c a s r i l a n k a c u r r i c u l u m 2 0 1 5 ke3 ... · bÈßm;a lrk wheÿu wkqj ;rkh jkksid kvq...

C A S R I L A N K A C U R R I C U L U M 2 0 1 5

KE3 Fundamentals of Law

(Sinhala)

A d d i t i o n a l S t u d y S u p p o r t M a t e r i a l

fuu wOHhk w;sf¾lh ks¾udKh lr we;af;A wu;r wOHhk Wmldrlhla jYfhka

Ndú;d lsrSu i|ydh' wOHhk .%ka:fha bosrsm;a l< wka;¾.;h ms<sn| úuiñka tys

wod< tla tla mrsÉfPaoh hgf;a fuu w;sf¾l wOHhk Wmldrlfha i|yka lreKq

mrsYS,kh lrkak' “KE 3–Fundamentals of Law” wOHhk .%ka:h ñ,oS.;a

YsIH$YsIHdjka o fuu w;sf¾l wOHhk Wmldrlh mrsYS,Kh l< hq;=h'

KE3 Law-Additional Study Support Material

2

All Rights Reserved

mgqk

KE3 Fundamentals of Taxation and Law

Part B – Fundamentals of Law

1 Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sh iy kshdul rduqj ms<sn| ye¢kaùu 03

2 .súiqï kS;sh ^uQ,sl oekqu& 08

3 NdKav úlsKSu ^uQ,sl oekqu& 11

5 kssfhdacH;aj kS;sh 13

6 yjq,a jHdmdr kS;sh 17

7 rlaIK kS;sh N/A

8 l=,S iskaklalr" l,a nÿ iy Kh 21

9 lïlre kS;sh 24

10 jHdmdßl mßirh iy kj fr.=,dis j,g wod< jk jeros 26

11 wka;¾cd;sl fj<|du 32


3

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 1 - w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk

Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sh iy kshdul rduqj ms<sn`o ye`Èkaùu

ud;Dldj : 3.6.1 Y%S ,xldfõ úêu;a wêlrK ixhq;sh msgq wxl : 14 Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK jHqyh ms<sn`o oS ;sfnk rEm igyfka ^zwNshdpkdêlrKhZ yd zuydêlrKhZ hk jpk fol w;r jQ fldgqfõ wka;¾.;& zisú,a wêlrK n,hZ kue;s jpkh bj;aúhhq;= w;r zwmrdO wêlrK n,hZ hk jpkh ^zwNshdpkdêlrKhZ yd zjdKsc uydêlrKhZ hk jpk fol w;r jQ fldgqfõ wka;¾.;& bj;a l< hq;=h' tA fjkqjg my; rEm igyk wdfoaY fõ'

wêlrK jHqyh

fY%aIaGdêlrKh

wNshdpkdêlrKh

jdKsc uydêlrKh

uydêlrKh

Èid wêlrKh ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh

idudkH wêlrK ixhq;shg mßndysrj kS;suh .eg¨ úi|d.ekSfï l%u

l=,S iudf,dapk uKav,h

lïlre úksYaph iNdj

w¾O wêlrK

lDIs úksYaph iNdj

;Srl uKav, Tïnqâiauka mßmd,k yd w¾O wêlrK úksYaph iNdj

iu: uKav, (jákdlu < re 250"000)


4

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 3.6.2 wêlrK moaO;sh ;=, úúO kvq iïnkaOfhka wNshdpkd lsÍfï OQrdj,sh

msgq wxl : 16 my; j.ka;sfha zre' ñ,shk 3Z hkak zre' ñ,shk 5Z f,i ksjeros úh hq;=fõ'

jdKsc .kqfokq remsh,a ñ,shk 5 blaujd hkafka kï wêlrK ixhq;sh"

ud;Dldj : 3.6.3 Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wêlrK msgq wxl : 18,19,20 zjdKsc uydêlrKhZ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a olajd we;s fþoj, re' ñ,shk 3 hkak my; mßÈ re' ñ,shk 5 f,i fjkia úhhq;= w;r tu fÊo my; mßÈ ixfYdaOk úh hq;=h'

jdKsc uydêlrKh

jdKsc uydêlrKh hkqfjka ye|skafjk uydêlrKh uE;l§ fld<U msysgqjkq ,enQ w;r Èia;%sla Widúj, f.dv.eiS ;snqKq úYd, kvq m%udKhlA wvqlsÍu th msysgqùfï mrud¾:h úh'

fuu wêlrKh 1996 wxl 10 ork m<d;ano uydêlrK ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; hgf;a msysgqjk ,§' fuu mk; u.ska fulS wêlrKj,g iuyr isú,a kvq úNd. lsÍfï yd ;SrKh lsÍfï wêlrK n,h ,nd§ we;'

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 154 z.z j.ka;sh Èjhsk ;=< m<d;ano uydêlrK msysgqùu i|yd jQ úêúOdk i,iajd we;' fuu j.ka;sh wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ 13 jk ixfYdaOkh u.ska y÷kajdfokq ,enQ w;r ta ta m<d;aj, ta wkqj m<d;ano uydêlrK msysgqjk ,§' úfYaIfhka y÷kd.kq ,enQ iuyr isú,a lreKq iïnkaOfhka wêlrK n,h l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd uydêlrKh fj; n,h mjrñka md¾,sfïka;=j úiska 1996 wxl 10 ork m<d;ano uydêlrK ^úfYaI úOdk& mk; iïu; lrk ,§' by< jdKsc w.hla .kakd lreKq iïnkaOfhka jk u;fNao " nqoaêuh foam, mk; hgf;a .efkk kvq iy iud.ï mk; hgf;a .efkk iuyr kvq fï hgf;a wdjrKh fõ'


5

All Rights Reserved

foaYSh yd cd;Hka;r hk lafIa;%hka foflysu jHmdßl .kqqfokq by<hdu fya;=fjka fuu wêlrKh msysgqùfï wjYH;djh u;=úh' jdKsc f,dalh ;=< Woa.;jk wdrjq,a ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd meyeÈ,s yd läkï l%shdj,shla fkdue;s kï jdKsc lghq;= ksisf,i l%shd;aul ùu isÿfkdjkq we;'

mk;g wkqj jdKsc .kqfokq fya;=fldg f.k kvq ksñ;a; mekk.sk ´kEu kvqjl ^nexl=" NdKav" wdkhk yd wmkhkh" fiajd lvlsÍu" rlaIKh" jdKsc ksfhdacH;ajh" jdKsc Ndú;h iy hïlsis jdKsc ,shú,a,la ilia lsÍu wdÈh u; mek kef.k kvq o we;=,;aj& Kh" w,dNh fyda jkaÈ b,a,Su remsh,a ñ,shkhl m%udKh fyda weu;sjrhd úiska .eiÜ m;%hla ud¾.fhka l,ska l, kshu lrkq ,nk hï fjk;a m%udKhla blaujhs kï tlS kvq iïnkaO wêlrK n,h jdKsc uydêlrK i;=fõ' tfy;a 1990 wxl 2 ork Kh wdmiq whlr .ekSï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk;a hgf;a .efkk kvq Bg wh;a fkdfõ'

fï wkqj fuu m%;smdokh hgf;a kvq mejÍug th remsh,a ñ,shkhlg jvd jeä jákdlñka hqla; jdKsc .kqfokqjla fya;=fjka mek k.sk u;fNaohla úh hq;=h' flfia fj;;a fuu wêlrKh l%shd;aul ùug yd wdrïN ùug yd fmr wud;Hjrhd úiska .eiÜ m;%fha m<lrk ,o ksfhda.hla u.ska by; i|yka jákdlu remsh,a ñ,shk 5 olajd jeä flßK'

fuu mk; hgf;a kvq mejÍu lrk kS;s{hka fuu lreK" tkï jdKsc .kqfokqfõ jákdlu b;d ;Èka isysfha ;nd.; hq;=h' kvqfõ jákdlu meñKs,slre úiska bÈßm;a lrk wheÿu wkqj ;SrKh jkksid kvq jákdlu ks¾Kh lsÍfï .eg¨jla mek fkdk.S'

wêlrK n,h ms<sn| m%Yakh mek k.sk wfkla wjia:dj kï j.W;a;rlref.a yria b,a,Su remsh,a ñ,shk 5 blaujk wjia:djkah' meñKs,slref.a ysñlïmEu remsh,a ñ,shk 5 blaujd fkdjk tlla kï kvqj f.dkqfldg mj;ajdf.k hd hq;af;a Èid wêlrKfhah'

tjeks wjia:djl j. W;a;rlref.a yria b,a,Su remsh,a ñ,shk 5 blaujqjo kvqj È.gu Èid wêlrKfha mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí'

taksid yqfola yria b,a,Sfï jákdlu remsh,a ñ,shk 5 blauùu u; Èid wêlrKfhka jdKsc wêlrKhg kvqj udre lsÍug flfrk b,a,Sug bvfokq fkd,efí' fï nj m<d;ano uydêlrK mkf;a 8 jk j.ka;sfha meyeÈ,ssj olajd we;' tuksid kvqjla mejÍfï § kvqfõ jákdlu ;SrKh jkafka meñKs,slref.a ysñlï mEfï iajNdjhs'

jdKsc uydêlrKfha kvqjla mejÍug imqrd,sh hq;= B<Õ wjYH;djh jkafka th zzjdKsc .kqqfokqZZ hkakg we;=<;a jk wdrjq,la úhhq;= ùuhs' tfy;a mkf;a zzjdKsc .kqqfokqZZ hkakg w¾: ksrEmKhla imhd ke;' fuu lreKq fldafk,a wekaâ lïmeks ,sñgâ tÈßj ñÜIqhs wekaâ fldïmeks ,sñgâ iy ;j;a wh hk kvqfõ§ ™fY%aIaGdêlrK wNshdpkd wxl 36/98 - uydêlrK isú,a wxl 1/98(2)} idlÉPdjg ,laúh'


