cad and development 2 - part 1

8/10/2019 CAD and Development 2 - Part 1

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WOLVERHAMPTON

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School f Engineering the BuiltEnvironment

Module umber T2003

Modulo itlo: COMPUTERIDED ESIGN NDDEVELOPMENT

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ModuleGuide

Module itle: COIVIPUTERIDED ESIcN ND DEVELOPMENT

Module ods: ET2003

Pre-requisites: Computer ided esign ndDevelopment

Co-requlsltes: None

Semester/Acadmic ear 2006107

CrEdit alus: 30

L6vel fstudy: 2

Module eader: Insert NameDrAJ Felton,Room: A110bPhone:Fax:E-mail: [email protected],uk

Internal oderator; Mr G L Oakes

I RationalE

Theprincipalimof hismodules o. Furlh.r devolop h6 prlncipl63 f d$ign mlhodology y th9 application t syltemEtic pproach. or

producl 33i9n nd d.v.loprn.nl.. Inkoduc lrel6gl3or producl truclung sid u3 olslandad ptu.. Us. cornputsr ld6d d3lgn oob in th6 c6ation, dvltopment, ynth$l rnd commlfication f d$ign

3olulorcand pDvido xpefincfpoducl d$ign al th6detailstag.,

2 Learning utcomesBysuccessful ompletion f the module tudents ill be able o show:

2.1 KnowlEdg nd Understanding f:. Mathematical nd Scientific rinciples ssential o the product

development rocess ncluding umeracy nd may extend oscientific rinciples uch as anthropometrics nd ergonomics ndtheir pplicationo design.

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2.2 Subject SpecificSkills:. Ability o demonstrate nowledge nd undeF tanding f essential

facts, concepts, rinciples nd theories elating o design andtechnology.

. Develop esign olutions, rtifacts, esign imulations, chematiclayouts and select appropriate ethods nd materials or givenproposals with due regard o prevailing tandards, ocial andeconomic actors.

. Demonstrate proficiencyn the production nd representation fdesignmodels hrough he use of ITC

2.3 lntellectual kills:. Apply nowledge ndunderstanding.

2.4 Key Skills:

3 Weekly opic guide Module ontent)(Please ote hal on occasiont maybe necessaryo amend he schedule)

sysrmaricapproschstoroeiail signi . Synthesi3 nd embodimenl tconcepl3 nlooverallsolltions

-\ . e l - r1lema.r lc .d l .c4 .ca ' funcr lon . nmary ' r3 and e .onda.y |Jnciols

t/ I . O6ul0P.erl fcomooronis ntodls 3'or m.nL'aclur6'.A . Aslheto nd ulilllarianrivers lfom

I . Pedomance nalysla ndsvalurlion/ . Dssign lralion nd convasnce

P6duct Siruclurlig nd C6ifiguf tion. Producl amilbs. Prcdlct Plrrloms and vodulard.3ign. U8sot Standad Pa s

Tim6Compre8s n T6chnologos. hbglion lo Ma.ufactue. Rapid rololyping,. Oaia xchan$ n CADCAM nvironmbnl

DeEignor ,,l.iufaciure. Componntlam nd ls lationshipo unclion matial, ndmanLrfacluringfocess. Lrmlis nd ii st Geomelrc olrancest Surlac n shes

' Pnrciples fva e engineer.g' Des9n orassemblyConpule|ided es 9n ard Deveopmefi, 3D modellno l assembiies synlhesis eatiorships, esign e llcalion, terierence hecking. 3D modellnS l pads iealurc modellfg, elalionsh s, slandad ibra es. l.eg..ro. wrl^ Delailed es 9. - 2Ddrawings. Inlegfauonwthanalysis .9.Geomelric roperues, EA. Symbol bra es, d mensioning,oleEnces, operlies id pads sl s. Engineerns Ewinss o 8s8888

(SeeAcademic Calendar n ModularScheme Guide and onJine)

OThe nive6lly f WolverhamptonSchoolofEngiree 9and he Bui l t fv i ronmenlSchoo AssessnnentHandbook

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4 Specialist esources School rovided)

3Dsolidmodelling ADsoftwareGraDhicalresentation oftwareAccess o the rapid prototypingacilities.

Specialist esources Sludent rovidedwith cost ndicated)

Indicativ eading nd Learning upport ist

Pugh, Stuart. Total design: ntegrated methods or successful roduci engineering.Wokingham ddison-Wesley,990. 0201416395Ullman,DavidG., - The mechanical esign process. - 2nd ed. - NewYork;LondoniMccraw-Hilt. 997. 0071155767Eaxler, Mike. - Pfoduct design: a praclical uide o systematic methods of new producideveloDmenlLondon: hapman Hall. 995. 0412632306Ulrich,Kad T. - Product esign and development KarlT. Ulich, Sleven D. Eppingef. 2nded. Boston, Mass.; ondon: rwin/tulccraw-Hill,000. 0071169938Childs, elerR. N. - Mechanical esign Peter R. N. Childs. London; rnotd, 996.0340692367Samuel, ndrew E. - Inlroduoliono engineering sign:modelling, ynlhesis nd probtemsolving. Oxford: Butterworlh-Heinemann,999. 0750642823Dietef,George Ellwood. Engineedng esign: mate als and processing ppfoach GeorgeE. Dietet. 3rd ed. Boslon, l\4ass ; LondoniMcGEw-Hill,000. 0071 62046Design or manufactute: trategies, rinciples nd techniques ledited by]. - Wokingham:Addison-Wesley, 991. (Addison-Wesley e es in manutacturing ystems). 02014169488lack, Rod. oesign and manufaclurei n integtated pproach. Basingstoke: acmillan,1996. 0333609'158Voland,Gerard. Engineering y ds'gn. Reading, vlass.i arlowi ddison-Wesley, 999.0201498510Pugh, Stuarl, Creating nrovalivproducts sing otal design: he living egacy of StuartP gh. Reading, \4ass.t okingham: ddison-Wesley,996. 0201634856Wright, C., an Clifford.Design ethods n engineeringndproducl esign L C. Wright.Londonr4cGlaw-Hill,998. 0077093763Hales, Cispin. - Managing ngineering esign. Harlowr ongman cientific nd Technicat,1993. 0582039339Cross, Nigel, Engineering esign methods: lralegies or product design. 2nd ed. -Chichester: iley, 1954. 0471542286Buhl,HaroldR. - Creative ngineering esign. Amesr owa Slate Universily ress, 1960.60012687Ashford,Frederick Charles - The aesthetics f engineering esign. London: BusrnessBooks, 969. 0220798559Hawkes, Barry. The engineering esign process BarryHawkes, Ray Abinett. Harlow:Longman cientific Technical, 984. 0582994713

7 Teaching nd Learning Methods

The School f Engineering nd he BuiltEnvironment'seaching nd earningphilosophys to develop he whole tudent .e. o provide ou withchallengingactivities nd assignments hat equire ou o develop nd mprove kills swell as increase nowledge nd understanding f contractual nd financialprocedures ithina construction ontext.

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LThis value-added pproachmeansopportunityo develop kills hroughThe ecture rogramme s designedknowledge, nderstanding nd evelin a construction nvironment.

that you need o be provided ith thethe nature nd design f the case study.to bridge he gap between our current

of skills nd hose equired ya manager

Tutorials, racticals nd seminar ctivity ill involve ou in investigations,presentations, iscussions nd/or xercises n set topics and may nvolveselfand peer assessment.

This approach ees he learning eeds as the focus of the earning ctivitywith he understanding hat you willneed o take on some esponsibility oryourown earnrng,

8 Assessment

8.1 Methods nd Weiqhtinqs:Brief desciption of assessnenf nethods/weightings nd minimum rade requiredfor ndividual lements nd conponents or hismodule.

'| Component ElementsTo pass the module you must achlv a mlnlmum grade of E4 for 999 Element tAssessment la mlnlmum rada fD5 or 9g9[ Compgnont fAsaBament.

Ag ent C nts.2

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sea9m om neLearning utcome ASSeSSment

Tasks%

w6ightlnghand-inate(univercilyweeK)

RationaJeor he ask

l \4athematicalandScientjtic rinciplesessential o the productdevelopment rocessincludingumeracy ndmay exlend o scienlificprinciples uch asanthropometrics ndergonomics nd heirapplicationo design.

Abilityo demonstrateknowledge ndunderstanding fessentialfacts,concepts, rinciples ndlheories elating odesign nd echnology.

Component ,Element .

lndividualdesign rojectdesigned ooffef hestudent heopportunityoapplyanalyticalprinciplesnboth heoestgndevelopmeniand seleclionphases f lhe

6a% Week Enableshe student o utilisel\4athematicalndScienlifcprinciples ithinhedesignprocess. hedesign askwillbe of a broader aturehanthal ackled t evel and willrequirehatdue onsideiationis given oproducvhumaninterface.


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Deveiop esignsolutions, rtifacts,design imulations,schematic ayouts ndselect ppropriatemelhods nd materialsforg;ven roposals ith

due egad o pfevailingstandards, ocialandeconomic actors.Demonstfateproficiencyn heproduction ndrepresenlalion f designmodels hrough he useof Tc.

Apply nowledge ndunderstandina.

Component ,Element .

Group roject- incJusive fdetail esignand additional

constfaintssuch as designfolmanufactureandenvircnmentaloonsideralions.

40%Report

Week 2GroupPresentation

To provide pportunityodesign nd creale omponentparls within design eam.Design eamPresentalion/f port o incl deindividualcriliques.

8^3 Marking ritriaFulldetails f the marking riteria ill be issued o you as part of theassignment rief t he start f he module.

8.4 Submission f CoursworkTheassignments hould e handed n at he CityCampus tudent egistry(MTBlock) nda receipt btained.

8.5 ExtensionsExtensions illonlybe allowed n exceptionalircumstancesndyou musthave a validcause normally overed, or example, y a medical ertificate).Applicationsorextensions eed o be made sing heAU33 orm btainablefrom he CityCampus tudent egistry MTBlock), ssignments ubmittedlatewithout sanctioned xtension ill be marked 0.lfyouare unable o submit ourwork y he deadline rwithin nyextensiongranted; r if you consider our performance as been affected y someexceptional circumstances ou should consider applying forExtenuating/Mitigatingircumstances.nsuch ases oushould onsult ourPersonal utor r a Universityounsellororadvice.

8.6 Return f CourseworkThe pink opyof the Student ssessment ormwillnormallye returned oyouwithinhreeworking eeks. tudent ork s not normallyeturned ndyouare advised o keep ourownhardand softcopyof anywork ubmitted.

8.7 Retrieval f FailureRegulationsoverningetrievalf failure arydepending n youraward, nparticularponwhether ou are studyingor a degree r a higher ational

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qualification. lease efer o your 'Award Handbook' r the'Undergraduate odular cheme uide' orStudents 00S/06.

8.8 ModerationA representative ample f allelements f assess ment ithin hebe moderated n accordance ith the procedures et out in

Assessment andbook.

University's

module illthe School

9 Plagiarism nd Collusion

Plagiarismnd ollusion re ery erious ffenceshat an esult nexpulsronfrom he University. his s because hose ound guilty f plagiarism rcollusion illnot onlyhave ttempted o represent omeone lse's orx astheir wn but have lso ought o gainan unfair dvantage ver heir ellowstudents.

9,1 Avoiding lagiarism ndCollusion1. In he case of group ork ouare activelyncouragedo work n a team.

Howeverhe sections f the assignmenthat you answermustbe yourown ndividualork.

2. You should make t very clearwhat sources f informationave beenused; here material/informationrom hese ources s quoted t must eclearly eferenced sing he Harvard eferencing ystem. Details an beobtained romLearning entres r on-line ia he Learning entre omePage: ttpr//asp.wlv.ac.uk/LevelS,asp?UserType=4&LevelS=315).

3. Never ttempto copy r paraphrase nother tudent's ork.

10 Award Handbook ndAcademic egulations or Students 005/06This module uide should be read n conjunction ith the terms anoconditions ontained n yourAward Pathway uide' nd the University,s'Undergraduatevlodularcheme uide' or Students 005/06.

' l1 Moduleparticipants

Module eader:

Module eam:

Insert ameRoom:Phone:Fax:E-mail:

Insert ameRoom:Phone:Fax:E-mail:

DrA J FeltonMA1 0b

[email protected]

l\4artin asonMA109

[email protected]

@The niversity i Wolve|hamplo nSchoolof ngineeiig and he Blllt EnvironmentSchooi ssessmeni andbook


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l2 Registration

You are reminded hat only students who have formally registered asparticipants n a m odule illbe able o gain redits.

