cah; tpisr ;ryf ;f rkr;rph ; cukply · 5 contents s.no. title page no. 1. potassium – an integral...
TRANSCRIPT
1
cah; tpisr;rYf;F
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nfhaKj;Jhh; 641 003
2
3
BALANCED FERTILIZATION FOR SUSTAINED CROP
PRODUCTION
Compiled by
M. Dhakshinamoorthy J. Balamurugan D. Selvi C. Paulraj C. Sudhalakshmi S. Natarajan
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry
Centre for Soil and Crop Management Studies Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore – 641 003
4
Cyf rhkgy;rj;J cu epWtdk; - ,e;jpaj; jpl;lk;
cjtpa[ld; btspaplg;gl;lJ
Published with financial assistance from International Potash Institute, Switzerland
5
CONTENTS S.No. Title Page
No.
1. Potassium – An Integral Part for Sustained SFertility and Efficient Crop Production Patricia Imas and Hillel Magen
1
2. Balanced Fertilization for Rice M. Dhakshinamoorthy, J. Balamurugan anK. Sathiabama
21
3. Balanced Fertilization for Sugarcane P. Santhi and M.Dhakshinamoorthy 54
4. Balanced Fertilization for Coconut R. Venkitasamy
65
5. Balanced Fertilization for Vegetable Crops L Pughalendhi, N.Meenakshi and H. Usha Nandhini Devi
71
6. Balanced Fertilization for Fruit Crops T.N. Balamohan and L. Nalina
81
7. Balanced Fertilization for realizing higher CroYields. Some General Information about Soand Fertilizers M. Dhakshinamoorthy and J. Balamurugan
91
8. Methods of Increasing Fertilizer Use EfficienM. Dhakshinamoorthy and J. Balamurugan
105
Appendix-1
Appendix-2
6
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TAMILNADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Dr. C. Ramasamy Coimbatore 641 003
Vice Chancellor Date 28.02.2007
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INTERNATIONAL POTASH INSTITUTE
cyf bghl;lh#; epWtdk;
Dr.H.Magen Date:5.
10.2006 Director
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13
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14
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kw;Wk; g{r;rpj; jhf;FjYf;F vjph;g;g[j; jpwid
mjpfhpg;gjhy;/ rhk;gy; rj;J/ g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp/ g{";rhzf;
bfhy;yp Mfpatw;wpw;F MFk; bryit Fiwf;ft[k;
bra;fpwJ.
gaph; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f/
kz;zpypUe;J rhk;gy; rj;ij vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;
mst[k; mjpfhpg;gjhy;/ kz;zpy; rhk;gy; rj;J
gw;whf;Fiw njhd;Wf;pwJ. cyf rhk;gy; rj;J epWtdk;
elj;jpa tay; Muha;r;rpfspypUe;J/ kz;zpypUe;J
gaph;fs; vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; mst[/ kz;zpw;F ,Lk;
rhk;gy; rj;jpd; msit tpl mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
15
kz;zpy; rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ug;g[ mst[ Fiwthf cs;sJ.
vdnt ,e;epiy ePof;fhky; ,Uf;f/ rhk;gy; rj;J
kz;zpy; ,Lk; msit Kiwg;gLj;j ntz;oa fl;lha
epiyapy; ehk; jw;rkak; ,Uf;fpnwhk;. ,e;jpa ntshz;
gaph;j; jpl;lj;jpYk;/ rhk;gy; rj;jpd; ,Ug;g[ epiy kpft[k;
Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. m';ff cuk;/ kf;fpa
,aw;iff; fHpt[ kw;Wk; gaph;f;fHpt[fs; Mfpatw;wpy;
,Uf;Fk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ kpft[k; Fiwthf
,Ug;gjhy;/ ,aw;if cu';fisf; bfhz;L/ ehk;
gaph;fSf;Fj; njitahd rhk;gy; rj;ij rhp bra;a
KoahJ. epiyahd gaph; ntshz;ik/ kz; tsk;
kw;Wk; tsj;ijg; bghWj;nj mika[k;. rhk;gy; rj;J
Ruz;lyhy;/ jiH/ kzp rj;Jf;fspd; cgnahfj; jpwd;
Fiwf;fg;gLtjd; \yk;/ epiyahd ntshz;ikf;F/
ghjpg;g[fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
tsh;e;J tUk;/ jhdpa';fs;/ vz;bza;
tpj;Jf;fs;/ fha;fwpfs;/ gH';fs; kw;Wk; ,jug;
bghUl;fspd; njitia <L bra;a/ gap+l;lr;-
rj;Jfspd; rkr;rPh; mstPL ,LjYk;/ mtw;wpd;
Kiwahd eph;thfKk; kpft[k; Kf;fpak;. ,t;tplj;jpy;
gaph; tpisr;rypd; juj;ij nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; rhk;gy;
rj;J rf;jp bray;;ghLfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
rkr;rPh; cueph;thfk; kw;Wk; bghl;lhrpaj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
fhh;y; !;gpbu';fy;/ b$h;kd; ehl;L ntshz;
Muha;r;rpahsh;/ 19-Mk; E}w;whz;od; Muk;gj;jpy; kz;
tsk; kw;Wk; gaph; Cl;lk; gw;wpa mog;gil
Muha;r;rpfis elj;jp/ Fiwe;j epiy Cl;lr;rj;J
tpjpia cUthf;f mog;gil fUj;Jf;fis
btspapl;lhh;. $!;l!; thd; yPgpf; vd;gth; “Fiwe;j
epiy Cl;lr;rj;J tpjp”ia 1840-y; cUthf;fpdhh;.
16
,it nghy; gy;ntW Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;/ ve;j
Cl;lr;rj;J gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;snjh/ me;j
gap+l;lr;rj;J/ gaph; tsh;r;rpia Fiwj;JtpLk;
vd;gij fUj;jpy; bfhz;L/ Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis
gaph;fSf;F ,l;L te;jdh;. ,tw;Ws;/ gaph;fs; mjpf
mst[ vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; jiH/ rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[
tpfpjk; kpft[k; Kf;fpak;.
tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy;/ jpRf;fspy; bghl;lhrpaj;jpd;
mst[ 2 ypUe;J 10 rjtpfpjk; tiu ,Ug;gjhy;/ tsUk;
gapUf;F rhk;gy; rj;Jj;; njit kpft[k; mjpfk;. rhk;gy;
rj;J gaph; tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; ju nkk;ghL/ g{r;rp kw;Wk;
neha; jhf;FjYf;F vjph;g;g[j;jpwd;/ Fsph; kw;Wk; twl;rp
jh';Fjy; nghd;w gy;ntW Kf;fpag; gzpfis
Mw;WfpwJ. ey;y jplkhd/ Mnuhf;fpakhd nth;
tsh;r;rpia cUthf;fp/ jiHr; rj;J kw;Wk; gpw
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; cgnahfj; jpwid mjpfg;-
gLj;JfpwJ. nkYk;/ fhy;eil Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspy; kpf
Kf;fpa ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ. (fhg;fgp kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/
2001; khh;!;dh;/ 1995; bk';fy; kw;Wk; fph;f;gp/ 1987).
rhk;gy; rj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gaphpd; gy;ntW gzpfSf;F rhk;gy; rj;J
njitg;-gLfpd;wJ.
