cadcam manual
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MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGEMERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE BASNABASNA
CERTIFICATE
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 1
This is certify thatMr/Miss._______________________________
Enroll. No. Of class 6 TH Mechanical
Has satisfactorily completed the his/her term work of
CAD/CAM.
Date of submission / /
Faculty/ Staff Head of Department
MERCHANT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE BASNA
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 2
CAD/CAM
INDEX
Sr
No.Name of Experiment
Pag
e
no.
Dateof
Start
Dateof
Comp.
Comp
.
Sign
Marks/
Grade
1.TO STUDY ABOUT INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF CAD/CAM
2.TO STUDY ABOUT COMPUTER HARDWARE ANDSOFTWARE
3.
TO STUDY ABOUT AUTOCAD
COMMAND AND ITS
APPLICATION
4.
TO STUDY ABOUT AUTOLISP
COMMANDS AND
PROGRAMMING.
5.TO STUDY ABOUT
INTRODUCTION OF PRO-E.
6.TO STUDY ABOUT CNC PART
PROGRAMMING.
7.
TO STUDY ABOUT
PROGRAMMING AND MISC.
FUNCTIONS
8.TO STUDY ABOUT “RECENT
TRENDS IN CAD/CAM”
Total Marks/ Grade:-
Signature of Faculty:-
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 3
1 INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF CAD/CAMINTRODUCTION AND CONCEPT OF CAD/CAM
Objective: - Basic concepts of CAD/CAM
Learning:-
I. Era of cad/cam
II. Importance of cad/cam
III. Basic of cad/cam
INTRODUCTION :
Why Computer Aided Design?
Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools allow designers to spend their intellectual energy
on innovation instead of focusing their attention on the mechanics of designing. As idea
sere developed, designers must document and further develop them into fully market
able concepts. The more fluid the innovation process, the more readily innovative
designs can be achieved. CAD tools have relieved the burden of documenting a design
idea, and have gone further to provide automated calculations and analysis to allow the
designer to focus their attention on their designs. The ideal design tool must embed
significant industry knowledge and become a natural part of the innovation process,
enabling product advancements that were previously unachievable. In essence, what
would have taken a small army of assistants to retrieve information, perform
calculations and analyze designs should now be automated at the designer’s fingertips.
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, and optimization of a design.
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Can be define as the use of computer systems to plan, manage and control the
operation of a manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface
with the plants production resources
Definition of CAD/CAM: -
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 4
DATE: / / DATE: / /
CAD/CAD is a term which means computer aided design and computer aided
manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of the digital computers to
perform certain function in the design & production.
DESIGNS STEPS & REASONS OF IMPLEMENTING CAD SYSTEM
The process of designing something is characterize by SHIGLEY as an interactive
procedure which consist of six identifiable steps or phases :
(1) Recognition of need : - It involves the realization by someone that a problem
exists for which some corrective action should be taken. This might be the
identification of some defect in a current machine design by an engineer or the
perception of a new product marketing opportunity by a sales person.
(2) Definition of the problem:- It involves a thorough specification of the item to be
designed. This specification includes physical & functional characteristics, cost,
quality & operating performance
(3) Synthesis: -Synthesis & analysis are closely related & highly iterative in the design
process.
(4) Analysis & Optimization: -A certain component or sub system of the overall system
is conceptualized by the designer, subjected to analysis, improved through this
analysis procedure, & redesigned.
(5) Evaluation: - It is concern with measuring the design against the specifications
established in the problem definition phase. This evaluation often requires the
fabrication & testing of a prototype model to assess operating performance, quality,
reliability, & other criteria.
(6) Presentation: - The final phase in the design process is the presentation of the
design .This includes documentation of the design process by means of drawings,
material specifications, assembly lists, & so on.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 5
BENEFITS OF CAD/CAM
Improved engineering productivity
Shorter lead times
Reduced engineering personnel requirements
Customer modifications are easier to make
Faster response to requests for quotations
Avoidance of subcontracting to meet schedules
Minimized transcription errors
Improved accuracy of design
In analysis, easier recognition of component interactions
Provides better functional analysis to reduce prototype testing
Assistant in preparation of documentation
Designs have more standardization
Better designs provided
Improved productivity in tool design
Better knowledge of costs provided
FUNCTIONAL AREA OF CAD
Geometric modeling
Engineering analysis
Design review and evaluation
Automatic drafting
Part coding and classification
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 6
Objective: - Hardware and software used in cad/cam
Learning:-
I. Hardware and software information
II. Input and output devices
III. Hardware linked in cad/cam work-station
IV. Graphic packages and standard
INTRODUCTION :
In engineering practice, CAD/CAM has been utilized in different ways by different
people. Some utilize it to produce drawings and document designs. Others may employ
it as a visual tool by generating shaded images and animated displays. A third group
may perform engineering analysis of some sort on geometric models such as finite
element analysis. A forth group may use it to perform process planning and generate
NC part programs. Figure shows a flow chart of such cycle.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
``
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 7
TO STUDY COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TO STUDY COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 2 2
DATE: / / DATE: / /
CLASSIFICATION OF CAD WORK STATION:
Low – end design work station
High – end design work station
FUNCTION OF CAD WORK STATION:
It coordinators with CPU.
It produces permanent graphic image of produces.
It provides numerical information about graphic images.
It connects computer commands into operating work.
It provides proper coordination between computer systems and users.
CONFIGURATION OF CAD WORK STATION:
SYSTEM PROCESSING UNIT:
Central Processor : PA – 8000
Clock frequency : 180 – 340 MHZ
No. of processors : 1 to 8
SPEC int 95 : 11.8
SPEC fp 95 : 20.2
SPEC int-base 95 : 10.8
SPEC fp-base 95 : 18.3
Linpack (100 * 100) complied : 158 MFLOPS
(With 177 + Oall + Oinline = daxpy)
Linpack (1000 * 1000) handcoded : 510 MFLOPS
(in PA-RISC 2.0 assembly code)
MEMORY MANAGEMENT UNIT:
Virtual memory address : 64 bit
Instruction TLB & data TLB : UNIFIED 96
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 8
PRIMARY CACHE:
Instruction cache size : 1 MB
Organization : Direct mapped
Bus width : 128 bit
Instruction cache bus peak performance : 2.88 GB / sec (16 bytes)
Data cache size : 1 MB
Organization : Direct mapped
Data cache bus peak performance : 2.88 GB / sec (16 bytes)
MP system bus : 64 data bits + 2 parity
Bus width : 960 MB / sec
(768 MB / sec peak sustained)
MAIN MEMORY:
Type : ECC DRAMS single bit correct
: Double – bit delta
: 60 ns 4Mbit, 16Mbit & 64Mbit
: DRAM Technology
Capacity : 128 MB – 3.75 GB (W / 64Mbit)
Main memory bus width : 128 data bits W / 16 check bits
Interleaving : up to 32 – way
Main memory bus peak performance : 960 MB / sec (64 – byte duration)
Memory options : 128MB-3.75GB in 32 MB, 64 MB,
124 MB or 256 MB increments
Memory expansion slots : 32, Configured in pairs
INPUT DEVICES:
These are the devices through which the user/operator communicates with the
computer for feeding it with the necessary information, both graphical and
alphanumerical as required. The various devices used are the following.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 9
Keyboard
Mouse
Light pens
Joystick
Digitizer
(1) KEYBOARD:
Conventional keyboards are text only devices and from an essential and basic
input device. They are typically employed to create/edit programs or to perform word
processing functions. These keyboards have been modified to perform graphics tasks
by adding special function keys or attaching graphics input devices such as mice to
them.
How does the keyboard communicate with the CAD/CAM software or the main
application program? How is the software interrupted to receive the keyboard input?
Each input device, in general, is connected to the computer by means of registers
whose contents can be read by the computer.
(2) MOUSE:
The mouse was invented in the late 1960s as a location device but has only
recently become fairly popular due to its convenient use with icons and pop-up and pull-
down menus. Unlike the digitizing table, the mouse measures its relative movement
from its last position, rather than where it is in relation to some fixed surface. There are
two basic types of mouse available: mechanical and optical.
(3) LIGHT PEN:
The light pen is intrinsically a pointing or picking device that enables the user to
select a displayed graphics item on a screen by touching its surface in the vicinity of the
item. The light pen, however, does not typically have hardware for tracking, positioning,
or locating in comparison to a digitizing table and stylus. Instead, these functions are
performed by utilizing hardware capabilities of the graphics display at hand. Light pen
itself does not emit light but rather detects it from graphics item displayed on the screen.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 10
Using the emitted light as an input, it sends an interrupt signal to the computer to
determine which item was seen by the pen.
(4) JOYSTICK:
The joystick can also be used to control the on-screen cursor movement as a
mouse dose. The joystick works by pushing its stick backward or to forward or to the left
or the right. A joystick may be equipped with a rotating knob on the top, which can be
used to enter a third axis value, thus the making a joystick a three dimensional input
device.
(5) DIGITIZER:
A digitizer is most widely used by CAD designers as an input medium. It is used
for converting the physical locations into co-ordinate values so that accurate transfer of
data can be achieved.