13 MobilePhonsIn the interest f courtesy o other students nd staff please ensure hatmobilephones are switched ff during ectures nd tutorial classes. lnexceptional ircumstanceshe module eader gy allow ndividual hones obe kept on f a valid eason s given. nystudent ho considers hey haveavalid eason mustdiscuss hiswith he ecturer rioro the ecture tarting.

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a U-t uNrvERsrrYF\V\Z WoLVERHAMPToNSchool f Engineefing nd he Buil t Envi.onm3ntASSESSMENT RIEFModule Title: Module: ET200J Computer Aided Design nd Development

ModuleCoder ET2003

Component umber: I of t Elment umber: I of 2weighting: 60% 30 Credit Module

PROJECT Folding Trailer[,earnins Outcomes o be assessedi

Mathematical nd Scientific rinciples ssential o the productdevelopment rocess ncluding umeracy nd may exteld o scientificprinciples uchas anthropometrics ndergonomics nd heir appljcation odesign.

Ability to demonstrate nowledge nd understanding fessential acts,concepts, rinciples nd heories elating o design nd echrology.

MsrkingCriterla:

Please ee ollowing heet nder REPORT/ ASSESSMENT

Th.nininun p$s nfklor lnis clcD.ldcooponclr* irD5.Ilrhis is rn.l.ncn( you rill pars h. modul. flou rchicv Dirinun g.rde ofE4 for thh.l.mcnl rnd in av.ng.

grud.olDS or th . Rhol .coDpon.n(

Aslignmnt handd utr Week

Latest ate or submission: Friday rh ec 6Asligln.nrs l rbni t td{f ier th .d .Ndlireandwithout n .uthorh.d.xl .nsior0f t i f r.wil lb .mrrk.dF0.

Please mark your assignmert or the attention fi Dr A J Fehon

You shouldmak6 very lear$hal ources f nfomEtion ave een usediwhere aterial/infomal n rom hesesoufces s quoled t musl b clearly efeEnced slng hs Harvard elerencng yslem. Delails an beobtainsd rom

The assignment ust be handed n o city S,tud,)nt egistry, T 3lock.

A signed eceipt usl be obtained hen he assignments re ubmitted. ou should keepyour.eceipt n a safe place.You arc advised o keep yourown electronic hard' opyof any worksubmitted.


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PROJECT Foldine Trailer

Module: - 8T2003 Computer Aided DesigD trdDevelopment

ComDonent. ElementIndividual esign roject esigned o offer h studen. he opportunityo apply anallical principlesnboth he design evelopment ndslection hases ftbe design

Assignment eighting: 0%Hand"in-date: riday8thDecember 006

SPECIFICATIONCunent products or ft lwo-wheel DIY $ailer market whilst sellinl rcasonably ll, are facingincreased ompetition. n addition. hc currcnr railers sr traditional tew fastenings haradd o rhea3sembly ime and prevents disassembly or the winter months hat causeg usting, seizing and ncursadditional roduction osts. lt is felt that an mprov.d method f locating nd ixing the ndividualcomponents ould, hen oupled ithmodularisation,ignificantlymprove ales.In orderto egain arket hare company ants omodularisend evelop oldingrailer,Youare equjre o carry ut he ollowing:

L Research xistingowed railer esign.2. Produce ketches/conceptesignsora new olding railer.3. Design evelopment fthe olding railer sjngmodular esignixings nd xisting tandard arts

availablehrough arious uppliers.e. xle, heels,lighting oards tc.4. Using he aught olid modlling ackage ou should repare ndsubmit fully assembled t)

' solidmodelofaFoldingrailcr or he DIY 1n6rket,5, Anyappropriatetandards.g,BS, SO.6. Ergonomic/anthropometricata hould e akeo ntoaccountor hisdesign pplication.

The assembly hould e complete- ofexample.slo.ragerafety nd ease f use are pammount. lledg.s hould e cunded ffandmain ody hould eable o withstandn service onditions.

ACTIVITIES

You should ake esponsibilityor reiearching, eveloping oncepts, esigning nd modellinghvarious omponentsequiredor he assembly. hesubmissionhould e argely ased pon dginaldevlophents reated om your indings nd design alculations hould e complcted ased ponloading haracteristics.

The omponelts fthe Folding rriler are o be modelled ithSolidworksheCADsystemhat ouhave een earning nd hen ssembled o check he ntegrity fthdsign. ou areadvisedo modeltheparts eparatelynd o assnble hm singhe echniqueshatwillbe dhcussed nd .monstratedwithinhemodul.

In additiono he above D partdrawings858888, hirdangle rojection)ust e

generatedrom hegeometrical ata contained y th solid modeh. Mass proFertis n at last hree of the main

conponents hould e ncludedn he eport nd isting fmaterials sed lus he volume apacity fthe railer-

8,EB9Rrr4S ES 4EMReport hoLrld eno greater han4000words rd conlain ections n:

Resareh, opfskeds, dqigsar&dhio :s, finsl di 'r+futioh, rgonomic/anthropometric ata,S}solid no#s; 2D+atdBwinS , tna$?ropedies,-&atrials isting, ad .lf."l.i{" '"fsrBcai singth-I {*var+ysleln

The epo( mustbe printed n A4 and handed nto Citycampus egjstry MT Block).Rei - Dr A J Felton uly 06


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A,t1u romata?L assc,-bJlu,a6 2 ' l'7(

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ET 20&l Compttr Aided dcsign and DevclopmcDt 2.30 crcdft modde

Compon t I,ElcDe 2. /109/0

Hand n datc. Thursday 3'dMay.

Lcsmlng outcoDcr to be a$e.3etl

Develop design solutions, ttifacts, design imulations, chcmatic ayouts and select appropriatmcthods ard matcrials or givcn proposals .ith due egad ro F.vailitrg standards, ocial nd economicfrctors.DcDroD5tale proficiency n the production and cprescntation f dcsign modcls hrough he use ofITC.To Fovida opportudty to desig and clcalc componcnt 6rls within a de3ign eam.Dcsign cam pEs"ntrdtiodrepon o inclu& individual cf,itiqucs.

Group projrcl - ilclusive oldetail design and additional codiaints such as design or manufacture ndcnvirolrrnt al considrations.

C[il& rouDdrbouiproJ.ct

Producc n nfoduclory epon on he heme Design or Manufactura ndAssemblyisring hc rnajorpublicationg ndanyulcful wcbsiGs clated o this opic.

/Discuss youro\rn tetbodolos/ or trtcgraliDg FMA nto yourdasignwo*.Y Approx 000 ords. 2J%)

Witb llevalcc to tbe desigD rief ald sketches rovidcd or hc child's oundabout, ivanout on rcckI one, hoosa ne ofthe vehiclc lcEeDh rd cscarcb ha tgm.* Drawirg or rkctchcs om this $earch should c ncludld n your eporl* Frcm hi5 cscarch roducc 3D CADmodcl hat willtransfom Dto a child's acdvityplayccDtc.f Crcatc n exploded iewoftbc major shc.t mctoland ubc compoDDtafis n yolr dcsigD.

Produca pdrts istingofthc major shcctmotal nd ube conpoDent artsanddcrcriba hehatrufactudng ethods ouwouldusa o crcarc Fsc.ConmeDt n any alt f,nativa atcrir,ls sad oi you coDstruction.

I Describ ourmcthod fasslhbly ofth. hajoiparts higllightinganygoodDFMpoiD6 n rh. dcsigi. .- f^3e \1trComment D h. problena ftoiarncjng foroncoffFoduction comprrcd o rachine maDufscrured -- 5Sparts or mdtiplc prodDction.50o/t

In youIdesignated roups roducc ssembly ccrarios or yourparticular oudabout hme., As a gloupFoduce Bpowcr oint pr.sehtation ighlightiDg ach f your hcmed esigns, ow hcy' FansforD nd how hcy nt grali as a playunit.

Approximatly0 minuL Fcsantatio . 25%)

Clality ofdiscussion clatcd o th. DFMA h.mc, applopria@ scofbackground nd eferenccdmatlrial,noveldcsign dcaswill aid n gaining ighcrgradcs.

Week 12Report

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CORDLESS AMMER RILL

ORIGIN K DATEAugls l1989

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STANDARDIZATION

Standards promote corsistent quality and ecouomic production by providing

technical criteria accepied y cotrsensus. heysimplifymalufacture Nnd cncourage

interchangeability. They ratiotralize processes nd qethods of operation, making

commuDication trd the exchatrge f goods and services easier. Their use gives

confidnce o maDufacturers nd usr alike.

The broad aims of standardization atrbe summarized s:

provision of communication mong all ilterested parties;

promotiotr of economy tr humar effort, matrials and enerry in the,

production and exchange f goods;

(c) protectiotr of consumer ntrests hrough adequete rd corsiEtent uatity of

goods and services;

(d) promotion of the qu.lity of life: safety, hesrth and the protection of the _r

environmetrt;

(e) promotion of trade by the removal of bsrriers caused by differerce in +_

nation.l practices.

Ltna"r t \ , .1 ' ) . , , t t rnrL Ra[d- t t ."1 'v t r t ; f tL1:

Io 11,^*, t, Fot,oa o( Lan ole.f ;5 ota,,,Lo"L in ltn rn,^J

r.t-t ' *'Q

te .^s,uq.r-y-3

p",,.o. f;.^,- -"t,-" ^0";1 -r.k x,y ,n-o,t z--.a,. ,^.1 ,"u


21/66


22/66

Types flines and beir spplic&tion

Thickness

General

Dashed ines

Chain ines

Leader ines .

Arrowheads

Lettering

Character eightandproponions

Projection

Firstangle

Third angle

Symbols ndicatingmethod f projection

General

Number f views

Choice fviews

Partial iews

Auxiliaryviews

Enlarged eatures

Representation f symmtical arts

Iatemrpted iews

Representation f reptitive eatules


23/66

Section rd sectionrl iews

Lunrng lane

Hatchirg

Thin material n section

Featues andparts n longitudinal ection

Half sections

Localscctions

Revolved ctionsRemoved ections

Successiveections

Section aken n more han oneplanc

Ilem rferences

Assembly rawings

Commotrlycceptcd ymbol and bbrsvirtions

Use of symbols

Developed iews initialoudines)

Plane aces n cylindrical arts

Knurling

Splines nd serratioN

Screw hreads

Bearings

Gears

Springs


24/66

TT'PES OF DRA.WING N COMMON USE

Design Layout Drawing

A design ayout &awing(or

design cheme) epresents n broad rinciples he feasiblesolutions meeting he design equirements.

Detail Drawing

A detail drawing (or single-part drawing) depicts a singl object and ircludes all thenecessary nformation equired e.g. the form, dimensions, olerances, q1419641-finishes, reatmnt, tc.) o define ompletely hat object.

Tabular Drawing

A tabular drawing depicts an object or assembly ypical of a series of similar suchobjects r assemblies aving heir variable haracteristics resented n tabular orm.

Assembly Drrwing

An assembly rawing hows wo or more parts, or sub-assemblies, n their assembledform, including any dimensions and instluctions necessary o effect assembry. Anitem list should be ncluded or refened o.

Combined Drawing

A combined drawing shows an assembly, tem list and constituent details &awnsepaEtely ut all on he same rawing.

Arrangemetrt Drawing

A drawingofthe cornplete inished roduct r equipment howing he anangement fassemblies. It includes important fiDctional and./or performance featues. Aninstallation drawing s a particular variation which provides he necessary nformanonto effect proper nstallation n siteor in funher equjpment.

DiagramA diagram s a drawing depicting, by the use of simplified representation, he unctionofa system r the elationship etween omponent arts, eeBS 5070.

Item List

An item ist (or parts ist) s a ist of component arts equircd or an assembly, hov"neither on the drawing or on a separate ist.

Drawing List

A drawing ist s a list ofdrawings ssociated ith an assembly.


25/66

Brsic hformrtioD

It is recommendcd hatprovision emade or basic nformation rilh as he ollowing,

(a) Name fcompany r organization(b) Drawingnumber(c) D$criptive itle ofdepicted an or assmbly(d) Dateofdrawing(e) Signature(s), .g.drawD y, authorized y(0 Originalscale(S) Copyright lausc(h) Projection ymbol(r) Unit of measuement0) Rcfcrcncc o standards nd/or elated pccifications(k) Sheet unbr0) Number fshcets(m) Issuc nformation

Supplemetllrry LforErtion

The following ist givcs additional r supplementary nformationwhich should beconsidered or inclusion n the drawing format. The list is not necessarilycomorehensive.

