. Sanitationis the basic infrastructure component that could contain excreta-relateddiseases. (http://www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/Sewerage/manual/pdf/chap1.pdf) pageno.1

Category

Households Above Poverty Line(APL)

Households Below Poverty Line(BPL)

Total Households (APL+BPL)Sno. State

NameNo. of

Districts

WithToilets

WithoutToilets

Total %ageCoverage

WithToilets

WithoutToilets

Total %ageCoverage

WithToilets

WithoutToilets

Total %ageCoverage

1AndhraPradesh 22282293028452375668167 49.80200274258818867884628 25.404825672872712313552795 35.61

About Byrraju Foundation

Byrraju Foundation is a not for profit organisation committed to transformingthe quality of life of the rural underprivileged. The Foundation seeks to build

progressive self-reliant rural communities, with a holistic approach. This is

achieved by providing service in all the areas of the villagers lives; namely,

Healthcare, Environment and Sanitation, Primary Education and Literacy, and

Livelihoods. To achieve this, the Foundation has adopted 200 villages in East


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Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Ranga Reddy, Visakhapatnam and West Godavari

districts of Andhra Pradesh. About 1 million people of these villages are the

direct beneficiaries of the Foundations activities.

Byrraju Foundation was set up in July 2001 in memory of the Late Byrraju

Satyanarayana Raju, Founder of the Satyam group of companies and

philanthropist, who held villages close to his heart.

The mission of the Foundation is to create a world-class platformfor

sustainable rural transformation.

2. Utility of the Binder

The Binder will be useful for:

People engaged in Sanitation Local Government (Panchayat) Grama Vikasa Samithi members NGOs / NPOs Corporate Houses / CSR bodies Donors / Funding agencies

3. AbbreviationsISL: Individual Sanitary LatrineBPL: Below Poverty LineCSR: Corporate Social ResponsibilityTSC: Total Sanitation CampaignIEC: Information, Education and CommunicationPRI: Panchayati Raj InstitutionsCBO: Community Based OrganizationsCRSP: Central Rural Sanitation ProgramARWSP: Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeNGO: Non Governmental OrganisationIHHL: Individual House Hold LatrinesSSHE: School Sanitation and Hygiene EducationCSC: Community Sanitary Complex

RSM: Rural Sanitary Mart

4. Concepts and definitionsNirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP): A cash award, the Puraskar recognises fully-covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions that work towards ensuringfull sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The project is beingimplemented in rural areas taking district as the unit.


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5. Initiating village adoption process

5.1 The Foundations role:a) Bridge the gap by bringing the Government and the community

together

b) Create a team of change agents for promotion of the initiativec) Recognise their services by instituting awards / extendingincentives

d) Close liaison with the Government officials concerned at alllevels.

5.2 The nodal government agencies to approach

a. At State level - Chief Engineer, Panchayat Rajb. At District level - The District Collectorc. At Mandal level - Mandal Development Officer

5.3 Commitment from GovernmentI.Sanction of projectsII.Timely release of funds

5.4 Commitment from CommunityI.Collection of margin money from beneficiariesII.Certify construction qualityIII.Pool in resources for initial expenditureIV.Ensure ISL usage

6. Approacha) Surveyb) Eligibility Criterionc) SWOT Analysisd) ISL Sanction Processe) Disbursement of Fundsf) Construction Cost Assessmentg) UNICEF-approved Modelsh) Funding Patterni) Involvement of Local Communityj) Involvement of Mandal/District officials Concerned

k) Usage Surveyl) Penalty for Open Defecation


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6.1 Survey

6.1a To begin with, houses without ISLs are identified. Then they arecategorised into:

I. Beneficiaries with space for ISL construction

II. Beneficiaries without space for ISL constructionThe list of beneficiaries is prepared with the help of Panchayat andChange Agents.

6.2 Eligibility Criterion

Beneficiaries:1. Should belong to the Below Poverty Line category (Whose

annual earnings, from all means, are below Rs.11,000/-).2. Must possess own space for construction of an ISL. Those

without space can be considered at a later stage by providing

community toilets but only after providing sanitationfacilities to all those who have adequate space.3. Should make an application along with a photograph and

submit required documents like copy of the white card /income proof (Form is available either at Panchayat orMandal Office).