OUTPUT DEVICES :
Output devices form the other half of CAD/CAM workstation, the first being the
input devices. While CAD/CAM applications require the conventional output devices
such as alphanumeric (video) displays (terminals) and hard copyprinters, they require
output devices to display graphics to the user. Graphic displays or terminals which only
display information on a screen. Hard output devices refer to hardcopy printers and
plotters that can provide permanent copies of the displayed information.
HARDCOPY PRINTERS AND PLOTTERS:
Output devices of both printers and plotters are available to CAD/CAM systems
for purposes such as creating check plots for offline editing and producing final
drawings and documentation on paper. Relative to the drawing rate on screen, they are
slow. Printers usually provide hard copies of text as well as graphics. Hardcopy devices,
in general, employ one of two methods of plotting: vector or raster plotting. The two
methods are very close in concept to refresh and raster displays respectively.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 11
PEN PLOTTERS:
There are two common types of conventional pen plotters: flat-bed and drum. In
the flat-bed plotters, the paper is stationary and the pen- holding mechanism can move
in two axes. In the drum plotter, the paper is attached to the drum that rotates back and
forth, there by providing moves in the transverse direction to provide movement along
the other axis.
ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTERS:
They are considered dot matrix or raster plotters. The image in vector form, as
lines, arcs, characters, and symbols, has to be converted in to raster-form and sorted.
Then these rows of dots can be printed across the width of the paper or plastics film as
it slowly moves through the plotter.
BLACK-AND-WHITE AND COLOR PRINTERS:
The major two types of black-and-white printers are dot matrix and laser printers.
Dot matrix printers are inexpensive but slow. The resolution is typically 75 dpi. It is
possible to obtain a resolution of 300 dpi from dot matrix printer. The laser printers are
also most popular printers.
The demand for color printers has increased since colour displays have become
affordable and popular. The major six types of color printers available are impact,
photographic, electro photographic, electrostatic, thermal transfer, and ink jet printers.
GRAPHICS DISPLAYS:
The graphics display of a workstation is considered its most important
component because the quality of the display image influences the perception of
generated design on the CAD/CAM system. In addition to viewing images, the graphic
display enables the user to communicate with the displayed image by adding, deleting,
blanking and moving graphics entities on the display screen.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 12
GRAPHIC PACKAGES:
Graphics packages are one of following categories.
Paint program
Business program
Drafting program
Modeling (3D) program
Paint program requires following tools.
File handling
Drawing tools
Editing tools
Display control tools
Text creators
Printing features
Slide show
Animation features
Business graphic package includes following tools.
File handling
Graph making
Text entry
Printing
Drafting (2D) to modeling (3D) packages
Drawing facilities
Entity drawing
Editing command
Std. parts
Hatching
Dimensioning
Plotting
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 13
Configuration
Drawing interchange
GRAPHIC STANDARDS:
[1] GKS (Graphic kernel system):
FATURES OF G.K.S:
Independent of input output device.
Text is similar to English.
All facilities of display available.
Its graphic functions are 2D & 3D both.
[2] PHIGS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive graphic Std.)
It is accepted by CAD vendors due to capability of 3D graphic work as well as
animation.
FEATURES OF PHIGS:
Very high interactivity.
Hierarchical structure of data.
Real time modification of graphic data.
Support for geometric animation.
Adaptability to distributed user environment.
[3] IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
It works on the ‘Entity’ concept and entity is divided into three parts:
i. Geometry
ii. Anotation
iii. Structure
IGES file is divided into six sections;
1. FLAG: It is used to indicate the form in which the data is specified.
2. START: This contains information about man readable file and is used for post
processing of other application.
3. GLOBAL: This contains information about all details of product.
4. DIRECTORY ENTITY: This contains information about all details of product.
5. PARAMETER DATA: This contains the data associated with the entities.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 14
6. TERMINATE: This contains the sub-totals of the records present in each of the earlier
sections.
CAD SOFTWARE:
There are mainly two parts of CAD software;
1. Operating system.
2. Application software.
Operating system connects uses two application software.
Application softwares are used for special work like;
Statistics / Data entry / Coupling
Drafting
Designing
Analysis
Report generation etc.
CAD softwares are like:
AUTO CAD
I-DEAS
PRO-E
CATIA
INVENTS
NASTRAN
UNIGRAPHICS
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 15
Objective: - Perform & study AutoCAD command and its application
Learning:-
I. AutoCAD profile/basic of AutoCAD
II. 2D & 3D command of AutoCAD
III. Achieve ability to draw design in 2D & 3D
INTRODUCTION:
When you start AutoCAD, the AutoCAD window opens. The window is your
design work space. It contains elements that you use to create your designs and to
receive information about them. The following discussion shows the main parts of the
AutoCAD window.
Menu Bar
Contains the default AutoCAD menus. Menus are defined by menu files that you
can modify or design on your own. The default menu file is acad.menu.
Standard Toolbar
Contains frequently used buttons such as Redo, Undo, and Zoom, as well as
Microsoft Office standard buttons such as Open, Save, Print, and Spell. Buttons with
small black triangles in the lower-right corner have flyouts containing tools that invoke
commands related to the first tool shown. Click and hold down the first button to display
the flyout.
Drawing File Icon
Represents a drawing file in AutoCAD. The drawing file icon is also displayed
next to options in dialog boxes that are saved in the drawing, instead of in each session
as in AutoCAD.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 16
TO STUDY AUTOCAD COMMAND AND ITS APPLICATIONTO STUDY AUTOCAD COMMAND AND ITS APPLICATION 33 33
DATE: / / DATE: / /
Object Properties Toolbar
Sets object properties such as color, linetype, and lineweight and manage layers.
See "Using the Object Properties Toolbar."
Draw and Modify Toolbars
Provide access to common draw and modify commands. The Draw and Modify
toolbars are displayed when you start AutoCAD. These toolbars are docked on the left
side of the window. You can easily move toolbars and turn them on and off. See
"Working with Toolbars."
Drawing Area
Displays drawings. The drawing area size varies, depending on the size of the
AutoCAD window and on the number of other elements (such as toolbars and dialog
boxes) that are displayed.
Crosshairs
Identifies pick and drawing points within the drawing area. Use the crosshairs,
which are controlled by your pointing device, to locate points and select and draw
objects.
User Coordinate System (UCS) Icon
Shows the orientation of the drawing. AutoCAD drawings are superimposed on
an invisible grid, or coordinate system. Coordinate systems are based on X, Y, and (for
3D) Z coordinates. AutoCAD has a fixed world coordinate system (WCS) and a
movable user coordinate system (UCS). To help you visualize the UCS location and
orientation, a UCS icon is displayed in the lower-left corner of the drawing area.
Model Tab/ Layout Tabs
Switch your drawing between model (drawing) space and paper (layout) space.
You generally create your designs in model space, and then create layouts to plot and
print your drawing in paper space.
Command Window
Displays prompts and messages. In AutoCAD, you start commands in one of
three ways:
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 17
1. Choose an item from a menu or a shortcut menu.
2. Click a button on a toolbar.
3. Enter the command on the command line.
Status Bar
Displays the cursor coordinates in the lower-left corner. The status bar also
contains buttons that you can use to turn on common drawing aids. These include Snap
(Snap mode), Grid (drawing grid), Ortho (Ortho mode), Polar (polar tracking), Osnap
(object snaps), Otrack (object snap tracking), Lwt (line weight display), and Model
(model and paper space toggle).