6

All Rights Reserved

m<d;ano uydêlrK mkf;a isxy, yd bx.%Sis wkqjdo ii|ñka udla m%kdkaÿ úksYaphldrjrhd úiska fok,o fY%aIaGdêlrK ;Skaÿfõ§ zzjdKsc .kqfokqjlaZZ hkakg mq̀M,a w¾: ksrEmkhla imhk ,§' fuu kvqfõ§ W.;a uydêlrK úksYaphldrjrhd úiska kvqfõ u;fNaohg ;=vqÿka lreKq jdKsc .kqfokqjla fkdjkafkah hk moku u; jdKsc uydêlrKhg tu kvqj úi£ug wêlrK n,h fkdue;s njg ;SrKh lrk ,§' tu ;Skaÿj wê;SrKh lrñka fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a tu .kqfokqj m<d;ano uydêlrK mkf;a ±lafjk zjdKsc .kqfokqZ hk w¾:h hg;g jefgk njhs'

flfia fj;;a zzjdKsc .kqfokqjlaZZ hkak w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍfï .eg`Mj mekk.skafka .kqfokqfõ iajNdjh ms<sn| ielhla u;=jk wjia:dj,oS muKs' tA wkqj jákdlu remsh,a ñ,shk 5 lg jvd jeä jqjo bvï wdrjq,la jeks kvq l,a;shdu úNd. fkdfldg bj;al< yels w;r" fuu wêlrKh úiska tjeks kvq i,ld n,kq fkd,efí'

neÆ ne,aug jdKsc .kqfokq f,iska fmkqko" 1990 wxl 02 ork Kh whlr .ekSfï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; hgf;a f.dkq lrkq ,nk kvq o fuu wêlrKhg wod< wêlrK n,fhka ksYaÑ;ju olajkq ,en bj;afldg we;' m<d;ano uydêlrK mkf;a m<uqjk Wmf,aLkfha fuu lreK meyeÈ,ss f,iu olajd we;'

ta wkqj fuu wêlrKhg wêlrK n,h fkdue;s lreKq uq,ska y`ÿkd .; hq;=h' mkf;a m<uqjk Wmf,aLkfha jdKsc .kqfokq hkakg wh;a jk lreKqj, ,ehsia;=jla olajd we;'

fuu Wmf,aLkfha olajd we;s lreKq jkafka nexl=" NdKav wdkhk yd wmkhk" fiajd iemhSu lvlsÍu" rlaIK" jdKsc ksfhdacH;ajh" jdKsc Ndú;h iy jdKsc ,shú,s ilia lsÍu hkdÈhhs' fï wkqj jdKsc .kqfokqjla hkak meyeÈ,ss lr .ekSug wod< ud¾f.damfoaYhla f,i fuh fhdod.; yelsh' fï wkqj kvqfõ jákdlu yd jdKsc .kqfokqj hkak meyeÈ,ss f,i f;areï .ekSu jdKsc uyêlrKfha kvqjla mejÍug wjYH uQ,sldx. jk nj Tng wjfndaOjkq we;'

flfia fj;;a iud.ï mk; hgf;a mekk.sk lreKqj,g wod< ish¨ kvq jdKsc uydêlrKh bÈßfha f.dkq lsÍu jvd;a WÑ; nj i|yka l< yelsh'

jdKsc uydêlrKfha kvq mjrkq ,nk wfkla kvq úfYaIh jkafka 2003 wxl 36 ork nqoaêuh foam, mk; hgf;a mjrk kvqh' 1996 wxl 10 ork m<d;ano uydêlrK ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mkf;a m<uqjk Wmf,aLkh" 2003 wxl 36 ork nqoaêuh foam, mkf;a wxl 205 ork j.ka;sh u.ska bj;a lr we;' ta wkqj nqoaêuh foam, mk; hgf;a mjrkq ,nk ish¨u kvq jdKsc uydêlrKfha mejßh hq;=h'


7

All Rights Reserved

jdKsc .kqfokqjla fya;=fjka kvq ksñ;a;la mekk.sk ish¨u kvq fuu wêlrKfha § úNd. flf¾' WodyrK(- nexl= .kqfokq" NdKav wdkhkh yd wmkhkh" rlaIK" ksfhdacH;ajh iy ´kEu jdKsc ,sheú,a,la ilia lsÍu iïnkaO kvq' fïjdg wod< Kh" jkaos iy b,a,Sï re' ñ,shk 5 blaujk wjia:dj, fulS wêlrKfha kvq mjrkq ,efí'

;jÿrg;a iud.ï mkf;a we;eï j.ka;s hgf;a jk ish¨ b,a,Sï iy kvq lghq;=j,g wod< wêlrK n,h fukau 2003 wxl 36 ork nqoaêuh foam, mk; hgf;a jk kvq lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hdug o wêlrK n,h we;' ^fld<U Èid wêlrKfha § kvq lghq;= mj;ajd.; hq;= njg mk; úiska olajd we;s kvq lghq;= fï hg;g fkd.efkA&


8

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 2 - w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk .súiqï kS;sh ûQ,sl oekqu& ud;Dldj : 1'4 .súiqul wdlD;sh msgq wxl : 36 by; wkq ud;Dldj hgf;a tk 3 yd 4 hk lreKq ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul meyeos,s lsrSula my; oelafõ'

1840 wxl 7 ork jxpd je,elaùfï wd{d mkf;a 18 jk j.ka;shg wkqj re' 1000 l jákdlu blaujk m%d.aOkhla iys; yjq,a jHdmdrhla ia:dms; lrk úg" tu yjq,a jHdmdrh ia:dms; lrk .súiqu fyda Tmamqj ,sÅ; úhhq;= w;r ish¨ md¾Yj úiska w;aika fldg ;sìh hq;=h' 18 jk j.ka;sh u.ska olajkq ,nk fuu fldkafoaish ;Dma; fkdfõ kï tnÿ .súiqulg kS;sh bÈßfha j,x.=;djhla fkd,efí'

1896 wxl 11 ork NdKav úlsKSfï wd{d mkf;a 5 jk j.ka;sh wkqj NdKav úlsKSu iòyd jQ .súiqula kS;sh bÈßfha n,d;aul l<yels ùug kï my; oelafjk fldkafoais th úiska bgql< hq;=fõ'

- .súiqu ,sÅ; ùu - úl=Kk NdKavj, fldgila fyda .eKqïlre Ndr.ekSu fyda - .eKqïlre úl=Kqï ñf,ys fldgila fyda f.jkq ,eîu

ud;Dldj : 3 w¾mKh iy m%;s.%yKh msgq wxl : 37 ud;Dldj 3- w¾mKh iy m%;s.%yKh hk úIh lreKq ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul meyeos,s lsrSula my; oelafõ' zfuu fldgi ;=< wm j,x.= .súiqula ;=< mj;sk m%Odk uQ,sldx. fol jk w¾mKh yd m%;s.%yKh ms<snò úia;rd;aulj i,ld n,kafkuq' fïjd we;s jkafka flfiao yd ikaksfõokh jkafka flfiao" tajd wjidk jkafka flfia o yd tajdg wod< úúO Í;s fudkjdo hkak wm ta wkqj úuid n,uq. w¾mKh hkq hï ksYaÑ; .súiqï kshu u; .súiqulg t,eöu iòyd jQ wNs,dIh m%ldY lrkq ,nk m%ldYkhls' th bÈßm;a lrkafka w¾mK,dNshd th ms<s.;a úg tu m%ldYkh fomd¾Yjh u; nkaOkd;aul jkq we; hk fÉ;kdj iys;jh' fjk;a jpkj,ska m%ldYlrkafka kï" w¾mKlre neòSug ,laùug iQodkï .súiqï kshu ljf¾oehs m%ldY lrk m%ldYkhla f,i w¾mKh ye`Èkaúh yel'