• mWgJf;Fk; nkw;gl;l gaph; behjpfis
Cf;fg;gLj;jp/ mitfspd; bray;ghl;ila[k;/
tpidg[hpa[k; jpwida[k; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
• g[ujk;/ itl;lkpd;/ kht[r;rj;J jahhpg;gjpy; ,J
bgUk;g';F tfpf;fpd;wJ.
• gr;irak; jahhpg;gjpy; Kf;fpag';F tfpf;fpwJ.
• ,iyapy; cs;s ,iyj;Jisfs; KGtJk;
jpwe;J \Ltij rhk;gy; rj;J fl;Lg;-
17
gLj;JfpwJ. ,jdhy;/ ,iyfspd; ePh;r;rj;J
twl;rpapd; nghJ btspnawptplhkYk;/ mnj
ntisapy; xspr;nrh;f;iff;Fj; njitahd
fhpakpy tha[ jhuhskhf fpilf;ft[k; tHp
bra;fpwJ.
• fUk;g[/ cUisf;fpH';F kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu ts;spf;
fpH';F nghd;w gaph;fspy; !;lhh;r; jahhpg;gpYk;/
rh;f;fiur; rj;J RHy;ghl;oYk;/ cjt[fpd;wJ.
• gaWtifg; gaph;fspy; kht[ kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu
jahhpg;gjpy; cjtp bra;tjpd; \yk; ed;ikjUk;
ghf;Ohpah Ez;qaphpfs; gad; mile;J/ mjd;
\yk; fhw;wpypUf;Fk; jiHr;rj;ij Ez;-
qaphpfs; fpufpj;Jf; bfhs;s cjt[fpd;wJ.
(fhg;fgp kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/ 2001 ; khh;!;dh;/
1995; bk';fy; kw;Wk; fph;f;gp/ 1987).
rhk;gy; rj;J “ju Cl;lr;rj;J” vd Fwpg;gpLth;.
Vbddpy;/ rhk;gy; rj;J
• jhdpa';fspd; rj;Jf;fs; msita[k;/ fpH';F
kw;Wk; gHtiffspd; itl;lkpd; kw;Wk; g[ujr;
rj;ija[k;/ tpijfspy; vz;bza; msita[k;
nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
• fjphpd; mst[/ tpijapd; mst[/ gHk; kw;Wk;
fpH';Ffspd; msitg; bghpjhf;FfpwJ. tpij/
gHk;/ fpH';Ffspd; totj;ij rPuikf;fpwJ.
• btspapl';fSf;F mDg;g[ifapYk;/ nrkpg;g[
fpl';Ffspy; nrfhpj;J itf;Fk; nghJk;/
gH';fs; cile;J ngha; tPzhtJ
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ. (crhh;t[l;/ vd;.Mh;. 1985).
gyd;fs;
gaph; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpg;g[ kl;Lkpd;wp/ juk; kw;Wk;
twl;rp jh';FjypYk; rhk;gy; rj;J Kf;fpa g';F
18
tfpf;fpd;wJ. gaph; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ijf; fl;Lg;-
gLj;jp/ gaph; tsh;r;rpia Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,jd;\yk;
twl;rp/ gdp/ neha; kw;Wk; g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; jh';fp
Mnuhf;akhf gaph; tsu VJthfpwJ.
juk; nkk;ghl;oy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; g';F
gHk;/ gUj;jp/ cUisf;fpH';F/ g[ifapiy nghd;w
gaph;fspd; ju nkk;ghl;ow;F rhk;gy; rj;J kpft[k;
mtrpak; (fhg;fgp kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/ 2001). gr;irak;
jahhpf;Fk; nghJ/ cUthFk; Tl;Lg; bghUl;fis gHk;/
jhdpak;/ fpH';F kw;Wk; nrkpg;g[g;gFjpfSf;F bfhz;L
brd;W mtw;iw !;lhh;r;/ g[ujk;/ itl;lkpd;/ vz;bza;
nghd;wtw;iw khw;Wtjpy; cWJiz g[hpfpwJ.
(bk';fy; kw;Wk; fph;f;ig/ 1987). rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[
Fiwa[k; nghJ gaph; tsh;rpij khw;w epfH;t[fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd (khh;!;dh; 1995; bk';bfy;/ 1997).
mnj rkak; vjph;kiw Rthrpj;jy; gaphpy; mjpfkhfpwJ.
,jdhy; gaph; tsh;r;rp Fd;wp/ tpisr;ry; ghjpg;g[
Vw;gLfpwJ.
twl;rp jh';Ftjpy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; g';F
rhk;gy; rj;J ePh; vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; mst[/ kw;w
gFjpfSf;F vLj;Jr; bry;Yjy; kw;Wk; cgnahj;jpwd;
Kjypatw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. rhk;gy; rj;J ,Lk;
nghJ/ gaph; Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ed;F Jhpjkhf
tsUtJld;/ epiwa epynkw;gug;ig tisj;Jg; glh;e;J
tsh;tjhy;/ epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J MtpahFk; ePhpd; mst[
Fiwfpd;wJ. nkYk;/ gaph;fspd; nth;fspy;/ mjpf
rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ue;jhy; nth;fspd; ePh; <h;f;Fk; jd;ika[k;
mjpfkhfpwJ. ,iy tHp Mtpahjy; Fiwf;fg;-
gLtjhy;/ ,iy tHp ePh; nrjk; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(bghp';fh; kw;Wk; onuhy;OdPah;/ 1978). bghJthf/
twl;rp fhy';fspy; gaph; tpisr;ry; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
19
Mdhy; rhk;gy; rj;ij ,Lk;nghJ gaph; tpisr;ry;
mjpfkhfpwJ.
g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; jhf;Fjypy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; g';F
rhk;gy; rj;J nghjpa mst[ ,Uf;Fk; nghJ/
g{";rhz neha;fs; 70 rjtpfpjk;/ ngf;Ohpah neha;fs; 69
rjtpfpjk; kw;Wk; g{r;rp jhf;Fjy; 63 rjtpfpjk; kw;Wk;
itu!; jhf;Fjy; 41 rjtpfpjk; Fiwthf Muha;r;rp
Kot[fs; bjhptpf;fpd;wd. (bgh;hpehl;/ 1990).
rhk;gy; rj;J gaph; tsh;r;rpia kpft[k;
Cf;Ftpj;J/ Jhpj tpiut[ Kjph;tij J}z;Ltjhy;
gaph;fis g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; jhf;Fk; fpUkpfsplkpUe;J
jg;gpf;f itf;fpwJ.