Matedal nd specificationTreatrcnt/hardncsgFinishSurface extuFGencral olcranccsKcy to gcomctical olcrancesScrew hrcad ormsSheet izeFirstused nSimilar oEquivalctrt adSupersedes

Supcrscded yTool refcrsnccsGauge cfcrcnccsWaming ots, .g. Do notscals'

(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(D(e)(h)(i)c)(k)0)(m)(n)(o)(p)

t tl . '

315


26/66

,,,1'*'

,: :1": '' -3\

EVOLUTIONOFTHESPECIESI na_.| | r\- Jrger Fd\ drw.yr beer one ot rhe no{ poputdr ik$ in

TriuhPh'r 6ngeand 5incethe originalshuhch n I994 has won a legionoi ians he wodd ovsthanks to ils all-purpose sefuinest mile munchingabilityand sheer dependability.

2007 welcomes he release lthe brand n@ Triumph Tiger 1050, maiofevolLtionary tep rr he model't history ne adventlre ports.lass s atough one and TrilnlPh's engined have worked ong and hard o sive thens-Iiger the edqe t needs o excel,

Taking nM model o podu.tion is a mammoth ask Simon Caner mea tsof the people at Hin.kley Dvolved n bringing he nger to life.

ToRauE 9


27/66


28/66

E ponsbe or heergonomrc na eet 'o lthe b ke I dld ) or of rhe n ra engineetrngd'zwifg and ds9n on the bke As ong asn-"as re rnclded rro'n he oa$er, s 9fin9n\en' nto he na eqiaton E noi diffcult twas a Mta part or rhe ovefalpackage, oreramp/e, o nclld8 1e .pab rly or a fu yhtegrated uqgagc yltnr ro be qLickyada,pd \ an accer\ory he pafniermoun6 were he refore nclded hom theorker, Fman ufob[usive when not n usean.l have been uly d8gned, evahared ndlened o for nterfeE wrlh ideror p rtonen/oymenr wrthor wlholr pannreu

When re sly L.e buckwa5 gned ori,mynrapr nvorvemenr o.cerned tra$d*e ophent ergonom s, ding erpenence,Dar, root ontmr*Lspens n .dtes, abitly

Flgonoms chaige so mlch ber\reen a(hb ke There .. \et romlia io loltow I ra5ro be done bv feel, dgemenr dnd nal Ttregoal 6 to deveop ]re most elfecove h.$tsbut never o compronri5e der safety rhat 6ru e number one when 5itng up, new b|kFd eiampe we dd a lor ofwork on thesften ar rhe ronr n $e wnd unne arMIRA.We roo(ed at varols heghr opron.,wrihand wthoul a mollded-if frp'ai the opor re r.reen, wllr and withour n openng onrhi rronroi th. sueen. n altwe resFd dozenso comb alof, to ger he mon refnedsolutoi ro cof,p m-.nr he desg. and provde

Mo( of the.onrponenG n rhe br


29/66

conp@nise o peak power'Ilie commenbf.om our de1tlopment ideu roh iniriatrsrrd6 p@ed that he effort5 were wonhwite.Hopefullyhisengn wil be Rdved aswelldn was n he speed Tdple nd Sprnl variantsblr the prool in bhh willbe when the pr$ andolr cu5tohefi get rhe frrst Gn rides.

Together ith he perlomancedcveopment nd quality e a also@nthuaiy aveloping ur eng es.to mproveretncment nd rcduce ngne no5e. Theadded dvantage l reducing E englne oirE hat it allowr 3 o opiimis-. he qhalsr50und uarfiy nd nake dr mon of h,.

distncbve np e 5ound nd stiumeelstficl.oDe regllatlons.llie 9q eng ne has aisobe,"n eveoped o mee[r]ngenr Eu@ rlerhalst emissio.s arges and we are cunennywo*ing of Euro V emissionsargers n

THEPURCHASERPURCHAsINGallabour erringhe nghtcompone.r t he ighr me n ihe nghtqlannry t he ight rc ar he ghr latiryWe dealwithveralhundfedlppteuadossth. wod and re nvoiv.d n rhe purchase fov.r 70 oilioncompon.nts efannum. eare nvolvedmm h cry an of $e proiectI wo.ked n$e 955cc tsof of rheTtger, oroa. exlni t E evoluton ema mg vdwda5 he bike .velops fd updares

tudy n rh. pbied wc..cetved h..n9ne,45 hopping'isl fcompon.nrs.h.l6t s b ed on he csign t rhc

bike nd isBilrof thccomponenisnd ooting qured orake he iger o prcdudion. rcm h-. krweworked uta budgcr a5ed n hunit.onsllis then govenledwhether was earible op.ogres, wlrh he proied based n rhederign

Preparng hc budg.ls sa haior a k.hvoves ialsingithdes n,other urchasetsfto9.t theiradvicenhowmuch oolngcosdn9 nothcr ikeo, natylin9 isrortcadara, uirenr ad(et ov.ments nd enerat

Flrst ikes uiltTesting tarts

July 2006:

? ToRQUE


30/66

matena cG6. arended weekt neetings onthe pro ect alongwith he ProieclManagetand collag s iom desigf.Fromhes wewere all aware f the developnenE n starr

A ior oi my tme ls hen spenrwthrupplieu.For$me ofour sopplier5 e aEthen maor client 50 r s r case f howquickv hey clr feactwhef we p c ordeBForotheE we are a smailclent and we havero negonaie pF/y ba5ed . when hey an5chedure i m h s d lFe bnlanc nd verynrlch dependent i .?rctu and orlderalenegotrat n we work d$e y wlt our suppt G,nd ma nlarn elarionshipso hat we contf elo do busnes wth rhcn fo. future roFcrsand so hat mo( imponandy) e ma.age ohn our larget OP htari of prodLcrioo)

The Tiger 3 m.de up or 802 sepaGteplrchased ans whichco.stitlre be blk-. Aplrchased artmight b. a prton ior exampteso you wolld mullply hal by tiye. oi cou6efor each lger, so he nlmberof adlalcofiponenh pcr bike 6 | ercoss i 2000Followinghe riantra ol plr.hanng, hi sequares o 802 d fierent ems o ersure harwe a e buyrrg ar rre nghtqudtty, me, pric.

Having rved nd breathed ger or rhe aathree yeats - wil f,e changng my speedTrp e for one of rhe iEt bikes fi theproduclion ne. t ls proud hon.nt ro.rde aprcdlcnon version f d bike i yo have

ENGINE

lRAt{slvt tSstoN

CYCLE PART5

wlreels Tyres Frcnr

RearSurpension Frcnt

1050.. Liquid-cooled, OHC in,tine3 cytinder

wet, multi Plare 6jPeed

Aluminiuh beam penmeterBraced, \din-sided, luminiunlattoycas , murti spoke, 7 x 3.5irr t2ol70 zR17ca,t, nultispoke, 17 x 5.5in tao/55 zR1743hm upside own o.ks with adiustabtePrero.d, bou.d and compr.ssion ampingMono5hock th adunabb prelo.3 and

Twin32omm disc,4 pinon radiar atiper5Single 55hm dnc 2 piston .tiperl

2130hm (83 9in)847mh (3:l3in)

835mm(32.9in)

23,2'/47.7n\m

20 lit s 6,25 $l US)

DrlvtENsroNs

Seit Height

PEiFORMANCE(MEASUREOATCRANKSHAFTTO IN 7OO2O)

ll5P5 (1l4bhd at 9,400 phl00Nm ?2ftjbo at 6,250 pm

ToRerJE


31/66

"",...=T':9.i1

THEDEVELOPMENTSUPERVISORWEhav. a team i appbxmat.ly 2 esrr deF. l of whom r [email protected] indhem by word i mouft. Ofour currenr ropo.ly Nloof hem ave acing \p.ience

W. usualy tan he$ | ders with ome fthe rrorc np asa.r arB i t$t n9,$e mosllndeffabl. panof whichs undoubt ty hePave cst Tlrii is an ndlnry stlndafd .st tharrimuares 20,000 iles f roadmicaovc.1200miles f Bclgianobb s. he rding 5co.d .ted r3p..d5 .nleen 0 - 25 nphf they et hrolgh har hen we rnd .i fstrengthsndus. hem n a developm.nt.ealo rLrir b.1r mll.age,|acl


32/66

arpeLlDf he bike te l05O 'g-i haj a.onrp etly ew cnassis nd earfs a[ newbodyDanes Addito.tty Ihe Tjgef s he,itsrbike on rhe 1050 ptatfo.n Lo eature a fu yEuro I comp ant uet nrecion slsren. Iireonry hrig rhar rshares idi rspredece$orth nahe - b I hd5 eer a veryblsy tmeFsearch n9 and prepanng he rran n9 co 6erl

The engrh l rime o devetop rraining

cou6e do8 vary When we ntrodu.ed heC20 Rocker ll)forexampe hs rook hreemonrhr, of the NG nben ir w rakeapp@xrmately 6 we.k. Whef rinre fdtJre the. demands f the ole alow r e a.a5e or ro.k.e mysettaway irha bke andrreelt ukiru I ro pie.es niit am f6dritiarwth the blke.nd drtot s fearlres.

Onc have acqlned he knowedge,des9n he rrainrng oreswhich over n detaiiihe.ngne, rlic(hass , he ocatof ot rhhan corrpo.enl, and h EF nrakgv naddrton witl be ordering nough ng Desend chas6 coftipo.ents o use n ranng

.aeoohs adosr he wortd, eqlenrngrannaton5 0r harera trom other Darkei5 ndpreparn9 olue hareriak Thij s o pemir.sma.y re.hs o gel rher hafdrof 1oourerghes, s ce we r.d rnost e&n by do n9

Wlren he co tse 5 wrtren, 1 colnrerpanstronrour'll umph subed ries nd d nrblroBatrend re r5l co tse. Rln as a -Tran heTr.De. rssbn, we dkc $ the airing notesand cofte 50 hy havr a d recr onftibltonro (E colEes hey hemsetvs wit rln wthIher own deaets fhey workon rhe bike fgrear epth and we ake hem out or a rdeon the bike

'or

ilnher p@dlcl appreciarion

My tme i5 hen spefl tErning he UKte.hnicans deaty we ry b schedue fah n9.o more hen rireeweeks efore ksarerelased o he nerwork. K deaeE do noi.e.eNe hetrbikes fttat lea$ wo echfi.tafskom a.h deaer have ate.de.l ana pasedtne couB,4 l the e.d they sita wrirren xamnea lnder nr.1 exam ondirlofs. ec..ian5r dle ro score ar ea5t 800/0 o pa$ tr s aquam/.heck harensues p.ofic'enr letofknowedse s in the

'iedlo provide he

expe.red .tor.e leve o.L5toftjetsAitera th tecnni.ia.s ave been raind

on a ne0 mo3e, lam avalable l the end of

rhe phone or techniGisLppon o our dlaietsiafi.ll s the pan rery enloy diagn.jri.sa.. resovng $ues Aid rhen, hrougrout heyea. we ofier.eiesher.ou4es or echs..cureot a.d older model5 o ma[e sufe we

sp ead he knowledge Ar $e same m,ohe, new modelswl bc approachig Tl.5stage o the pro.65 begns dqain

THEPROFFICERWE rnvited 5key nrdga?ns rom acrc$ ournEfket5 of an ex.lLsve review f the Tige.W-.do t to blid a preJaln(n waveolplbi.ny to suppod he very16r anve{ing tthe brke The maga? e e{rrrives ook parr .

eafv rlry and nvolved . ns hr riro rheaeverophenr l rhe bikeas weu as d ren rdeon a pre prodlctron 'odel

Tle nger ofri.: y talnched ar rirc Usdealer onreren(e Mam rj SeDt-.hberWewr rake r o consumer ho$ aoo$ rlreworldin Odober and November o, 15 bi .la n.h Add onarty will be headrng o Spiinrof re worrd prers dunch November

A /o i9oe3 n Denrnd he q:enes x r s grear lnana sat5ryr1go 5e. rhe magr: ne c.vfagethala aunch an leneEre

. : : ' , ' :

tlii;*.

ToRqut rs


33/66

,?s.ool- +/_ .o5o

d-i^ens'an i: n^eL'Jbeh-'--a 41.45 aJ +t "Aj.

^1L:, va ^1e- ol v*lv,r' "/"t+ ""/'Li;"*'L

r"^"t-;^,1i-- ^J -teto th.-

l;^-l- f vcclu


34/66

l\r"n"Lor,";,y (en*d.ero:tio.,s

Cst A[t.(-*.?-, Cr^Fs."r"r-a. ca- )Southb"ro, AA, g34provi&+ s..lrrti-e +o tl,eir CugtD-rs l_t

-o*r*r -itl. 4v.r ,,.nr:

to ottoi^ 1i^"ir le;g,'3"^h ^^t

H ,./*"J Cort.- d -

"ll;. K"'"-,L&. obll" {,- rn.,.v&.er,,'..1 ,o..*: 4r,,^ 5o,rqollqo.3uc+ "L..I- 6,, jee,1. rL. go,t. o

.Att. T:fi^'".' ,o" '."*."'l . ele oti6'1,i^.t to .c.o^"a,

;*.\:l",UU "-fc"t. A JooJ enXneer a,...n, Ir"^ p',.at ;rr^r-r*

O[ 0{hers .Revie.- l^< {. 9,-lr4 Jz+ln 6,ilel{.;.+ 1"- r..-J farts.