9

All Rights Reserved

m%;s.%yKh hkq w¾mKlre úiska bÈßm;a l< kshuhkaj,g w¾mK,dNshd olajk tl`.;djhhs' fjk;a jpkj,ska m%ldYlrkafka kï" w¾mKfha we;=,;a kshu yd fldkafoaisj,ska ne`oSug ,laùug w¾mK,dNshd ;=< mj;sk iQodku m%ldY lrk m%;s{djla fyda l%shdjla f,i m%;s.%yKh hkak oelaúh yel'

ud;Dldj : 6'1'4 WodyrKh : úksYaph ms<sn| jeroSu msgq wxl : 55 6'1'4 WodyrKh my; wdldrhg iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' X, hï NdKav m%udKhla ñ, oS .kafka th re' ñ,shk 1 l jákdlñka hqla; njg jQ úYajdih u;h' tfy;a tys jákdlu ieneúkau re' 100"000 la fkdblaujk nj Tyq miqj wkdjrKh lr.kS' fuysoS NdKavj, ienE jákdlu úksYaph lsÍfuys,d jrola X úiska isÿfldg we;' fun`ÿ jrola úiska .súiqula n,rys; fkdlrk ksid X úiska we;=,;a jQ .súiqu j,x.= fõ' ud;Dldj : 6'3 whq;= n,mEu

wkq lreK : mQ¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEu

msgq wxl : 58 zmQ¾jdkqudk whq;= n,mEuZ hgf;a olajd we;s wkq lreKq my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' fuu in`o;dj,ska iuyrla my; mßÈ fõ'

foudmshka yd orejd

Ndrlre yd wdrlaIs;hd ^zwdrlaIs;hdZ hkq foudmshka fyda wêlrKh úiska Ndrlrefjlaf.a wdrlaIdj yd md,kh hg;g m;alrkq ,enQ <ufhl= fyda fh!jkfhls&

ffjoHjrhd iy frda.shd

kS;s{jrhd iy fiajdodhlhd

wdOHd;añl WmfoaYl iy wkq.dñl


10

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 12'1 .súiqïj, ld,djfrdaO ld,iSudj

msgq wxl : 71

ud;Dldj : 12'1 hgf;a olajd we;s m<uq fPaoh my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' 12'1 .súiqïj, ld,jfrdaO ld, iSud

1871 wxl 22 ork ld,jfrdaO wd{d mk; iy tys ixfYdaOk kvq mejÍïj,g wod, ld,jfrdaë ld, iSud ljf¾o hkak olajhs' wd{dmkf;a 6 jk j.ka;sh ta wkqj .súiqï lvlsÍuloS w.;shg m;a md¾Yjh úiska kvq mjrkq ,eìh hq;= ld, iSudj ljf¾oehs m%ldY lrhs'


11

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 3 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk

NdKav úlsKSu ^uQ,sl oekqu&

ud;Dldj - 1'2 NdKav úlsKSu i|yd jQ .súiqula hkq l=ulao@ msgq wxl - 80 1'2 ud;Dldj hgf;a olajd we;s úIh lreKq my; mrsos iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' 1'2 NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqula hkq l=ulao@

wd{dmk; wod< jkafka ljr NdKavj,go@ NdKav úlsKSfï wd{dmk; wkqj zNdKavZ hkakg zuqo,a yer ish¨ pxp, foaZ we;=,;a fõ'

zNdKavZ hk mohg zúlsKSug fmr fyda úlsKSfï .súiqu hgf;a fyda fjka lr.ekSug tl`. jQ j.dl< fNda. yd hï N+ñhlg wdnoaO jQ fyda tu N+ñfha fldgila ixhqla; lrk oEZ o we;=,;a fõ'

ta wkqj uqo,a yer pxp, iajNdjhla Wiq,k fyda NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqula hgf;a pxp, iajNdjhlg m;ajk ljr fyda NdKavhlg NdKav úlsKSfï wd{dmk; wod< jk nj lsjyel' wd{dmkf;a 2'1 j.ka;sh wkqj zñ, hkqfjka y`ÿkajkq ,efnk uqo,auh m%;sIagdjla u; úlsKqïlre NdKavj, whs;sh .eKqïlreg yqjudre lrk fyda yqjudre lsÍug tl`. fjk .súiqula" NdKav úlsKSu i`oyd jQ .súiqula fõZ.

NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqulg úlsKSula fukau úlsKSug tl`.ùula o we;=,;a fõ'


12

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : m%.;s mÍlaIKh msgq wxl : 98 m%Yak wxl 4 ^wd& my; mßÈ fjkiaúh hq;=h' 4. idjoH m%ldYh f;darkak'

^w& zzNdKav f;d.h ksheÈhg yd úia;rhg wkql+,úh hq;=hZZ fuh NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqul jHx. fldkafoaishls'

^wd& fmagkaÜ fyda fj<`o ,l=Kla hgf;a jQ NdKav iïnkaOfhka tu NdKav tajdfha wruqKg fhda.H ùu iïnkaOj jHx. fldkafoaishla fkdue;'

^we& NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqula hgf;a" whs;slre fkdjk mqoa.,hl=f.ka NdKav ñ,§ .;a;o" ks¾fodaIS .ekqqïlrejl=g fyd| ysñlula ,efí'

^wE& ksYaph fkdl< NdKav úlsKSfï .súiqulg wod< idudkH Í;sh jkafka NdKavh ksYaph lrk f;la NdKavfha whs;sh .ekqqïlreg fkdmejfrk njhs'

ksjerÈ ms<s;=r } zweZ


13

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 5 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk ksfhdacH;aj kS;sh

ud;Dldj : 2'3'1 kvq ;Skaÿ - wjYH;djh u; ksfhdacH;ajh msgq wxl : 124 zwjYH;djh u; ksfhdacH;ajhZ hgf;a olajd we;s fmr kvq ;Skaÿfõ, kï my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úhhq;=h' Ô'tka'rhs tÈßj iafjd*S,aâ ‘G.N. Ry. v Swaffield [1874] L.R. 9 Ex. 132’ hkak f.%aÜ fkdao¾ka f¾,afõ tÈßj iafjd*S,aâ Great Northern Railway. v Swaffield [1874]

L.R. 9 Ex. 132’ f,i lsheúh hq;=h'

ud;Dldj : 2'3'2 wkqu; lsÍu u.ska ksfhdacH;ajh msgq wxl : 125 2'3'2 ud;Dldj hgf;a we;s lreKq my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úhhq;=h'

ksfhdað;hd m%ldYs;ju ;uka ksfhdað;fhla f,i .súiqug we;=¿ ù ;sìh hq;=h'

.súiqula wmrdkqu; l< yelafla m%Odkshd f,i kï lrkq ,enQ fyda .súiqu we;s fjk wjia:dfõ m%Odkshd f,i ks¾Kh ù ;snQ whg muKs'

ksfhdað;hdg .súiqu we;s lr.kakd wjia:dfõ ienE meje;aula iys; m%Odksfhla isáh hq;=h'

.súiqu we;s lr.kakd wjia:dfõ yd th wmrdkqu; lrk wjia:dfõ m%Odkshdg .súiqï YlH;djh ;sìh hq;=h'

wmrdkqu; lsÍu, kshu lrkq ,enQ ld, rduqj ;=<oSu l< hq;=h' ld, rduqjla oS ke;skï idOdrK ld,hla ;=< l< hq;=h'

iïmQ¾K .súiquu wmrdkqu; l<hq;= w;r .súiqfï fldgila muKla wmrdkqu; l< fkdyel'


14

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 5'1 m%Odkshd fj; we;s ksfhdað;f.a j.lSï ^ksfhdað;hdg tfrysj m%Odkshdf.a whs;sjdislï&

msgq wxl : 131 zksfhdað; oekqj;a jQ jeo.;a lreKq fy<slsÍuZ hgf;a we;s kvq ;Skaÿj my; wdldrhg jeäÿrg;a úia;rlr we;'

kvq ;Skaÿ - ksfhdað; oekqj;ajQ jeo.;a lreKq fy<slsÍu

mdlskaika ^P& úiska yS;a ^H& j mdlskaikaf.a mjqï 2500 la jákd noaog .;a bvu i|yd .eKqïlrefjla fidhd oSfï lghq;a; mjrd Tyqj ksfhdað;fhla f,i m;alrk ,oS' we`ÿï ueiSfï kshqla; úYd, iud.ï fuu ñ, f.ùug iQodkï nj zHZ oek isáfhah' tfy;a wod< bvu we`ÿï ueiSfï jHdmdrhla i`oyd fhdod.kakjdg bvï ysñhd wlue;s njg woyila P ;=< úh' zPZ f.a nÿ whs;sh ñ,oS .ekSug we`ÿï uikakka lsysm fofkla bÈßm;aùu ksid" zHZ" zPZ g fkdokajd wod< bvfï we`ÿï ueiSfï jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hd yels njg bvï ysñhdf.ka iy;slhla ,nd .;af;ah'

bvï ysñhd tf,i iy;slhla ,nd ÿka njg jQ lreK zHZ" zPZ g fy<sorjq fkdlf<ah' ;jo noao ñ,oS .ekSug bÈßm;a jQ wh we`ÿï ueiSfï jHdmdrfha kshqla; wfhls hk lreK o zHZ" zPZ f.ka jika l< w;r ta wkqj mjqï 2250 la jQ wvq w.hlg iajlSh nÿ ysñlu úlsKSu flfrys zPZ fm<ôK'