joj;j bry;Rth;/ cWjpahd jz;L kw;Wk;
,iyapy; cgnahfg;glhj jiHr;rj;J nrfhpg;ig
jtph;j;jy; nghd;wit rhk;gy; rj;J nghjpa mst[
,Uf;Fk; nghJ elf;fpwJ. ,jd; \yk;/ g{";ir/
ngf;Ohpah kw;Wk; itu!; Kjypad gapiu ghjpf;fhj
mst[f;F bra;J/ gapiu mtw;wpd; jhf;FjypUe;J
jg;gpf;f itf;fpwJ. (fhg;fgp kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/ 2001).
g{";rhzf; bfhy;ypfSf;F gjpyhf rhk;gy; rj;ij
gad;gLj;j KoahJ. Mdhy; xU';fpize;j gaph;
ghJfhg;gpy; rhk;gy; rj;J Xh; Kf;fpa m';fkhf tps';fp/
g{";rhzf; bfhy;ypfs; gad;gLj;Jk; msit Fiwj;J
mtw;wpd; fHpt[fs; czt[g;-gaph;fis brd;wil-
ahjthW rhk;gy; rj;J bra;fpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;J jiHr;rj;jpd; cgnahfj;jpwid ghjpf;Fkh>
rhk;gy; rj;J/ jiHr;rj;J ,t;tpuz;Lk; gaph;
bray;ghl;L tpidfspy; xnu khjphpahf tpid
g[hpfpd;wd. Kjypy;/ ,t;tpuz;Lk; gaph;fSf;F mjpf
20
mstpy; njitg;gLfpd;wd. jiHr;rj;J vjph;kpd;
madpahft[k;/ rhk;gy; rj;J neh;kpd; madpahft[k;
gaph;fshy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. rkr;rPh;
mstpy; ,t;tpuz;L madpfSk; vLj;Jf;
bfhs;sg;gLtjhy;/ gaphpy; eLepiyj;jd;ik epiy-
ehl;lg;gLfpwJ. jiHr;rj;J ,Ltjhy;/ rhk;gy; rj;ijg;
gaph;fs; cl;fpufpf;Fk; mst[ mjpfhpf;fpwJ (khh;!;bdh;
kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/ 1996).
jiHr;rj;jpd; vjph;kpd; madpapypUe;J g[ujr;-
rj;J cUthjYk; gaphpy; mJ tPzhFtJk;/ nghjpa
mst[ rhk;gy; rj;ij bghWj;nj mika[k;. rhk;gy; rj;J
rhpahd mstpy; ,y;yhj nghJ/ jiHr;rj;jpd; KG
gyida[k; gaph; milahJ (khh;!;dh;/ 1995). jiHr;-
rj;jpd; bray;ghLfs; ghjpf;fg;gLtjhy;/ neha;f;
fpUkpfs; gapUf;F nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;wd. gPdhypf;
Tl;Lg; bghUl;fs; kpft[k; Fiwe;J tpLk; (bgh;hpehl;/
1990).
kz;zpy; nghjpa mst[ rhk;gy; rj;J cs;sjh?
kz;zpy; 1-5 rjtpfpjk; rhk;gy; rj;J cs;sJ.
,J ikfh kw;Wk; bgy;!;g;ghh; vd;w Tl;L
md';ff';fspypUe;J fpilf;fpwJ. gaph; tsh;r;rpf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ kpft[k; Fiwt[.
kz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; rhk;gy; rj;J ehd;F Kf;fpa
epiyfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. mitahtd
1. ePhpy; fiuaf; ToaJ
2. madp ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ
3. madp ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fl;glhky; fspkz; kw;Wk;
kzy; Jfs;fSf;fpilapy; gpoj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. kz; Jfs;fs; kw;Wk; mLf;FfSf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gLk; rhk;gy; rj;J epiy (!;ghh;f;!;/ 2002).
21
,tw;Ws;/ ePhpy; fiuaf;Toa rhk;gy; rj;J/
gaph;fSf;F cldoahf fpilj;JtpLk;.
nth;fs; ePhpy; fiue;Js;s rhk;gy; rj;ij kl;Lk;
cwp";rpf; bfhs;Sk;. mjd; mst[ bkhj;j
rhk;gy; rj;jpy; 0.1 rjtpfpjnk. fspkz; kw;Wk;
kf;fpa kz; Jfs;fSf;fpilapy; epiy
epWj;jg;gl;l rhk;gy; rj;J bkhj;j mstpy; 0.1
apypUe;J 2 rjtpfpjkhFk;. ,J gaphpd;
tsh;r;rpg;gUtj;jpy; fpilf;ff;Toa rhk;gy;
rj;jhFk;. kw;w ,U epiyfSk;/ bkhj;j mstpy;
90-98 rjtpfpjkhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ gapUf;Ff;
fpilf;fToa mst[ 3 apypUe;J 4 rjtpfpjk;
kl;LnkahFk;. epiyepWj;jg;gl;l rhk;gy; rj;J
kpft[k; bkJthft[k;/ mnj rkak; m';ff rhk;gy;
rj;J rpijt[ Vw;gLk; nghJ kl;Lnk
tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (Kl;!h;/ 1995; !;ghh;f;!;/
2002).
rhk;gy; rj;jpd; gy;ntW epiyfSf;fpilna cs;s
rkd;ghl;L epiy gapUf;F rhk;gy; rj;J fpilf;Fk;
jpwid eph;zapg;gjpy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j
rkd;ghL kz;zpd; md';ff mikg;g[/ madp
ghpkhw;Wj;jpwd; kw;Wk; md';ff bghUl;fspd;
cUkhw;wj;jpwidg; bghUj;J mikfpd;wJ. fU';fsp
kw;Wk; tz:ly; fspfs;/ jd;dfj;nj kz:
Jfs;fSf;fpilna gpoj;J itf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
madpg;ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fw;gl;l rhk;gy; rj;ij kpf mjpf
mstpy; bfhz;Ls;sd. kzy; rhh;e;j kw;Wk; m';ff
kz; tiffspy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ Fiwe;Jk;/
bgUkz;zpy; rhk;gy; rj;J nth;kz;lyj;jpw;Ff; fPnH/
ePnuhl;lj;jpy; fiue;J tPzhFk; jd;ika[ilajhf
cs;sJ. (bk';fy; kw;Wk; fph;f;gpig/ 1987).
22
madp ghpkhw;wj;jpw;Fw;gl;l rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[
Fiwe;J bfhz;nl tUk; nghJ/ mjpypUe;J rhk;gy;
rj;J tpLtpf;Fk; jpwd; FiwfpwJ. vdnt kz; ePh;f;
fiurypy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; msit <Lbra;a[k; jpwd;
Fiwf;fg;gl;L/ madpg;ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhj
epiyapYs;s rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[k; FiwfpwJ.