DRAW COMMANDS:
Creates straight line segments :LINE
Creates an infinite line :CONS. -LINE
Creates multiple parallel lines :MULTI-LINE
Creates two-dimensional poly lines :POLYLINE
Creates an equilateral closed poly line :POLYGON
Draws a rectangular poly line :RECTANGLE
Creates an arc :ARC
Creates a circle :CIRCLE
Creates a quadratic or cubic spline (NURBS) curve :SPLINE
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc :ELLIPSE
Creates a block definition from objects you select :BLOCK
Creates a point object :POINT
Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern :HATCH
Creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects :REGION
Creates multi line text :MULTI LINE TEXT
MODIFY COMMANDS:
Removes objects from a drawing :ERASE
Object Duplicates the objects you select :COPY
Creates a mirror image copy of objects :MIRROR
Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves :OFFSET
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 18
Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern :ARRAY
Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified direction :MOVE
Moves objects about a base point :ROTATE
Enlarges or reduces objects equally in the X, Y, and Z directions :SCALE
Moves or stretches objects :STRETCH
Lengthens an object :LENGTHEN
Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects :TRIM
Extends an object to meet another object :EXTEND
Erases parts of objects or splits an object in two :BREAK
Bevels the edges of objects :CHAMFER
Rounds and fillets the edges of objects :FILLET
Breaks a compound object into its component objects :EXPLODE
STANDARD COMMANDS:
Creates a new drawing file :NEW
Opens an existing drawing file :OPEN
Quickly saves the current drawing :SAVE
Plots a drawing to a plotting device or file :PLOT
Shows how the drawing will look when it is printed or plotted :PREVIEW
Finds, replaces, selects, or zooms to specified text :FIND
Copies objects to the Clipboard and erases the objects from the drawing :CUT
Copies objects to the Clipboard :COPY
Inserts data from the Clipboard :PASTE
Copies the properties from one object to one or more objects :MATCH
PROPERTIES
Reverses the most recent operation :UNDO
Reverses the effects of the previous UNDO or U command :REDO
Attaches a hyperlink to a graphical object or modifies an existing hyperlink
:HYPERLINK
Refreshes the display of all the view ports :REDRAW ALL
View ports Dialog Displays the View ports dialog :VIEW-PORTS
Controls the interactive viewing of objects in 3D :3D-ORBIT
Rea ltime Moves the drawing display in the current view port :PAN
Real time Zooms in real time :ZOOM
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 19
Zooms to display the previous view :ZOOM PREVIOUS
Runs AutoCAD Design Center :AUTOCAD DESIGN CENTER
Controls properties of existing objects :PROPERTIES
Provides an AutoCAD interface to external database tables :DB-CONNECT
Displays online help :HELP
DIMENSION COMMANDS:
Creates linear dimensions :DIM.LINEAR
Creates an aligned linear dimension :DIM.ALIGNED
Creates ordinate dimensions :DIM.ORDINATE
Creates radius dimensions for circles and arcs :DIM.RADIUS
Creates a diameter dimension for circles and arcs :DIM.DIAMETER
Creates an angular dimension :DIM.ANGULAR
Quickly create dimension arrangements :DIM.QUICK
Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the baseline of the previous
dimension or a selected dimension :DIM.BASELINE
Creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the second extension line of the
previous dimension or a selected dimension :DIM.CONTINUE
Quickly creates a leader and leader annotation :QUICK LEADER
Creates geometric tolerances :TOLERANCE
Creates a center mark for circles and arcs :CENTER MARK
Edits dimensions :DIM.EDIT
Moves and rotates dimension text :DIM. TEXT EDIT
Creates and modifies dimension styles :DIM.STYLE
INQUIRY COMMANDS:
Measures the distance and angle between two points :DISTANCE
Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas :AREA
Calculates and displays the mass properties of regions or solids :MASS-
PROPERTIES
Displays database information for selected objects :LIST
Displays the coordinate values of a location :LOCATE POINT
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 20
BLOCKS & ATTRIBUTES:
Saves a block definition in the current drawing or as a separate drawing file using a
dialog box. Saves a block definition in the current drawing using the command line
:BLOCK
Places a previously defined block or drawing in the current drawing :INSERT/MINSERT
The Write Block dialog box displays different default settings depending on whether
nothing is selected, a single block is selected, or objects other than blocks are selected.
For example, if you have a single block selected when you open the Write Block dialog
box, the Source radio button is set to Block. The following table lists other defaults
depending on the selection state of the current drawing :WRITE BLOCK
An ATTRIBUTE is informational text associated with a block. Use ATTEXT to extract
the data stored in the attribute into a file :ATTEXT
OBJECT SNAP COMMANDS:
Creates a temporary point used by Osnaps :TEMPORARY-
TRACK
Offsets from a temporary reference point :FROM
Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc or a line :END POINT
Snaps to the midpoint of an arc or a line :MID POINT
Snaps to the intersection of a line, an arc, or a circle :INTERSECTION
Snaps to the apparent intersection of two objects :APPARENT-
INTERSECT
Snaps to the phantom extension of an arc or line :EXTENSION
Snaps to the center of an arc or a circle :CENTER
Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc or a circle :QUADRANT
Snaps to the tangent of an arc or a circle :TANGENT
Snaps to a point perpendicular to an arc, a line, or a circle :PERPENDICULAR
Snaps parallel to a specified line :PARALLEL
Snaps to a point object :NODE
Snaps to the insertion point of text, a block, a shape, or an attribute :INSERT
Snaps to the nearest point of an arc, a circle, a line, or a point :NEAREST
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 21
3D COMMANDS:
Solids:
Creates a three-dimensional solid box :BOX
Creates a three-dimensional solid sphere :SPHERE
Creates a three-dimensional solid cylinder :CYLINDER
Creates a three-dimensional solid cone :CONE
Creates a 3D solid with a sloped face tapering along the X axis :WEDGE
Creates a donut-shaped solid :TORUS
Creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional objects
:EXTRUDE
Creates a solid by revolving a two-dimensional object about an axis :REVOLVE
Slices a set of solids with a plane :SLICE
Uses the intersection of a plane and solids to create a region :SECTION
Creates a composite 3D solid from the common volume of two or more solids
:INTERFERE
Generates profiles and sections in viewports created with the SOLVIEW command
:SOLDRAW
Creates floating viewports using orthographic projection to lay out multi- and sectional
view drawings of 3D solid and body objects :SOLVIEW
Creates profile images of three-dimensional solids :SOLPROFILE
Solids editing commands:
Creates a composite region or solid by addition :UNION
Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction :SUBTRACT
Creates solids or regions from the intersection of solids or regions :INTERSECT
Extrudes selected faces on a solid object to a specified height or along a path
:SOLID EDIT FACE EXTRUDE
Moves selected faces on a solid object to a specified height or distance
:SOLID EDIT FACE
Equally offsets faces on a solid object by a specified distance or point
:SOLID EDIT FACE OFFSET
Deletes or removes faces, including fillets or chamfers on a solid object
:SOLID EDIT FACE DELETE
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 22
Rotates one or more faces on a solid object around a specified axis
:SOLID EDIT FACE ROTATE
Tapers faces on a solid object with a specified angle :SOLID EDIT FACE TAPER
Copies faces on a solid object as a region :SOLID EDIT FACE COPY
Changes the color of individual faces on a solid object :SOLID EDIT FACE COLOR
Copies 3D edges on a solid object as an arc, circle, ellipse, line, or spline
:SOLID EDIT EDGE COPY
Changes the color of individual edges on a solid object
:SOLID EDIT EDGE COLOR
Imprints geometry on a face of a solid object :SOLID EDIT BODY IMPRINT
Removes all redundant edges and vertices on a solid object
:SOLID EDIT BODY CLEAN
Separates 3D solid objects with disjointed volumes into independent 3D solid objects
:SOLID EDIT BODY SEPARATE
Creates a hollow, thin wall with a specified thickness on a solid object
:SOLID EDIT BODY SHELL
Validates a 3D solid object as a valid ACIS solid :SOLID EDIT BODY CHECK
Surfaces commands:
Creates solid-filled polygons :2D SOLID
Creates a three-dimensional face :3D FACE
Creates a three-dimensional box polygon mesh :BOX
Creates a right-angle wedge-shaped polygon mesh with the sloped face tapering along
the X axis :WEDGE
Creates a pyramid or a tetrahedron :PYRAMID
Creates a cone-shaped polygon mesh :CONE
Creates a spherical polygon mesh :SPHERE
Creates the upper half of a spherical polygon mesh :DOME
Creates the lower half of a spherical polygon mesh :DISH
Creates a toroidal polygon mesh that is parallel to the XY plane of the current UCS
:TORUS
Changes the visibility of three-dimensional face edges :EDGE
Creates a free-form polygon mesh :3D MESH
Creates a revolved surface about a selected axis :REVOLVED
SURFACE
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 23
Creates a tabulated surface from a path curve and a direction vector: TABULATED
SURFACE
Creates a ruled surface between two curves :RULED SURFACE
Creates a three-dimensional polygon mesh :EDGE SURFACE
UCS & VIEW COMMANDS:
Manages user coordinate systems :UCS
Manages defined user coordinate systems :UCS MANAGE
Restores the previous UCS :UCS PREVIOUS
Sets the UCS to the World Coordinate System :UCS WORLD
Defines a new coordinate system based on a selected object :UCS OBJECT
Defines a new coordinate system based on a selected face :UCS FACE
Establishes a new coordinate system with the XY plane parallel to the screen
:UCS VIEW
Defines a new UCS by shifting the origin :UCS ORIGIN
Defines a UCS using a positive Z axis extrusion method :UCS Z AXIS
Specifies the new UCS origin and the direction of the X and Y axes :UCS 3 POINT
Rotates the current UCS about the X axis :UCS X AXIS
Rotates the current UCS about the Y axis :UCS Y AXIS
Rotates the current UCS about the Z axis :UCS Z AXIS
Applies current UCS to a selected viewport :UCS APPLY
Creates and restores views :VIEW
Sets the view point to top :TOP VIEW
Sets the view point to bottom :BOTTOM VIEW
Sets the view point to left :LEFT VIEW
Sets the view point to right :RIGHT VIEW
Sets the view point to front :FRONT VIEW
Sets the view point to back :BACK VIEW
Sets the view point to southwest isometric :SW ISO VIEW
Sets the view point to southeast isometric :SE ISO VIEW
Sets the view point to northeast isometric :NE ISO VIEW
Sets the view point to northwest isometric :NW ISO VIEW
Allows you to set a different camera and target location :CAMERA
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 24
Objective: - Perform & study auto-lisp command and programming
Learning:-
I. Knowing auto-lisp
II. Command of auto-lisp
III. Programming for command
INTRODUCTION
Auto LISP is a programming language designed for extending and customizing
AutoCAD functionality. It is based on the LISP programming language, whose origins
date back to the late 1950s. LISP was originally designed for use in Artificial Intelligence
(AI) applications, and is still the basis for many AI applications.