;Skaÿj - .súiqu we;s lr.ekSfï oS m%Odkshd ^P& flfrys n,mEyels ljr fyda lreKla ms,sn`o ksfhdað;hd ̂ H& oek.;af;a kï tu lreK m%Odkshdg Tyq fy,sorjq l< hq;=h' fuu wjia:dfõoS tlS hq;=lu bgq lsÍug H wiu;a ù ;sfí'

yS;a tÈßj mdlskaika Heath v Parkinson [1926] 42 P.L.R. 693

ud;Dldj : 5'1 m%Odkshd fj; we;s ksfhdað;f.a j.lSï ^ksfhdað;hdg tfrysj m%Odkshdf.a whs;sjdislï&

msgq wxl : 132 z,dNh ryiH ,dNhla fkdjk úgZ fï hgf;a tk fmr kvq ;Skaÿfõ kï my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h'

ysmsia,S tÈßj kS fidfydhqfrda Hippisley v Knee Bros[1905] 1 K.B. 1 f,i fjkiaúh hq;=h'


15

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 5'1 m%Odkshd flfrys jQ ksfhdað;hdf.a hq;=lï ^ksfhdað;hdg tfrysj m%Odkshd i;= whs;sjdislï& msgq wxl : 133 zksfhdað;hd tjeks hï ,dNhla ,nkafka m%Odkshdf.a leue;a; fkdue;sj kï" m%Odkshdg my; ±lafjk oE lsÍug ysñlu we;Z" hgf;a lreKq my; kvq ;Skaÿj o we;=,;alr iúia;rd;aul olajd we;'

ksfhdað;hd tjeks hï ,dNhla ,nkafka m%Odkshdf.a leue;a; fkdue;sj kï" m%Odkshdg my; ±lafjk oE lsÍug ysñlu we;' ksfhdað;hdg Tyqf.a fldñia uqo, fyda fõ;kh f.ùu m%;slafIam lsÍu'

ksfhdað; .súiqu wj,x.= lsÍu'

ksfhdað;f.ka ryiH ,dNh whlr .ekSu' fuh ysmsia,S tÈßj kS fidfydhqfrda Hippisley v Knee Bros[1905] 1 K.B. 1 kvqfjys § we;s ;SrKhls'

oekqï oSulska f;drj ksfhdað;hd my fldg oeóu'

kvq ;Skaÿ - oekqï oSulska f;drj ksfhdað;hd my fldg oeóu

wekafi,a ^A& " fndiagka “ãma iS *sIsx weka whsia” ^B& kï jQ iud.fï l,ukdlrK wOHlaIl úh' zAZ fndaÜgq idok iud.ul wOHlaIljrfhla f,io l%shdl< w;r tanj zBZ oek isáfha ke;'

zBZ ys l<ukdlrK wOHlaIl f,i zAZ" zBZ f.a kug wod< fndaÜgq idok iud.fuka weKjqï lsysmhla isÿlf<ah' fï i`oyd fndaÜgq idok iud.fuka m%ido oSukd yd fldñia uqo,a zAZ a fj; ,enqKs'

fï nj wkdjrKh ùfuka miq zBZ" zAZ j fiajfhka my lf,ah'

;Skaÿj - ryiH ,dN ,eîu ksid zAZ j my lsÍfï whs;sh zBZ g ;sfí' tf,i ,enQ ,dN iïnkaOfhka zBZ g j.ùfï j.lSula zAZ g we;'

ãma iS *sIsx wekaâ whsia iud.u tÈßj wekafi,a Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co. v

Ansell [1883] 39 Ch.D. 339


16

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 7'1'1 ksfhdað;hd .súiquloS fm!oa.,slj j.lsj hq;= wjia:d msgq wxl : 137 zfkdmj;akd m%Odksfhl= fjkqfjka .súi .ekSuZ hgf;a we;s kvq ;Skaÿj my; wdldrhg jeäÿrg;a úia;r lr we;'

kvq ;Skaÿ - fkdmj;akd m%Odksfhl= fjkqfjka .súi .ekSu

fydag,a iud.ul m%j¾Olhska ixia:dmkh lsÍug kshñ; iud.u fjkqfjka Khg jhska ñ,ÈS .ekSu iòyd jQ .súiqulg t,eUqKs' iud.u ixia:dmkh l<d miq th fuu .súiqu wmrdkqu; lf<ah' fydag,fha wuq;a;ka fuu jhska mßfNdackh l< w;r flfia jQjo Khlrejkag Kh f.jd wjidk ùug fmr fuu iud.u wEjr lrk ,oS' Khlrefjda, ksfhdað;hska f,i i,ld m%j¾Olhskag tfrysj kvq mejrEy'

iud.u fuu .súiqu wmrdkqu; lrkq ,enQ ksid .súiqu hgf;a jQ j.lSu iud.u fj; ú;eka ù ;sfnk njg m%j¾Olfhda ;¾l l<y'

;Skaÿj - m%j¾Olhska mqoa.,slj fuu .súiqu iòyd j.lSug nefòa' ulaksidoh;A ksfhdað;hska .súiqug t,eUqKq wjia:dj jkúg iud.u ̂ m%Odkshd& i;=j meje;aula fkd;snQ ksidh'

fl,ak¾ tÈßj nelaiag¾ Kelner v Baxter (1866) LR 2 CP 174; [1861-73] All

ER 2009.


17

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 6 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk yjq,a jHdmdr kS;sh

ud;Dldj : 1'1 wod< kS;sh msgq wxl : 144 1'1 hgf;a we;s fþo my; wdldrhg ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h' 1'1 wod< kS;sh

Y%S ,xldfõ yjq,a jHdmdr iòyd wod< jkakd jQ kS;sh ms<snòj fuysoS wm idlÉPd lruq'

yjq,a jHdmdr hkq bx.%Sis kS;sh wdY%fhka jHq;amkak jQ ixl,amhls' tuksid Y%S ,xldj ;=< yjq,a jHdmdr md,kh jk kS;sh bx.%Sis kS;sh u; mokï ù ;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ yjq,a jHdmdr iòyd n,mdk kS;sh 1886 wxl 21 ork yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a yd bx.%Sis wêlrKj, wêlrK ;Skaÿ ;=< ixhqla; ù ;sfí'

ud;Dldj : 1'4 yjq,alrejkaf.a ixLHdj ms<snò iSudjka msgq wxl : 145

1'4 hgf;a we;s fþo my; wdldrhg iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ ikao¾Nh ;=< fmdÿ Í;sh jkqfha yjq,a jHdmdrhl wiSñ; yjq,alrejka ixLHdjla isáh fkdyel hkakhs' tfy;a fuu Í;shg wod< jH;sf¾Lhka o mj;S'

2007 wxl 7 ork iud.ï mkf;a 519^1& j.ka;sh Y%S ,xldfõ yjq,a jHdmdrhl isáh yels Wmßu idudðl ixLHdj 20 la nj olajd ;sfí'

flfia jQjo iud.ï mkf;a 519^3& j.ka;sh Y%S ,xldfõ yjq,a jHdmdrhl idudðlhska 20 g jeä ixLHdjla isáh yels wjia:d olajhs' tlS wjia:d my; mßÈh'

yjq,a jHdmdrh kS;s{ fiajd imhk wdh;khla jkafka kï yd ishü yjq,alrejka kS;s{hska fõ kï"

yjq,a jHdmdrh .KldêldÍ wdh;khla jkafka kï yd ishü yjq,alrejka .KldêldÍjre fõ kï"

n,m;%,dNS fldgia yqjudrejl idudðlhska f,i yjq,a jHdmdrh l%shd lrkafka kï yd ishü yjq,alrejka tu n,m;%,dNS fldgia yqjudrefõ idudðlhska fõ kï"

yjq,a jHdmdrh ks¾foaYs; wruqKla iòyd we;slrkq ,enQ úg yd ishü yjq,alrejka ks¾foaY lrkq ,en we;s úg'


18

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 1'5 jxpd je,elaùfï wd{d mk; yd yjq,a jHdmdrhla msysgqjd .ekSu msgq wxl : 145 1'5 hgf;a we;s fþo my; wdldrhg jeäÿr úia;rlr we;'

yjq,a jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hdfï§ yjq,alrejka w;r we;s tlÕ;djh olajk ,shú,a, fjkafka yjq,a jHdmdr .súiquhs' flfia jqjo yjq,a jHdmdr .súiqula ,sÅ;j mej;Su wksjd¾h jkafka tla ksYaÑ; wjia:djla hgf;a§ muKs'