,jdhy; gaph; tsh;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. nkYk;
kz;zpd; rhk;gy; rj;ijg; gpoj;J itf;Fk; jpwd;/
nghJkhd mst[ rhk;gy; rj;J ,y;yhj kz;zpy;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. ,k;khjphp/ rhk;gy; rj;J Fiw-
thft[s;s kz;iz rPh;j;jpUj;JtJ kpft[k;
brytpdkhFk;. ,e;jpa kz; tiffspy; elj;jpa
Muha;r;rpapypUe;J/ kz;zpd; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; msit
xU kl';F mjpfhpf;f/ 5 kl';F mjpfkhd rhk;gy; rj;J
njitg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. (rPdpthrh
uht; kw;Wk; nfuh/ 1995).
jPtpu gaph;RHw;rpapy;/ kz:zpy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd;
,Ug;g[ Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;
rhk;gy; rj;J ,Lk; mst[k;/ gaph;fs; vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk;
mst[k; rkkhf ,Ug;gJk;/ kz;zpd; rhk;gy; rj;jpd;
msit ek;gpapUg;gJk; MFk;. me;j khjphpahd
R{H;epiyapy;/ gaph;fspd; njitiag; g{h;j;jp bra;a/
kz;zpd; madpg; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhj rhk;gy;
rj;J kpFe;j ghjpg;g[f;F cl;gLj;jpg;gLfpwJ. (ng!;hprh
kw;Wk; gd;rhy;/ 2002). ePz;l fhy jPtpu ntshz;-
ikapy;/ rhk;gy; rj;J ,lhjnghJ/ gapUf;F fpilf;Fk;
rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ kpft[k; ghjpf;fg;gl;L gaph;
tpisr;ry; kpft[k; FiwfpwJ.
23
rhk;gy; rj;J vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLtJk;. gapw;RHw;rpapy;
<Lfl;LjYk;
kz;zpypUe;J rhk;gy; rj;J mjpf mstpy;
ntshz; tpisbghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gH';fshy; vLj;Jf;
bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mjpf tpisr;ry; bgwg;gLk; nghJ/
gaph;fs; mjpf rhk;gy; rj;ij kz;zpypUe;J vLj;Jf;
bfhs;tjhy;/ kz;zpy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; gw;whf;Fiw
fhyg;nghf;fpy; Vw;gLfpwJ. vdnt ,e;j ,Hg;ig rhp
fl;lhky;/ epiyahd gaph; tpisr;ry; bgw KoahJ.
bghJthfnt/ ,aw;if cuk; mspf;Fk; nghJ Tl/
rhk;gy; rj;J vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; mst[/ rhk;gy; rj;J
,l;l msit tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf: 70 ld; vf;lUf;F vd;w mstpy;
cUisf;fpH';F gaph; tpisr;ry; bfhLf;Fk; nghJ/ 1
ld; fpH';F 280 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;ij vLj;Jf;
bfhs;fpwJ. mnj nghy vYkpr;ir njhl;lj;jpy;
tUlj;jpw;F ,Lk; 400 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;ij mg;gona
vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ (cyf cu epWtdk;/ 1992)
tsh;e;J tUk; kf;fs; bjhiff;nfw;g/ njitahd
czt[g; bghUis cw;gj;jp bra;a/ ehk; tpisjpwid
mjpfhpf;f ntz;oa epiyapYs;nshk;. tpisr;ry;
mjpfkhFk; nghJ gaph;fSf;F mjpf mst[ Cl;lr;-
rj;Jf;fs; njitg;gLtjhy; kz;zpypUe;J mjpf
Cl;lr;rj;J ,Hg;g[ Vw;gLfpwJ.
gaph;fSf;F/ mj;jpahtrpa ng+l;lr;rj;Jf;fshd
jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fis rkr;rPh; mstpy;
bfhLg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;. nkYk; mtw;wpd; tpfpj
mst[k; Kf;fpakhFk;. cjhuzkhf mjpf mst[
jiHr;rj;J ,Lk; nghJ/ gaph; tsh;r;rp Cf;F-
tpf;fg;gl;L/ tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpnyna ,Ug;gjhy;/
fha;f;Fk; gUtk; jhkjg;gLfpwJ. nkYk; jiH kw;Wk;
rhk;gy; rj;jpd; rhpahdmstpy; ,Ue;J/ kzpr;rj;Jg;
24
gw;whf;Fiw ,Uf;Fk;nghJ/ gaph; tpisr;ry; kpft[k;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j tpfpjk; fha;fwp gaph;fSf;F
1:0.3:1.3 Mf ,Uf;fntz;Lk;. kw;wtw;wpw;F jiH/ kzp/
rhk;gy; Mfpa ng+l;lr;rj;Jf;fis 4:2:1 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpy; mspj;jy; kpf ey;yJ vd;w fUj;J
bghJthf epyt[fpwJ. jiH kw;Wk; kzpr;rj;Jf;fis
kpf mjpf mstpy; cgnahfpg;gij jtph;g;gJ/ cur;
bryitf; Fiwg;gnjhL/ Rw;Wg;g[wr; R{H;epiy
ghJfhg;g[f;Fk; VJthfpwJ. mjpf mstpy; jiHr;rj;J
,Uf;Fk;nghJ/ gaph; vLj;Jf; bfhs;shj jiHr;rj;jpd;
vjph;kpd; madp/ epyj;jo ePh; tiu brd;W/ ePh;epiyia
khRgLj;jptpLk;. mJ nghynt cgnahfg;glhj kzpr;-
rj;J Vhp/ Fsk; kw;Wk; ePh;epiyfis brd;wile;J
kw;Wk; fisfs; tshr;rpia Cf;Ftpj;J ePhpd;
gpuhztha[ tha[ msit Fiwj;J kPd; ,d';fs;
kw;Wk; cgnahfkhd jhtu';fis mHpj;JtpLfpd;wJ.
,ij “a{l;nuhg;onfrd;” vd;gh;. Mdhy; rhk;gy; rj;ij
bghWj;jtiu ,k;khjphpahd gpur;ridfs; VJkpy;iy
(fhg;fgp kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/ 2001).
,aw;if cu';fs;/ kz;zpd; rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ug;g[
msit epiyepWj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ.
,Ug;gpDk;/ mtw;wpd; rhk;gy; rj;J mst[ Fiwthf 0.5
ypUe;J 3 rjtPjk; tiujhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. rhk;gy;
rj;jpd; ,Ug;g[ Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy;/ braw;if
cu';fshd bghl;lhrpak; FnshiuL my;yJ
bghl;lhrpak; ry;ngl; cu';fisg; gad;gLj;jp/ ,Ug;g[
msit nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
rhk;gy; rj;Jk;. epiyahd ntshz;ika[k;
Cl;lr;rj;J tpfpj mst[fisf; fzf;fpLk; nghJ
gpw khepy';fis xg;gpLk; nghJ jkpH;ehl;oy; xU ey;y
tpfp-jhr;rhuk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. jw;nghija tpfpjk;
jiHr;rj;J : rhk;gy; rj;J 1 : 0.66 MFk;. ,Jnt
25
,e;jpah mstpy; 1 : 0.13 MFk; (,e;jpa cu epWtdk;/
2004).
jiHr;rj;J vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; msnt gaph;fs;
rhk;gy; rj;ija[k; vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpd;wd. Mdhy; jkpH;
ehl;oy; 1 fpnyh jiHr;rj;ij ,Lk;nghJ/ 660 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J kl;Lnk ,lg;gLtjhy;/ gaph;fs; mjpf
mstpy; rhk;gy; rj;ij kz;zpypUe;J vLj;Jf;
bfhs;fpd;wd. vdnt rhk;gy; rj;J Ruz;ly; kz:zpy;
eilbgWfpwJ.
