c8 - 1 learning objectives power notes 1.differential analysis 2.setting normal product selling...
DESCRIPTION
C8 - 3 Differential Analysis 1.Leasing or selling equipment 2.Discontinuing an unprofitable segment 3.Manufacturing or purchasing a needed part 4.Replacing usable fixed assets 5.Processing further or selling an intermediate product 6.Accepting additional business at a special price Differential analysis is used for analyzing:TRANSCRIPT
C8 - 1
Learning Objectives
Power Notes
1. Differential Analysis2. Setting Normal Product Selling Prices3. Product Profitability and Pricing
Under Production Bottlenecks
Chapter M8
C8
Differential Analysis and Product PricingDifferential Analysis and Product Pricing
C8 - 2
• Differential Analysis Decisions• Setting Normal Product Selling Prices• Cost-Plus Methods of Product Pricing• Production Bottlenecks
Slide # Power Note Topics
Power Notes
3162027
Chapter M8 Differential Analysis and Product PricingDifferential Analysis and Product Pricing
Note: To select a topic, type the slide # and press Enter.
C8 - 3
Differential AnalysisDifferential Analysis
1. Leasing or selling equipment2. Discontinuing an unprofitable segment3. Manufacturing or purchasing a needed part4. Replacing usable fixed assets5. Processing further or selling an intermediate
product6. Accepting additional business at a special price
Differential analysis is used for analyzing:
C8 - 4
Proposal to Lease or Sell EquipmentJune 22, 2003
Differential revenue from alternatives:Revenue from lease $160,000Revenue from sales 100,000 Differential revenue from lease $60,000
Differential cost of alternatives:Repairs, insurance, taxes $ 35,000Commission expense on sale 6,000 Differential cost of lease 29,000
Net differential income from leasing $31,000
C8 - 5
Proposal to Lease or Sell EquipmentJune 22, 2003
Revenue from lease $160,000 Revenue from sales 100,000 Repairs, insurance, taxes (35,000)Commission expense on sale (6,000)
Totals $125,000 $94,000
Lease Sell
This alternative format separates the two options into columns. The net benefit is the same.
C8 - 6
Proposal to Lease or Sell EquipmentJune 22, 2003
Lease Sell
Revenue from lease $160,000 Revenue from sales 100,000 Repairs, insurance, taxes (35,000)Commission expense on sale (6,000)
Totals $125,000 $94,000 Net benefit from leasingNet benefit from leasing $31,000 $31,000
This analysis indicates that it would be better to lease the equipment rather then sell it. What other factors should be considered?
C8 - 7
Battle Creek Cereal Co.Condensed Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2003 Bran Corn Toasted Total Flakes Flakes
OatsSales $100,000 $500,000 $400,000 $1,000,000Cost of goods sold:
Variable costs $ 60,000 $220,000 $200,000 $ 480,000Fixed costs 20,000 120,000 80,000 220,000 Total cost of goods sold $ 80,000 $340,000 $280,000 $ 700,000
Gross profit $ 20,000 $160,000 $120,000 $ 300,000Operating expenses:
Variable expenses $ 25,000 $ 95,000 $ 60,000 $ 180,000Fixed expenses 6,000 25,000 20,000 51,000 Total operating expenses $ 31,000 $120,000 $ 80,000 $ 231,000
Income (loss) from operations$ (11,000) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 69,000
Should Bran Flakes be discontinued?
C8 - 8
Battle Creek Cereal Co.Condensed Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2003Bran Corn Toasted Total Flakes Flakes
Oats
Differential itemsDifferential items
Should Bran Flakes be discontinued?