1840 wxl 7 ork jxpd je,elaùfï wd{d mkf;a 18 jk j.ka;sh wkqj" m%d.aOkh re' 1000 blaujk yjq,a jHdmdrhla ia:dms; lsÍfï oS" ta i`oyd jQ .súiqu fyda Tmamqj ,sÅ; úhhq;= w;r ish¨u yjq,alrejka úiska w;aika lr ;sìh hq;=h'

18 jk j.ka;sh u.ska mkjd ;sfnk fuu fldkafoaish bgq fkdjkafka kï tu .súiqu kS;suh jYfhka j,x.= jkafka ke;'

ud;Dldj : 1'6 yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmoxÑ lrkafka flfiao@ msgq wxl : 146 1'6 hgf;a we;s fþofha jHdmdr kdu wd{d mk; my; wdldrhg ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h'

1'6 yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lrkafka flfiao@

1918 wxl 16 ork jHdmdr kdu mk; yjq,a jHdmdrhl ku ,shdmosxÑ lsÍu iïnkaOfhka wod< fõ'

1918 wxl 16 ork jHdmdr kdu wd{d mk; yd tys ixfYdaOk u.ska olajk m%;smdok wkqj jHdmdr kduhla hgf;a mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu isÿl< yel' wd{d mkf;a 2 jk j.ka;sh wkqj zY%S ,xldj ;=< mj;ajdf.k hk iEu jHdmdrhlau yd jHdmdrfha yjq,alrejka flaj, mqoa.,hska jk úg tu ish,q yjq,alrejkaf.a i;Hh iïmQ¾K kï fyda jHdmdr yjq,alrejka iud.ï jk úg tu iud.ïj, kï fyda fkdjk fjk;a kulska jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hk wdh;kZ tu yjq,a jHdmdrh mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk ku ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= fõ'


19

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 3'1 kj yjq,alre msgq wxl : 150 3'1 Wm ud;Dldj hgf;a oekg mj;sk wka;¾.;h my;ska iúia;rd;aul olajd we;'

3'1 kj yjq,alre

oekg mj;sk jHdmdrhlg yjq,alrefjla f,i nòjd .kq ,efnk mqoa.,fhla kj yjq,alrefjla kï fõ'

Tyq yjq,alrefjl= ùug fmr" jHdmdrh úiska l< ljr fyda l%shdjla iïnkaOfhka kj yjq,alrefjla jHdmdrfha Kh ysñhka fj; j.lsj hq;= fkdfõ'

flfia jQjo kj yjq,alre leue;s kï ;ud iïnkaO ùug fmr jHdmdrh ne`ÿKq j.lSï Ndr .ekSfï yelshdj Tyqg we;' jHdmdrfha merKs j.lSï fuf,i iafõÉPdfjka Ndr .ekSu kjdhkh ^novation) kïfõ'

kjdhkh (novation) hkq merKs .súiqu w¨;a .súiqula u.ska úia:dmkh lsÍuhs' kjdhkhla idudkHfhka isÿjkafka kj mqoa.,fhla .súiqug iïnkaO uq,a md¾Yjh úiska we;s l< f.ùula iïnkaO neòSula Ndr .kakd wjia:dfõh'

WodyrKh - kjdhkh

Y f.a ish¨ ,sms øjH wjYH;d udi foll ld,hlg Khg iemhSu iòyd jQ .súiqulg X yd Y w;r .súiqula we;s fõ' X oekgu;a ,sms øjH f;d.hla imhd we;s w;r Y tajdg f.úh hq;=j ;snqKs' wod< f.ùï isÿ lsÍu iòyd jQ m%udKj;a ;rï wruqo,a Y fj; fkd;snQ ksid fyf;u yjq,alrefjla f,i jHdmdrhg iïnkaO fjk f,i Z g wdrdOkd lf<ah' Z jHdmdrhg iïnkaO jQ w;r imhd ;sfnk ,sms øjHj,g wod< f.ùï X fj; lsÍug tl`. fõ'

fï wruqK iòyd X " Y yd Z kj .súiqulg t,efUk w;r tu.ska ,sms øjH j, wkd.; iemhqu yd oeka imhd ;sfnk ,smsøjH iòyd X fj; wjYH f.ùï Z úiska lrkq ,eîug wod< md¾Yjhkaf.a wkque;sh iïnkaO kj .súiqï m%;smdok o m%ldY lrk ,oS'

fuu ;;ajh ;=< fojeks .súiqu úiska m<uq .súiqu wj,x.= lrkq ,efí' tuksid fuh kjdhkhls'


20

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 3'2'1 yjq,alref.a úY%duhdu $ b,a,d wiaùu msgq wxl : 151 zl<ska jHdmdr iu. .kqfokq fkdl< yd ;ud yjq,alrejl= nj fkd±kisá mqoa.,hl=g úY%du .kakd yjq,alref.a we;s j.lSuZ hgf;a we;s kvq ;Skaÿj my; wdldrhg jeäÿrg;a úia;r lrwe;'

kvq ;Skaÿ - zl,ska jHdmdr iu. .kqfokq fkdl< yd ;ud yjq,alrejl= nj fkd±kisá mqoa.,hl=g úY%du .kakd yjq,alref.a we;s j.lSuZ

bx.%ï Î& yd l%siauia ^C&" zfuÍiaZ kï jQ jHdmdrfha yjq,alrefjda jQy' zIZ 1947 oS úY%du .;a w;r yjq,a jHdmdrh úiqrejd yeßK' jHdmdrh iu. .kqfokq l< whg zIZ f.a úY%du hdu .ek oekqï oSfï j.lSu zCZ Ndr .;af;ah' tfy;a lsisÿ oekqï oSula isÿ fkdjQ w;r lsisÿ oekaùula o ta iïnkaOfhka m< jQfha ke;' 1948 oS zCZ gj¾ leìkÜ iud.fuka ^T& NdKav f;d.hla wekjqï l< w;r ta iòyd Ndú;d l< ,sms YS¾Ifha jHdmdrfha yjq,alrefjla f,i zIZ f.a ku o iòyka jQfhah' ^T& zfuÍiaZ iu. óg fmr .kqfokq fldg fkd;snQ w;r jHdmdrh úiqrejd yeÍug fmr zIZ yjq,alrefjla jQ nj yd oeka Tyq úY%du f.k ;sfnk nj oek isáfha ke;' NdKavj,g wod< jákdlu zfuÍiaZ úiska zTZ g f.jkq ,enQfha ke;' tys m%;sM,hla f,i zTZ zfuÍiaZ g tfrysj kvq mejÍh'

;Skaÿj - fuh jHdmdrh iu. zTZ l< m<uq .kqfokqj jQ ksid zIZ jHdmdrfha yjq,alrefjlaj isá nj zTZ oek fkdisá nj meyeÈ,sh' tuksid zTZ f.a úY%du hdu .ek Tyqg oekqï oSula lsÍfï wjYH;djhla fkdue;' tuksid jHdmdrh úiska zTZ f.ka wekjqï l< NdKavj, ñ, iïnkaOfhka zTZ fj; zIZ f.a j.lSula fkdue;'

gj¾ leìkÜ iud.u tosßj bx.%ï Tower Cabinet Co. Ltd. v Ingram [1949] 2

K.B. 397


21

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 8 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk l=,S iskaklalr" l,anÿ yd Kh

ud;Dldj - 1'1 wod< jk kS;sh msgq wxl - 184 1'1 wkq ud;Dldj hgf;a tk wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ úia;r úh hq;=h' 1'1 wod< jk kS;sh Y%S ,xldj ;=<" l=,S iskaklalr md,kh jkafka 1982 wxl 29 ork mdßfNda.sl Kh mk; yd tys ixfYdaOk yrydh' l=,S iskaklalr .súiqïj, md¾Yjlrejkaf.a j.lSï ks¾jpkh lsÍu yd tajd kshdukh lsÍu fuu mk; úiska uQ,sl jYfhka isÿlrk ld¾hhhs' ud;Dldj - 1'9 l=,S iskaklalr ysñhdf.a whs;sjdislï msgq wxl - 187 1'9 wkq ud;Dldj hgf;a tk wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ úia;r úh hq;=h' 1'9 l=,S iskaklalr ysñhdf.a whs;sjdislï l=,S iskaklalr .súiqul ysñlre i;= uQ,sl whs;sjdislï my; mßÈh'

l=,S iskaklalr .eKqïlre úiska jdßl f.ùï ksis f,i fkdlrkq ,nk úg fyda .súiqu W,a,x>Kh lrkq ,en we;s úg .eKqïlreg ksisf,i ,sÅ; oekqï oSula isÿfldg .súiqu wjika lsÍu'

funÿ wjia:dj, my; lS foaj,g ysñlre whs;sjdislï ,nhs

- f.jkq ,enQ jdßl yd uQ,sl ;ekam;=j ròjd .ekSug yd ysÕ ;sfí kï wh lr .ekSug ;sfnk whs;sh'