AutoCAD introduced Auto LISP as an application programming interface (API) in
Release 2.1, in the mid-1980s. LISP was chosen as the initial AutoCAD API because it
was uniquely suited for the unstructured design process of AutoCAD projects, which
involved repeatedly trying different solutions to design problems.
Visual LISP (VLISP) is a software tool designed to expedite Auto LISP program
development. The VLISP integrated development environment (IDE) provides features
to help ease the tasks of source-code creation and modification, program testing, and
debugging. In addition, VLISP provides a vehicle for delivering standalone applications
written in Auto LISP.
In the past, developing Auto LISP programs for AutoCAD meant supplying your
own text editor for writing code, then loading the code into AutoCAD and running it.
Debugging your program meant adding statements to print the contents of variables at
strategic points in your program. You had to figure out where in your program to do this,
and what variables you needed to look at. If you discovered you still didn't have enough
information to determine the error, you had to go back and change the code again by
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 25
AUTOLISP COMMANDS AND PROGRAMMING. AUTOLISP COMMANDS AND PROGRAMMING. 4 4
DATE: / / DATE: / /
adding more debugging points. And finally, when you got the program to work correctly,
you needed to either comment out or remove the debugging code you added.
The Visual LISP (VLISP) interactive development environment runs in a separate
set of windows from the rest of AutoCAD. You must explicitly start VLISP to work in the
interactive development environment.
STARTING THE VLISP
To start Visual LISP
1 Start AutoCAD.
2 Choose Tools AutoLISP Visual LISP Editor from the AutoCAD menu, or enter the
following at the Command prompt: vlisp
VLISP SCREEN INFORMATION
The areas shown in the VLISP screen are as follows:
Menu
You can issue VLISP commands by choosing from the various menu items. If
you highlight an item on a menu, VLISP displays a brief description of the command's
function in the status bar at the bottom of the screen.
Toolbars
Click toolbar buttons to issue VLISP commands quickly. There are five toolbars
Debug, Edit, Find, Inspect, and Run each representing a distinct functional group of
VLISP commands. (In the figure shown on this page, the toolbars are adjacent to one
another, each toolbar beginning with an icon ( ). You can execute many, but not all,
menu commands from the toolbars. If you move your mouse pointer over a toolbar
button and leave it there for a couple of seconds, VLISP displays a tooltip indicating the
function of the button. A more descriptive explanation appears in the status bar at the
bottom of the VLISP screen.
Console Window
This is a separate, scrollable window within the main VLISP window. In the
Console window, you can type AutoLISP commands, similar to the way you do in the
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 26
AutoCAD Command window. You can also issue many Visual LISP commands from
this window, instead of using the menu or toolbars.
Status Bar
The information displayed in the status bar located at the bottom of the screen
varies according to what you are doing in VLISP.
You may also see a minimized Trace window. During startup, this window
contains informational messages about the current release of VLISP, and may contain
additional information if VLISP encounters errors during startup.
LOADIND AND RUNNING VLISP PROGRAM
To load and run a program in a Visual LISP text editor window
Make sure the text editor window containing the drawline.lsp program is active. If you
are not sure whether the window is active, click anywhere in the window to activate it.
Choose the Load Active Edit Window button from the Run toolbar, or choose Tools
Load Text in Editor from the VLISP menu.
VLISP responds by displaying a message in the Console window indicating it has
loaded the program.
Run the drawline function from the Console prompt by entering the function name in
parentheses, then pressing ENTER: _$ (drawline)
The drawline function will ask you to specify two points, and will then draw a straight
line between those points.
Respond to the prompts by specifying points in the graphics window or on the
Command line.
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
(add) Returns the sum of all numbers (+ [number number] ...)
(subtract) Subtracts the second and following numbers from the first and returns the
difference (– [number number] ...)
(multiply) Returns the product of all numbers
(* [number number] ...)
(divide) Divides the first number by the product of the remaining numbers and returns
the quotient
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 27
(/ [number number] ...)
(equal to) Compares arguments for numerical equality
(= numstr [numstr] ...)
(not equal to) Compares arguments for numerical inequality
(/= numstr [numstr] ...)
(less/greater than) Returns T if each argument is numerically less/greater than the
argument to its right, and returns nil otherwise
(< >numstr [numstr] ...)
(increment) Increments a number by 1
(1+ number)
(decrement) Decrements a number by 1
(1– number)
Returns the absolute value of a number
(abs number)
Converts a string into a real number
(atof string)
Returns the third element of a list
(caddr list)
Returns the second element of a list
(cadr list)
Returns the first element of a list
(car list)
Returns a list containing all but the first element of the specified list
(cdr list)
Defines a function
(defun sym ([arguments] [/ variables...]) expr...)
Pauses for user input of an angle, and returns that angle in radians
(getangle [pt] [msg])
Pauses for user input of a rectangle's second corner
(getcorner pt [msg])
Pauses for user input of a distance
(getdist [pt] [msg])
Pauses for user input of a point, and returns that point
(getpoint [pt] [msg])
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 28
Takes any number of expressions, and combines them into one list
(list [expr...])
Returns the largest of the numbers given
(max [number number...])
Returns the smallest of the numbers given
(min [number number...])
Prints an expression to the command line, or writes an expression to an open file
(print [expr [file-desc]])
Sets the value of a symbol or symbols to associated expressions
(setq sym expr [sym expr]...)
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 29
Objective: - Study & performing pro-e
Learning:-
I. Introduce to pro-e
II. Command of pro-e
III. Design different module in pro-e
INTRODUCTION
Following are the important features of Pro – E.
Protrusion Feature
Hole Feature
Round Feature
Chamfer Feature
Rib Feature
Shell Feature
Pipe Feature
PROTRUSION FEATURE
Protrusion is the method of adding a solid material.It can add material in a void or on
An existing solid. Pro/engineer provides the following basic method of adding material
to a model.
Extrude – creates a solid feature by extruding a section normal to the section plane.
Revolve - creates a solid feature by revolving a section about an axis.
Sweep - creates a solid feature by sweeping a section about a trajectory.
Blend - creates a solid feature by blending various cross sections at various level.
HOLE FEATURE
Insert > Hole
Feature > Create > Solid > Hole
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When you invoke this command pro-Engineer displays the hole dialog box.
Hole type:
Straight Hole: Straight Hole is An Extruded Cut with a Circular Section. The Diameter Of
the hole is Constant. It Begins At the Placement Surface and Extends To The Specified
End Surface Or User Defined Depth.
Sketched Hole: A Sketched Hole is created by sketching a section for revolution in
sketcher mode and placing it into the part. Sketched holes are always blind and one-
sided. A tapered Hole could be created as a sketched hole.
Standard Hole: Standard Hole is the combination of the sketched and extruded feature.
It is based on industries standard fastener tables. You can calculate either the tapered
or the clearance diameter appropriate to the selected faster. You can use system-
supplied standard lookup tables for these diameters or create your own.
ROUND FEATURE
Insert > Round
Feature > Create > Solid > Round
In Pro/Engineer Round option is used to create a filleting between surfaces or in
place of a middle surface. Surfaces can be Pro/Engineer Zero thickness quilts, surfaces
and surfaces of solid Models.
Simple & Advance Rounds you can create two different types of round simple
and advanced. the type of round you create depend on the complexity of the reference
geometry and on your need to customize the default round geometry supplied by the
system.
Generally, after you specify the placement references and radius of the round,
the system generates the default round geometry by using some default attributes. The
System Normally terminates the round geometry whenever it encounters non-tangents
Edges.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 31
CHAMFER FEATURE
Insert > Chamfer
Feature > Create > Solid > Chamfer
In Pro/ENGINEER chamfer command is used to create a beveled surface. There
are two types of chamfer.
1. Edge
2. Corner
Edge: An Edge Chamfer removes a flat section of material from a selected edge to
create a beveled surface between the two original surfaces common to that edge. One
can select multiple edges to create an edge chamfer.
45 x d: this option is used to create a chamfer that is at angle of 45 degrees to both
surfaces & distance d from the edge along each surface. The dimension appears as "45
x d", but you can modify the distance, D only. You can create 45 x d chamfers only on
an edge formed by the inter section of two perpendicular surfaces.
d x d: creates a chamfer that is at a distance d from the edge along each surface. If you
modify the chamfer, the system displays the distance as the only dimension.
d1 x d2: Creates a chamfer at a distance d1 from the selected edge along one surface
and a distance d2 from the selected edge along the other surface. the system displays
both distances their respective surfaces when you modify the chamfer.
Ang x d: Creates a chamfer at a distance d from the selected edge along one adjacent
surface at a specified angle to that surface. The system displays both values as
dimensions when you modify the chamfer. you can use this option between two planer
surfaces only.
Corner: A corner chamfer removes material from the corner or a part. In the next step
is you have to select the corner and the edges. Pro/ENGINEER Displays the pick/Enter
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 32
Menu, which allows you to specify the location of the chamfer vertex on the high lighted
edge.