Gu,k-l)':ne .2 E"$"J tL co""..t r...,.1eri-Q-.

"St,H 1"5*::;1\pfi*;?.J" :;;";-?d::yitooK qi'-t d **Itftl +\* i;';JI^, a,-o. olr.,r.ur""i.,.r-so$re- 3it*"t ^ *o&*Afsl3o4LBo). "\tFI ro*\3 R'*+:(\Ji),nt=t"..(G)a^"LElc"nplegU'l"j AtsEsoe us. ATSIgoz. 47st zo= ts e aet"ew yo

l^o"Lio Jt7 rc ircLiLr

sukur Gntat.Cn Jehnn' X'" r"w**


35/66

What s dte Arqument

The ssue has not betr solved. There are ogical arguments n both sides, The cditorc ofMachin Desigrxmagazine D a rccnt report, surveycd 500 dcsign engineers 500 cngmcenng Supcrulsors about h cthics ofplal1.:red bsolescenc. f prolbct quahly -finirc-iife desrgn. Here ar somc 0f r.\e arsmcnts used on boiEliifesbf h u?Gti:--------\tF.r ' ' ,-"h favour of firiic-1if dsignl

*Ils necessary. gur cconomy demands high Foduction rat.

'Product 6oier makcs more obs, matcs more products availablc o flolc pcoplc al lower cost.* It's ioolish to build a product to last onger haD t is nccded.* No otrc could afford an dfitita-lifc product.+ lt is a wast. to budd more Lifc nto a mduct tbat wi cvenlually be scEpp.d aryway, due to technicalFogrss.* Our accelcratcd ecbdological advarcemenrs re crcatilg newdevclopmcrts cvcry day. No codpaDy can affold t ibct its futur od high quality p.oducts hat arc out ofdate.

- Short-llfc products encouragc ontiNcd dcsrg ddeloprEenr and Dn6varioo.

4 The public warts er1 xcusc o puclas ncw models-Against firdtc.Iifc dcli8tri* Il is uncthical, mmoral atrd disglaceful.* lt chcap.ns-ou producr magc -dcvclops a uarional cpubrion for shoddy mdchandises atrd will.cncouagc-u r r luu*liuu- dc - _Fs\

VAIUE ENGINEER-ING

* It wastes our rcsoulccs gcEcrates u*.t Basically, a coftumcr wants good quality and hon

"st "torkfrrz'r3bij|j,(C;' It dbcoulrgcs research Dd dcjeloJ)Fe oflcwer and b.trer produc6.. Ir ais"oor"gcsooa cs?f',il* frio@@lh.

"o*"t"otous fforu f adesis nsircer.t It tcDd6 o lowr bc staEdard f living by dcating cheapq ow quality goods,i It placcs an umccssary cconomic burdc on thc codsumq for cooti[ued replacemnt nd repau.

Tbc ollovi[g are somc of th. important cost-rcducing orsiderarioa3 hat should bc obscrvd ai cach ,hasc ofuc clcclslon-maKlng roccss:

+Elimiiatc. Is thc fiDction actually nc.dcd? Stop or a mofircnt o considq if you can climiratc this phasc ofthc dcsign. Thcrc i DotbiDg hat.will cur costs as-tlramaticalty s mding a n ai io cllrniDatc a part or ;scmblyaltogclhd. Thi is rlafilsf crilenop ofvaluc .DgrDccritrg.

Sirplify. What "s h;;dpfi possiblc way? Thc sccood ih


36/66

+ Avoid e:(treme peratrng empe $uEs which ncrease orosion ates, eiuce slrengn\; teriofa.e ateriaband ncessiia|e he selection ofmore expensive marelials and he addition of.supplmcntal egtg coosideEtionsto reduce he heat. ();/- tt :'L);r.' b t

-

* LighteE-weight- s paid for by the pould. Excessiv wight rs costly in malerial costs static and d]'ramicloadi]1g,oversized parrs, lcleased coss h machining, handliDg,- a shipping.

lLxea value considrario.s are made n the development hase ofthc desiga, herc are a nu ]ber ofpracocalcost-saying choices hat fal1 n the catcgory of fol]n desigr That is, whell you must choosc si2es, 5bapes,surfices, componeds, methods offastening, torEilg, fabricating. Etc. the folowing cost-saving Qtrsiderario$arc vaLid:

* Use minimum volume rveight ard srze.. Usc unifoco dimnlions bstcad of tapers or stcps.+ SFecify large dioensional tolranccs.* Us tubfog raiier tha bar stock -(for the weight adva,'}|age).

+ Radial toads are casid to dccLalise datr ax'ialloads.

- Use eralli.og rur$ iostead of stepp.d shafts..-EF

' Malerials support cnsion oads morc cfficieatly tha they support comprcssiotr r bcnding oads.I Size part closs-srctio fbr high dorEent of i&rtia ald low ara.

' Consider igidized shcct istead ofdick platc.

' Consider mouldd asscEblies rstcad ofboltcd assmbues.' Us. spor weldEg fftcEd ofbolB or ivets* Use strap-riag Estencls nslcad of tlradd fastcacNI Use dcve bcarirgs iffrcad of-Eccha.'ical bcadlgs.

' Usc oladnc offiecuo lsrcad ofslidilg connecuo 5,* Usc as-is sudacc ilishes wbclevc possible.

* SNa,'np pulch instcad ofnrachinc and drjll* MiaiErsc scrap dulidg fabricatio .

'Usclow-steogtb le.b irsEad of alloy sEeiJ

" Reduce ub.asscmblies o ooc-piece omposiEai Colsidcr b.lt driven ratbcr tha gca$ or chauB.

Therc arc also Somc gcnelal cost-savjlg considerarions hat are appllicabe to llalenal chdiccs. h tbc fo[owiugthe choiccs arc isted .d ordr ofpossibl. cost-rcductiod defit:

' For corroslon rolccEonlon-rdetallics vcrsus aiuioinillro vcrsls stainlcss tc.l.* For sldacc ha.dness:hcst reating vclsus casc hzldcdng vclsus Flahlg.I

For high secrgth: ocdiIlln calbon stcel vcrsus orv alloy vcrsus brg alloy versus hcat tel|log vcrsu3 higrhpuritystccls,r For light weishi:llastics versus alumrnium vcrsus magncsiu versus high strngth stcels vclsus hlanium.

' or ab(asron ndwear csisunce:csst ron vc us surface hardenmg ffus carbide coatrng.* For high tcmleratule design:steels e{sus ickclalloys crsus eramet oadng.

Although oaay oopames ave continuously een ble o reaF ha./est $rough value engr*enng, here s a

Linit to how far you cal1go. Most cost relaiionships a/e ot lincar. Thy tcnd to follow what could be calledHaEisberger's werbolic Law:T]1etlorceffortvou ut into t -the ess t's worth . The 6rstrerrsion capssubstantial aviog, but tbe nxt has ss and so oa until the cost o change i isnt wonh dr sa ']ngs.There arc many exaInlles n product design '{here h cost of relmemetrt ar out-weighs he beneits.


37/66

i 1,' l)r::,i1v'd-' rrâ.u{or-t.','c-.

^^"\ n---",ûbDFÂ)

D FA ( Lv:'1""' ns;'"t\) 'i

P;1't 1o"'i" {"' ô-k"\"a)

DFlt . . " " , , . i t Co, t i ' .{ 2-ra basic

hpproach tovalue analysis

UDlcis a product is ro h iti cosi, and therefore reprc-sctrts good alu, ir cannot Eainteio its posirion n dtcficrccly conpctitive malkct that cxisrs today.

The only ldiabl. q,ay of d.tchining whcthcr acompoDert, matelial o scrvice F, worth its cost s romake a carcful Elalysh of its valuC/

-- - :- .

Vahc alalysis oligjnatcd n ric U.S.A., and todsyit is a comrno y acccptcd-rb$ .of dcsign, manufactrr-ing and purchasing pcrations, ut in ritain many ilms,both largc and sn,lall, egard Valuc Aaalysis witb sus-

hicion and rcsirt its iiFoduction by such ncgativcitudcs as :"1 Ir mat \"ork i tlc U.S.A., bu it wofl\ worl he e.

ICs e gooddc ig . \9c'vc ahrays made r this way-why changc r now?

It wo 't work-wc tljcd somcrhing imilar 20 yce$ago.

ICs impossiblc o rcducc hc co5r any morc.Wc arc specjaljsts n tlis rypc of produn ald

lnow morc about ts alaDufacturc tan anyone lse.All top frcquc4tly, howcvcr, mor. progrcssivclj

mindcd, isii@glicefi coalpcritors, tcal a ,trrch bydcciding to cxpclim.Dr with valuc analysis plinciplcsiD ordcr ro csteblish hcrh* rhc claims nadc or ccnainploducrs rc rue or falsc,

why Y.lue analysls?Valu enalysis somctimcs cfcrrccl to es Veluc

Enginccring) i e rcalisdc, ol8anisd, common+cnscapprosch o co Educion. Its undcrlyil8 philosophy s"Therc is rlwtys e bettcr way to obtain cquivalclt

'.ality rr lowc cosr. Wc musr ird it." Frcqucntly $c-uhs obtaincd fte carcfully applyirg thc tcstcd prin-ciplcs of valuc analFis drc staltliDg. Fo eramplc, on.

British firm-Mcssrs. Rubcry Owcn & Co. Ltd. ofSratrordshirc-savc molc rhan 1J0,000 annually byapplying v3luc snalysis o, hc dcsign and menufacNlc

of ils produd .Valuc analysis ucstions he rcpctitivc abitr andaftirudcs f dcsigncE, pccifcation writ. s, mrtcrial sndcquipm.ft but'rs who .tc lalgcly rcsponsjbl or incrcas-ing marcriel a[d manufacturing os|s. t also makcsPurchaling impoftant acto in cficctivc cost reduc_rion. To thc dcsigncr, alu. analysis rings a Dcw :look ro rhc dcsign of componcnt alts. lt. slihulatcr hccosr-consciouslrcssf ceely Dcsign EnEineer o matcccrtain drat new dcsiSns ncludc hc vcry latest advanccsin low costprodlction cchniques

Convcnriooal ost lcductioD and cost Preventionmcrhods rcqucrtly ach;cac alings of 5 to 25%. but

th.applicatiofl of valuc lgileering mct}loG can

Pro_ducc savings q to 45Vo, whilc savilgs al 25E *e

Iior anly dres rh. aDDlicarion f i.aluc anaivsrinvariably ciulr ;n a *orrtr-r"tr;tc a'ing of mooc' jt

.rlso lmpro es rlre rcliabilirv rnd/or salcabitir,w f rhcproducr.Moreover r helps o inclease hc co-opera:ionbcteccr rival d:panmcrIs, encouragcs rcsh rhinking,sprcad5 osr-conscroJsn.ss,erelops jdden bil ir ics, ndnelps o provide berrer ppreciariouf r tc orhcrman's 'loD.

Unlikc molc convenrioral folI:rs cf cost redurliortechnique, uccesslul alue aralysis can offer a bigborus o lhc m$ufacturcrs or i can oipand hc mlrketfor his producrs.

In thc cesc f nanr_ products, c usegc, nd hcnccthe volurlc n d.hand, incrcascs n dircct proporrion orhc eduction n-cost. Due ro lhcir reduition n cost, hcsalc of telcvision cl5, Eansistorised alios, ball-point a-pcncils

-dc.havc. norased prodigioush ir--. rhcsc lo-

-L,L,, L

Similarl', small clcctric notors*oncc used cxclusivclyfor clockF-arc us.d Ior powlring s wjdc vlricty olproducrs, ll of whjch arc sald ar considelably educcdprjces comparcd Nith the cos of the original producr:Thesc Jevelopmcnts crra::rl' sould no hrvc .:|Lrrl :on lhc basis of improvcrnenr n pedorhancc alonc. Byeliminating nncccssary osis the raluc of the prodricthas becn mprovcd. As a conscqurncc hc applicrtioDand mrrkct for the product has expindcd, hus ncreas-ing rhe prospcrir-vi the ilrns coDcemcd.

Whal 15 value analysig?Simply statcd vsluc ansiys; is an organiscd,

inforEcd and highly critjcal aFproach o cost cdudionihat questions h funcdon of crch pan of a Produc nregard o its cost. I5 csscnri;l objcct s to gct rhc sam.performaDcc lo*. cost widrout aficctjng he qullityo reliabiliy f a ploduct.