- l=,S iskaklalr ñf,ys ishhg ye;a;E mylg ^75]& wvq m%udKhla f.jkq ,en

;sfnk úg wêlrKfha kvq mejÍulska f;drj NdKavj, ika;lh kej; ,nd.ekSug ;sfnk whs;sh'

tfy;a l=,S iskaklalr ñf,ys ishhg ye;a;E mylg ̂ 75]& fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla f.jkq ,en we;akï ysñlreg NdKavj, ika;lh kej; ,nd.; yelafla wêlrK l%shdud¾.hla yryd muKs'

- hï w,dNhlg uqyqK oSug isÿ ù kï ta iòyd jkaÈ ,nd.ekSu'

- l=,S iskaklalr .súiqu hgf;a jQ whs;sjdislï yd neòSï fjk;a md¾Yjhlg

wkqhqla; lsÍug we;s whs;sh'


22

All Rights Reserved

Wm ud;Dldj - 2'1 wod< jk kS;sh msgq wxl - 188 by; Wm ud;Dldj hgf;a tk wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ fjkia úh hq;=h' 2'1 wod, jk kS;sh Y%S ,xldj ;=< uQ,H l,anÿ md,kh lrkq , nk kS;sh jkafka 2000 wxl 56 ork uQ,H l,anÿ mk; yd Bg tl;= l, ixfYdaOkhkah' ud;Dldj - 2'2 l,anÿ ixl,amh msgq wxl - 188 2'2 ud;Dldjg miq 2'2 ^w& f,i my; mßÈ kj wkq ud;Dldjla tl;= úh hq;=h' 2'2 ^w& Y%S ,xldj ;=< uQ,H l,anÿ jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hd yelafla ldgo@ mkf;a 2 j.ka;sh wkqj zmk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ jQ wfhla yereKq fldg wka ljr fyda wfhlagZ uQ,H l,anÿ jHdmdrhla mj;ajdf.k hd fkdyel' 2'2 ^w& 1' mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ ùug iqÿiqlï ,nk mqoa.,hska mkf;a 3 j.ka;sh mk; hgf;a uQ,H l,anÿ jHdmdrhla f,i Y%S ,xldj ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ùu i`oyd iïmQ¾K l< hq;= iqÿiqlï olajhs'

1988 wxl 30 ork nexl= mk; hgf;a n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=jla

1988 wxl 30 ork nexl= mk; hgf;a n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=jla

1988 wxl 78 ork uQ,H iud.ï mk; hgf;a jQ uQ,H iud.ula

1982 wxl 17 ork merKs iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lrkq ,enQ kshñ; fldgia ksl=;=j yd f.jkq ,enQ m%d.aOkh iys; fmdÿ iud.ula' ^tfy;a merKs iud.ï mk; 2007 wxl 7 ork iud.ï mk; u.ska úia:dmkh lrkq ,enQ ksid 2007 wxl 7 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh l, ks¾foaYs; m%d.aOkh iys; ish,q fmdÿ iud.ï uQ,H l,anÿ mk; hgf;a uQ,H l,anÿ jHdmdr f,i ,shdmÈxÑh ,eîfï yelshdj ,nk nj m%ldY l, yel&


23

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 3'4'1 uq,H wdh;k u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk tAl md¾Yaùh ls%hd;aul lsÍï msgq wxl : 195

3'4'1 Wm ud;Dldj hgf;a oekg mj;sk m<uq fþohg my; fldgia wdfoaY úh hq;=h'

3'4'1 uQ,H wdh;k úiska isÿlrk ‘mrdfÜ weialsish’

zmrdfÜz hkq frdau ,kafoais kS;sh ;=<ska meñKs fhÿuls' tys woyi zjyduz hkakh' zmrdfÜ weialsishz hkq wêlrKfha wdOdrh wfmalaId fkdfldg" Wlia l< foam< úl=Kd Kh wdmiq wh lr.ekSu iòyd Wlia ysñhdg n,h ,ndfok Kh wdmiq wh lr.ekSfï l%shdj,shls'

ud;Dldj : mßÉfþo idrdxYh msgq wxl : 200

mßÉfþo idrdxYh hgf;a we;s wjidk lreK my; mrsos ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h'

zzmrdfÜzz hkq frdau ,kafoais kS;sh ;=<ska meñKs fhÿuls' tys woyi zjyduz hkakh' zmrdfÜ weialsishz hkq wêlrKfha wdOdrh wfmalaId fkdfldg" Wlia l< foam, úl=Kd Kh wdmiq wh lr.ekSu iòyd Wlia ysñhdg n,h ,ndfok Kh wdmiq wh lr.ekSfï l%shdj,shls'

ud;Dldj : m%.;s mÍlaIKh iòyd ms<s;=re msgq wxl : 202

m%.;s mÍlaIKfha m%Yak wxl 3 ys ms<s;=r my; mrsos iúia;rd;aul olajd we;'

m%YAkh

3. 1990 wxl 4 orK nexl= u.ska m%odkh lrk ,o Kh whlr .ekSfï ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; hgf;a uq,H wdh;khla u.ska isÿlrkq ,nk ''mrdfÜ weialsishZZ hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ulaoehs ÿqäka i|yka lrkak'

ms<s;=r

3' zmrdfÜ weialsishZ hkq wêlrKfha kvq mejÍulska f;drj Wlia l< foam< úlsKSug n,h Wlia ysñhd fj; ,ndfok Kh wdmiq whlr.ekSfï l%shdj,shls'


24

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 9 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk lïlre kS;sh

ud;Dldj : 2'5 ud;D m%;s,dN msgq wxl : 208 by; 2'5 ud;Dldjg my; ks¾jpkh tl;=úh hq;=h' ore m%iQ;sh hkak mk; my; mßÈ ks¾jpkh fldg ;sfí' - orejd Ôj;aj isáh;a ñh.sh;a ore m%iQ;sh iòyd orkq ,nk m%ij Y%uh - .¾NKS ld,fha isg wju jYfhka i;s 28 l ld,hla ;=< l,<h m%iQ; lsÍu

ud;Dldj : 2'5'2 ore m%iQ;sfhka miqj

msgq wxl : 208 by; ud;Dldj hgf;a my; ks¾jpkh we;=,;a l< hq;=h' m%iQ;s ksjdvq - iÔù ore Wm;a isÿjk wjia:dj, m<uq yd fojk ore Wm;a iòyd ojia 84 la' - fiiq ore Wm;a iòyd ojia 42 la" tkï tu ore Wm;aj, orejka iÔù o keoao

hkak fkd;ld ojia 42 l ld,hla' ore Wm; wfmalaId lrk whg by; iòyka Èk 84 l fyda 42 l m%iQ;s ksjdvqj my; 2'5'1 yd 2'5'2 Wm fþo hgf;a úia;r fldg ;sfnk wdldrhg ore m%iQ;shg fmr fyda miq ,nd.ekSfï wNsu;h we;s w;r tfia ke;skï iïmQ¾K m%iQ;s ksjdvqj ore m%iQ;sfhka miq ,nd.ekSfï wNsu;h ;sfí' by; iòyka l< Èk 84 fyda 42 g m%iQ;sh isÿjk Èkh o we;=,;ah' 2'5'2 wkq ud;Dldj hgf;a tk my; zigykz bj;a l, hq;=hs'

igyk:

by; iòyka l< Èk 70 yd 28 ld,iSudjg ore m%iQ;sh isÿ jQ Èkh o we;=<;ah'


25

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 4'1 mkf;a wod,;ajh msgq wxl : 215 by; ud;Dldj hgf;a jk m<uq fþoh my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aul olajd we;'

4'1 mkf;a wod,;ajh

wud;Hjrhd úiska iajlSh ksfhda.hla u.ska ;SrKh fldg .eiÜ m;%fha m< lrkq ,nk wdldrh wkqj fuu mkf;a úêúOdk rdcH fyda mqoa.,sl wxYfha ljr fyda mx;shl fyda m%j¾.hlg wh;ajk ´kEu rdcH fyda mqoa.,sl wxYfha wdh;khlg wod< jkq we;'

ud;Dldj : 4.4 idudðlfhla $ fiajlfhla fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a Ndr wruqof,ka uqo,a wdmiq .ekSu

msgq wxl : 216 fojk lreK my; wdldrhg fjkia úh hq;=h'

fiajlhd 60 yeúßÈ úhg m;a jQ úg yd Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a fiajh wjika jQ miq'