,e;jpa ntshz;ikapy;/ rhk;gy; rj;J tpis-
bghUs;fs; tpisr;ry;/ tpy';F rhh;e;j bghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; ePhpy; fiue;J Vw;gLk; ,Hg;g[ Mfpatw;wpd; \yk;
btspahFk;. ,aw;if \yk; btspahFk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd;
mst[/ ,aw;if cu';fs;/ kf;fpa vU kw;Wk; gaph;f;
fHpt[fs; Kjypatw;wpd; \yk; ,lg;gLk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd;
msit tpl kpf mjpfkhFk;. 1998-Mk; Mz;L/ rhk;gy;
rj;J cu cgnahfk; 1.57 kpy;ypad; ld;dhft[k;/ gaph;fs;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ 13.7 kpy;ypad;
ld;dhft[k; ,Ue;jJ fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdnt
epfug; gw;whf;Fiwahf/ njrpa mstpy; 7.05 kpy;ypad;
ld;Dk;/ vf;lUf;F xU tUlj;jpw;F 37.5 fpnyh rhk;gy;
rj;J ,Hg;g[k; Vw;gLfpwJ. (ngl;hprpah kw;Wk; gd;rhy;/
2002).
,aw;if cu';fs;/ rhk;gy; rj;Jj; njitia <L
bra;a KoahJ. nkYk; mtw;wpd; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[
kpff; Fiwthf 0.5apypUe;J 3 rjtPjkhjyhy;/ kpFe;j
mst[ ,aw;if cu';fs; njitg;gLk;. Mdhy;/ mtw;wpd;
,Ug;g[ kpff; Fiwt[.
xU ld; bey; tpisr;ry; 34 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;ijj;
jd;Ds; bfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpy; 30 fpnyh itf;-
26
nfhypYk; kw;Wk; 4 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;J kl;Lnk
jhdpaj;jpYk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ (cyf
rhk;gy; rj;J epWtdk;/ 1992). gaph;f;fHpt[fs;/ rhk;gy;
rj;J ,Ug;ig ghjpf;Fk; vd;gJ mwpe;jnj. Mdhy;/
bghJthf/ ek; ehl;oy; itf;nfhy; vhpg;bghUshft[k;/
fhy;eilfSf;F jPtdkhft[k; gad;gLj;JtjhYk;/
mjpf mstpy; rhk;gy; rj;J kz;zpypUe;J vLj;Jf;
bfhs;sg;gLtjhYk;/ mLj;j gapUf;Fj; njitahd
rhk;gy; rj;ij kz;zpy; epiyepWj;j mjpf mstpy;
rhk;gy; rj;J cuk; ,Ljy; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,e;j
fzf;fPl;il lhgh;nkd; kw;Wk; tpl; (2000) vDk;
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;/ Mrpahtpw;F bey; gapw;RHw;rpf;F
bra;Js;shh;fs;.
ml;ltiz 1: jPtpu bey; gapw;RHw;rpapy; bjw;F kw;Wk; bjd;fpHf;F
Mrpahtpy; vf;lUf;F 5.2 ld; bey; tpisr;ry; bgw ruhrhp ,Lg;bghUs;/
tpisbghUs; kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ug;g[ [ mstPL [(fpnyh fpuhk; / vf;lh;)].
fhuzp
,LbghUs;
(fpnyhfpuhk; / vf;lh;)
tpisbghUs;
(fpnyhfpuhk; / vf;lh;)
braw;if cuk; 17 -
bjhG cuk; 5 -
epfu jhdpa
cl;fpufpf;Fk; mst[
- 13
epfu itf;nfhy;
cl;fpufpf;Fk; mst[
- 35
,Ug;g[ 26 (fpnyhfpuhk; / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy; rj;Jk;/ Rw;Wg;g[w R{H;epiya[k;
Mnuhf;fpakhd/ Cl;lr;rj;J kpFe;j gaph;
tsh;r;rpf;F rkr;rPh; mstpy; rhk;gy; rj;ij braw;if
kw;Wk; ,aw;if cu';fs; \yk; mspg;gJ ,d;wp-
aikahjJ. kw;w Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis Kf;fpakhf
jiHr;rj;jpd; vjph;kpd; madpia gaph;fs; vLj;Jf;
27
bfhs;tjw;Fk;/ cgnahfpg;gjw;Fk; rhk;gy; rj;J
cWJiz g[hptjhy;/ jiHr;rj;jpd; vjph;kpd; madp
,Hg;g[ jtph;f;fg;gl;L/ Rw;Wg;g[w R{Hy; ghjpf;fhky;
fhg;ghw;wg;gLfpwJ.
nkYk; gaph;fspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidg; bgUf;f
mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; jhdpag;gaph;fs;/ gaph;f;-
fHpt[fis mjpf mstpy; kz;zpy; tpl;Lr; bry;tjhy;/
kz; nkw;gug;g[ kz; mhpg;gpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;J Mnuhf;fpakhd Rw;Wg;g[wr; R{HYld;
ve;jtpj ghjpg;iga[k; Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mnj nghy; Fo
jz;zPh; kw;Wk; kz:iza[k; khRgLj;Jtjpy;iy.
Vbddpy; rhk;gy; rj;J ePhpy; fiue;J/ kz;zpd;
mog;ghfj;jpw;F brd;W tpLfpwJ.
kdpj Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspy; rhk;gy; rj;J Kf;fpag;
g';F tfpf;fpwJ. kdpj clk;gpy; Rz:zhk;g[ kw;Wk;
kzpr;rj;Jf;fLj;J/ \d;whtjhf mjpf mstpy;
(bkhj;j kdpj clk;g[ Cl;lr;rj;J mstPl;oy; 5
rjtpfpjk;) cs;sJ. kdpjd; Mnuhf;akhf tsu
,r;rj;J kpf mtrpakhFk;. cUisf;fpH';F/ cyh;
gH';fs;/ !;l;uhbgh;hp/ mtnflh/ khkprk;/ kPd;/ gaW
tiffs; thiH kw;Wk; KGjhdpa';fs; rhk;gy; rj;ij
mjpf mstpy; bfhz;Ls;sd.
jkpH;ehl;oy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; cgnahfk;
brk;kz; kw;Wk; brk;g[iw kz;zpy;/ kpjkhd
mst[ gaph;fSf;F vspjpy; fpilf;ff; Toa rhk;gy;
rj;J cs;sJ. (Rg;ghuht; kw;Wk; rPdpthrh uht;/ 1996).