RIB FEATURE
Insert > Rib
Feature > Create > Solid > Rib
A Rib is a special type of protrusion designed to create a thin wall or we to
support to `surfaces. The Rib is used to increase the strength of the part. You always
ketch a rib from a side view it grows symmetrically about the sketching plane.
Straight Rib: Ribs that are not created on through/Axis datum planes are extruded
symmetrically about the sketching plane. You must skill sketch the Ribs as open
sections.
Because you are sketching an open section Pro/Engineer may be uncertain
about the side to which the rib is used to be added. this system displays the Direction
menu after the Rib Section has been Regenerated.
Pro/Engineer adds all material in the direction of the arrow. if an incorrect choice is
made, modify the arrow direction using the feat menu option redefine.
Rotational Ribs: You can create rotational Ribs on through/axis datum planes. You
can sketch the Rib to the silhouette of the parent feature. to create the solid geometry,
Pro/Engineer revolves the section about the axis of the parent, making a wedge that is
symmetrical about the sketching plane. Pro/Engineer then trims the wedge with two
planes parallel to the sketching surface; the distance between these planes
corresponds to the thickness of the Rib. You can place a rotational rib only on any
surface of revolution. Note that angled surface of the Rib is Conical, Not Planer.
SHELL FEATURE:
Insert > Shell
Feature > Create > Solid > Shell
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 33
The Shell option Removes a surface or surfaces from the solid then hollows out
the inside, leaving a shell of a specified wall thickness.
When Pro/Engineer Makes the shall all the features that ware added to the solid before
you chose shell are hollowed out. Therefore, the order of feature creation is very
important when you use shell.
After involving this command Pro/Engineer Displays the feature creation dialog box. if
desired, select the optional element spec thick to specify thickness individually.
PIPE FEATURE:
Insert > Pipe
Feature > Create > Solid > Pipe
This Pipe feature is three dimensional centerline that represents the centerline of
a pipe. Given the diameter of a pipe, a pipe connects selected datum points either with
a combination of straight lines and arcs of specified bend radius or a spline. After the
pipe feature has been created, you can determine its length by using info from the
toolbar, before you start to create a pipe feature. Reference datum points must already
exist.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 34
Objective: - Perform & study CNC
Learning:-
I. Introduce NC & CNC
II. Designation of different motion
III. Knowing of codes
NC SYSTEM
Flexible automation is implemented in machine tools in the form of digital control.
The programs are in binary, in numerical form; strictly speaking alphanumeric. This
instructions when read by the system, regulate the various slides of the machine tool to
enable the tool/tools to shape the objects to required profiles by positional and/or
continues control. Such systems are known as numerical control (NC) system.
CLASSIFICATION OF NC MACHINE
It is convenient though not necessary in the context of the standard, to classify
the NC machines in the following groups.
Group I: Machine tools with rotating tools (i.e. spindle with cutting power). These
machines may have vertical spindle, e.g. vertical knee mill, drilling machines, profiling
and contour mill, vertical boring mill, tapping machines, etc. These may be grouped as
(a). Those with horizontal spindles are the horizontal boring machines, horizontal
spindle machining centers etc. The machines grouped in (a) could be single column (a-
i) or gantry tube I (a-ii)
Group II: Machine tools with rotating work pieces (i.e. spindle generates a surface of
revolution) e.g. lathes, grinding machines, etc.
Group III: Machine tools with non-rotating work pieces and non-rotating tools (i.e. no
spindle) e.g. shaper, planer.
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DATE: / / DATE: / /
Group IV: Machines other than machine tools, like NC drafting machine etc.
DESIGNATING THE MOTIONS AND AXIS:
The guiding coordinate system for designating the axes is the conventional
mathematical right-hand coordinate system. Some possible dispositions of these
coordinates are shown in Fig. One could use his right hand to get to these alternative
relative positions of the same right-hand coordinate system.
First of all, Z-motion shall be designated. This shall be followed by X and Y
motions respectively.
Z-MOTION
Location: Z-axis motion is either along the spindle axis or parallel to the spindle axis
(of I and II machine groups). In case of machine groups III and IV it is recognized as the
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 36
one perpendicular to the work holding surface which may or may not be passing
through the controlled point (i.e. cutting tool tip or drafting machine pen tip).
Direction : The principle for the machines of groups I and II where drilling type motion
can be performed is that for moving a drill into the work piece the cutting tool should
move in the negative (-) z direction.
For other machines the positive (+) z motion increases the clearance between
the work surface and the tool holder (or a pen holder in the case of the drafting
machine)
When there are several spindles and slide ways, in such cases, one of the
spindles, preferably perpendicular to the work holding surface may be chosen as the
principal spindle. The primary z motion is then near to the primary spindle. The tool
motions of other spindle quills or other slides, which are termed as secondary and
tertiary motions.
X – MOTION
The X-Motion is principal motion in the positioning plane of the cutting tool or the
work piece.
Location: It is perpendicular to the axis and should be horizontal and parallel to the
work holding surface wherever possible.
Direction: Fro group (a-i) machines, when looking from the principal tool spindle to the
column the positive (+) X is to the RIGHT.
For Gantry profiler when looking from the principal spindle to the left hand gantry
support the positive (+) X is to the Right.
For Horizontal boring machine when looking from the principal tool spindle
towards the work piece the positive (+) X is to the RIGHT.
For Turret Lathe it is radial and parallel to the cross slide, X is positive (+) when
the tool recedes from the axis of rotation of the work pieces.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 37
For Shaper and Drafting Machine the x-axis is parallel to the positive (+) in the
principle direction of movement (or cutting) of the guided point (or the cutting tool)
Y – MOTION
It is designation is derived from the already recognized Z and X axes. It is
perpendicular to both X and Z axes and + Y is in the direction which completes with +X
and +Z motions a right hand Cartesian coordinate system. In Figs this has been
demonstrated in the columns under coordinate system Y. The first two columns under Z
and X show the designation of Z and X axes as per the principles mentioned earlier.
The column under coordinate system shows the relevant right hand coordinate system.
From the third column the Y axis designation is derived and is mentioned in column
under Y.
ROTARY MOTIONS
Location: These motions are located about the axis parallel to X, Y and Z respectively.
If, in addition to the above mentioned primary rotary motions, there exist secondary
rotary motions, whether parallel or not to A, B and C those should be designated as D
and E.
Direction: Positive (+) A,B and C are in the directions which advance right and screws
in the positive (+) X, Y and Z directions respectively.
In Fig the fingers of the right hand point towards the positive directions of the
rotary motions. All the above mentioned motions, viz X,Y,Z : U,V,W : P, Q,R : A,B,C
and D, E are with reference to a point, movement of which is being controlled. This
point is mostly the tip of the cutting tool. Many times the tool point may not be moving in
some direction e.g. the quill of the spindle of a vertical milling machine is moving in Z-
direction but not in X and Y directions. In such cases the work surface is generally
moved in a direction opposite to the one intended for the tool e.g. table of the milling
machine holding the work piece may be moved in -X and -Y directions. Such
movements of machine elements say - X and -Y are denoted as +X’ and +Y’
respectively. Primed letters can thus be used for all the above mentioned motions to
indicate the corresponding reversed directions for moving work surfaces. This is shown
in Fig. The various illustrations of the machines indicate the motions using primed as
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 38
well as unprimed letters it can be observed that +X’, +U’, +Z’ etc. all indicate those
motions of the slides which result in positive movement of the tool.
OBJECTVIES OF AXIS DESIGNATION:
The conventional mathematical right hand coordinate system is in general known
and well understood. The machine movements designated as above permit the part
programmer to assume safely that the tool moves relative to the right hand coordinate
system of a stationery work piece. The programmer can thus imagine to be sitting on a
tool and describe all the machining operations without having to know whether the tool
approaches the work piece or the work piece approaches the tool. He thus uses only
the unprimed letters for the intended motions. For example in Fig. on a Vertical Milling
Machine, For a moving a tool (say a drill) from position P to Position Q, the part
programmer specifies the movement from coordinates (5,7,6) to (8,6,5). The actual
motions which take place on the machine tool are :
Movement of Quill (Z): 5-6: - 1 i.e. the tool tip comes down one unit.
Movement of table (X’): 8-5 = +3 i.e. Table moves left by 3 units, and
(Y’) 6-7 = -1 i.e . . . . Table moves towards the column of the
mill by one unit.
STRUCTURE OF CNC PART PROGRAMMING
There are many codes specifying the particular area of instruction required to
control the machine tool. The tool path of C.N.C machine is then described in machines
codes, which usually take the structure of –
N-G-X-Y-Z-I-J-K-F-S-T-M-EOB
Where,
N = sequence number.
G = preparatory function – ISO codes.
XYZ = dimension words – in mm or inch.
IJK = dimensions words for arc and circle – in mm or inch.
F = feed rate.
S = spindle speed – revolution/min.
T = tool selection.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 39
M = miscellaneous function – ISO codes.
EOB = End of block.
1.”N”: The sequence number is designated by the address character ”N” and three
numeric digits. The word indicates the start of specific sequences of operation. It is the
first word for the programming sequence in the block.
