ca section 15 nervous system
TRANSCRIPT
Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomy
Nervous SystemNervous System
Note Set 12Note Set 12Chapter 16 Chapter 16
Primary Brain VesiclesPrimary Brain Vesicles Prosencephalon Prosencephalon
(Forebrain)(Forebrain) Smell Smell
Mesoncephalon Mesoncephalon (Midbrain)(Midbrain) VisionVision
Rhombencephalon Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)(Hindbrain) Hearing Hearing Figure 15.1: Primary brain
vessicles (book figure 16.13).
Figure 15.2: Basic brain plan.
Primary Brain Vesicles Primary Brain Vesicles (con’t)(con’t)
Figure 15.3: Brain divisions.
HindbrainHindbrain MyelencephalonMyelencephalon
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata Involuntary reflexesInvoluntary reflexes
Vagal lobeVagal lobe Metencephalon Metencephalon
CerebellumCerebellum Roof of metencephalonRoof of metencephalon Reflex control of skel. Reflex control of skel.
musclemuscle Pons Pons
Figure 15.4: Neural tube development.
Hindbrain Hindbrain (con’t)(con’t)
Lateral ventriclesLateral ventricles Two cerebral Two cerebral
hemisphereshemispheres Posterior choroid Posterior choroid
plexusplexus Roof in hindbrainRoof in hindbrain 44thth ventricle tissue ventricle tissue Cerebral spinal fluidCerebral spinal fluid
Tela choroideaTela choroidea Roof of medullaRoof of medulla Thin membraneThin membrane
Figure 15.5: Choroid plexus shown of larval anuran (book figure 16.18).
Divisions and VesiclesDivisions and Vesicles
Figure 15.6: Divisions of the brain and ventricles numbered.
MidbrainMidbrain No subdivisionsNo subdivisions Optic lobesOptic lobes
Optic reflex centersOptic reflex centers Well developed in birdsWell developed in birds
Auditory lobesAuditory lobes Caudal to optic lobesCaudal to optic lobes
Superior (optic) and Superior (optic) and inferior (auditory) inferior (auditory) colliculi- when lobes colliculi- when lobes occur togetheroccur together Corpora quadrigemina Corpora quadrigemina
collectivelycollectively
Figure 15.7: Mesoncephalon and tectum region.
Midbrain Midbrain (con’t)(con’t)
33rdrd ventricle ventricle Optic ventricles- Optic ventricles-
extension to optic lobeextension to optic lobe Ventricles disappear Ventricles disappear
in higher phylogenyin higher phylogeny Cerebral aqueduct Cerebral aqueduct
Restricted Restricted passageways passageways
Conducts 3Conducts 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth ventricleventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius Aqueduct of Sylvius when restricted furtherwhen restricted further
Figure 15.8: Cerebral aqueduct and ventricles of brain.
Forebrain- DiencephalonForebrain- Diencephalon Optic chiasmaOptic chiasma
Two optic nerves Two optic nerves crosscross
Pituitary glandPituitary gland Caudal to optic Caudal to optic
chiasmachiasma Saccus vasculosus Saccus vasculosus
Posterior to pituitary Posterior to pituitary in some fishin some fish
Depth receptorDepth receptorFigure 15.9: Regions of the diencephalon of a shark with third ventricle in red (book figure 16.19).
Forebrain- Diencephalon Forebrain- Diencephalon (con’t)(con’t)
HypothalamusHypothalamus Floor of diencephalonFloor of diencephalon Autonomic nervous Autonomic nervous
systemsystem ThalamusThalamus
Walls of diencephalonWalls of diencephalon 33rdrd ventricle cavity ventricle cavity
Communicates with Communicates with lateral ventricleslateral ventricles
Foramen of MonroForamen of Monro
Figure 15.10: Medial view of the brain showing thalamus and hypothalamus of the diencephalon.
Forebrain- Diencephalon Forebrain- Diencephalon (con’t)(con’t)
EpithalamusEpithalamus Several evaginationsSeveral evaginations Roof of diencephalonRoof of diencephalon Paraphysis Paraphysis
anteriorlyanteriorly Epiphyseal complexEpiphyseal complex
PinealPineal PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors
ParapinealParapineal Pineal eye (3Pineal eye (3rdrd eye) eye)
Figure 15.11: Epithalamus; gross mid-sagittal section of the human brain.
Figure 15.12: Pineal in detail (book figure 16.24).
Forebrain- Forebrain- TelencephalonTelencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres Cerebral hemispheres posteriorposterior
Rhinencephalon Rhinencephalon anterior anterior OlfactionOlfaction
Lower vertebratesLower vertebrates Rhinencephalon Rhinencephalon
prominentprominent Hemispheres smallerHemispheres smaller
Higher vertebratesHigher vertebrates Hemispheres increase in Hemispheres increase in
sizesize Olfactory get smallerOlfactory get smaller
Figure 15.13: Front section of cerebral hemisphere formation (book figure 16.13).
Craniate BrainsCraniate Brains
Figure 15.14: Craniate brains.
Craniate Brains Craniate Brains (con’t)(con’t)
Figure 15.15: Dorsal view of craniate brains (book figure 16.14).
