CoffeeCoffee"Coffee and tea are extremely hurtful to "Coffee and tea are extremely hurtful to

persons who have weak nerves."persons who have weak nerves."--- John Wesley, 1747 (in --- John Wesley, 1747 (in The Iliac PassionThe Iliac Passion) )

The "Discovery" of CoffeeThe "Discovery" of Coffee

Legend has it that coffee was "discovered" around Legend has it that coffee was "discovered" around 850 AD in upper Egypt by a goat herded named 850 AD in upper Egypt by a goat herded named Khaldi. One night, Khaldi's goats did not return home. Khaldi. One night, Khaldi's goats did not return home. When he found his goats, Khaldi saw them dancing When he found his goats, Khaldi saw them dancing around a shrub with red berries (coffee beans). After around a shrub with red berries (coffee beans). After Khaldi tried some of the berries, he started to dance Khaldi tried some of the berries, he started to dance too. Khaldi spoke with some monks who used the too. Khaldi spoke with some monks who used the berries to make a drink and....coffee was born!berries to make a drink and....coffee was born!

Coffee contain caffeine and theophylline.Coffee contain caffeine and theophylline. Caffeine is an alkaloid from methylxanthines Caffeine is an alkaloid from methylxanthines

called 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6,-called 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6,-dione or dione or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine.1,3,7-trimethylxanthine.

Caffeine may be the most popular drug in the Caffeine may be the most popular drug in the world.world.

We consume caffeine in coffee, tea, cocoa, We consume caffeine in coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, some soft drinks, and some drugs. The chocolate, some soft drinks, and some drugs. The actual source of caffeine is the coffee bean, tea actual source of caffeine is the coffee bean, tea leaf, cola nut, guarana. maté and cacao pod. leaf, cola nut, guarana. maté and cacao pod. Pure caffeine is odorless and has a bitter tastePure caffeine is odorless and has a bitter taste. .

Theophylline is a dimethylxanthines that have Theophylline is a dimethylxanthines that have two rather than three methyl groups two rather than three methyl groups 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione; 1,3-dimethylxanthine1,3-dimethylxanthine, ,

Is considerably weaker than caffeine and having Is considerably weaker than caffeine and having about one tenth the stimulating effect of either. It about one tenth the stimulating effect of either. It has a stronger effect on the heart and breathing has a stronger effect on the heart and breathing than caffeine. For this reason it is often the drug than caffeine. For this reason it is often the drug of choice in home remedies for treating asthma of choice in home remedies for treating asthma bronchitis and emphysema. The theophylline bronchitis and emphysema. The theophylline found in medicine is made from extracts from found in medicine is made from extracts from coffee or tea.coffee or tea.

Coffee BenefitsCoffee Benefits Boost your energy Boost your energy Lower risk of colon and cancer by up to 25% (keep you Lower risk of colon and cancer by up to 25% (keep you

regular).regular). Reduced the risk of developing kidney stones.Reduced the risk of developing kidney stones. Fewer asthma symptoms (theophylline is bronchodilator) Fewer asthma symptoms (theophylline is bronchodilator) May help prevent: cirrhosis of the liver, Parkinson's May help prevent: cirrhosis of the liver, Parkinson's

disease, skin cancer, and gallstones.disease, skin cancer, and gallstones. May help to lose weight as it may boost the number of May help to lose weight as it may boost the number of

calories you burn per hour by about 4%. calories you burn per hour by about 4%. It can relieve a headache as effective as an aspirin It can relieve a headache as effective as an aspirin

    Research shows that three or four cups a day (under two Research shows that three or four cups a day (under two cups for pregnant women) aren't going to do any harm.  cups for pregnant women) aren't going to do any harm. 