6.3 SWOT Analysis

To ascertain the success rate of the intervention, we need toassess our:

Strengthso Presence of Committed Change Agents /

Volunteerso Availability of adequate water for ISL

maintenanceo Ability to launch awareness programmeso Having the Foundations Health Centre in

place

Weaknesseso Peoples inability to overcome the old habit of

defecating in open placeso Missing links Community / Governmento Peoples inclination to utilise ISLs for other

purposes

Opportunitieso Opportunity to make environment healthy


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Threatso Inconsistent government policies

6.4 ISL Sanction Process

a. At Individual level1. After carrying out verification, the Panchayat makesrecommendation about the beneficiarys eligibility to theMandal Development Officer for sanction of an ISL

2. MDO approves the application based on priority and availabilityof funds. (This is generally done in normal course for anIndividual beneficiary)

b. At group level

1. The District Collector has to be approached for release of the

sanction order for the required number of ISLs2. Timely release of funds has to be ensured

Liaise with:

1. Superintending Engineer RWS2. CEO - Zilla Parishad3. District Panchayat Officer4. Officials responsible for delivering Sanctions, funds and

inspection of the ISLs

6.5Disbursement of Funds1. Government releases funds in a phased manner:

First Phase 1/3rd of the amount, immediately after layingfoundation for construction of ISL (a photograph of thebeneficiary standing next to the site needs to be submittedas proof)

Second Phase the balance 2/3rd amount is released afterthe completion and subsequent inspection of the ISL. (aphotograph of the beneficiary standing next to the

Completed ISL needs to be submitted as proof).

2. Byrraju Foundation releases its contribution once constructionof the ISL is completed and verified by the Nodal Coordinator,an employee of the Foundation. (a photograph of thebeneficiary standing next to the completed ISL is required asproof).


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6.6Construction cost assessment

1. Size of ISL with a single pit (UNICEF Model)4 x 4 Height - 6(4 x 3 can be constructed where there is space constraint)

2. Cost of construction depends on soil conditionsa. Dry Rs. 3,500/-b. Wet- Rs. 4,500/-

6.7UNICEF-approved models

Model 1: Single-pit Water seal Latrine (RCC slab with more than 5cement concrete rings as pit lining)

Model 2: Single-Pit Water seal Latrine (RCC slab with ceramic pan,water seal, connecting pipes and Concrete rings as pit

lining)Model 3: Double-pit water seal Latrine

6.8Funding pattern

1. Government

Central 375/-

State 375/-

State (HUDCO loan to stateGovernment)

2,000/-

2. Byrraju Foundation 500/-

3. Beneficiary 250/-

Total 3,500/-


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Revised:

1. Government

Central 375/-

State 375/-

State (HUDCO loan to stateGovernment)

2,000/-

2. Byrraju Foundation 300/-

Total 3,050/-

6.9Involvement of local community

Involve community in: Organising meetings for promotion of ISLs Pamphlet distribution Organising road shows Organising rallies / awareness campaigns Taking up the initiative of ISL construction by pooling in

resources (on large-scale construction) Ensuring 100% usage of ISLs

6.10Involvement of Mandal/District officials concerned

Organise workshops to bridge the gap between the localcommunity & government officials

Organise visits to villages along with the government officials

Monitor the progress along with the government officials

6.11Usage survey

To ensure 100% usage, periodic survey needs to be conductedon a random basis.

The same can be reported to the people concerned in thegovernment for monitoring purposes.


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6.12Penalty for open defecation

To get rid of unhygienic practices, we need to ensure theusage of ISL.

Whoever disregards the order should be penalised. Modalitiescan be worked out with the help of Panchayat / Mandal office.

7. The future ahead

At Byrraju Foundation, challenges are always treated as opportunities. Thatswhat an NGOs approach is expected to be as well. In line with the approach,the Foundation works towards constructing ISLs in all households of an adoptedvillage.

So far, the Foundation has succeeded in constructing 82,000 ISLs in the

adopted villages. To reach the target of 100% sanitation in all the adoptedvillages, 18,000 more ISLs need to be constructed.

7.1 Statement of the problem

The population in a given village can be categorised into higher income group,middle income group and lower income group, which constitutes people livingBelow Poverty Line. A BPL family finds it hard to earn two square meals a dayfor its members. So, such families cannot afford to save any money even tomeet emergencies.