In ary firm thrc are wo scparalc rcas n which

valuc mlysis an bc applied:/l) to the studyof cxisting 'oducE;(2) ro thc dcsign nd manufacture f ncw ProduclsIr bot} arcas he major obiec'tiYe thc attainmcnt

of cquivalcnt ualitv or lowcr cost. Thh is achieved yfoclrssing riticaiancntion n each omponetuhac com-prises n cxkring product. r is to b. incoryorarcd d thcdcsisn t a ncw producl notcs he unclion f thc part.seek;ng o el;m'nale o simPlify I. o combine t wi:hanothcr omDonerl, r rcplsce I witl' a stand rd' nas'-Dloduccd cm. It considcrs he Paltiarlar matclialuscdin tle manufacturc l eacl parl w;ln the objccr ofdecidinswherher orn. altemadlc narcrial f"s bcttervalue ai rcduced ost. Similarly' ProductPloc'sses ndmanufr6$rins mcthods rc cate{ully xamined urchaF

ilg Ecthods alE teYis'ped, nd the producE nd Prices


38/66

ugl t"0"'.^. -> H'1f c''-t

r^';'.1.- iote,""."> ,

Fta.1.. soindtc m.chincd on insuum'nt h'keis tathecost t9o?

Fie,1b, SPindle- nh to|.Cosr. 6p

_t

ioDlvwiLh hc 'dnc ron- n l

servi:e eliabil i tvof themaihrne. o rhe buter' value means urcha$ng he bestmar.rials and comPonenls I tne cheaPesr ric Thcoroducdon managers definitioD f a Product veluc sll',r ir cosrs rim1. manufactutc t, usitg cT sdng lbourana Inr.hio"s. Again. thc saics dcPaltmcDt hink of*t"e in tums of

-nrarkcringcosts nd hc value hat thc

-*'-1,

is p'.pa'.a to place on the finisb'd Producl

i- .-"c...';tregardJ he washing m:chtn's value

as rcnecrion f sevcral aclors ha( nluenc' rhc com-p""yf p*rp*lty, i... *"nh' cstcero, aDufacmring osr'scllinsDlicc,dcmand nd F$nl

ii'ttt" .on..p, of a Producii value s absuact ana/

or"*Inr.d,

thc' conscqucoces an Prove cosdy to thc

manufacrurrr. or c{amPlc:---iir,i a.len.' oriv producc a dcsisn o a very-

'.ii.li.-*"'i'ing:nrl'hine, bur with

'elF'i.rtut.t rtt", ate too cxpensivc o manuf'cturc,li

".ons.qu.n"., " tutt lcdcsiSn he machinc'

J"'".sri.i

rimc and mon'y that could bavcbccn Put c ornetusct.

2. i;; i,'v* mav Purchasc malcrials sPccificd.n-il- a.ii"" wirirourbcing awarc rhal ncw' Icss

-i,rv.iJ .q*tlv rcliatc sltcrnarivcmsrcliils

iiJ'.ornooo.i" ;rc rcadilv availablc {is (0D-

i"LJ-roi,iili",;"" of vrluc is rcsponsiblc orii.t.asiii ttt. marcrisl ostof thc mechinc'

:. ii" oi"iu.,ion managcr ccideso hsnufsdurc- *J'.irn-**", thai compriscs hc finish'daDDliancc wilhout rcalising thar ce lnk'o'ccialitv' anulacrurcrs rc tooled-uP' c mas5

D;oducc'ccrtaiD f Ehc comPoncnB r a mclci;;; Jt';s """

cost or Producing dcndcel

of 'spccialitt' Eass_producriotr rnulacturds'rc cvalua-i.a i'o

"oiia*i". ino" to uncovcr vcry Possibility f

il*ing"

p.au.tt cosr without. imtriliDg i hc i6sudiw or ldiAbilitY. O')>ry-- i simpt. cx;mph of thc-aP'Plication f veluc

"*t*]. rc'rcd'rcecooponclt costs is illus$rcd i

Fis.' l. Thc tr.ul 3Pindlc shown in Fig l(r) wasori'Eineuv dcsigncd ro vcry closc tolcreiccs and Einu-;;;;'

";;i.ostnrocnt-malcr's llrhc e cost of

l5o a crch. Som. 10,000 Pindlcs cr' rhEdc nnuallyrr e lool cost ot llrooo By aPPlyiDB ahc

"iat"sis orlac;pt.s,hc icsigncr

Produclddtc si6Ple'

.orjri""h.i

i* siindtc sho*n in Fig 1(b), aDd at t}tci"'.i-ir- g', ihi.h g"o. 3n ilnual tc'i'8 ofEl+t+oo

Contulad Yrlues ncEasa coslsCouvcatioaal ost cduction tlhods E'nqally rdn

oolv o ocus hc spot-ligr lhcnccd o usc cas 'boul'r"i.ri"t

-a,i-itot thc mrluf'ctutc of-r

toEPoocnt6r Eroducii valuc rdlysfu mcthods cssbusn ft PrF;"'il;ti;;, that nrc ii$icde' comPoDaot t Product;;;;lt"d i" Pcdold.-oDc' }'sc fulctiols hlvc bccn;.;;;;d ;it crrcfrilv d.fincd, thcir valu' rdadvciJTf,i"ia*i r.'cti"""t coDributioD car bc rcvicsed

'- -i"ii aot." crnPlovcs i$in thc lattr firm toa"aa" iftc i" *g"ta i" ric panictlar produa maaufac-tut A You "iU

probably 8c a dozlD drffcldrt rns ,cls'i*

""to"-Ur"'pop' music and modcm art-B s

;;'.*;.;; ib't c.bn"r e toultirude of totallvffi, ;;,ine', .ad of which varics with rltciraiiJr"ri par,i.itt" Pclsooal oudaox md wotk-r.r",r"osirio *O tbc produa or scrvic hc is ast'd to

.""ii"ilf"*iq'-ttv, tt i co.Panv whc* cadr dcpAn-

---' i.. r^ nm orivatc ctuitionoI dlcYaluc f thc

i--i'il-o.-r.."i.., i ptduccs, a rruc obicctiv' c"alue-

i:il;";: ;J;;i il "Iricbcclmcs.i'possibrs atrd

i'iir"ii. i:oti,i".-,t" fo cosr rcdudion or product

imorovcmcat, coau uasct*'a;fi*' for uamplc, some of tbc usuel niudcs."

'"iiJr", l"",p"'v ;Dulacnrins' sav' clcct'ic wash-

ii"-".r'i'".-i-r, a;,ig'cr of the Producl cquatcs algr--- or, , . , )

+. t"ff r"r.. dcpanmcnt riccs drc +Pliane to''

..i.f .onrp.,i,*. Plic'sor I similarmachinc

ii'""a ot Lg."i"g it' actualProducdon o'tsit', *"*q"-.*.' tity nnd hat hc pro6tnurginis wiDetl uL

s. ioi''i-"""i.t*,'. Iack of-clc" dcfiIiliotr of

"rtic rorccs hcato mekcdccisions hlt ar' no

i.*i"t

t"-a busiftss udgmeIr t a 'suhtft"

--p*y.,1* "

t"'s oD hc ProducrnsEadof a hlElthv Dro6t.

s.Ju.J;.;'i+*to within hc cohPAnv a:

. toriiiilii;*i coiccprion of vrluc'. magination rd;"."iii"n*t ,t. stin.a "Dd

both cchnicll.ald otnmcF

;i;;;;; ;;. Er'rdca varuc and,sis s dcsigncdo

. .rcomc ilcsc condltrcns

o"t'lllln:"f.""-'"n',st,

whodcfines.ualu-cn rcros

*+{i?'r'**i:tt:+nftt"thbfi "1':ffi1#fl#i'flntus *a.tiog.na;ti*'r. rr*i-, ,J'i ; * "

talistic, Pnctical ndctstand-;J;;;';" tuncrio'''"quir.d

oI cohPonc'ts rb-:li'i ; ;il analvsis mcihods, he thc succlss or

il:::";;;;;';.i".i s costs&Fnds.rhc lduc

ffi$;l*::+:*r;


39/66

Thus he n1 s fiF (1) idcltify and rnc ) evaluarc

Function dentificatlonEveryuselul toduct s designed o Pcrfolm Par-

riorlai funcrion. n cl.cEic purrl s designcd o Pumpliquids,an elccrric anp bulb Io ploduce ight, 3 washingmachine o wash lotlcsctc.

Erc.h prcduct s also sually rcquircd toPcdolma varicty of sccondarl unctions. or e:Nmple:

Thc clcctric pump may havc o-putr1p ivatcr at a givcn tt. of dischargc and

Prcssurc;opcratcwitiout noisc r vibration;opcia(cFhcn orally ubmcrgcd Dwatc ;oPcratc n cxncmcs f lcmPe$turc;be complctcly cak-ploofb. cohplclcly sclf-containcdbc mobilc;PufiP flcsh walc ;F, tFh n .F. I .nF ni 'n .

bc complclcly park-proof;purnp coEoslrre ce-watd;op.latc coltinuo$ly for long pcriods *ithout

Insintcnenc ;bc selJ ublicaling c. tc.

sidilerly, th.lamp bulb may halc to--gcn.latc a panjoia kind of fillcrcd iShtjbc rubular, sphcrical or e pafiicula shapclhavc e sclcw coflncction;hsvc s beyonct-typc olncction;producc a light of spcciicd clndlc powcr, c c. ctc.

The washirg machincmay havc s-wash Frlicular quandty of clothcst \ . . ^6Fl . r.h ' ' n r^hr r i . .

providcdryirg fscilitjcs;providcprcssiDgacilitics;bc highly ttractivc n appcaranccibe nobilc;be lighFin-wcighr;aUow cpai by rplacerncnt f damrgcd o wort

perls, cic. tc .The anrlF dclclmiE.s crch functio by c.rcfully

( rining cach pEft and thcn, aftE duc considclsiion, ..",rcni wo qucslions, emcly:-

1. Wlet is thc componcn ?2. 9tar.rrcdy docs r do?Thc rnswcB to thcac que3tions hould b. k.pr r5

limple as possiblc, .g.Fig. 2"Oncc hc has dctcrmincd hc componcnt'i Eu. tunc-

tion end cwluatcd thdr' in tcrms of pdnary andsccondary btcctives, . can piocced o crlminc the v3lu.end co of crch. and rhus dclcrminc its us.Jubc$ ordiscov?r some otilr, Icss mstly wqy of sccomp-lkhitrg csamcDarricula unction nder scmri^1. '(r"(/,J

To lccohplish this task c6l6iiiiii thcinelit mustacccD. hc basic lsumption hat hc pan bciDg ramindis, in principlc,what is nccded o providc th. desircdfuncdon, Fo cxamplc, n the insranc. of thc elcctricDump, h. rnus essumc ha an clect c pump is wharis requirtd and not a vaclrum xEaction u.Dit, yphonicor displaccmcnt Fcm. If this ?ssumption s not madc

thcrc is e dangd lhaithc anallst

mry scarch oo farafi.ld, nnd wastc imc h colNidcliog possibiliticahararc not placdcal.

AJlcr applyilg this iliri:l slage of t?lu. enal'5i3,idcas rld iniolErstioq wi[ oflcn bc produccd ||hich 'a'iur.suh i bcrcr valu.. Th. dschincal stccl disc shown n

FiE. 2A cost 5?5F i roproduc . ts lulcdon is lo

Dr;vclr tli'insrcs f din into aD nd-of_linc hafticaring. ry a-F;iai4 thc iniliel.3tcprof vrluc anElysisdclcribcd sboot, hc dcaig]llrdiscovclcd hat he couldEurchasc ,Er tound mcrgl bhnls (Fig. 28) ftom smanuJacturcr rlhospccirtiscd n thc Ellss Produ.tion frhcsc nd otber yPe lnd sizca of m. al disc AItEriir-driuins thc total cost or rh subslilutc omPoncnt.itount.a-,o an)y2ao?, msking srvitg of ?75FtSomc 3.000 nrctal di3c5wcr. uscd cvcry ycer wiih ananmral aviag f ll 15o

EvaluattnEhe unctton ycomparlsonSincclhc valuc of a prn is a tllativ. rath' thrn

absolut. me$u c, t is oDlyFossillc o cvaluaE a com-poncnr's unclio by colDPrrison .thods For'ctamplc'cvaluatioo y comparison madc whcncvr pcrsonbuvs a car. lawn mosc , s ncw suit or tic ctc. Fkst,hc'coflparcs hc ircm h. is considcrin8 urchasing itholher a;ailablc cds on thc Ea k. that can salisfrdorilylccoliDlkh th. functionG) he rcqlh's of thcm' lndthcnin 6c basi oI bcst valuc oficrcd or mon'v, hema.k.s his choica

if r.hc roduct ndcrgoing nalvsh s comPlicalcd vthc numbci and valiely of scFratc comPoDc , or lncmatcrials and Production roccsses scd n rtr manu-i,i*t" *t* the number of comparisons cccssary of

ir'l ,ni:v" .oblain s .6cicnt nforoation n ordcr to

.iuttirtt'*" t."t u"tuc, lctcascs or cach ncludcd unc-tioa Thh oeans hat thc aaalvst' f hc is ro achicve

.,_ __ -C t

Fig.26. Ctsing dis. ol nachined steelwnh dtilled hotEs,cosri 57S

4

^;"r ' " :

. \ " a) . '

Fig.2b. C.sing disc Ftest.d .nd Punched.ut al lithtw.idht a.Itl,cai: Z oo


40/66

ii";ii6:; ,';: ",: :;:L1:i:3i'.

his obiecrive uccessfully, utt rirst bleak. hc Pioductdown nto sub-unir, compotents, nd individual paft',nd rhen carefullyanalyse he basic unctions of thcsen.ms. This. n tum, mearx omPartng:

1. the us. of one Erlerial with rhar of anotlc 'c.g. cold drawn slecl r elcctrolvdc Powdcrcdmclal.