Mdhy; kz;zpd; bkhj;j mst[ Fiwthf cs;sJ.
,t;tif kz;zpy;/ ntshz;/ njhl;lf;fiy kw;Wk;
kiyrhh;e;j gaph;fSf;F rhk;gy; rj;J ,Lk;nghJ/
mjw;F ey;y gpujpgypg;g[ cs;sJ. ,jw;F Mjuhkhf/
28
cyf rhk;gy; rj;J epWtdKk;/ jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg;
gy;fiyf;fHfKk; ,ize;J elj;jpa Muha;r;rpapd;
Kot[fs; cs;sd.
fhh;j;jpnfad; kw;Wk; FGtpdh;/ 2003-y;
nkw;bfhz;l fUk;g[ tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; ju nkk;ghl;L
Muha;r;rpapy;/ rkr;rPh; mst[ rhk;gy; rj;ij/ jFe;j
mst[ ePh;g;ghrdj;Jld;/ jiH kw;Wk; kzpr;-
rj;Jf;fSld; ,Lk; bghGJ/ cHth;fs; ey;y tUtha;
bgwf;Toa mstpw;F cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fg;-
gLtJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. fUk;g[ tsh;r;rp KGtJk;
ghrd ePh;gaph; ePh; Mtpahjy; tpfpjk; 1.0 Mf itj;J/
Kiwna 225/ 65 kw;Wk; 112.5 fpnyh jiH/ kzp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fis ,Lk;nghJ kzw;rhhp tz;ly;/ fsp
kz;zpy; fUk;g[ tpisr;ry; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ.
(ml;ltiz 2).
ml;ltiz 2 : rhk;gy; rj;J kw;Wk; ePh;g;ghrd R{Hy; Kjypatw;why;/
fUk;g[ tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; ju nkk;ghl;oy; Vw;gLk; khw;w';fs; –
gthdprhfh; Ma;t[.
ghrdePh;
Mtpahjy;
tpfpjk;/ rhk;gy;rj;J
(fpnyh mst[/ vf;lh;)
1
56.25
2
112.5
3
168.75
4 ruhrhp
fUk;g[r;rhwpy; gphpf;!; mst[ (%)
Kjy; epiy 18.7 19.0 20.0 20.1 19.5
,uz:lhk; epiy 20.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.0
\d;whk; epiy 21.1 21.6 22.0 22.4 21.8
ruhrhp 19.9 20.6 21.1 21.3
fUk;g[r;rhwpy; ,yhgk; juf;Toa rh;f;fiu mst[ (%)
Kjy; epiy 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.6
,uz:lhk; epiy 12.1 13.2 13.4 13.4 13.0
29
\d;whk; epiy 13.0 13.5 13.8 14.1 13.6
ruhrhp 12.1 12.7 12.9 13.6
fUk;g[ rh;f;fiu tpisr;ry; (ld; / vf;lh;)
Kjy; epiy 6.74 7.32 8.30 8.62 7.74
,uz:lhk; epiy 10.8 12.4 14.1 14.1 12.8
\d;whk; epiy 14.3 16.1 18.1 18.7 16.8
ruhrhp 10.6 11.9 13.5 13.8
jl;rpzh\h;j;jp/ 2005-y; nkw;bfhz;l/ rhk;gy;
rj;J mst[ kw;Wk; ,Lk; tHp Kiwfs; gw;wp
Muha;r;rpapypUe;J 100 fpnyh tiu rhk;gy;rj;ij
vf;lUf;F ,Lk;nghJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mst[ tpisr;ry;
mjpfhpg;g[ ,Ue;jJ (ml;ltiz 3). rhk;gy; rj;J mst[
mjpfhpf;f/ gjuhd jhdpa vz;zpf;if FiwtJ
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz 3: rhk;gy; rj;J mst[ kw;Wk; ,Lk; tHp
Kiwfshy;/ bey; tpisr;rypy; Vw;gLk; khw;w';fs; -
MLJiw kw;Wk; gl;Lf; nfhl;il Ma;t[
MLJiw
(,Lk; tHpKiwfs;)
gl;Lf;nfhl;il
(,Lk; tHpKiwfs;)
rhk;gy;
rj;Jmst[
fpnyh / vf;lh;
1 2 3 ruhrhp 1 2 3 ruhrhp
0 4136 4476 4845 4486 6560 6373 6587 6507
50 4053 4026 4191 4090 6640 6320 6320 6427
100 4217 4710 5010 4646 7547 7440 6960 7316
150 4710 4822 4953 4828 6320 6800 6773 6631
200 4181 4612 5007 4600 6827 6587 7067 6827
ruhrhp 4259 4529 4801 4530 6779 6704 6741 6741
1 – jiH/ rhk;gy; moa[ukhf
2- jiH/ rhk;gy; 4 rk g';fhfg; gphpj;J ,Ljy;
(m) elt[ eLk; nghJ
(M) J}h; gpof;Fk; gUtk;
(,) fjph; gpof;Fk; gUtk;
30
(<) Kjy; g{ g{f;Fk; gUtk;
3. jiH/ rhk;gy; 3 rk g';fhfg; gphpj;J ,Ljy;
(m) moa[ukhf kz;zpy; ,Ljy;
(M) bfho ,iyg;gUtj;jpy; bjspj;jy;
(,) jhdpa tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpy; bjspj;jy;
nkw;nfhs;fs;:
1. bghp';fh;/ vr;. 1992. Rw;Wr;R{Hy; rk;ke;jkhd bghl;lhrpak;
njit/ cgnahfk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp cu epWtd btspaPL
328/ gf;fk; 24/ cu epWtdk; ahh;f;/ ,';fpyhe;J.
2. bghp';fh;/ vr;. kw;Wk; $p. onuhy;odPah;. 1978. Rw;WR{Hy;
,lh;ghLfisf; fistjpy; bghl;lhrpa cukpLjypd;
gpujpgypg;g[. bghl;lhrpak; Muha;r;rp gf;fk; 189-222. cyf
bghl;lh#; !jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
3. jl;rpzh\h;j;jp/ vk;. 2005. jkpH; ehl;oy;/ bew;gapUf;F
bghl;lhrpak; cukpLjy;. cs; mwpf;if cyf bghl;lh#;
epWtdk;.
4. lhgh;nkd;/ v. kw;Wk; rp.tpl; (2000). jPtpu bey; rhFgoapy;/
fhh;gd;/ iel;u$d; RHw;rp “ePh; nj';fpa kz;zpy; fhh;gd;/
iel;u$d; RHw;rp” (fph;fP $p.b$.o kw;Wk; o.rp Xf; -
btspaPl;lhsh;fs;) gf;fk; 1-25. cyf bey; Muha;r;rp
epWtdk;/ gpypg;igd;!;.