SalesSales $100,000$100,000 $500,000 $400,000 $1,000,000Cost of goods sold:
Variable costs $ 60,000 $220,000 $200,000 $ 480,000Fixed costs 20,000 120,000 80,000 220,000 Total cost of goods sold $ 80,000 $340,000 $280,000 $ 700,000
Gross profit $ 20,000 $160,000 $120,000 $ 300,000Operating expenses:
Variable expenses $ 25,000 $ 95,000 $ 60,000 $ 180,000Fixed expenses 6,000 25,000 20,000 51,000 Total operating expenses $ 31,000 $120,000 $ 80,000 $ 231,000
Income (loss) from operations$ (11,000) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 69,000
C8 - 9
Battle Creek Cereal Co.Condensed Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2003
Should Bran Flakes be discontinued?
Bran Corn Toasted Total Flakes Flakes
OatsDifferential itemsDifferential items
SalesSales $100,000$100,000 $500,000 $400,000 $1,000,000Cost of goods sold:
Variable costsVariable costs $ 60,000$ 60,000 $220,000 $200,000 $ 480,000Fixed costs 20,000 120,000 80,000 220,000 Total cost of goods sold $ 80,000 $340,000 $280,000 $ 700,000
Gross profit $ 20,000 $160,000 $120,000 $ 300,000Operating expenses:
Variable expenses $ 25,000 $ 95,000 $ 60,000 $ 180,000Fixed expenses 6,000 25,000 20,000 51,000 Total operating expenses $ 31,000 $120,000 $ 80,000 $ 231,000
Income (loss) from operations$ (11,000) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 69,000
C8 - 10
Battle Creek Cereal Co.Condensed Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2003Bran Corn Toasted Total Flakes Flakes
Oats
Differential itemsDifferential items
SalesSales $100,000$100,000 $500,000 $400,000 $1,000,000Cost of goods sold: Variable costsVariable costs $ 60,000$ 60,000 $220,000 $200,000 $ 480,000
Fixed costs 20,000 120,000 80,000 220,000 Total cost of goods sold $ 80,000 $340,000 $280,000 $ 700,000
Gross profit $ 20,000 $160,000 $120,000 $ 300,000Operating expenses:
Variable expensesVariable expenses $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 95,000 $ 60,000 $ 180,000Fixed expenses 6,000 25,000 20,000 51,000 Total operating expenses $ 31,000 $120,000 $ 80,000 $ 231,000
Income (loss) from operations$ (11,000) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 69,000If Bran Flakes are discontinued, how would net income be affected?
C8 - 11
Battle Creek Cereal Co.Condensed Income Statement
For the Year Ended August 31, 2003
Differential itemsDifferential items Bran Corn Toasted Total Flakes Flakes
OatsSalesSales $100,000$100,000 $500,000 $400,000 $1,000,000Cost of goods sold: Variable costsVariable costs $ 60,000$ 60,000 $220,000 $200,000 $ 480,000
Fixed costs 20,000 120,000 80,000 220,000 Total cost of goods sold $ 80,000 $340,000 $280,000 $ 700,000
Gross profit $ 20,000 $160,000 $120,000 $ 300,000Operating expenses:
Variable expensesVariable expenses $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 95,000 $ 60,000 $ 180,000Fixed expenses 6,000 25,000 20,000 51,000 Total operating expenses $ 31,000 $120,000 $ 80,000 $ 231,000
Income (loss) from operations$ (11,000) $ 40,000 $ 40,000 $ 69,000If Bran Flakes are discontinued, $15,000 of net income will be lost and overall net income would be reduced to $54,000.
C8 - 12
Annual variable costs—present $225,000Annual variable costs—new equip. 150,000Annual differential decrease in cost $ 75,000Number of years applicable x 5Total differential decrease in cost $375,000Proceeds from sale of present equipment 25,000 $400,000Cost of new equipment 250,000Net differential decrease in cost, 5-years $150,000Annual net differential—new equipment $ 30,000
Proposal to Replace EquipmentNovember 28, 2003
C8 - 13
Proposal to Replace EquipmentNovember 28, 2003
Present NewEquipment Equipment
This analysis indicates that it would be better to replace the existing equipment. What other factors should be considered?