2. the design f onc Part $i h thai of an'quivalctl,c.g. Figs. 2A and 23.

:. thi lat"ourconlenl of onc comPoncnt ith thaof an cquivalent, .g. a forged and dlillcd con-ooncnt aeainst a ;old steel ptessing Fig 3

,1. tt. appui.ri- of onc Production roccs withrhar oi anotLcr, c.g dlillitg or flame cuttrngcomoarcd jrhPunching, tc ctc

Althou;h lhc inirial steps of Yalue analvsis nusdescribed -ay ppear implc. his aPPc'rancc s dcccP-4".. r".

"nJ.'iiivalue analvsjs nrplics considcreblv

morc hln iust value conscioirsncss h' rnalyst t't rr-li l;t

"u.to"et cost cduction 'rc

to bc succcssful-

".tt.tt

-ir'.''Ju,yto think in tcrms of tunction, atd

f;;',-;; irl abirit" ro acr uPon rhc conclusion'rcachcd uring his analvsk ot a compoocnt r prooucl

ten aids

to determininggood valueBrirish firms $ho hsve coDscicntiousty Pplicd rhcorirciplcs of vlluc analysit cchni$lcs, t $rntly diFiovcr'rhc rcwards o b. grcatc .han thcy lnticiPatcd'Rcduccd Droduct costs and improvcd r.liebiliry havcrcrhess *:idcncd h. cxistingmarkct for th.i Product'Attho'uetrtrc cctrniqucs o ar disiusscd, .c. dcntifv hc

o"n aid.h.n dct.rmjm .xacdy what it do.s, epP.ar

icl ivcly simplc ro aPplv (sincc hc valuc.of a paft is, ..lariic rrttt.l than absolulc mcasurc), hc succcss fsood valuc analysis ics in llrc skilful dct'mination oti componcnt's cal valuc.

Pretlmtnary steps to delermlnlng good YalueValue aDrlvsis must bc performcd in a logica),

(Btcmatic mamc , end thc collcdi;n oI all bssic'eisential nfotmation ooccrning hc dcsign nd maDu-fscNrc of thc ploducl s clscntial D otdcr to dclctoincii. trash acnciincr o valu.. This iDJorflatioo ncludcs:

1. Totrl quanrig of matcrial Purchascd Enuallj'2. Annual Producooa ourpul3. Asscmblt nd dctail dtawings'4. Marcrial specifi atioDs.5- A brealdosn of thc costs for 'ac PAn'

inclDding ateiial, abou. and ovclhcad harg$-

5. Dcliils of manuf:crulcls of boughr-in com-

z. i brcatcdo*n f asscmblv nd sub-asscmbly

g. Copies of work Plaming cards or gcncraldcs-c prions ot all Production roclsscs onccmcdir il. .""i...i,* of fic part frcm dcs;sn r

comDoncnt o ils dclivcry o rhc Purclras'r'9. Acrual umplc oI indilidual l:omPoncnts-G)'

'*".mUl.aard &l asscmblcd llrc rhc finel

form of thc comPon'nt.In addidon hc valuc nalystmustknow:i-d- Wr'"t,1'" dcsignu lilcs or dislikcs about hc

Producl'rt. bhcthcr rlcrc arc aefinjleplans o rEd'sign he

plodud, or carrain f its coEPoncn$, t somci"rurc datc. Il so, ho* thc dcsign will bcchangca.

tz. Vltv parti*tat materials wcle sPccifcd-il. vt'itt'"' th. c src chalrges eg . 4r&lcd- that

rhc desigtnd production flginccrs uvcn\ had

dme to cxamine.Toinr disorssions ctwceB $c analyst' dcsigtr'

'p.c;h."iion "napoduciinn ensinccrs o ploducc his

(6)


41/66

:

" dr.odal io.formatioa arc n itEPorIaDI ard ilvaluablcstdp towalds ftc c.ff.criv. applicarion of valuc dulysh

o),- t/t- t a,22Ten rleps lor determining value , - '

To EiDimisc th drntc ofglgllanalysis aod thccxpcnlilc co$cqucnccs oI Eatirg pariially idormedsnap udgmcnrs, hc alalyst must follow : dcfinitc p o-ccdurc for (s) cslablishins and (b) rnc8suling he valuc ofa prrt. Such a proc.durc compliscs hc applicarion fa

sclicsof Iogical stcps rld gclcrallt takcs tlc pattem

ol answcling hc ouowing10 qucstiols.

l. Doer lts uac contrlbule lo value?I{. c thc analyst srust detcmile whcthc thc patt

plays a vital fuDction in rhc product. Ofrc , i valucanalysis, iargc savings havc rcsultcd siErply f.orl1 tlrctmir'..tion oI c.luin unnccclsary pa s whjc cottribut.no functional valuc. Thc rnalysi mr, find rhat th func-tions of mant palh may bc iransf.$cd to orhc-r ensand assclnblics..ghcn contcmplaling hc climiradon ofpalts) ho\r,cvcr,wo vcly csscndal ulcs must ba obscrvcdby rhc anrlylt:

i. If a part is cliEinarcd, hc radcsigrcd roductmulr hsvc hc larnc qualiryas, o bcltc qullirytha4 tlc originBl an.

2. Allhough m8oy psr 5 can bc cltircly r.movcd/ trcnj. a product, rllcir liminatior nlu$ NEVEX

p>,t- )'/) : b .ithcr qualityor functio l rcliebility rotrl, thc producr, no malt.r how bi8 r laving iD

manufacruling cost mry rcauh from 3uchremol?1.

Exanrl.Fig. 1 illuslralcs hc hcthod uscd, prior to vrluc

anriysis, o. scculirg hc whceh on s child'r oy tricyclc.Thc cld of thc stccl driving shrft wrs lnechincd ceccommodatc hc rvhaclshd ccu i[g Dut arangcmant

Subscqucft ralysisof ihir a.lalgcmcnr show.d hr thcmsi funclion of lhe machincd oriion of thc shaft wrs o tlarximit thc rotstionEl EoeclncDt of tlrc shafl, whcnlumcd by thc pcdsl-&ivcn driring mcchaEistD, o lhcwhccl. This cDablcd h. lricyclc to movc cith* lorwrrdor bectwald. Sccondrry unclions wclc to (l) scorrc hc

Fla.1" Bctorc valuc tnElYsts.

q'h.cl in a 6xcd posirion gainsr hc machilcd hoddcrof tie shaft, 2) prcvc& rhc whc.l wobbling. Sinillrly,the main funcrioD of rh. nur was to s.arc rlc whctl iils fixed posirionwhilc rhc uncdon of thc split-pir wasto ltop lhc nur from wolking slacr and falling oF th.shefL

Valuc analysis howed lal:(l) by rcd.sjg)]in8 he allangcm.nt, hc folo*ing

ploccsscs nd paru colld bc elimimred wirhoutafcctiDg

thcproducCs

cliability or quality:-{a) rhc machircsho'tdcrr scrcwed .ngtir of shalr, drimblc cnd rnd splir-pin rccomaodatiDg hotc. (b) rhc rcrEwcd c r r of tbcwhed. (c) thc spring+tccJ 'rashcr. (d) thc locking D r. (c)thc plit piD.

(2) thc cosr of ilcms I to 5 ioclusjvc wcrc out ofFoportio ro thci. uscfuln ss.

(3) all the fcarurcs lovidcd wcrc nor lcedcd.(4) e bc$er, sidrplc , chcspcr arrangemcnr ould

bc providcd.(5) srandald r.'boughi-ill', h.epcr, mess-p.oduccd

prns couldbc uscd, iu rhsting he producr o$id.$blychctpe o rnanufrctulc.

Fig. 2 illustleEs hc 6impli6.d Bneng.Incrr hcrcbtthc functions f tranfiitting t}c rotltionalmoydEcn fthc shafl rc thc phccl, snd rccurin8 dc r{hcel in Efi&d positjon on tlc shaft, src p.rfolElcd by a siqlcpsn, e standald izcd tc.l Pi

Thc leducrjoa n cor schicv.d by tbis arEngcmcntwr5as ollows: -

1. Machincd hlfr E3 4S2. whc 15. cr.wcd o suir thrcad on shaft

(DCt Datf) L. tv

a. St.ci 6pring-q'ashcrs4. Stccl lock-nut35, Stccl splh-piff5. Asscmbly osrs

: I ,?3Nol.-Costs 3, 4 and 5 do nor cfrcc hc ovclh.rd

co5$ nvolvcd n purchasing nd storing hcac tcms.

Eig- 2, Ah.t v.lu. .nalfsis.

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7. Srand:rd M.S. round bar -228. wlre :, drilied o sujr ba and ockirg

PiD Gajr) 5 o9. Sradard l" dja ocking-pins, ?shcls

and sPIi Pils lS10. Assdrbly costs I S

Cost sving pc productNu.6lbc of rictclcs ploduccd pc ycarThcrcfo.c, total al]]ual savi.og

r_1. l1t -6 '6110,000

tu,tboNot.-T c saving D cosi achicvcd ocs Dot cdcct

thc rcduction in purdrasing snd stolagc ovcrhcadsachjcved y thc climinadon f pans 3, 4 aod 5.

2. ls lts cosi proporllonala to lt3 lsefulne3s?Oftcr thc cost of pan or proccas disproporrioD-

arc to it funclioDal valuc or $cfulncss. Ctcapcimcrhods, or pafts qfi bc uscd which rarvc thc samcpulposc whhour dcracring roE drc qualiryor rEliabiljttof tle product.

Eranpl.t A shipysrd building en avc.eg. of fourcargo v$scls e yca , annually urcha3cd omc ?0 lo 100itcms of auxjliely mechindy from various manufasttE s.

Tlc machincry rrjlcd at thc shipyard aintcd n aassorrmcri f dificrcnr colours, AJtcr iistallation. cechitcm of machin.ry had to bc lcpajntcd ighFglcy o suhth. sliDown.i's sDccifi.d colou rch.mc. Th. cosr bflabour nd rnarerials nvolvcdamounicd o f60oo wirh-our edding onc pcnny o thc uscful valuc of thc Buxilia 9

A3 econs.qlcnc of spplicd valuc aDalysis, hc

proccdurc used for ordcing shipJ m(hincry waschangcd. vcry ordcr o lrachjn.ry Bavc hc B,S. hrdccard number for thc colour tlc manufaclulcr shouldpain rhc ordcrcd machincry .forc dclivcrt ro thc shiFyard. This quir.m6 , Jor which no cxrr3 cost lr.chrrgcd, cooplct.ly rrmovcd rhc ncccaliry o rc-pailt-ing sflcr installelion, clc$cd skilled mcn for olhcrwor}, spccdcd p iob prcviously eltcd o pcrmit prioFin , and sevcd hc shipyard r,000 tmuelly.

3. Docs lt need ll lls featutes?Som.limcs a pan o aFangcftcnt s roo complcx,

end ts dcsjga an bc sirnplificd c r.d cc manuJactulingcost and mprovc cliabifiry.

Too ofrcn prrlicular fcaturcs lc incorporatcd n .dcsign mcrcly to improvc thc appcatanc of tbc product.