5. vg;!;Od;/ < kw;Wk; v.b$.g{~k;. 2005 gaph;fSf;F Cl;lk;.
irdha{h; btspaPL/ mbkhpf;fh.
6. ,e;jpa cu epWtdk; 2004. cu g[s;spapay; 2003-04/ ,e;jpa
cu epWtdk;/ epa{ oy;yp/ ,e;jpah.
7. cyf cu epWtdk;. 1992. cyf cu cgnahfk; gw;wpa
ifnahL/ cyf cu epWtdk;/ ghhP!;/ gpuhd;!;.
8. fhg;fgp/ a{ $p.vf;!;.a{./ bgl;hPrpah ,kh!; kw;Wk; b$.
lhh;rpl;!;fp. 2001. gaph; kw;Wk; kz;zpy; bghl;lhrpak;
kw;Wk; FnshiuL gaph; Cl;lj;jpy; bghl;lhrpak;
31
Fnshiuod; g';F. Muha;r;rp vz;. 22. cyf bghl;lh#;
epWtdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
9. fhh;j;jpnfad;/ o.nf./ v!;.nf. gd;rhy;/ bghl;hPrpah ,kh!;/
vk;. jl;rpzh\h;j;jp kw;Wk; Mh;. fpU#;zrhkp. 2003.
bghl;lhrpak; cukpLtjhy; fUk;g[ kfR{y;/ rhW juk;
nkk;ghL kw;Wk; bghUshjhu epiy cah;t[ - jkpH;ehL.
cur; bra;jpfs;/ mf;nlhgh; 2003/ gf;fk; 31-38.
10. khh;!;bdh;/ vr;. 1995. cah; gaph;fSf;fhd cu Cl;lk;. 2-
tJ btspaPL/ mfhlkpf; gpu!;/ nrd; Onfh/ epa{ahh;f;/
mbkhpf;fh.
11. khh;!;bdh;/ vr;./ ,.V. fph;f;ig kw;Wk; I. nff;nkf;. 1996.
Cl;lr;rj;J epiyfshy; Vw;gLk;/ Cl;;lr;rj;J RHw;rp
kw;Wk; gr;irak; tpisbghUs;fs; gaph; nth; kw;Wk;
jz;Lg; gFjpfSf;F vLj;Jr; bry;Yjypy; khw;w';fs;.
Ma;t[ jhtutpay; btsaPL 47 : 1255-1263.
12. bk';bfy;. nf. 1997. bghl;lhrpaj;jpdhy;/ gaph; kfR{y;/
junkk;ghL kw;Wk; bghUshjhu R{Hy; nkk;ghL. czt[
jd;dpiwt[ - rkr;rPh; cu eph;thfk; (v. <. $hd;!;ld;)
gf;fk; 157-174 cyf cu !;jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tplrh;yhe;J.
13. bk';fy;/ nf. kw;Wk; <.V. fph;f;ig. 1987 gaph; Cl;lk;-
nfhl;ghLfs; 4 tJ btspaPL cyf bghl;lh#; !;jhgdk;/
bgh;d;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J/ gf;fk; . 685.
14. Kl;!h;rh;/ vr;. 1995. kz;zpd; bghl;lhrpak; msit
mstPL bra;jy;. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu 4/ cyf bghl;lh#;
!;jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
15. ng!;hprh. vd;. v!;. kw;Wk; v!; nf. gd;rhy;. 2002. ,e;jpa
kz; tiffspy; bghl;lhrpa tsk; epiyahd gaph;
cw;gj;jpf;F bghl;lhrpak; ( vd;. v!;. ng!;hprh kw;Wk;
v!;.nf. gd;rhy;/ btspaPl;lhsh;fs;) gf;fk; 124-150. ,e;jpa
bghl;lh#; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; kw;Wk; cyf bghl;lh#;
!;jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
32
16. bgh;hpehl;.. v!;. 1990. bghl;lhrpaKk;/ gaph; Mnuhf;fpaKk;
2tJ btspaPL. Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu/ cyf bghl;lh#;
!;jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
17. !;ghh;f;!;/ o. 2002. kz;zpy; bghl;lhrpak; RHy;
Cl;lr;rj;J eph;thfj;jpy; mtw;wpd; g';Fk; epiyahd gaph;
cw;gj;jpf;F bghl;lhrpak; (vd;.v!;. ng!;hprh kw;Wk;
v!;.nf. gd;rhy;/ btspaPl;lhsh;fs;) gf;fk; 79-101. ,e;jpa
bghl;lh#; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; kw;Wk; cyf bghl;lh#;
!;jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
18. rPdpthrh uht;/ rp.vr;. kw;Wk; vk;. v!;. nfuh. 1995. jPtpu
ntshz;ikapy;/ bghl;lhrpak; gw;whf;Fiwapd;
tpist[fs;. ey;gaph;fs; btspaPL. 79. gf;fk; 24-27.
19. Rg;ghuht;/ V. kw;Wk; rp.vr;.rPdpthrh uht;. 1996. ,e;jpa
ntshz; jl;gbtg;g kz;ly';fspy;/ bghl;lhrpaj;jpd;
mst[k;/ gaph;fspd; gpujpgypg;g[k;. Muha;r;rpf;fl;Liu 20/
cyf bghl;lh#; !;jhgdk;/ ngry;/ !;tpl;rh;yhe;J.
20. crhh;t[l;/ vd;.Mh;. 1985. gaph; ju nkk;ghl;oy;
bghl;lhrpaj;jpd; g';F. ntshz;ikapd; bghl;lhrpak;
(Mh;.o.Kd;rd;/ btspaPl;lhsh;) gf;fk; 489-514.
21. nkorhd;/ mbkhpf;fh ntd;bld; g;nsnaf;/ Mh;.Mh;./ lgps;
a{/ nghk;k; kw;Wk; vk;.gp. fph;f;fk;. 1999. Fiwe;jgl;r Cl;lf;
nfhl;ghLk;/ gaph; Cl;lk; gw;wpa tpjpfSk; mbkhpf;fh
kz;zpay; !;jhgd btspaPL. 63. gf;fk; 1055-1062.
33
bey;Yf;F rkr;rPh; cukply;
1bka;. jl;rpzh\h;j;jp/
2b$. ghyKUfd; kw;Wk;
3f. rj;jpaghkh
1 kw;Wk; 2 kz:zpay; kw;Wk; ntshz: ntjpapay; Jiw/
jkpH;ehL ntshz:ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nfhit-3. 3kz: kw;Wk; ePh;nkyhz:ik Muha;r;rp ikak;/ fhl;Lj;njhl;lk;/
j";rht{h;
bjhlh;e;J bra;ag;gLk; jPtpu ntshz:ikapd;
fhuzj;jhy; tpis epy';fspy; gap+l;l';fspd;
FiwghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ. nkYk; ehk; rkr;rPuhd
cukplhjjhy; bjhlh;e;J gaphpLk; bghGJ gaph;fs;
kz;zpypUe;J gap+l;l';fs; vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd.