Annual variable costs $ 225,000 $150,000 Number of years applicable x 5 x 5 Total variable costs $1,125,000 $750,000 Cost of new equipment 250,000 Less proceeds from sale (25,000) Total costs $1,125,000 $975,000 Net total benefit to replace $150,000 Net annual benefit to replaceNet annual benefit to replace $ 30,000 $ 30,000
C8 - 14
Differential revenue from further processing per batch:Revenue from sale of gasoline [(4,000 gallons - 800 gallons evaporation) x $1.25] $4,000Revenue from sale of kerosene (4,000 gallons x $0.80) 3,200
Differential revenue $800Differential cost per batch:
Additional cost of producing gasoline 650Differential income from further processing gasoline per batch $150
Proposal to Process Kerosene FurtherOctober 1, 2003
C8 - 15
Setting Normal Product Selling PricesSetting Normal Product Selling Prices
1. Demand-based methods2. Competition-based methods
1. Total cost concept2. Product cost concept3. Variable cost concept
Cost-Plus MethodsCost-Plus Methods
Market MethodsMarket Methods
C8 - 16
Per Unit TotalCost Cost
Cost Structure Example (100,000 units)Cost Structure Example (100,000 units)
Variable Costs:Direct materials $ 3.00 $ 300,000Direct labor 10.00 1,000,000Factory overhead 1.50 150,000Selling and admin. 1.50 150,000
Fixed Costs:Factory overhead .50 50,000Selling and admin. .20 20,000
Total costs $16.70 $1,670,000Product costs $15.00 $1,500,000Variable costs $16.00 $1,600,000
C8 - 17
Per Unit TotalCost Cost
Cost Structure Example (100,000 units)Cost Structure Example (100,000 units)
Variable Costs:Direct materials $ 3.00 $ 300,000Direct labor 10.00 1,000,000Factory overhead 1.50 150,000Selling and admin. 1.50 150,000
Fixed Costs:Factory overhead .50 50,000Selling and admin. .20 20,000
Total costs $16.70 $1,670,000Product costs $15.00 $1,500,000Variable costs $16.00 $1,600,000
C8 - 18
Per Unit TotalCost Cost
Cost Structure Example (100,000 units)Cost Structure Example (100,000 units)
Variable Costs:Direct materials $ 3.00 $ 300,000Direct labor 10.00 1,000,000Factory overhead 1.50 150,000Selling and admin. 1.50 150,000
Fixed Costs:Factory overhead .50 50,000Selling and admin. .20 20,000
Total costs $16.70 $1,670,000Product costs $15.00 $1,500,000Variable costs $16.00 $1,600,000
C8 - 19
Selling Price:Desired profit $ 1.60 $ 160,000Total to markup $ 1.60 $ 160,000Total costs 16.70 1,670,000 Selling price $18.30 $1,830,000
Markup Percentage:Markup amount $1.60 Total costs $16.70
Per Unit Total
Total Cost ConceptTotal Cost Concept
= 9.6%
Only the desired profit is covered in the markup.
=
C8 - 20
Per Unit TotalSelling Price:Desired profit $ 1.60 $ 160,000Total to markup $ 1.60 $ 160,000Total costs 16.70 1,670,000 Selling price $18.30 $1,830,000
Markup Percentage:Markup amount $1.60 Total costs $16.70
Total Cost ConceptTotal Cost Concept
= 9.6%
Markup on total cost
=
C8 - 21
Selling Price:Desired profit $ 1.60$ 160,000Selling and admin. 1.70170,000Total to markup $ 3.30$ 330,000Total product costs 15.001,500,000
Selling price $18.30$1,830,000
Markup Percentage:Markup amount $3.30 Product costs $15.00
Per Unit Total
Product Cost ConceptProduct Cost Concept
= 22.0%
The desired profit and selling and administrative costs are covered in the markup.