Fish CerebrumFish Cerebrum
Primitive sensoryPrimitive sensory Pallium- dorsal areaPallium- dorsal area
Motor areaMotor area Subpallium- ventral areaSubpallium- ventral area
Globus pallidus (Striatum)Globus pallidus (Striatum)
Figure 15.16: Globus pallidus of fish; left cerebral hemisphere (book figure 16.25).
Amphibian CerebrumAmphibian Cerebrum
Similar pallium and globus Similar pallium and globus pallidus pallidus
Split left and right hemispheresSplit left and right hemispheres
Figure 15.17: Globus pallidus of amphibian; left cerebral hemisphere (book figure 16.25).
Reptile CerebrumReptile Cerebrum Cerebrum is huge Cerebrum is huge
compared to compared to amphibiansamphibians Increase of lateral wallsIncrease of lateral walls Pushes into lateral Pushes into lateral
ventricleventricle Dorsal ventricular ridge Dorsal ventricular ridge
formsforms Receives visual, auditory, Receives visual, auditory,
and sensory stimuliand sensory stimuliFigure 15.18: Globus pallidus of reptile and bird; left cerebral hemisphere (book figure 16.25).
Bird CerebrumBird Cerebrum
Similar to reptilesSimilar to reptiles Avian ridge (hyperstiatum)Avian ridge (hyperstiatum)
Stratum of neurons that capped ridgeStratum of neurons that capped ridge Processes visual informationProcesses visual information Important to instinctive stereotypic Important to instinctive stereotypic
behaviorbehavior Migration and courtshipMigration and courtship
Mammal CerebrumMammal Cerebrum Lateral ventricles extremely Lateral ventricles extremely
expandedexpanded NeocortexNeocortex
Higher mental facilitiesHigher mental facilities Grooves (sulci)Grooves (sulci) Folds (gyrae)Folds (gyrae)
Figure 15.19: Neocortex of mammalian brain.
Mammal Cerebrum Mammal Cerebrum (con’t)(con’t)
Figure 15.20: Ventral view of human brain (book figure 16.17).
Mammal Cerebrum Mammal Cerebrum (con’t)(con’t)
Portion of primitive brain Portion of primitive brain retainedretained Ventral mediallyVentral medially Hippocampus- ancient Hippocampus- ancient
olfactory palliumolfactory pallium Memory storage?Memory storage?
Globus pallidum pushed Globus pallidum pushed interiorlyinteriorly
Basal gangliaBasal ganglia
Changes in basal ganglia Changes in basal ganglia motor dysfunctionmotor dysfunction Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
Figure 15.21: Globus pallidus of human; left cerebral hemisphere (book figure 16.25).
Mammal Cerebrum Mammal Cerebrum (con’t)(con’t)
Figure 15.22: Sagittal section of the human brain (book figure 16.24).
Cranial NervesCranial Nerves Amniotes have 12Amniotes have 12 Anamniotes have 10Anamniotes have 10 Terminal nerve (Nerve 0)- uncommon in Terminal nerve (Nerve 0)- uncommon in
humanshumans Associated with pheromone receptorsAssociated with pheromone receptors
Figure 15.23: Cranial nerve locations on the brain.
Figure 15.24: Cranial nerve innervation.
Figure 15.25: Cranial nerve innervation.
Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves (con’t)(con’t)
Figure 15.27: Cranial nerves in 6th week embryo.
Figure 15.26: Head organization in 4th week embryo (book figure 16.39).
Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves (con’t)(con’t)
Cranial Nerves Cranial Nerves (con’t)(con’t)
Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure 15.1, 15.5, 15.9, 15.12, 15.13, 15.15, 15.16, 15.17, 15.18, 15.20, Figure 15.1, 15.5, 15.9, 15.12, 15.13, 15.15, 15.16, 15.17, 15.18, 15.20,
15.21 & 15.22, 15.27- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. 15.21 & 15.22, 15.27- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 15.2- Figure 15.2- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes11.htmlFigure 15.3- Figure 15.3-
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~hevern/psy340/lectures/psy340.04.2.ns.structure.html
Figure 15.4- Figure 15.4- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes11.htmlFigure 15.6- Figure 15.6- http://brain.exp.univie.ac.at/08_vorlesung_ss04/bilder.htmFigure 15.7- Figure 15.7- http://songweaver.com/brain/index.htmlFigure 15.8- Figure 15.8- http://www.medfriendly.com/multiplesclerosis.htmlFigure 15.10- Figure 15.10- http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaff/syllabi/CMSD
%20320/362unit5.htmlFigure 15.11- Figure 15.11- http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/med532/epithala.htmFigure 15.14- Figure 15.14- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes11.htmlFigure 15.19- Figure 15.19- http://www.aishamusic.com/prayer.htmFigure Figure
15.23-15.23-http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.html
Figure 15.24- Figure 15.24- http://www.neurophys.com/EMG/Cranial_Nerves/Figure 15.25- Figure 15.25-
http://www1.appstate.edu/~clarkhm/swallow_distance/page2.htmFigure 15.27- Figure 15.27- http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/embryo_new/nerves/