Therefore, it is very difficult for them to come forward to get an ISLconstructed by spending Rs.3,500/-.

Keeping this monetary incapacity in view, the Central Government under itsTotal Sanitation Campaign has announced and sanctioned funds to stategovernments. Byrraju Foundation has approached the state government at alllevels to make sanitation programme a success.

7.2 Identifying beneficiaries

Nodal Coordinators (representatives/staff of Byrraju Foundation), with the help

of Change Agents (volunteers residing in the village), identify and list thefamilies that fall in BPL category and approach government authorities seekingrelease of its contribution for the programme. This step saves thegovernments time and money by doing away with surveys to identifybeneficiaries.


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8. Problems

It is very difficult to make people adopt a new practice unless they areconvinced of its success. To address the issue, the Foundation employs peoplewith experience as motivators, along with subject experts, so that issues, if

any, are sorted out by clarifying doubts about the initiative and the monetaryaspects involved, like the governments contribution, beneficiaryscontribution, and the Foundations contribution, disbursement of funds,monitoring of construction and quality, usage, etc. To make the beneficiariesreceptive to the initiative, the Foundation holds awareness and motivationalprogrammes and educates them about the importance of ISLs and sanitation.The programmes include skits, burra katha, magic shows and pamphletshighlighting the ill effects of open defecation and aim at bringing aboutbehavioural changes in the target population. The Foundation also conductsworkshops, seminars and focus group discussions amongst villagers of all theadopted villages.

8.1 Location choice

Several things need to be taken into account when choosing the location to setup an ISL. First of all, many people are not the rightful owners of the plot ofland they live in and therefore cannot simply demarcate some spot to buildtoilets. Others live in spatially congested houses and so cannot spare enoughspace for a toilet. A more practical factor is the ISLs closeness to the livingarea.

8.2 Precaution

Byrraju Foundation takes utmost care not to affect the environment in thevillages. For instance, both East and West Godavari Districts are almost at sealevel and are rich in natural water sources. So, unplanned construction oftoilets will pollute the shallow ground water resource. Usually the pits are notsealed at the bottom and there is a distinct possibility that the concrete ringsused to prevent the pit from collapsing may leak. Close monitoring andfrequent testing is therefore necessary to sustain the system.

9. Construction of ISLs

In line with the Foundations ideal of benefiting the village economic structureto the extent possible with its activities, local masons are employed forconstruction of ISLs. The Foundation ensures that the government allocationalong with the incentive it extends for construction of ISLs is disbursedimmediately after completion of the construction.


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10. Creating awareness

Apart from getting ISLs constructed, the main goal of the Foundation is to raiseawareness levels of the villagers on the importance of hygiene. This is the mostdifficult of the tasks because using toilets is an alien practice for most of the

villagers. Convincing them to invest money in a facility that demands them todiscard an age-old practice is Herculean. So, the Foundation adopts variousmethods to educate villagers on the disadvantages of open defecation and theadvantages of using sanitary facilities.

It has been noticed that many of the villagers fail to see the link opendefecation has with the spread of a number of water-borne diseases. Most ofthe beneficiaries consider an ISL as nothing more than a secure, convenient andprivate place to relieve oneself. However, women and young girls in thebeneficiary families are happy for getting a basic need within the precincts oftheir house.

To drive home the point, the Foundation has identified certain target groups toeducate them on the importance of sanitation. School students are taughthygiene and its role in healthy living. They are asked to propagate theknowledge among their family members. This has been found to be quiteeffective.

To reach the entire village community, the Foundation involves womens andother self-help organisations and schools to propagate utility of ISLs. Differentmedia like short films, pamphlets, pictures, etc. are used to stress theimportance of sanitation.

Such awareness creation is what the Government of India sums up asInformation, Education and Communication policy. However, such campaignsfailed because people were only financially but not socially and personallysupported. Further, the Foundation makes it a point to highlight theGovernment of Indias extension of financial aid for ISL scheme. Theinformation itself spurs many villagers into action and makes them constructone in their house.