=
C8 - 22
Per Unit TotalSelling Price:Desired profit $ 1.60$ 160,000Selling and admin. 1.70170,000Total to markup $ 3.30$ 330,000Total product costs 15.001,500,000
Selling price $18.30$1,830,000
Markup Percentage:Markup amount $3.30 Product costs $15.00
Product Cost ConceptProduct Cost Concept
= 22.0%
Markup on product cost
=
C8 - 23
Selling Price:Desired profit $ 1.60$ 160,000Fixed costs .7070,000Total to markup $ 2.30$ 230,000Total variable costs 16.001,600,000
Selling price $18.30$1,830,000
Markup Percentage:Markup amount $2.30 Variable costs $16.00
Per Unit Total
Variable Cost ConceptVariable Cost Concept
= 14.4%
The desired profit and total fixed costs are covered in the markup.
=
C8 - 24
Per Unit TotalSelling Price:Desired profit $ 1.60$ 160,000Fixed costs .7070,000Total to markup $ 2.30$ 230,000Total variable costs 16.001,600,000
Selling price $18.30$1,830,000
Markup Percentage:Markup amount $2.30Variable costs $16.00
Variable Cost ConceptVariable Cost Concept
= 14.4%
Markup on variable cost
=
C8 - 25
Total Product Variable Cost Cost Cost
Cost amount per unit $16.70 $15.00 $16.00Markup percentage x 9.6% x 22.0% x 14.4%Markup amount $ 1.60 $ 3.30 $ 2.30Selling price $18.30 $18.30 $18.30
Product Pricing Using a Cost-Plus ApproachProduct Pricing Using a Cost-Plus Approach
The most common method
C8 - 26
Products—Unit Analysis Small Medium Large
Wrench Wrench WrenchSales price $130 $140 $160Variable cost 40 40 40Contribution margin $ 90 $100 $120
Profitability Under Production BottlenecksProfitability Under Production Bottlenecks
The process is currently operating at full capacity and is a production bottleneck.
C8 - 27
Sales price $130 $140 $160Variable cost 40 40 40Contribution margin $ 90 $100 $120Bottleneck hours 1 4 8
Products—Unit Analysis Small Medium Large
Wrench Wrench Wrench
Profitability Under Production BottlenecksProfitability Under Production Bottlenecks
The number of hours per unit for each product.
C8 - 28
Products—Unit Analysis Small Medium Large
Wrench Wrench Wrench
Profitability Under Production BottlenecksProfitability Under Production Bottlenecks
Contribution after dividing by the bottleneck hours.
Sales price $130 $140 $160 Variable cost 40 40 40 Contribution margin $ 90 $100 $120 Bottleneck hours 1 4 8 Bottleneck contribution $ 90 $ 25 $ 15
C8 - 29
Products—Unit Analysis Small Medium Large
Wrench Wrench WrenchSales price $130 $140 $160Variable cost 40 40 40 Contribution margin $ 90 $100 $120 Bottleneck hours 1 4 8 Bottleneck contribution $ 90 $ 25 $ 15
Profitability Under Production BottlenecksProfitability Under Production Bottlenecks
What price for Product C would equate its profitability to Product A?
C8 - 30
Products—Unit Analysis Small Medium Large
Wrench Wrench WrenchSales price $130 $140 $160 $760Variable cost 40 40 40 40Contribution margin $ 90 $100 $120 $720Bottleneck hours 1 4 8 8Bottleneck contribution $ 90 $ 25 $ 15 $ 90
Profitability Under Production BottlenecksProfitability Under Production Bottlenecks
A price of $760 will provide the same contribution as Product A.
C8 - 31
Note: To see the topic slide, type 2 and press Enter.
This is the last slide in Chapter M8. This is the last slide in Chapter M8.
Power NotesChapter M8 Differential Analysis and Product PricingDifferential Analysis and Product Pricing