2. “G”: The preparatory function is designated by the character “G” and two numeric
digits. This word immediately follows the sequence number word. The “G” word prepare
numeric control unit for specific mode of operation.
3. “XYZ”: These addresses signify axis motion in accordance with the designated axis
motion of machine tools. These address could be supplement by “W, A, B, etc” if the
machines have extra axis of motion. XYZ are three axes. C.N.C can have up to six axis.
4.”IJK”: These addresses are used when employing circular interpolation to specify the
center of the program arc, I, J, and K which are equivalent to X, Y, and Z but with
reference to the start point.
5. “F”: The feed rate for slide displacement is expressed in mm/min and is a three digit
number is prefixed by the letter “F”.
6.”S”: The spindle speed is expressed in rev/min and is a four digit number prefixed to
the letter “S”.
7. “T”: The tool function is designated by the letter “T” and maximum of five numeric
digit. This word immediately follows the spindle speed word. Tool function code to
identify the tool to be used or loaded if at a tool change.
8. “M”: The miscellaneous function is designated by the letter “M” and two numeric
digits. These functions are a family of instruction that cause the starting stopping or
setting of a variety of machines function. Some M- functions have been standardized by
popular usage and others have special significance for individual machines.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 40
CANNED CYCLES
It will be noticed in some machining operations that some preliminary
movements have to take place before the actual machining operation starts. For
example, in the
operation of drilling, the tool has to first approach the position of actual drilling since
invariably the tool will be at some other position before the drilling operation. So the
required motions would be the movement of the work piece in the XY plane till the point
has been approached and then the tool will move down till it is in the proximity of the
work piece and then moves further at the desired feed rate. After the drilling operation is
over, the tool retracts well above the work piece and if another hole is to be drilled,
instructions described earlier will be repeated. In case of NC programming, these
operations can be grouped and made available by use of preparatory functions called
canned cycles or fixed cycles. Similar facilities are also available for the operation of
milling, tapping and boring. A typical assigning of he codes for these cycles are as. “
G 78, G 79 - Mill
G 81-Drill
G 82- Drill Dwell
G 84- Tap
G 85- Ream
G 86- Bore
G 78 and G 79 for milling, operate in the following way:
The table feed in the X and / or Y direction till the start point of the milling profile
is approached. Then the tool moves rapidly in the Z direction up to a plane called R
plane at the fastest feed rate. Then the remaining travel, in the Z axis at the appropriate
feed rate, takes place till the total depth is milled.
G 81 for drilling cycle starts with rapid movement in the X and / or Y direction.
After positioning in the XY plane, rapid movement in the Z direction up to R plane takes
places followed by further motion at appropriate feed rate till the required depth is
obtained, then the tool rapidly retracts to the R plane.
G 82 for dwell cycle is similar to G 81 except that spindle direction reverses when
the tool retracts.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 41
G 84 for tap cycle is also similar to G 81 except that spindle direction reverses
when the tool retracts.
G 85 for ream cycle is identical to G 81 except that the return is at the feed rate.
G 86 for bore cycle is similar to G 81 except that there is dwell for 2s when full depth is
reached and the spindle stops rotating and then rapid return to R plane and the spindle
starts rotating again.
The R plane refers to the rapid plane which is kept 1 to 2 mm above the surface
of the part since all the operations prior to actual machining and reaching R plane and
also tool retraction (after the operation) up to R plane take place at the highest feed rate
possible on the machine, a large saving in cycle time is possible when cutting is taking
place in air (idle operation).
G 80 for canceling cycle. All the cycles described above would continue to take
place again and again at newer coordinate positions given. This saves lot of time in the
programming, tape preparation and reading of the tape. However if the cycle in
operation has to be terminated then a preparatory code G 80 is necessary to be given.
The statement, in program, for the same would read as follows:
PARAMETRIC SUBROUTINES
It is quite evident that one of the major expenses in NC manufacturing is the cost
of programming and therefore it must be the endeavor of the people involved that ways
and means must be adopted by which is cost could be kept to a minimum. In fact, costs
under this head have been the main reason for many a manufacturers to decide
against use of NC machines. We are already familiar with the use of canned cycles
which enable quite a good saving in programming time and length and thereby the
reduction in processing time and chances of error occurring due to largeness of data.
However, these are fixed cycles which means that it needs to be specified in the
program as many times as the operation needs to be repeated besides the data for the
operation.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 42
However, canned cycles are more of the fixed type. These do not offer
optimization in programming because these are designed for the general situation.
Programming costs can be reduced considerably if the time involved is decreased. By
using canned cycles which the programmer writes himself.
This can be done by storing a number of part program blocks more appropriately
called subroutines, in the controller and call them for action by the main program. For
example, referring to fig 6.17 pertaining to a turning operation on a lathe, the subroutine
will be as follows:
G 25 (start of subroutine)
$L (identification number)
N 1001 G 01 X - 7500 FO S 400 M03
N 1002 G 95 Z - 255000 F 250 (feed in mm / rev.)
N 1003 X 2500 Z 2500
N 1004 Z 252500 F 0
L 00
G 26 (end of Subroutine)
Step N 1001 through 1004 represent blocks of information pertaining to moves 1
through 4 in the figure.
The main program will be
N 01 G 90
N 02 G 01 X 22500 Z 405000 F 0
N 03 G 91
N 04 L 1101 - enter subroutine 11
N 05 G 90 - enter main program
N 06 G 00 X 37500 Z 405000 FO
Steps NO2 and N06 represent operation reaching the starting point while N04
leads to calling the subroutine L 11 and run it one (01) time and the subroutine is
searched and acted upon and when finished returns to main program at block N 05 and
continues. If this routine is required again, it can be called similarly, However this cycle
is for fixed dimensions since in this case all values are assigned in the subroutine.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 43
If the repetitive subroutine mode is used, it will be more beneficial since it will
eliminate many steps in programming e.g. if it is mentioned “N 04 L 11 04” in the main
program, then the subroutine L 11 will be repeated four times. This is really useful since
it will give a series of cuts. In the first run of the subroutine, the tool feed will be 7.5 mm
and retract 2.5mm, in the second run 5.00mm of metal will be removed and soon. This
procedure not only reduces the programming time but also the length of the program
considerably.
The most important aspect of parametric subroutine is that it allows the
programmer to make his own canned cycles What is done is that the common
sequence of motion of the components on the machine tool are decided and the
subroutine is written without the dimensions. For example, in lathe operations, the
common moves are longitudinal, transverse motions and other important parameters for
any components are put in the main part program in the block which calls the
subroutine. This is similar to tool length / radius compensation, discussed earlier, for
example, the subroutine will be. :
G 25
$ L 11
N 1001 G 91
N 1002 G 01 X ; -01; F; 03
N 1003 Z ; -04
N 1004 X; 01 F 0
N 1005 Z; 04
N 1006 L 00
G 26
The call block in the main part program will be
N 04 L 11 04 ; 7500 ; 2500 ; 250 ; 250000
The value of X, Y, and F were not given in the subroutine while a number was assigned
to them e.g. 01 and 02 for X, 03 for feed rate and 04 for Z. The call block assigns values
to the parameters in the subroutine as X = 7.5 mm, X = depth of cut 2.5; F = 2.5 mm
per revolution (feed rate) and Z = 250 mm. The cut made will be as shown in fig.. Thus
by one subroutine and one call block, a series of cuts can be made. By giving tow
values of X in one block, incremental motion is given in sequence
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 44
Thus it can be seen that parametric subroutine is really useful for roughing outs,
thread cutting, keyway milling, drilling etc., where a sequence of motions is involved. By
allowing subroutines with large number of parameters, concept of ‘family of parts’ of GT
programming can be evolved.
To make the use of NC highly productive, one must endeavor to improve on
programming as far as possible with the aim of reducing the length of program and
requirement of skill. Parametric subroutine offers these advantages to a large extent.
Use of such techniques consequently reduces costs, programming errors and most
important of all increases programming flexibility.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 45
Objective: - Perform & study programming and miscellaneous function
Learning:-
I. G & M codes
II. CNC programming basic, structure, standard
III. Programming
LIST OF G CODES
SR.NO. CODE FUNCTION
1. G00 RAPID POSITIONING2. G01 LINEAR INTERPOLATION3. G02 CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION4.
G03COUNTER CLOCKWISE CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION
5. G04 DWELL IN SECONDS6. G20 INCH PROGRAMMING7. G21 METRIC PROGRAMMING8. G28 AUTO. RETURN TO REF. POINT9 G32 THREAD CUTTING CYCLE
10. G70 FINISHING CYCLE11. G71 STOCK REMOVAL IN TURNING12. G72 STOCK REMOVAL IN FACING13. G73 PATTERN REPEATING CYCLE14. G74 PECK DRILLING CANNED CYCLE15. G90 DIAMETER CUTTING CYCLE16. G92 THREADING CANNED CYCLE17. G96 CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED ON18. G97 CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED OFF
LIST OF M-CODES
Sr. No. CODE FUNCTION1. M01 OPTIONAL PROGRAM STOP2. M02 PROGRAM END
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 46
TO STUDY PROGRAMMING AND MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
TO STUDY PROGRAMMING AND MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
7 7
DATE: / / DATE: / /
3. M03 SPINDLE START CLOCKWISE4. M04 SPINDLE START ANTICLOCKWISE5. M05 SPINDLE STOP6. M07 COOLANT NO. 1 ON7. M08 COOLANT NO. 2 ON8. M09 COOLANTS OFF9. M13 SPINDLE CLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON10 M14 SPINDLE ANTI-CLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON9. M30 PROGRAM END & REWIND
10. M98 START OF SUBROUTINE11. M99 END OF SUBROUTINE
Characteristics of the CNC Machine
Work part machining on CNC machine requires controllable &
adjustable infeed axes which are run by Stepper motors independent of
each other. The above figure shows the X & Z axes along with their
directions of movement.