Caffeine Content ComparisonCaffeine Content ComparisonCommon Beverage ProductsCommon Beverage Products

Plant BeveragePlant Beverage CaffeinCaffeinee

ContenContentt

Avg. caffeine in a 6 Avg. caffeine in a 6 oz beverageoz beverage

Guaraná seedGuaraná seed (Paullinia cupana(Paullinia cupana))

4–8%4–8% 200–400 mg200–400 mg

Coffee beans Coffee beans ((Coffea spCoffea sp))

1–2.5%1–2.5% 100–250 mg100–250 mg

Yerba maté Yerba maté leavesleaves

0.7–2%0.7–2% 50–100 mg50–100 mg

Black tea Black tea ((Camellia Camellia sinensissinensis))

2.5–2.5–4.5%4.5%

10–60 mg10–60 mg

Chocolate (Cacao Chocolate (Cacao seed)seed)

0.25%0.25% 13 mg13 mg

In moderate doses (100-500 mg), caffeine can: In moderate doses (100-500 mg), caffeine can: Increase alertness Increase alertness Reduce fine motor coordination Reduce fine motor coordination Cause insomnia Cause insomnia Cause nervousness and dizziness Cause nervousness and dizziness Stimulant of central nervous system cardiac Stimulant of central nervous system cardiac

muscle, and respiratory system muscle, and respiratory system Diuretic Diuretic Delays fatigue.Delays fatigue.

In massive doses, caffeine In massive doses, caffeine Is lethal calculated to be more than 10 grams Is lethal calculated to be more than 10 grams

(about 170 mg/kg body weight) - this is the (about 170 mg/kg body weight) - this is the same as drinking 80 to 100 cups of coffee in same as drinking 80 to 100 cups of coffee in rapid succession -rapid succession -

Caffeine EffectsCaffeine Effects

Restlessness Restlessness Nervousness Nervousness Excitement Excitement Insomnia Insomnia Flushed face Flushed face DiuresisDiuresis Tachycardia or Tachycardia or

cardiac arrhythmia cardiac arrhythmia

Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal disturbance disturbance

Muscle twitching Muscle twitching Rambling flow of Rambling flow of

thought and speech thought and speech Periods of Periods of

inexhaustibility inexhaustibility Psychomotor agitation Psychomotor agitation

Consumption of caffeine Consumption of caffeine in excessin excess

* At least five of the following signs. Not due to any physical or * At least five of the following signs. Not due to any physical or other mental disorder, such as an Anxiety Disorder.other mental disorder, such as an Anxiety Disorder.

Effects of caffeine on pregnant Effects of caffeine on pregnant womenwomen

Caffeine has long been suspect of causing Caffeine has long been suspect of causing mal-formations in fetus, and that it may mal-formations in fetus, and that it may reduce fertility rates.reduce fertility rates.

These reports have proved controversial. These reports have proved controversial. What is known is that caffeine What is known is that caffeine doesdoes causes causes malformations in rats, when ingested at rates malformations in rats, when ingested at rates comparable to 70 cups a day for humans. comparable to 70 cups a day for humans. Many other species respond equally to such Many other species respond equally to such large amounts of caffeine.large amounts of caffeine.

Coffee and headacheCoffee and headache Caffeine causes the vessels to constrict, (narrow). Caffeine causes the vessels to constrict, (narrow).

So this causes an elevation in blood pressure.So this causes an elevation in blood pressure.

Adding 130 mg of caffeine to a regular, pain Adding 130 mg of caffeine to a regular, pain relievers (aspirin and acetaminophen) makes them relievers (aspirin and acetaminophen) makes them relieve headache pain about 40% better. Caffeine relieve headache pain about 40% better. Caffeine also helps your body absorb these medications.also helps your body absorb these medications.

Caffeine is also used in combination with an ergot Caffeine is also used in combination with an ergot alkaloid in the treatment of migrane.alkaloid in the treatment of migrane.

During a tension headache and migranre, blood During a tension headache and migranre, blood vessels dilate, meaning they are open wider.vessels dilate, meaning they are open wider.

Caffeine and DopamineCaffeine and Dopamine CaffeineCaffeine also increases also increases dopaminedopamine levels in the levels in the

same way that same way that amphetaminesamphetamines do (heroine and do (heroine and cocaine also manipulate dopamine levels by cocaine also manipulate dopamine levels by slowing down the rate of dopamine re-uptake). slowing down the rate of dopamine re-uptake).