26

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 10 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk

jHdmdr mßirh iy kj fr.=,dis j,g wod<jk jerÈ

ud;Dldj : 2'3 uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh i`oyd ovqjï msgq wxl : 229 by; ud;Dldj hgf;a lreKq my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h' uydêlrKh úiska uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh i|yd jrolre f,i ;SrKh lrk ljr fyda mqoa.,fhla my; lS ovqjïj,g hg;a fõ'

foafmdf,ys jákdlug jvd wvq fkdjQ yd foafmdf,ys jákdlu fuka ;=ka .=Khlg jeä fkdjQ jákdlula iys; ovhla fyda

jir 5 - 20 w;r ld,hl isr ovqjula fyda

ovhla yd isr ovqju hk folu'

ud;Dldj : 2'5 fuu mk; wod< jkafka ljqreka ioydo@ msgq wxl : 229 by; ud;Dldj hgf;a wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

my; oelafjk md¾Yjhkag fuu mk; wod, fõ'

fuu mk; hgf;a jrola f,i m%ldY lrkq ,enQ l%shdjla isÿlrk Y%S ,xldfõ jdih lrk ´kEu mqoa.,fhla

mk; úiska jrola f,i m%ldY lrkq ,enQ jHdmdrhla Y%S ,xldj ;=< mj;ajdf.k hk Y%S ,xldj ;=< fyda bka msg; ixia:dmkh lrkq ,enQ ´kEu wdh;khla

fuu mk; hgf;a jrola jk Y%S ,xldj ;=< isÿlrkq ,nk ´kEu l%shdjla


27

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 3'3 úu¾Yk msgq wxl : 231 by; ud;Dldj hgf;a wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

3'3 mß.Kl wmrdO ms<snò úu¾Yk lsÍu

mß.Kl wmrdO ms<snò úu¾Yk lghq;= idudkHfhka isÿjkafka wmrdO kvq úOdk ix.%yh hgf;ah' mkf;a fojk fldgfia tf,i úu¾Yk isÿúh hq;= l%ufõoh olajd ;sfnk w;r th fláfhka my; úia;r flf¾'

fuu mk; hgf;a jQ jrola iïnkaOfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍfï oS fmd,sishg iyh ùu iòyd bf,lafg%dksl bxðfkare úoHdj fyda uDÿldx. ;dlaIKh ms,snò ksis iqÿiqlï yd m<mqreoao iys; uyck ks,Odßfhla m;a lsÍug úIh Ndr wud;Hjrhdg n,h ;sfí' tf,i m;alrkq ,efnk mqoa.,hd mkf;ys zúfYaI{hdz f,i y`ÿkajhs'

mk; hgf;a úu¾Yk isÿlsÍfï oS úfYaI{hd fj; hï hï n,;, mejÍ we;'

fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla iu. ´kEu mßY%hlg we;=¿ ùu ^wod< fmd,sia ks,Odßhd Wm fmd,sia mÍlaIljrfhlag fkdwvq ks,hla Wiq,kafkla úh hq;=h&

hï f;dr;=re moaO;shla" mß.Klhla fyda mß.Kl moaO;shla fyda ´kEu jevigykla fyda tjeks mß.Klhl ;sfnk o;a; fyda f;dr;=re fj; m%fõY ùu.

msúiqï o;a; wkdjrKh lrk f,i ´kEu mqoa.,fhlaf.ka b,a,d isàu.

´kEu mqoa.,fhlaf.ka jdÑlj m%Yak lsÍu'

fuu mkf;a mrud¾:hka fjkqfjka idOdrK f,i wjYH úh yels fjk;a l%shdud¾. .ekSu.

ufyaia;%d;ajrfhla úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,enQ jfrka;=jla u.ska ,nk wêldßh u;" úfYaI{fhlag fyda fmd,sia ks,Odßfhlag my; l%shdud¾. .; yels nj mk; olajhs'

´kEu fiajd imhkafkla i;=j mj;sk wkqikalrejka ms<snò f;dr;=re ^subscriber information) fyda msúiqï o;a; o we;=,;a ´kEu f;dr;=rla ,nd.ekSu.

wkqikalrejka ms<snò f;dr;=re yd msúiqï o;a; o we;=,;aj ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha ´kEu wÈhrl oS isÿjQ /yeka.; fyda bf,lafg%dksl ikaksfõokhla wka;¾ ksfrdaOkh ^ intercept) lsÍu'

flfia jQjo my; oelafjk wjia:dj, È jfrka;=jla rys;j jqjo by; lS l%shdud¾. .ekSfï yelshdj Wla; ks,OdÍka i;=fõ'

úu¾Ykh ms<snò wjYH;djh yÈis kï

idlaIs ke;s ùfï" úkdY lsÍfï" fjkia lsÍfï fyda tajdg m%fõY úh fkdyels miqìula we;s lsÍfï wjodkula ;sfnk úg

úu¾Ykhg wod, ryiHNdjh wdrlaId lsÍfï wjYH;djhla mj;S kï'


28

All Rights Reserved

hï mß.Klhla kS;Hkql+, jHdmdrhlg wod< idudkH mßph ;=< lrkq ,nk lghq;=j,g ndOdldÍ fkdjk f,i iajlSh úu¾Ykh isÿlsÍug iEu fmd,sia ks,Odßfhla yd úfYaI{fhlau j.n,d .;hq;=h'

kS;sh úiska olajd ;sfnk l%ufõohg wkql+,j úu¾Ykhg Ndckh jk mßY%h ;=< m%fõYh mj;sk ´kEu f;dr;=rla w;awvx.=jg .ekSu" fidaÈis lsÍu fyda Ndrhg .ekSu iïnkaOfhka fmd,sia ks,Odßfhlag n,h we;'

úu¾Ykhla i`oyd iyfhda.h oSu Wfoid ´kEu f;dr;=rla wkdjrKh l< hq;= hï mqoa.,fhla fõo" tlS wjYH;djhg wkqj lghq;= lsÍug iyh oSu Tyq wksjd¾hfhka l< hq;=h'

mk; hgf;a úu¾Yk lghq;= isÿlrk iEu mqoa.,fhlau" úu¾Ykh w;r;=r Tyqg oek.ekSug ,efnk ish¿u f;dr;=re iïnkaOfhka oeä f,i ryiHNdjh wdrlaId l< hq;=h'

ud;Dldj : 4'5 iy;sl lsÍfï n,dêldrh msgq wxl : 234

by; ud;Dldj hgf;a wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' fuu mk; ;=< iy;sl lsÍfï wêldßh ia:dms; lsÍu yd iïnkaO úêúOdk we;=,;ah' fuu mkf;a tk m%;smdok l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu tu wêldßhg mejf¾' wjir,;a iy;sl lsÍfï fiajd imhk wdh;k úiska iy;sl lsÍfï fiajd iemhSu ksis f,i isÿlsÍu iïnkaOfhka j.n,d .ekSfï n,h o iy;sl lsÍfï wêldßh i;=j ;sfí'


29

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 5'3'2 m%ldYk whs;shla n,mj;akd ld,h msgq wxl : 236

by; ud;Dldj hgf;a wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

'm%ldYk whs;shla ,shdmÈxÑ l< úg" l¾;Df.a Ôú; ld,h mqrdjg yd l¾;Df.a urKh isÿjQ Èkfhka miq jir ye;a;Ejl bÈß ld,hla i`oyd tu m%ldYk whs;sh wdrlaId fõ' hkak idudkH Í;shhs'

flfia jQjo fuu Í;shg jH;sf¾L we;'

(i). yjq,a l¾;D;ajhla mj;sk wjia:djl" Ôj;aj isák wjidk l¾;Df.a Ôú; ld,h mqrdjg yd Tyqf.a urKh isÿjQ Èkfhka miq jir ye;a;Ejl bÈß ld,hla i`oyd tu m%ldYk whs;sh wdrlaId fõ'

(ii). iduQysl lD;shla iïnkaOfhka ^ jHjydßl l,d lD;s yereKq úg& iy Y%jH-oDYH lD;shla iïnkaOfhka .;a l<" lD;sh m<uqj m%ldYhg m;al< Èkfha isg jir ye;a;Ejl bÈß ld,hlg fyda m%ldY lrkq fkd,enQ lD;shla kï lD;sh ks¾udKh l< Èkfha isg jir ye;a;Ejl bÈß ld,hlg m%ldYk whs;sh wdrlaId fõ'

(iii). ks¾kdñlj fyda jHdc kula hgf;a m%ldY lrkq ,enQ lD;s iïnkaOfhka" lD;sh m<uqj m%ldYhg m;al< Èkfha isg jir ye;a;Ejl bÈß ld,hlg wdrlaIdj mj;S' tfy;a jir ye;a;Ej f.ù hdug fmr l¾;Df.a wkkH;djh fy,sorjq ù kï by; 1 fyda 11 hgf;a oelajQ kS;suh ;;ajhkaf.ka .e,fmk kS;suh ;;ajh tu wjia:djg wod< fõ'

(iv). jHjydßl l,d lD;s iïnkaOfhka .;a úg tjeks lD;shla ks¾udKh l< Èkfha isg jir úis myl bÈß ld,hla olajd wdrlaIdj mj;S'

by; oelajQ ld, iSud" wod< ld, iSudj l,a bl=;a ùfï fldkafoaishg hg;aj" hï le,ekav¾ j¾Ihl wjidkh olajd wod< fõ'