CNC Programming Basics
A CNC program comprises a series of commands with which the CNC Machine
tool is instructed to manufacture a certain profile.
For each machining process on a CNC machine, the CNC program has a command
with relevant information. These commands consist of letters, numbers & characters.
CNC Programming Standards (ISO)
The ISO- Norm 6983 is for standardizing the CNC programming of machines.
This is however limited to standardizing certain commands as well the general structure
of a CNC program. CNC manufacturers have considerable liberty for incorporating their
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 47
own CNC commands in their control. Sequentially the general structure of a CNC
program according to ISO 6983 is illustrated.
Structure of a CNC Program
The first line of the CNC program contains the program name (ex.G02- dia 25).
This name can contain alphanumerical or numerical characters. A CNC program
consists of a sequence of blocks. They contain the relevant geometric & technical
information that the CNC control requires for each machining step. The program end is
commanded with M30 or M02.The comments are also allowed within the program for
identifying an operation. These however must be set in brackets.
Structure of a Program Block
Every CNC block consists of a block number as well as specific control
character, which inform the CNC Control about the necessary action to be performed.
Structure of a Program Word
A word consists of a address letters & a number with a plus or minus sign. The definition & sequence are designated in the programming instructions of the CNC control system.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 48
Block number N :
The block number is the first word in a block. The block number has no influence
on the execution of the individual blocks since they are invoked following the order in
which they were entered into the control.
G – Function :
ogether with the words for the co-ordinates. This word essentially determines the
geometrical part of the CNC program. It consists of the address letter G & a 2 digit
code.
Co-ordinates X & Z :
The co-ordinates X, Z defines the target points that are needed to travel.
Interpolation parameters I & K :
The interpolation parameters I, K are used to define the center of a circle for
circular movements.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 49
Feed F :
The speed at which the tool is to be moved is programmed with the function F.
This value in entered in mm/min.
Spindle Speed S :
The function S is for entering the spindle speed. It can be directly programmed in rotations perMinute
.
G & M CODES IN DETAIL
Part Programming codes that are available with this machine are according to
the latest ISO standards and adopted by the Industrial CNC controller manufacturers
worldwide. Following G, M, F, T, S commands are included in this controller.
G - CODES
G00 - RAPID TRAVERSE ( Rapid Positioning )
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 50
This motion type is used to command motion at the machine's fastest possible
rate. It is used to minimize non-productive time during the machining cycle. Common
uses for rapid motion include positioning the tool to and from cutting positions, moving
to clear clamps and other obstructions, and in general, any non-cutting motion during
the program.
The command almost all CNC machines use to initiate rapid motion is G00.
Within the G00 command, the end point for the motion is given. The G00 command
moves the tool to the position in the work piece coordinate system with an absolute or
incremental format at a rapid traverse rate.
In the Absolute format command, Coordinate value of the end point is
programmed. In Incremental format command, the distance the tool is to be moved is
programmed.
In this case last command for respective axis will be considered. I.e. X command
will be ignored and U command will be executed. No Feedrate (F Word) is required to
be programmed as it is taken from internally set values.
Format : G00 X __ Z __
NOTE: The rapid traverse rate in the G00 command is set internally for each axis drive.
In the Positioning mode actuated by G00, the tool is accelerated to a predetermined
speed at the start of block and it is then decelerated at the end of the block.
G01 - LINEAR INTERPOLATION
A G01 word is commonly used to specify straight line motion. This is the most
common code used for almost all the cutting operations. In this code single axis
(individual) as well as double axis movement is possible. Double axis movement is used
for taper turning operation. The G01 command moves the tool to the position in the
work piece coordinate system with an absolute or incremental format at a programmed
feed rate in the straight line.
In the Absolute format command, Coordinate value of the end point is
programmed. In Incremental format command the distance the tool is to be moved is
programmed.
The tool moves from the current position at the specified feed rate (F) to the final
position .The tool path is a direct straight line joining current position to final position.
This code is useful for OD/ID/face turning, also for taper turning.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 51
Format: G01 X__ Z__ F__
Here F is feed rate (tool movement speed) given in mm/min. As this code is used
for cutting operation the value of F is very less that has to be decided according to the
material of job.
G02 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION (CLOCKWISE)
The G02 command is utilized to move the tool in the circular arc profile. With
G02 the movement will be in the Clockwise direction. The movement taken will be at
the programmed feed rate.
Format : G02 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__
G02 X__ Z__ R__ F__
Here in first syntax,
I = Distance between start point & center point of arc along X-axis.
K= Distance between start point & center point of arc along Z-axis.
& in second syntax
R = Radius of the arc.
G03 - CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION (ANTI-CLOCKWISE)
The G03 command is used to move the tool in the anti circular arc profile. The
movement taken will be at the programmed feed rate.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 52
Format: G03 X__ Z__ I__ K__ F__ G03 X__ Z__ R__ F__
Here,
I = Distance between start point & center point of arc along X-axis.
K= Distance between start point& center point of arc along Z-axis.
G04 - PROGRAMMED DWELL
G04 Command will delay the execution of next block by given time.
Format: G04 X__ G04 U__
X & U specifies dwell in seconds.
This code is used mainly after the spindle ON command, as the spindle will require
some time to reach to the specified speed, before that the cutting operation should not
start.
G20 - INCH PROGRAMMING
This is the modal command which commands the controller that the
dimensions specified in blocks following the current block is in the INCH system.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 53
Format: G20
G21 - METRIC PROGRAMMING
This is the modal command which commands the controller that the dimensions
specified in blocks following the current block is in the METRIC system. I.e.in millimeter
format. METRIC format is the default format of dimensioning.
Format: G21
NOTE: The definition of dimensioning system is to be done only once in the part
program in first block. If it is specified more than one time the preprocessor will invoke
the ERROR ALARM showing that this is the violation of programming code. It is not
possible to switch from G20 to G21 in the program.
G28 - AUTO. RETURN TO REF. POINT
This command will move the tool to the specified reference point. In this command the
Tool movement will be rapid.
Format : G28 U___ W___
No Feedrate (F Word) is required to be programmed as it is taken from internally
set values.
G70 - FINISHING CYCLE
After roughing operation this cycle is used to achieve the final dimensions.
Finish allowance has to be kept before starting this cycle. The tool path is same as the
roughing operation.
Format : G70 P __ Q __
Here,
P= starting block of the roughing cycle.
Q= end block of roughing cycle.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 54
This cycle is used after G71,G72 & G73 codes. The finishing allowances values are
taken from the above codes.
G71 – STOCK REMOVAL IN TURNING
This code is used to do turning as well as taper operation. The program by this
code becomes very simple. You will have to write the program for the final profile &
when the program is executed the depth of cut is taken in X – direction. The total profile
is achieved in steps, decided by depth of cut. Please refer the example given after the
syntax.
Format: G71 U (d) R (e)G71 P__ Q__ U (u) W(w) F__
Here,
U (d) = Depth of Cut
R (e) = Escaping amount (After depth of cut, this is the return path
For the tool in X + Direction)
P = Starting block no. of the program for the required shape
Q = Final block no. of the program for the required shape
U (u) = Finishing allowance in X direction.
W (w) = Finishing allowance in Z direction.
F = Feed-rate for cutting.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 55
G72 – STOCK REMOVAL IN FACING
This cycle is same as G71. The only difference is that the cutting operation is
done parallel to X axis i.e. the depth of cut is in Z direction.
Format: G72 W (d) R (e)
G71 P__ Q__ U (u) W (w) F__
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 56
Here,
W (d) = Depth of Cut (For trainer machine it is 1mm).
R (e) = Escaping amount (After depth of cut, this is the return path
For the tool in X + Direction)
P = Starting block no. of the program for the required shape
Q = Final block no. of the program for the required shape
U (u) = Finishing allowance in X direction.
W (w) = Finishing allowance in Z direction.
F = Feed-rate for cutting.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 57
G73 PATTERN REPEATING CYCLE:
This cycle allows cutting a fixed pattern repeatedly, with a pattern being
displaced bit by bit.
Format : G73 U(i) W(k) R(d)
G73 P__ Q__ U(u) W(w) F__
Where,
U(i) = Distance of relief in X direction
This U(i) = (Job. Diameter – Min. Diameter in the program) / 2
W(k) = Distance of relief in Z direction
R(d) = No.of divisions for the pattern.