Qucsrions \ 2 and 3 arc plirnarily conccmcd with$c function of t-hcparr, i.c., its specific urposc n iaassemblcd roduct and, b.ing basic, must nccctsarily cconsidcrcd irsr and on thc basis ha tbcrc is no poinin ananging ilhc to buy or maDufacfirrc pan fot lcs3cosr f e ier grcalc saving an b. achicved y nodifyingrhc ploduct so as to accomplish hc Palt's purPosc y

Tbcobicct of tbesc qucstions s to suggcst o th.

snalvsr hc possibiliry f climineling hc Pan bvohcd,combining t with adothcr comPnncnt. r simplifyingciilcr iis dcsign or maauJactun (Scc Fg' I & 2).

4. ls there anylhing better lor the intendeal use?Wirl tic devclopmenr f new proccsscs nd $c

inprovemnt f exislirg one , marerials leviously or-sidcrcd dcally suiled or s particula ob noe rcprcscrtless vrlue rhan orhers rnendy available. or cxamplc,auromatic assembly, owd.r mctallurgy, ncw castjDgrncrhods, ltla-sonic cleaning and finishing cchtiques,hachinability dcvclopment tc-, can, in onc way or

anotbcr, heapcn nd rnpror a Product-Similally,oncof rhc cidc rangc of ncw sl'lrhedc malcrials may wcllleplacc hat spccified or use n manufac.uring he pro-duct,

Naturally, thc "alucspecjalist cannot master all ncwdcvEiopmclts; ut h can and must b. awarc of ell newlcclnologi.s and musr be Pr.prtcd ro call in exPcr$ nthcsc iclds at $c proFr timc? citier during lle dcsiSnof ncw products r a valic an:lysis of existingProductsand h. mcthods scd or thci manuJacturc.

5. Can r gtrndard component or manulaclure/sna59 prcduced 6Peciallly be lound whlch willbe usable?

Ofr.r hangcs r dcsiSn, material sPccification rmrrufacturing will cnablc hc cornPany o usc

'tsown

production acilitics rnorc Profitably hen hilhcrto. sothar cxDcnsiea crvicc roln en oursidc manulaciurcrsre no lonScr nccdcd.

Convc$cly, sluc snalysis ays strcss n lhc s.rviccsof 'outsidc' manufacrurcrs, fio, wilh lhci spccialiscdfecililics or mass-produ.tion, tc ofrn ablc to slPplyccnain cornponctlts t far lcs cost han compaly-mrdcPgns.

F .ou.rttv. rheir.*Dclicncc ol thc manufacturcr fsoccialiw omoincnts mgles rhcir advicc nvaluabl. o

r.ic ual'ri enalyst n his scarc fo ch.aPcr, crviccablcc0mP0ncDtl.

6. Can a userble parl be mad by a cheaFetnanutaclu ng Prcce$?

Carcful snaltsh msy show that rhc possibility orgrlalcst saving i.s in changing he method of menu-iacturjng the parr. For cxsnplc, a limPl. formingop.larion ot e ptcss may tcplacE an exP.ns'vc crc$-6achin. or milling oPcration. fofging miv rcPlacecasring. sranpitg proccssmet climinatc he ncccssiryfor exDcnsilt ebrication.

Mcthods arc dcrcmincd bv such actor: as dtawing

detaits and lpccifications, nspccdon cquircmcnts' ro_ducdon ouantitics, hc tooling and Production quiFmctrtavaileble.

In lornc nslanccs, atricuially n smallc ilms, hcmcrhods scd or manufacturing hc comPoncn r parhavc becn cmplovcd or th'ny or fony ycars and whichreflcct notc of th. proElessmadc n Production c:h-nolosy. Th. value aDalys vho has carcfullv acquircdcnnrolctc nformarion n thc sp.cific componcnt nd onthe otho parts $ith vhich it is asscmblcd, s thus n ancx:cllent pnsirion o uncovcr pos5ibilirics l inprovingexistinemanuiacturing ncthods

Oftcn snmc pans arc made b.n.r than thcYneld

be- Forcxamplc, a particrlar finishing oPetation 1av

nor add 'appcatance aluc'to rhc product bcc,uic hcDan h pcrrnancndy on.calcd The lol.raDccs ffix.d oi particr:lar pan oay be much tod 6.Ec (and tlcrcloft

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43/66

{

Ioo costl)) for rhe job rha larr .rurl]] pcrio.ms. Agri ,a nc\r ma:hiniDs rcJrniquc maJ- rFpiiir- thc Producrioa? . \ f5s bt chmrnJr ing 'mc runurrJ tuf lnE (Pcrdr ion5.

whcn p r s arc madc by ou(sidc supPlrcr comPlclcitfomadon rcgalding thc mcrlods uscd in rhcir manu-factute is oftcn lacking. Hoscvcr, carcfull-v con5idctcdanswers ro rle ques on "I5 iI \rorth lhc monc]?" wilsoon iDdicar. ro rhc snalysr ihose itcms on *hich bc

should adrjse rhe supplic Io examinc his cosls aDdnelhods. Jointly lhcy can dtcrmjne llhat should bcdone o improvc manuJactuting mcthods-

7. ls ls rnade on the ptoper toollng, consideringlhe volume of patts needed?

Ofrn hc rooling c -up or ploducing p:rticlrlapaft is nor rc-cxamincd hc cirhc hc quaotity of Paltsmadc or thc nrarcrjals scd n manufacturc hangc. rc-quenrly dr. typ.s of currjng ools scd to pcrform a par-ljcular producdon process olld bc chlngcd Ior morcmodcln cquipmcnr cquiring cis majntenanc., hat canrakc talgcl curs, arc tastc , or producc a bcrEr finilh.

oficn rooling osrs ln bc considcrably .duccd by usingr cooiants, mclhods of lubricarion onEjning a ii r.don edditivca rc.

8. Oo rasonabla materlal , abour and overh eadcosts togethef wlth talr prollt iotal lts cost?

Thc value gnalysr nus , of cousc, onsid.r be rolalcosrof rhc roduc .

Thc tclm 'labolr cos6' does no naccssarily nclnt}c shoun of money paid to the abour csponsibl ormaking thc componcrt. & mst wcu includc only parlof thc patmcnt madc o labour; hc rcmaindc bcing avalianca or oihc accoun auscd ]. hbour tate ncrcaseslincc thc itcm ma[ufacturcd was rsr FlanDcd nd lhevarious ost5 al- P,

Si 'lilarlt, 'marcrial' cosrs oflcn contain canaiDovclhcads o covcr hc lccciving, nspccting nd sroragccosrs of nlt.rirls. Many othcl cosrs may bc afectcd nsarying d.grc. . Conscqu.ldy thc valuc analyst musl

carciully establjsh hc nanncr in qiich cotG alc dcrcr-mincd, for all i (orrccr rn(rhod oI prcprflng indir;dual .srs m3'; producc * ong dcisions shjch f.cciuJf g, ,JvalLrcd r plrdcuh prfl or produ r.

9. Will anoiher rel iable manllacturer supply thePart or less cost?

A good knowlcdgc f various speciaiirymanufac-turers and th.ir panicula abiliriesand rang. of slan-dtrdised ptoducB is of invatulblc hclp to ric valucaralysL

Hc musr also now in what quanddes nd on wbaltcr&s $e best pricc catr bc obtaincd or supplics orsclvices ciDg bought

As a conscqucncc f his lnowlcdgc of purchasingand rhc capabiliri.s f pafricula manufaculcrs ic valucanalysr an bring to bcr .upon aD analysis nfonnalioDthar s vital i rcducjlg a p.oducCsmanulactuiiDg osrs,incrcasing ts vsluc and improving ts tclirbility,

10. ls anyone buylng lt lor less cosl?

Exccpl forpropriculy procclscs nd patcntcd

goods, hc anElystmus setisfy ilns.iJ $at thc pricc h:scompany rls for d particular Psfl or scnic. is thccbcapc$ consistenr ith tcquircd sundards of queliryaDd cliabiliry.

ElcI of rhc rcn quaslions cuiled sbovc er'les s aspadc ith lihich rh. enalysi must di8 oui thc jtforma-tion he lequirca.Oncc (his has bccn collccted c musrIalk rvjth any on. who, n otc wst or ano cr, s con_cclncdwith hc dcsign,manufacluc nd 6nal diltributionof thc produci Only by pcrsistcndy, nd lo8icallyqucsri.ning ll procrsscs onccrncd n rh d.si8n andtnanufecNrc f a produ$ can sound, rictical oundi-rion for rhc epplicrlian of valuc an.l' E tcchniqucs c

artalnad.Valu. analysh does not involvc eny megi . Il is

hard, cnsiv. $ork that conlinucs vcn hough rc nrstansw.r o e Problcmmay bc a dcinilc'NO" until cvcltroadblock as been uccessfully cmovcd.

a blueprintfor successfulvalue analysis

Good laluc analysis defincs pcriormance nd producr matic aPp.oach o cosr cductionwhkh, once oot$:ldc_tre] iabi l i tvrcqui rcmcnts inrckt iontofunct ionandhasbeendcrcrmincd 'cxP]oresfemorsc]c l lEarPoss'b lc.ii.-i,''"r,"-i1,,l,iliiii ;;.;;; i, ;,.. incvhabrc;har ansres or fufrh.r cosr cductrti--iriF,'rcanso' in-inscnui(v an ahrats discovcr chcaPcr, qurlly reliablc Provin5 roduct cliabililt ln shon raluc analvsis s an

"iv "ii*i"*i"gi i"*tion or making a ian ions;srcnt orsrniscd ppr'ach o obtain bcsl Performance lom '

*iil q"'"ri,l *+ii'"t]]*,s. valuc cnalyiis s aho a svslc- Product, t lo$'esr os. withoulalTcfling ualirv'

(e)

," t . t .


44/66

caretul spPrelssl ld6 el tect ive alue anElyslsTo achicvc gooa llsults thc spplicalion ol valuc

analgsi must ollo't a cllcfully Planned rogranm' ronrhl 'iairial con..plion of a product througb Io i 5acceptancc Y he consumcr''s'hcrc

"aluc srialvsiss to be rpPlied to Products

alrcady bcing hanuJacru .d, an asscssrncrt f tl' salcs

aDpcal f cach producl, 3trd o whal dr8lcc tnc prodr'rctsirisficsa customcr's cmand or valuc musr bc madcThis cnabl.s hc vsluc soalysi o Yicw h. ploduct es 3

wholc .om rhc orstomcr" vicwpoiot, nd dct.rminc howrnuclrvaluc the clrsrcmc Placcs on

(a) Product PcrformaEcc nd aPPcarancc,(b) thc cost o th Product, c. labour, llatcri-al

ovcrhctds c.(c) $c prcstig. rhat tcsuhs roft o*njtg thc Product,id) the-producCs *changc veluc, c. thc 'cond-

hand vsluc of lhc product oncc tlic nrstolE'rhas itishcd wirh i.,

(c) scrviccability aluc, i.c. how much it is goiDg

to coslha custoltc to kecp t in good cpak

Th. obicct of this prclirninary pPBilsl h to cflblcrhc valu. atr yst to raducc co5t n rrcas of maximumimDrctor cficctivcncs3' For cxsmDlc: thc gldssy cxtcrnal finish of Idomcstic efrigitator sdds Dothing o il3 p'rformrn:c'or funclioral riljability, yct a glossy, yc'Plc$ing frnishdcfinirclv mprovcs lc oulwsrd aPPcarencc f lhc plo-d,rcr sni inirceses l5 3llcebility. 1t can, rh.r.Jor', bcassumcd hr tlc customcr prcfcts thc glossy ni5h olhc cost-saving ts climinationwould Producc. quipPcd*iO rhlt t,n*hag., $c veluc rnrlyst could proitablydcaor. hi3 iimc arid cncrgies o reducing he c$i of ficfinkhingproccss .hich oms per of ah. cusromff-vlluc

of th. rcfligc 3tor.Similally,a privarcmotor car msy bc rdlnufacrurcd

br a compgny f world rcno*n whosc plrticular Eedcnirtl is tipt.icntcd by rhc styling of rhc car's sdietor

".i1.*a

"charactcihtic chblcm imPlintcd on thc

;hronium platcd whccl disc . To clirninlrc thcsrfceturcs ouid cducc hc pr.srigc vlluc rtuch'd lo o\v 'ine thc vchiclc.Thc valuc snalys must dctcfotc tcccPlihlt *lilst th. paniculsr calurcs conccrncd dd nothingcirhcr o thc funcriona) erformancc r rcliabilityof tI'iat, *.y ar. ncccssary n that thcy edd I t'luc io thc

".il.r"il" t, Blcrrer then ihcir cost cons'+cndy, his

r"ii k rc aisco-".t I mcthod of chcaPcning d' mrnu-

iri.ring pro.rs. invohtd iD Producitrghcsc cltulcs'