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that, in certain Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that, in certain parts of the brain, activates the pleasure center. parts of the brain, activates the pleasure center. Obviously, caffeine's effect is much lower than Obviously, caffeine's effect is much lower than heroin's, but it is the same mechanism. It is heroin's, but it is the same mechanism. It is suspected that the dopamine connection suspected that the dopamine connection contributes to caffeine addiction. contributes to caffeine addiction.

Caffeine and AdenosineCaffeine and Adenosine The binding of adenosine in brain causes The binding of adenosine in brain causes

drowsiness by slowing down nerve cell activity. In drowsiness by slowing down nerve cell activity. In the brain, adenosine binding also causes blood the brain, adenosine binding also causes blood vessels to dilate (presumably to let more oxygen vessels to dilate (presumably to let more oxygen in during sleep). in during sleep).

Caffeine binds to the adenosine receptor. So Caffeine binds to the adenosine receptor. So instead of slowing down, the cells speed upinstead of slowing down, the cells speed up

Caffeine blocks adenosine reception so you feel Caffeine blocks adenosine reception so you feel alert. It injects adrenaline into the system to give alert. It injects adrenaline into the system to give you a boost. And it manipulates dopamine you a boost. And it manipulates dopamine production to make you feel good. production to make you feel good.

Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovitch of Parkinson disease. Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Tung KH, Tanner CM, H, Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Tung KH, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Curb JD, Popper JS, White Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Curb JD, Popper JS, White LR. LR. JAMA.JAMA. 2000 May 24-31; 283(20):2674-9. 2000 May 24-31; 283(20):2674-9.

Department of Veterans Affairs, Honolulu, HI. Department of Veterans Affairs, Honolulu, HI.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that higher CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that higher coffee and caffeine intake is associated with a coffee and caffeine intake is associated with a significantly lower incidence of PD. This effect significantly lower incidence of PD. This effect appears to be independent of smoking. The data appears to be independent of smoking. The data suggest that the mechanism is related to caffeine suggest that the mechanism is related to caffeine intake and not to other nutrients contained in coffee. intake and not to other nutrients contained in coffee.

Parkinson and coffeeParkinson and coffee

Does caffeine intake protect from Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease?. Alzheimer's disease?.

Maia L, de Mendonca A.Maia L, de Mendonca A. Eur J Neurol. Eur J Neurol. 2002 Jul;9(4):377-82 2002 Jul;9(4):377-82

Dementia Clinics, Hospital of Santa Maria and Laboratory of Dementia Clinics, Hospital of Santa Maria and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon, Portugal. Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon, Portugal.

Caffeine intake was associated with a significantly lower risk for Caffeine intake was associated with a significantly lower risk for AD, independently of other possible confounding variables. AD, independently of other possible confounding variables. These results, if confirmed with future prospective studies, These results, if confirmed with future prospective studies, may have a major impact on the prevention of AD.may have a major impact on the prevention of AD.

Legal limit for caffeineLegal limit for caffeine It depends on the country. A few examples of It depends on the country. A few examples of

laws related to caffeine content for food and laws related to caffeine content for food and drinks include the following:drinks include the following: In the In the United StatesUnited States there is a limit of there is a limit of 6mg6mg of of

caffeine caffeine per liquid ounceper liquid ounce in beverages. There in beverages. There is also a limit of is also a limit of 200mg in pills200mg in pills such as Vivrin. such as Vivrin.

AustraliaAustralia has a limit of has a limit of 145mg145mg of caffeine of caffeine per per literliter..

In parts of In parts of Northern ThailandNorthern Thailand it is completely it is completely illegalillegal. It was outlawed as a precursor to meth. . It was outlawed as a precursor to meth. (methamphetamines) (methamphetamines)

Caffeine was on the International Olympic Caffeine was on the International Olympic Committee (IOC) list of prohibited substances for Committee (IOC) list of prohibited substances for many years. Athletes who tested positive for many years. Athletes who tested positive for more than 12 micrograms of caffeine per milliliter more than 12 micrograms of caffeine per milliliter of urine could be banned from the Olympic of urine could be banned from the Olympic Games. This level can be reached after drinking Games. This level can be reached after drinking about 5 cups of coffee. However, The IOC is about 5 cups of coffee. However, The IOC is REMOVED REMOVED caffeine from the banned list in 2004. caffeine from the banned list in 2004.

