c h a p t e r 4 4 arousal, stress, and anxiety. is arousal the same as anxiety? relationship between...
TRANSCRIPT
C H A P T E R
44C H A P T E R
Arousal,Stress, and
Anxiety
Arousal,Stress, and
Anxiety
Is Arousal the Same as Anxiety?
Relationship Between Trait and State Anxiety
Session Outline
Defining Arousal, Stress, and AnxietyMeasuring Arousal and Anxiety
Sources of Stress and Anxiety(continued)
Stress and the Stress Process
Session Outline
How Arousal and Anxiety Affect Performance
Why Arousal Influences PerformanceImplications for Practice
Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety
Is Arousal the Same as Anxiety?
Arousal is a general physiological and psychological activation, varying in intensity along a continuum. Anxiety is
a negative emotional state with feelings of worry,
nervousness, and apprehension associated with
activation of the body.
Defining Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety
Trait
States
Measuring Arousal and Anxiety
Physiological signs (heart rate, respiration, skin conductance, biochemistry)
Global and multidimensional self-report scales
Trait and StateAnxiety Relationship
State anxiety: “Right now” feelings
that change from moment to moment.Trait anxiety: A personality disposition that is stable over time.
High versus low trait anxious people usually have more state anxiety in highly evaluative situations.
Stress and the Stress Process
Stress: A substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and his or her response capability under conditions where failure to meet demands has important consequences.
(continued)
Stress and the Stress Process
Stress process
Implications of the stress process for practice (intervene at any of the stress process stages)
The Stress Process
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stress and Stress Process Implications
Intervene during any of the four stages of the stress process or cycle.
Sources of Stress and Anxiety
Event importance
Trait anxiety
Self-esteem
Situationalsources
Personal sources
Social physique anxiety
Uncertainty
How Arousal and AnxietyAffect Performance
(continued)
Drive theory
Inverted–U hypothesis
Individualized zones of optimal functioning
Multidimensional anxiety theory
How Arousal and AnxietyAffect Performance
Catastrophe model
Reversal theory
Anxiety direction and intensity
Significance of all these views
Drive Theory
Inverted–U Hypothesis
Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Hypothesis
Multidimensional Anxiety Theory
Cognitive anxiety: negatively related to performanceSomatic anxiety: related to performance in an inverted-U patternLittle support for its predictions
Catastrophe Model
Catastrophe Model
Reversal Theory
How arousal affects performance depends on an individual’s interpretation of his or her arousal level.Arousal can be interpreted as pleasant/excitement or as unpleasant/anxiety.
Arousal interpreted as pleasant facilitates performance.
(continued)
Reversal Theory
Arousal interpreted as unpleasant hurts performance.
Bottom line: Interesting view, but too early to draw firm conclusions.
Anxiety Direction and Intensity
An individual’s interpretation of anxiety symptoms is important for understanding the anxiety-performance relationship.To understand the anxiety-performance relationship, both the intensity (how much anxiety one feels) and direction (a person’s interpretation of anxiety as being facilitating or debilitating to performance) must be considered.
(continued)
Anxiety Direction and Intensity
Viewing anxiety as facilitative leads to superior performance.
Some support has been found for this view.
Significance of All the Arousal–Performance Views
Physical activation
Interpretation of arousal
Arousal
Arousal is multifaceted.
Significance of All the Arousal–Performance Views
Arousal and state anxiety do not always have a negative effect on performance— they can be facilitative or debilitative depending on the interpretation.Some optimal level of arousal leads to peak performance, but the optimal levels of physiological activation and arousal-related thoughts (worry) are
not the same.(continued)
Significance of All the Arousal–Performance Views
Interaction of physiological arousal and arousal interpretation are more important than actual levels of each.
It is doubtful that the optimal level of arousal is always at the midpoint of the arousal scale.
Why Arousal Influences Performance
Increased muscle tension and coordination difficulties
Attention and concentration
changes:
Narrowing of attention
Shift to dominant style
Attend to inappropriate cues
Why Arousal Influences Performance
Attentional narrowing
Implications for Practice
Identify optimal combinations of arousal-related emotions needed for best performance.
Recognize how personal and situational factors interact to influence arousal, anxiety, and performance.
Implications for PracticeInteractional Model of Anxiety
Implications for Practice
Recognize arousal and state anxiety signs.
Tailor coaching strategies to individuals:
Different strokes for different folks.
Sometimes arousal and state anxiety must be reduced, other times maintained, and other times facilitated.Develop performers’ confidence.
Recognize Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety
Cold, clammy hands
Constant need to urinate
Profuse sweating
Negative self-talk
Dazed look in eyes
(continued)
Cotton (dry) mouth
Constantly sick
Difficulties sleeping
Recognize Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety
Feel ill
Headache
(continued)
Recognize Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety
Increased muscle tension
Butterflies in stomach
Inability to concentrate
Consistently perform better in nonevaluative situations