'--- Oo7e'sucn n aPPraisal .s bccn toDcludcd,. hcanalysr s in r position o prcpatc Programme lvlng

rrilr,i *ait oi t carmcntor c'dr Produq ndO) n\c)i"*,

"itl* tlut clt bc dcvorcd to rlrc enalysis of

.."h proaua. ProducB tc g.ncrdly analFcd ooc t I

iiri ina u*"ttv t pcriod oa4 to 7 wceks alloscd n

*iiirt i" i"-pi." a particular analvsis oilh comPiltDroduds neolviDg lal8. tumb' of separrt' compod'

ii".li it *""-"tv ,o aividc lc producr nto convcnictt...-,i"*, *.f, sccrion bcing rrcarcd as a sPccial toduct

iher can, providing su.fEcimt aincd value analtsc arc

avaibblc, bc proccsscd imultaneously nd oD a grouP

b"titro. .*"tot., e lalgc elcdric mclcr can bc brokm-down nro hc ollowing unctiooal cctrons

EleclricalPa t5Mechadical arts

\

CaseCoverFirisb

Fionr this break-down, n cxpericnccd rluc analystcan oblaina clear picture of lhe nrinsic cost i.e.labour,maErial aod ovdhclds) of thc: -

Elcctrical uncrioMechanical unclionCasing

Thcsc cost igurcswill scrvc o indicatc whicharcasofi.r thc bcst Dtomisc or valu. aoalysis D ordc rhatrhc analvslt time and energics rc not waslcd on uD_DrofirrblcDvcstigations ar cxamPlcr ad Programmingn1av cad him to dcvotc valu.blc timc to snalyting natrl whcre t k not dcsirablc' ar rcasola of ProductaDDcarancc t rcliability, o furthcr rcducc manuiacor-ini costs, lus leaving nsu.Ecicnr imc lo comPlet'rciablc analysis f orjrcralcas ikcly o yicld rholcPlofigblc rcsults. n order to prcvcrt such wastagc whc

plcparing his ttogrammc or clllck $.:Drlyst shouldionsidc carclullvceci of thc followitg facto6:

,16, which ricas of invcstigarion PPczro ofict rhe

larscst savmas,2. Vh-arDropor:ljon f tle ro|al cosr of th' Product

is rtuilutablc to parrs and nDhhcs blriicd fiom' o$c slDDlicrs r rnenufacl1rlcls'

3. How mr]ih of Ihc product's otal cost s atribut-sblE o melcrial.

4. How tr$ch of thc PaoducCs otrl cosl lsaftlibulablc o labour.

5. How muc} of lhc Product's otal cost Nettibuteblc o ovcthc.ds.

6. How much imc is cadmetcd o bcrcquircd or

salisfactory nalysis of Gach s'clion or com'

POnant.Ard.d wilh snswct o thcac ucstionsrh alrllyst

h now i i posilion o .pPly rhc acvcn uin slrgcs hit

""iiii" "r' t,in cfcct, constitutcs 'blue-Print' for rll

succissf l valuc analYsis.

Blue.p nt lot successlul analyslsitre 'blue-print' or iob plen to $hich succcssful

valuc analvet5 ork, comPriscs cvcn sagcs which, f

aDDlicd nt.lligcntly, cnabl's th' eftlyst to:-" (a) Rccognisc nd facc thc.Problcm irh thc Pardcular unction lcarly n m'nd'

ab) -oqtc end collcc( hc nc'dcd nformarion on-ccming ll rsPcls f th' Producl

r.l io.ii'.,rv pcrfonn ana comPlctc hc csscnli'lctcetllE Itorx.

(d) An lysc hc r.sul$ of thc crearivc ork for thc' bcsi choic.s f action'Ic) PreDarc nd cslablkh efrcctivc ro8rammcshat' ' .osirc *c suctcsstul 'recution f lhesc bcst

cboiclsof action.ff) Execuk rhc cstrblished rogramrnc viftly

iJ) i"cumur"t ti'" 'c'utrsobrained ot dccision nd

positivc ctionffr)'Carctuily appraisc hc rcsul$ achieved and

makc teliablc rccommendatrons o cosr rc-dr:crion r Producr mProrcmcnt'rrt s.".n ttri.t, cach of *hich is esscmial n thc

plan's velall effectiveness, rc :

t

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L O.icntatilln2. InformatianL Speculalion4. Evrluation r cri ;ca1nalYsi55. PlBnn'ng6. Progranmc xcculion7. Repo and conclusjons

Staoe 1. Orlentat lon1 has bccn said b3l 25 pe cent ot rhc prohlcmofcfcctive cost rcducrion is conccrned ith thingt sndthc ftmaining 75 pcr ccnr with Pcoplc.For this rcesonthc analys must acquirc a thorcugh no$lcdgc oi:-

(a) V,fhat s o be accomPlishcd.6j vhat particlla fcaturcs hc clltomcr rcally

nceds o r'\'ants n rcgard to aPPcarancc, er_iormsncc, cliabjlit] safct', scrviccrbjlitl sttdmainl.nsncc, izc,wcighl,ctc.

Sl8ge 2. Inlormat lonHcrc, lhc rnalysl is conccrncd njlh Sathelirg

rcecthcr as much rcliablc nformation as Porsiblc. scrn'phasis, uring rhc first lnd lccond stagcs, 5 Placcdon_'function' nd thc cost 0f obtajning hclc iunctiontthc snslyst tust add to his acoimul.ting knolvlcdgc

' ( ) Sccuring ll csscntial acts ,e8erdit8 thc Pro-' ducr, .c. sclutl lrmplcs of Psits as $cll ss thcrsscntblcd Produ.t whrrc Prrcticablc. Obtallrclieblc nformatio[ on cosls, quanrities, om-Donent nd malcritl Inanufaclurc s. rl$ing3'matllisl and work spccifications, oh Plxnnitgcaids, man fatturing and iffPcc ion method$

(b) Lcarning rhc basic etginccrjng principlcs n-volvcd n thc product csign

(c; StudyjnB nd cerning ll $e menufscluring ro-c.ssca nvolvcd n meking hc finhhcd )'oducl'snd nspcclin8 nd csting h Thc valuc of tnol.ing sct"ups, tc

(d) Dctcrminitg \rhich pEr$ r.c stocl itcds rDd$. value and siz. of stocks eccivcd.

(e) Dcciding thc tmount of cfiott lha shouldrelsonably c spcnt on each hetn of cotl.

Stago 3. SPeculationHrving lcquilcd a rclisbl. undcrstlnding of thc

producCs urpo6c nd informarjon onccrning ts opcra'tion, menufacturc, cliabilityand cl$todcr rcqulrcmnts'rhc amlyst k now D a securc orilion o epply his sPc:ialBl.nrs (by idcation, rrraginccring r similar cr.auvcrcchnioucsl :r discovering possiblc solutions o thcvarious problcms nvolved. o this cnd he should:

fe)-C.riccircvery possibl. oludon o thc ptoblem'

rL Frccly con{ukorhers who may bc ablc n hclP.icj syxcmarkatty cxplnrc varinus matcriah rnach-

inlnE, prndu:tion and assembly Proccsscs' h't . -"ir"ng. ."n,5nd FurJhasing f pans witha vic$ o:

i. Eliminaling omPoncnrs asscmblt Pcra-rions

ii. SimPlifying Parrs and asscmbly pcrationsro cnable cheaper, 'inskillcdabour o bcused

rri . \1.di t l ine a( ' ro (n.hlc r rdm rL $cm-bh nclhnd\ , , he u ' td .

ir. l ' \ inF sranJarJ na\ fr, 'du.cd ,f l . rnt l(edoi cusrnm ade tcms.

v. Simpliiying prndu or parl d.\itn rocrublc chcaper, orrickcr ma$-Frodrritjnnlnethodr o bc used

v:. L5ins chcarrr frr nlorc crpcn.itc p,o-

vii. lfideniq rlns. tolcr,'n(cs r,' qui.lcnmachinidg nd assembl imes, nd te rc-duccqlsragc of mrlcrial-

viii. Rcmoving tncccs$ry finishingPro.csics.ix Usjng pre-finish.d matcrials. g. Plastics.

prc-paintcd rec) hccr etc.x. tsuying inishcd coml.oncnl morc chcrplt,

(dl Enc.ursgc hc frec snd libcril usc of iErgina-lion e.g. hraiDstolming nd ideadon .rsi{\n .

(c; Record cvcr slggcstion har tccms rcnrotcltfeasihle.

(fi Ertahlhh t\ro-n'2n cteilitc ieafir for tlc Pr(,.ducli(,n f additinnal iierl.

Slage 4. Evaluallon l crl l ical analysisThc cos of cvcry d(s produced uring Scrllt I i5

no$ carcfullt elaluetcd and h. cort of using ll(m rivcmclhods, atcrials ndprolclses hnroughlv nvcstigatcd.Expcnritc altcmativ$ eithcr in tcrmr of matcli,{l \rtabaur cosls hould hc alrrcmati iel l- '_l inl inrrcd ndlhosc dces hrt. Juncri('nallL ccm of douhtful $rlucmu$t bc clrcfullr_ cstcd heforc rLcccptanccr rcl(illnn.

To obtain relirhlc infnrmer;on or re liflic Fri(c-fixiDs6f Dartr, cl$c cn-otcrilri.n $hh lhc Pur.h 'ing.nrcducticn nd cosr drFarlmcnts ' c 'ctllsl l'h( anJltslmust not ovcrlonk hc ractions f r prnnl-ld 011 rchof 1,00t).000 ar:s mcans l''tsl $ inF nf 2.n63 tdProFscd changei hauldhc disiusscd tirh (hc d.sprtchand scrvicint dcptrlnrcnts. inic roftc a


46/66

la) F unttionot a?Praa'hit'e anatl-st oniint."r"s on the cl:minadon f un-

n".."r.v pli or proccrsesJ nd crch ioo n brolendown nro a progresl ion f lunctional ecuons s dca-

al.a pr"*o,i'ry. Those deas shich sho\a Fr'nis' oI

' r. . ."r i , Iy.r,"i : ' r, i"g3rrs are con idcrcdBr' Once

irrirundyit rt"t been omPletcd, td oniv thcn lhe cosr

snalysis pproachs used.

lb) Cott analYtis qqoochHa'ing 3PPlicd nc funcliorul sPProach


47/66

(d) vo.R ot each suggcstio' or idca unril ir hasbeln doroushlv explored ror elery anglc' o asto reach a dfinjrc'uscablc oDclusron'

Staoe 7. Reoorl and conclLlsionIhc final sragc of ftc valLe etrlysis job PLan

dc'lards tlrc collciitg rogctbet of all rclcvatt drra oDcosts, wo.l analysis nd product tcst acPor ' matedal

and wolk sPccificadons .c so thats fnal selcct'on an

bc raadc and rhc analvs 's ccomcldadons tor oblaif,_iDscqu;valcnt aluc o lcss ost mcrgc.

- .scforc d1e analyst prcParcs ; .po , thc cost ofDunitls his 6lul rccomorendations ffo practrc' mu3t Dclccuraiclv slimatcd. hk mcant a carcful offidcradoof rhc cost of scr:FPing cxjstjng Produclio 8cthod5,dlchin.s or tool and cplecing h.m with 6o.c suilabl'couiomcnl II t}c enalyst hr3 dccid.d to climinaG ap"ni.ul.r p"tt, h. must considcr hc cos of scraPPingcxisrine tocks, nd whcth. it is ncccs:ry ro vithholda ccrtiin quantlty for scrvicing Prcviouslymed. Pro-ducE. nd h cos$ nvolvrd. Thc cfrcc of his rcco6-mcnditions n thc rncthods, yPc aDd quality ol labourused n all pcrdncnl dcParhcrrs, mu$ lko bc con' iddcd.

The rcpon shouldbc kePt simplc, nd wri cn n ancisily undcrslood tylc. Onc Pagc ahould dcvotcd oiacl' recommcndarion, nd rhls strould onlain simPlabcforcan.l rfrcr'3kcichof thc Pan or lsscmbly nvolvcd.as 'rcll es such

pcrtincn nformation as: quanlitics fDans us.d Dct yca , mltcrial, labour and manuficrlldrgicsts crc. E:rginccring nfomadon and 3uPPoning er ishould oE c includcd, uch :formatjon bcingSivcn ns spsratc upPonjDt agc.

The complet.d cport shouLd e scn c rhe managcrrcspo'siblc.tor hc final a..cltancc oI lhe reco'l1oenli-.ions made whc.e ncccsslr), coPics hould bc setr todclarlmenlal eads 1ho will ulrimrtclybcconc nvolvcdin rheproposcd ccommcndadons

Acccpublc pricc quotations btaincd ron1 Pcciaiislparr manufacrulcrs hould be leni Io thc lurchasilg

Thc following prog

cad and development 2 - part 1

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