This R = (U(i) / Max. Depth of Cut) + 1
P = Starting block no. of the program for the required shape
Q = Final block no. of the program for the required shape
U (u) = Finishing allowance in X direction.
W (w) = Finishing allowance in Z direction.
F = Feed-rate for cutting.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 58
G74-PECK DRILLING CYCLE
This cycle is designed for deep hole drilling .The drill entering the work piece by
a predetermined amount then backing off by another set amount to provide breaking &
allowing chips to clear the drill flutes.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 59
Format : G74 X__ Z__ Q__ R__ F__
Where,
X&Z = Final respective coordinates
Q = Depth of cut.
R = Return amount.
F = Feed in mm/min
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 60
G90 –Diameter Cutting Cycle:
This cycle is used to reduce the diameter of the job. In this cycle the tool will be
back to the starting position after cutting the diameter. In this machine the depth of cut
is 1mm. So if you want to reduce the diameter of the job from 22mm to 18 mm you will
have to use 4 G90 codes.
Format: G90 X___ Z___ F__
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 61
G92 -THREAD CUTTING CANNED CYCLE:
This canned cycle is suitable for External thread cutting operation. This cycle is same to
that of G32 except that in G92 the tool is returned to the starting position.
Format: G92 X___ Z___ F__
Where,
X = Threading diameter.
Z = Thread length.
F = Thread Pitch.
NOTE:
While the execution of thread cutting cycle, Spindle Speed is nonprogrammable,
Controller will automatically adjust it to proper value and after completing the threading
operation the original Spindle Speed will be restored.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 62
G96 - CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED ON:
G97 - CONSTANT SURFACE SPEED OFF_:
With this command active the constant surface speed can be achieved while
cutting operation takes place. This is the modal command and will not have any effect
on the spindle speed while thread cutting operation.
Format: G96 S__
G97
Where,
S = Surface speed in meter/min.
G97= this command will cancel the Constant surface speed option set by the G96
Command.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 63
M – CODES
M00 – PROGRAM HAULT
This command is useful to check the job in between the program. With this
command the axis & the spindle will be stopped. After checking the job parameters rest
program will be executed by pressing the ENTER key. The spindle will be automatically
started with the previous speed.
Format: M00
M01 - OPTIONAL PROGRAM STOP:
The M01 is used to STOP the Operation in Auto Mode. This code is only
effective when the Optional Stop is enabled. This can be set from Setup menu.
Format: M01
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 64
In this case auto. Mode Operation will be stopped. User can continue the
Operation after pressing the <Enter> Key.
M02 - PROGRAM END:
The M02 is used to END the Operation in Auto Mode. After a block specifying the
end of program is executed, control returns to the start of program.
Format: M02
M03 - SPINDLE ON CLOCKWISE
This command is used to start the Spindle in Clockwise Direction. Spindle speed
can be specified with this command as follows,
Format : M03 S__
In this case spindle will start rotating in Clockwise direction with S speed in rpm.
Speed of rotation is specified in S word (i.e. S600). But S word is not mandatory. If not
specified, default maximum speed set internally is used for operation.
M04 - SPINDLE ON ANTICLOCKWISE:
This command is used to start the Spindle in anticlockwise Direction.
Format: M04 S__
In this case spindle will start rotating in anticlockwise direction with the S speed.
M05 - SPINDLE STOP:
This command is used to STOP the Spindle rotation.
Format: M05
Spindle rotation can also be stopped by M30 command.
M08 - COOLANT ON:
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 65
This command is used to ON the Coolant Pump provided. If two pumps are
provided, M08 command will start the Pump
Format: M08
M09 - COOLANT PUMP OFF:
This command is used to STOP the Coolant Pumps. If both pumps are ON, M09
command will STOP the Pump.
Format: M09
Coolant Pumps can also be stopped by M30 command.
M13 – SPINDLE CLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON:
This command is used to move the spindle in clockwise direction & coolant ON.
Format: M13 S__
S = spindle speed in rpm.
M14 – SPINDLE ANTICLOCKWISE & COOLANT ON
This command is used to move the spindle in anticlockwise direction & coolant
ON.
Format: M14 S__
S = spindle speed in rpm.
M30 - END OF PROGRAM:
M30 command must be the last command in the program. This command
indicates the END OF PROGRAM. If not specified, ERROR ALARM will be displayed.
The M30 command will stop all the Auxiliary functions like, Spindle & Coolant. After
the execution of this command program will be reset to first Block.
M98 – SUBROUTINE CALL:
M99 - END OF SUBROUTINE:
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 66
When a program contains certain fixed sequences or frequently repeated
patterns, these sequences or patterns may be entered into memory as a subprogram to
simplify programming. A subprogram can call another subprogram .When the main
program call a subprogram; it is regarded as a one-loop subprogram call.
When a command calling a subprogram is encountered in the main program control is
passed to the subprogram. And control returns to the main program when returning
command is encountered in the program.
Format : M98 P__ R__
M99
Where,
P = subroutine repetitions.
R = subroutine label (alphabetical as well as numerical).
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 67
Objective: - Study recently trends in cad/cam
Learning:-
I. Numerical control system
II. Flexible manufacturing system
III. Robotics
IV. Computer integrated manufacturing
INTRODUCTION:
Following are the important trends in CAD/CAM:
1. ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN CAM
2. DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (DNC)
3. FLEXIBLE MAUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS)
4. ROBOTICS
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 68
STUDY ABOUT “RECENT TRENDS IN CAD/CAM”
PROGRAMMING.
STUDY ABOUT “RECENT TRENDS IN CAD/CAM”
PROGRAMMING.
8 8
DATE: / / DATE: / /
5. COMPUTER INTEGRETED MANUFACTURING (CIM)
ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN CAM:
This is a control system in which output process variable is measured and by
using this output feed and/or speed is controlled so that maximum output can be
achieved and process efficiency can be increased.
Following can be considered as a output process variable;
- Spindle deflection or force
- Torque
- Cutting temperature
- Vibration amplitude etc.
Types of adaptive control:
Adaptive Control with Constraint (ACC)
Adaptive Control Optimization (ACO)
DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (DNC):
DNC may be defined as a system connecting a group of numerically controlled
machines to a common computer memory for part program storage, distribution of
machine data. Provision of collection, display or editing of part programs, operation
instruction or data related to the NC processor are also available.
Component of DNC system:
1. Central computer
2. Bulk memory
3. Telecommunication line
4. Machine tools
Advantage of DNC system:
1. All machines can be controlled at a time.
2. Calculation speed is high.
3. Central computer can be placed at any place.
4. Tape and tape reader is not required.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 69
5. Post processing facilities are available.
6. Ideal time can be reduced.
7. Inventory control and scheduling is possible.
FLEXIBLE MAUFACTURING SYSTEM (FMS):
Flexible manufacturing system can be defined as a set of machines in which
parts are automatically transferred under computer form one machine to another for
processing. Flexible system is one, which is able to respond to change components of
FMS like;
Machine tools
Handling system
Tool system
Transport system
Monitoring system
Planning system
CAD/CAM
Component of FMS:
1. Hardware:
It contains CNC Machine tools, Material handling system, Automatic storage and
retrieval system, Coolant system, Tooling system Co-ordinate measuring machines,
Computer hardware etc.
2. Software:
NC programming, CMM programming, Software tooling information etc.
Types of FMS:
1. Flexible Manufacturing Module (FMM)
2. Flexible Manufacturing Cell (FMC)
3. Flexible Manufacturing Group (FMG)
4. Flexible Fabrication – Machining Assembly System (FFMAS)
Advantage of FMS:
1. Operation control
2. Reduction in direct labour cost
3. Increasing utilization factor
4. Reduction in inventory
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 70
5. Wide range processing.
Application of FMS:
All manufacturing process like; sheet metal work, forging, assemble, inspection
and quality control etc.
ROBOTICS:
An industrial robot is defined as a reprogrammable, multi functional manipulator,
designed to move the material, parts or specialized device through variable
programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks.
Types of joints for robots:
1. Linear joint (L – joint)
2. Orthogonal joint (O – joint)
3. Rotational joint (R – joint)
4. Twisting joint (T – joint)
5. Revolving joint (V – joint)
Robot configuration:
1. Polar configuration
2. Cylindrical
3. Cartesian
4. Joint arm robot
5. SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm)
Application of Robot:
Arc welding, spray painting, Material handling, Mobile robot etc.
COMPUTER INTEGRETED MANUFACTURING (CIM):
CIM is recent technology being tried in advanced countries and it comprises a
combination of software and hardware for product design, production, planning,
production control etc.
Area of CIM:
1. Marketing
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 71
2. Product design
3. Planning
4. Product purchasing
5. Manufacturing engineering
6. Inventory control
7. Ware housing
8. Finance
9. Information management
Advantage of CIM:
1. Renewable flexibility for manufacturing diverse components in the same setup easy
and quick manipulation of software.
2. High production rate.
3. Reduction in lead time.
4. Integrating and fine tuning of all factory functions.
CAD/CAM (M658) Lab Manual 72