30

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 5'5 fmagkaÜ n,m;% msgq wxl : 237 by; ud;Dldj hgf;a wka;¾.;h my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' zz;dlaIKsl lafIa;%fha hï ksYaÑ; m%Yakhlg úi`ÿula wNHdi lsÍu iòyd Wmldr lrk ksuejqïlrefjlaf.a woyilazz f,i iy ;jÿrg;a zzksuejqula" ksIamdokhla fyda l%shdj,shla úh yel' tfia;a ke;skï ksIamdokhlg fyda l%shdj,shlg iïnkaO úh yelszz f,i ksmehqula hkak mk; ;=< ks¾jpkh ù ;sfí'

Yío fldaI úiska w¾: olajk wdldrhg fmagkaÜ n,m;%hla hkq hï ksYaÑ; jir .Kklg wod<j ;ukaf.a ksmehqu úlsKSug ksuejqïlrefjlag ,efnk ks, kS;Hkql+, whs;shhs' wod< ksmehqu kj;djfhka hqla; kï" th ;=< kfjda;amdokSh mshjrla wka;¾.; fõ kï yd ld¾ñl jYfhka Ndú;d l<yels fõkï ksmehqïlrefjlag iajlSh ksmehqu iòyd fmagkaÜ n,m;%hla ,nd.ekSfï whs;sh ,efí'

wod< ksmehqu ms<snò iEySug m;afõkï wOHlaIl ckrd,ajrhd úiska fmagkaÜ n,m;%h ,shdmÈxÑ fldg th fmagkaÜ kdudj,sfha igyka lrkq we;' fuu kdudj,sh m%isoaO f,aLkhla jk w;r ´kEu mqoa.,fhlag th mÍlaId lr ne,sh yel'

jd¾Isl w¨;a lsÍfï .dia;=j f.ùug hg;aj" ,shdmÈxÑh iòyd jQ b,a,qï m;%h iïmQ¾K l< Èk isg jir úiail ld,hla olajd fmagkaÜ n,m;%hla j,x.= fõ' ^mkf;a 83'2 j.ka;sh&

fmagkaÜ n,m;%h ,enqKq ksmehqug wod,j hï ksYaÑ; yd wkkH whs;sjdislï iuQyhlg fmagkaÜ ysñlre ysñlï ,nhs' tajd kï"

fmagkaÜ n,m;% ,enqKq ksmehqu Ndú;d lsÍu

fmagkaÜ n,m;%h mejÍu fyda yqjudre lsÍu

n,m;% iòyd jQ .súiqïj,g we;=̈ ùu ^5'6'4 fldgi msgq wxl : 237&

ud;Dldj : 6'3 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<snò wêldßfha m%Odk l¾;jHHh iy n,;, msgq wxl : 241

;rÕ úfrdaë p¾hd ys ks¾jpkh my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h'

;rÕ úfrdaë p¾hd hkq jHdmdßl lghq;a;l fldgila f,i" Y%S ,xldj ;=< NdKav yd fiajdj,g wod,j mj;sk ;rÕldÍ;ajh je,elaùfï n,mEula we;sl< yels" hï yeisÍula wkq.ukh lsÍuh'


31

All Rights Reserved

wkq ud;Dldj : wffk;sl;dj msgq wxl : 246

by; ud;Dldj hgf;a wka;¾.; zwffk;sl;djZ my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;' wffk;sl;dj

fuu ú;a;sjdplh “ex turpicausa non orituractio” kï jQ ,;ska wdma;h u; mokï jQjls' kS;s Yío fldaI wkqj tys w¾:h - hï wfhla kS;s úfrdaë lghq;=j, kshqla; fõ kï" tu kS;s úfrdaë lghq;a; ;=<ska jHq;amkak jk w,dNhla b,a,d fjk;a mqoa.,fhlag tfrysj kvq mejÍu isÿl< fkdyels njhs'


32

All Rights Reserved

mßÉfþoh 11 – w;sf¾l wka;¾.;h iy ixfYdaOk wka;¾cd;sl fj<`odu

ud;Dldj : 1'2'2 iS'whs't*a (CIF) .súiqï msgq wxl : 255 1'2'2 iS'whs't*a .súiqï hgf;a tk ziS'whs't*a .súiqfï wvx.= ñ,g my; i|yka msßjeh j¾. we;=<;a fõ'Z hk fldgi my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h' iS'whs't*a .súiqfï wvx.= ñ,g my; i|yka msßjeh j¾. we;=<;a fõ'

NdKav msßjeh

rlaIK msßjeh

m%jdyk msßjeh

ud;Dldj : 1'2'2 iS'whs't*a (CIF) .súiqï msgq wxl : 255 iS'whs't*a'.ekqqñlrejl=f.a ld¾hNdrh hk YS¾Ih hgf;a lreKq my; mßÈ iúia;rd;aulj olajd we;'

úlsKqï .súiqu iu. wkql+, fõ kï kejq.; lsÍug wod< ,sheú,s Ndr.ekSu

,sheú,s ,enqKq miq NdKav i`oyd jQ ñ, f.ùu' NdKav mÍlaId l<dg miq ñ, f.ùu l,a oeóu Tyqg l< fkdyel'

úlsKqï .súiqug wod< m%jdyk msßjeh oeÍu'

fk!Ndr m;%hg wkqj .ukdka; jrdfhaoS nvq nEug jehjk úhou" n;a;,a .dia;=j iy ìï l=,S f.ùu'

wdkhk nÿ iy f¾.= .dia;= f.ùug we;akï tAjd f.ùu'

Wm ud;Dldj : 5'2 iu:lrKh

msgq wxl : 265 5'2 wkq ud;Dldjg my; fldgia tl;= úh hq;=h'

iu:lrKhg wod< me;slv folla ;sfí' 1' idudkH iu:lrKh 2' iu: uKav, mk; hgf;a jQ iu:lrKh


33

All Rights Reserved

ud;Dldj : 5'2'2 iu:lrK l%shdj,sh msgq wxl : 265 fuu ud;Dldj my; mßÈ ixfYdaOkh úh hq;=h' 5'2'2 iu:lrK l%shdj,sh - idudkH jYfhka

Wm ud;Dldj : 5'2'3 wksjd¾h iu:lrKh

msgq wxl : 266 5'2'3 wkq ud;Dld hgf;a jQ fldgia my; fldgia u.ska úia:dmkh úh hq;=h' iu: uKav, mk; hgf;a iu:lrKh

1988 wxl 72 ork iu: uKav, mk; yd Bg wod, ixfYdaOk úiska ,xldj ;=< iu:lrKhg wod, kS;sh md,kh lrhs' iu: uKav, msysgqùu i`oyd jQ úêúOdk mk; ;=< wka;¾.; w;r tu uKav,j, n,;, yd ld¾hhka o mkf;a olajd we;' mkf;a olajd ;sfnk ljr fyda wdrjq,la fyda jrola iïnkaOfhka iu:lrKh yryd úiÿula ,ndfok f,i b,a,ñka ´kEu mqoa.,fhlag iu: uKav,fha iNdm;sjrhdg wheÿula bÈßm;a l< yel' fuu jro iïmQ¾K jYfhka fyda w¾O jYfhka tu ksYaÑ; iu: uKav,hg wod, m%foaYh ;=< isÿjQjla úh hq;=h' wdrjqf,a tla md¾Yjhla my; ljr fyda md¾Yjhlska iukaú; fõ kï iNdm;sjrhd úiska tn`ÿ wheÿula ms<s.ekSu fkdl< hq;=h'

w& rch fyda wd& wdrjq, hï foam,la" uqo,a fyda fjk;a f.úh hq;= hula w;am;a lr.ekSu iïnkaO

jQjla kï iajlSh OQrfha mrdih ;=< l%shdlrk rcfha ks,Odßfhla we& kS;sm;sjrhd úiska l%shdud¾. .; hq;=j ;sfnk jrola iïnkaOfhka jk úg

kS;sm;sjrhd ;jÿrg;a mkf;a 7 jk j.ka;sh i|yka lrkafka jákdlu re' 250000 g jvd wvq jQ ljr fyda wdrjq,la mk; hgf;a iu:lrKh i`oyd fhduql< hq;= njh' tu wdrjq, iu:lrKh ;=<ska úi`Èh fkdyels kï tu wdrjq, u; wêlrKfha kvq mejÍug kï iu: uKav,h úiska zksrdlrKh fkdjQ njgZ ksl=;a lrk iy;slh wêlrKhg bÈßm;a lsÍug wjYH fõ'

c a s r i l a n k a c u r r i c u l u m 2 0 1 5 ke3 ... · bÈßm;a lrk wheÿu wkqj ;rkh jkksid kvq...

Documents