Lastly, since sanitation really makes sense only if it is total, social pressure thecommunity can put on a single household is very effective, this aspect is taken

care of by the GVS. In some of the Foundation-adopted villages, where a fewhouseholds could not pool in their share of the money for construction of anISL, other members came forward to contribute their mite. In other cases,especially in villages where nearly 100% coverage is reached, the communityfines people who defecate in the open.


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11. Toilet Models

The Foundation installs standardised toilet models conceptualised by UNICEF.Dimensions and appearance may vary minimally in line with locality.Standardisation is an important factor in the fabrication of cheap but high-

quality products.

The materials used should be widely available in all areas. Local trade has longbeen aware of the opportunity sanitary goods offer and thus there is acompetitive market in most areas. Basically, ISLs come in 2 types, one for dryand one for wet soil. The dry soil type is cheaper as the number of itemsrequired for its construction is much less. The table below lists the dimensionsand the rates of the required material for either type.


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These toilets measure 4 by 4 feet and are6 feet high. In houses where space is a

constraint, for example where thebackyards are narrow, toilets measuring4 by 3 feet can be constructed. Theyhave brick walls (contrary to the picturesin figures 1and 2 below where theyremade of bamboo) and painted white tomake them look attractive andunobtrusive to their surroundings. UNICEFhas approved a number of ISL models,the following are a few of them. They

basically vary in the collection of the waste and in the size of the waste

containers.

Materials needed for an ISL fit to be used in Dry Soil:

Item Size Nos. Cost (Rs.)

Hollow bricks 16x18x4 110 770

Sand

50-60

Gamela 50-60 120

Big metal 1 1/2"

15

Gamela 120

Cement Bags 2 290

Toilet sheet & bend 20" 1 180

PVC pipes (gas pipe & inside pipe) 2&4" 2 100

Door (wood frame & GI sheet) 2x5 1 350

Slab Sheet 435x4.5 1 300

RCC rings (With fixing) 3.x 1 6 540

RCC cap above rings (dummy) 3 1/2ft 1 110

Mason charges 250

Labour charges (for 2 days) 250

Ventilator 1ft x 2ft 1 20

Miscellaneous (Handling charges) 100

Total 3500Table 1

Materials needed for constructing an ISL in

Wet Soil areas; apart from those required for a

Dry Soil Version:

Item Specification

Cost

(Rs.)

Iron 8mm 600

Gravel 200

Labour charges for

digging bores 200

Total for Dry Soil Toilet 3500

Grand Total 4500

Table 2


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Model 1 Model 2

Model 1 is the most basic of the variations approved

by UNICEF. Waste is collected directly below the

pan and sealed (for reasons of hygiene and smell)

by water. A minimum of 5 concrete rings build up

the waste pit

Model 2 is a further developed version; the pit is set

to the side and connects to the ceramic pan by a

pipe. This provides a bit more hygiene for the user.

The capacity of the waste pit is the same as of

model 1.Figure 1

Model 3 Model 4

Model 3 is further developed than Model 2, with the

pit set aside technically improved.

Model 4 is the same as model 3 with theaddition of a second pit. This toilet can beused longest without the need for its beingemptied. It is useful especially for largehouseholds.

Figure 2

In most of the adopted villages, the Byrraju Foundation employs UNESCO-approved Model No. 3, a single-pit latrine of high technical standards. Model


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No. 4 is preferred in places where the space is too little to build a double-pitlatrine. The Foundation gives least importance to Model No. 1 and 2.

Why we have adopted this model (pour flush water seal latrine) overCommunity Toilets?

The Foundation has had bitter experience with community toilets. The usersthink that it is not their business to keep community toilets clean and tidy.There is hardly any regular water source to clean up these toilets. Even wherewater facility is available there is no watch and ward to maintain the toilets.Therefore, the Foundation encourages ISLs.

12. Quick Start Guide

12.1 Initiating the Process

In every adopted village the Foundation carries out a survey and prepares a listof households that fall into the BPL category (keeping in mind the availabilityof space to construct an ISL). Households with adequate space for an ISL getpreference.

Later, a list of beneficiaries is prepared. Then, all the beneficiaries areexplained in detail about the programme, fund contribution, advantages thatthey get and health benefits due to superior hygiene factors.