Caffeine was taken off of the list of banned Caffeine was taken off of the list of banned substances so that athletes who drink cola or substances so that athletes who drink cola or coffee are not penalized. (References: coffee are not penalized. (References: World Anti-Doping AgencyWorld Anti-Doping Agency.).)

Guarana

xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline),

Yerba maté

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviourally active substance in the Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviourally active substance in the western world. Neuroprotective effects of caffeine in low doses, chronically western world. Neuroprotective effects of caffeine in low doses, chronically administered, have been shown in different experimental models. If administered, have been shown in different experimental models. If caffeine intake could protect against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's caffeine intake could protect against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), then higher levels of caffeine consumption in normal subjects disease (AD), then higher levels of caffeine consumption in normal subjects as compared with AD patients should be detectable in the presumably long as compared with AD patients should be detectable in the presumably long period before diagnosis when insidious pathogenic changes are taking period before diagnosis when insidious pathogenic changes are taking place. A case-control study was used: cases were 54 patients with probable place. A case-control study was used: cases were 54 patients with probable AD fulfilling the National Institute of Neurologic and Communicative AD fulfilling the National Institute of Neurologic and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the AD and Related Disorders Association criteria, Disorders and Stroke and the AD and Related Disorders Association criteria, in a Dementia Clinics setting. Controls were 54 accompanying persons, in a Dementia Clinics setting. Controls were 54 accompanying persons, cognitively normal, matched for age (+/-3 years) and sex. Patients with AD cognitively normal, matched for age (+/-3 years) and sex. Patients with AD had an average daily caffeine intake of 73.9 +/- 97.9 mg during the 20 had an average daily caffeine intake of 73.9 +/- 97.9 mg during the 20 years that preceded diagnosis of AD, whereas the controls had an average years that preceded diagnosis of AD, whereas the controls had an average daily caffeine intake of 198.7 +/- 135.7 mg during the corresponding 20 daily caffeine intake of 198.7 +/- 135.7 mg during the corresponding 20 years of their lifetimes (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). Using a years of their lifetimes (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed ranks test). Using a logistic regression model, caffeine exposure during this period was found to logistic regression model, caffeine exposure during this period was found to be significantly inversely associated with AD (odds ratio=0.40, 95% be significantly inversely associated with AD (odds ratio=0.40, 95% confidence interval=0.25-0.67), whereas hypertension, diabetes, stroke, confidence interval=0.25-0.67), whereas hypertension, diabetes, stroke, head trauma, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, non-steroid anti-head trauma, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin E, gastric disorders, heart disease, education inflammatory drugs, vitamin E, gastric disorders, heart disease, education and family history of dementia were not statistically significantly associated and family history of dementia were not statistically significantly associated with AD.with AD.

CONTEXT: The projected expansion in the next several decades of the elderly population at highest risk for Parkinson disease (PD) makes identification of factors that promote or prevent the disease an important goal. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of coffee and dietary caffeine intake with risk of PD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were analyzed from 30 years of follow-up of 8004 Japanese-American men (aged 45-68 years) enrolled in the prospective longitudinal Honolulu Heart Program between 1965 and 1968. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident PD, by amount of coffee intake (measured at study enrollment and 6-year follow-up) and by total dietary caffeine intake (measured at enrollment). RESULTS: During follow-up, 102 men were identified as having PD. Age-adjusted incidence of PD declined consistently with increased amounts of coffee intake, from 10.4 per 10,000 person-years in men who drank no coffee to 1.9 per 10,000 person-years in men who drank at least 28 oz/d (P<.001 for trend). Similar relationships were observed with total caffeine intake (P<.001 for trend) and caffeine from non-coffee sources (P=.03 for trend). Consumption of increasing amounts of coffee was also associated with lower risk of PD in men who were never, past, and current smokers at baseline (P=.049, P=.22, and P=.02, respectively, for trend). Other nutrients in coffee, including niacin, were unrelated to PD incidence. The relationship between caffeine and PD was unaltered by intake of milk and sugar