The Foundation conducts the following motivational programmes to make theintervention a success: Burrakathas; Magic shows; Rallies; Chaitanya yathras;

distribution of pamphlets/leaflets; workshops at district level; focus groupdiscussions and small group discussions at village level.

In the workshop, it was made clear by the Foundation that it is contributingRs.500/- per ISL on behalf of the beneficiary (to give fillip to the initiative)that he is supposed to pay to the Government as individual contribution.

12.2 Leach-pit Technology

The latrine consists of a squatting plate or a pan with a steep bottom and sideslopes and a gas-trap with a 20 mm water-seal. The water-seal checks the

escape of foul gases and microbes into the atmosphere from the leach pits.About 1.5 to 2 litres of water is sufficient to flush excreta into leach pitsthrough pipes or covered drains. One pit is used at a time and both pits arecovered by air-tight covers. The gases disperse and the liquid infiltrates intothe soil through holes in the pit lining. When one pit is full, excreta is directedto the second pit (optional). In about 18 months, the contents of the filled uppit get transformed into manure, handling of which becomes easier and safe.Now, the pit is emptied and can be used again till the second pit is full. Thus,


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programme was introduced in 1999. It follows a principle of low to nosubsidy, wherein a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive is extended tothe rural poor for construction of toilets.

TSC emphasises Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Capacity

Building and Hygiene Education for effective behavioural change involving PRIs,CBOs, NGOs, etc. The key intervention areas are Individual House Hold Latrines(IHHL), School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE), Community SanitaryComplex, Anganwadi toilets supported by Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) andProduction Centres (PCs). The main goal of the GoI behind all theseprogrammes is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. To givefillip to the objective, the GoI has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar. A cashaward, the Puraskar recognises fully-covered PRIs and those individuals andinstitutions that work towards ensuring full sanitation coverage in their area ofoperation. The project is being implemented in rural areas taking district asthe unit.

Information, Education and Communication (IEC)

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) are important components ofthe TSC. In the past, a large number of toilets were constructed when supply-driven CRSP was introduced. Unfortunately, this massive effort could notachieve the desired success. The toilets remained unused largely due to poorprogramme implementation. This was compounded by the communitysdisregard for health and hygiene aspects of safe drinking water and cleansanitation facilities, owing to poor awareness levels. Therefore, under TSC, GoIseeks to educate the public, create awareness among them regarding good

health and proper hygiene, provide solutions wherever necessary, buildalliances with like-minded organisations and the community as a whole andcreate long-term success by facilitating community involvement and ownership.IECs main role is to create awareness about hygiene and effect behaviouralchanges.

The activities under this programme are area specific and involve all sectionsof the rural population. They are designed in such a manner that theyencourage people to go for construction of latrines. The IEC also focuses onhealth and hygiene practices and environmental sanitation aspects. Under IEC,wall painting on a community building or hoardings should display the details of

activities undertaken in that Panchayat. Further, audio/ video clippings on AIR,Doordarshan and Cable TVs may be screened for demand generation. IECfunding will be in the ratio of 80:20 between GoI and the State Governmentsand the total IEC cost should not be less than 15 per cent of the project. Eachproject district should prepare a detailed IEC action plan with definedstrategies to reach all sections of the community. Funds available under IECmay be used for imparting hygiene education to the people as well as childrenin schools.


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Nirmal Gram Puraskar

To add vigour to the TSC, in June 2003, GoI initiated an incentive schemecalled ' Nirmal Gram Puraskar' for fully sanitised and open-defecation-free

Gram Panchayats, Blocks and Districts. The incentive pattern is based onpopulation criteria. The incentive provision is for PRIs as well as individuals andorganisations that work towards achieving full sanitation coverage.

As on date, 56 Byrraju adopted villages of East and West Godavari districtshave received the prestigious Nirmal Gram Puraskar awards. The year-wisespilt-up of the awards is as follow: A humble beginning was made in the year2004-05 wherein 3 adopted villages from East and West Godavari districtsbagged the NGP award. In the year 2005-06, 6 villages of East and WestGodavari districts received the NGP award and in 2007-08, 35 adopted villagesof West Godavari and 12 villages of East Godavari were recipients of the NGP

award. In the current year, 36 Byrraju adopted villages belonging to EastGodavari and Guntur districts have applied for the Nirmal Gram Puraskaraward.

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