,nj epiy ePoj;jhy; kz;zpy; gap+l;lg; gw;whf;fiw
Vw;gLtij jtph;f;f Koahj epiy cUthFk;.
,e;epiyapy; rkr;rPh; cukpLjny kz; tsj;ij
epiyg;gLj;Jtjw;F cfe;j tHpahFk;.
,e;jpa ehl;oYk; (43 kpy;ypad; vf;lu;) kw;Wk; gy
Mrpa ehLfspYk; (130 kpy;ypad; vf;lu;) mjpf mstpy;
bey; gapuplg;gl;L cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
bey; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhd czt[g;gaph;fspy;
xd;whf cs;sJ. g{kpapy; cs;s epyg;gFjpapy; 9
rjtpfpj ,lj;jpy; bew;gaph; gaphplg;gLfpwJ. cyfpw;F
njtiahd/ czt[g; bghUspy; ehd;fpy; xU gFjpia
bew;gaph; mspf;fpd;wJ. nkYk;/ Mrpa gFjpfspy;
gaphplf;Toa epyg;gFjpapy; 30 rjtpfpj ,lj;ij
,g;gaph; Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. jkpH;ehl;od; bey;ypd:
bkhj;j cw;gj;jp 7.57 kpy;ypad: ld;fs:. bew;gaphpd:
ruhrhp tpisr;ry; jkpH;ehl;oy; 3.54 ld;/vf;lh; vd;w
msthf cs;sJ.
,e;jpah 1980fspy; ,Ue;j jd;dpiwt[ mile;j
epiyapypUe;J/ 1990fspy; czt[g;bghUis Vw;Wkjp
34
bra;a[k; mst[f;F Kd;ndwpajw;F kpf Kf;fpakhd
fhuzpahf mike;jJ bew;gapuhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;/
bew;gapuhdJ czt[g; bghUs; gaphpLk; epyg;gug;gpy; 34
rjtpfpjj;ij Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. gaphplg;gLk; gy-
tifahd czt[g; bghUs;fspy;/ bew;gapUf;F
mjpfkhf tpistpf;Fk; jpwd; cs;sJ. vdnt/ ,jd;
tpisjpwid btspf;bfhzunt gytpjkhd bjhHpy;
El;g';fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
bew;gaphpd; tpisr;ry; neha; kw;Wk; g{r;rp
jhf;Fjy;/ ePh; nj';Fjy;/ Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghLfs;/
fisr;brofs;/ Fiwe;j ,LbghUs;fs; nkk;ghL/
Fwpg;ghf Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; \yk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
bey;gapiu bghWj;j tiuapy;/ jw;nghija NHypy;
mjpf tpisr;riy mila/ mjpfmst[ ,LbghUl;fs;
njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,ij Rw;Wg;g[w NHYf;F ghjpg;-
gpy;yhky; rkr;rPuhf vy;yh Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSk; rhpahd
tpfpjj;jpy;/ rhpahd mst[fspy;/ btt;ntW tHpfspy;
mspg;gJ vd;gnj kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whFk;.
rkr;rPh; cukpLjy; vd;why; rhpahd gaph;
cu';fis gapUf;F njitahd mst[fspy; ,aw;if
cu';fSld; fye;J gaph; Cl;l';fs; fpilf;FkhW
,Ljy; MFk;. ,t;thW rkr;rPh; cukpLtjhy;/
cu';fspd; bray;ghl;Lj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. tpij/
ePh; kw;Wk; braw;if cu';fspilna eilbgWk;
tpisr;ryhdJ ed;F eilbgw rkr;rPh; cukpLjy;
cjt[fpwJ. njitf;nfw;g cukpLtjhy; Rw;Wg;g[w
NH;epiy khRgLtjpypUe;J jLf;fg;gLfpwJ. kz;zpd;
gaph; tpistpf;Fk; jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. bjhlh;;e;J
mjpf gaph; tpisr;ry; fpilf;f VJthfpd;wJ.
,e;jpahtpy; cu cgnahf mst[ 19.37 kpy;ypad;
ld; MFk;. (cug; g[s;spay; 2002). xU ld;Df;F
35
15fpnyh jiH/ 4 fpnyh kzp kw;Wk; 20 fpnyh rhk;gy;
rj;Jf;fis bew;gaph; vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wJ.
(ml;ltiz 1).
ml;ltiz 1. bew;gaph; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf;
bfhs;Sk; mst[fs;
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; fpnyh fpuhk; /
ld;
bey;
fpnyh fpuhk; / 5
ld;
bey;
jiH 15 - 20 75 - 100
kzp 3.0 - 5.0 15 - 25
rhk;gy; 15 - 25 75 - 125
fhy;rpak; 16 - 20 80 - 100
kf;dPrpak; 6.0 - 8.0 30 - 40
fe;jfk; 2.0 - 3.2 10 - 16
,Uk;g[ 0.6 - 0.7 3.0 - 3.5
kh';fdPR 0.5 - 0.6 2.5 - 3.0
Jj;jehfk; 0.1 - 0.2 0.5 - 1.0
jhkpuk; 0.010 - 0.015 0.05 - 0.075
rpypfh 70 - 80 350 - 400
nghuhd; 0.015 0.075
rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;F Kd;g[/ gaphpd; tpisr;riy
mjpfhpg;gjpy;/ braw;if cu';fs; kl;Lnk g';F
tfpj;jd. Mdhy; mJ ePz;l fhy kz;tsj;jpw;F
cfe;jjy;y vd;gJ kz;ts Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd;
fUj;J. vdnt/ ehk; jw;nghJs;s gRikg;g[ul;rp
vd;gjpypUe;J gRik khwh g[ul;rp vd;gjw;F khw
ntz;Lk; (Rthkpehjd;/ 1997).
bew;gapUf;F Cl;lr;rj;J cu';fis rhpahd
neuk;/ mst[fs; kw;Wk; tHpfspy; ,LtJ vd;gJ
kz;tsj;ij ngzp fhg;gJ kw;Wk; mjpf tpisr;rYf;F
Vw;w KiwahFk;. vdnt/ g[J tifahd Muha;r;rpfs;
,Jnghd;W gy;ntW tifahd Cl;l';fis
36
xU';fpizj;J ,l;L vt;thW epy tsj;ija[k; gaph;
tpisr;riya[k; bgUf;FtJ vd;W ,Ue;jhy; kpft[k;
gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jw;nghJ braw;if cu';fspd; tpiy mjpfkhf
,Ug;gjhy; cHth;fs; KGikahf gapUf;F njitg;gLk;
midj;J Cl;l';fisa[k; mspf;fKoahj epiyapy;
,Uf;fpd;wdh;. vdnt/ ,j;jifa NH;epiyapy;
mtuth; gz;izapnyna fpilf;Fk; ,LbghUs;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; gapUf;F njitg;gLk; Cl;l';fis
rhpahd tifapy; mspg;gnjhL/ kz;zpd; tsj;ija[k;
ghJfhf;fyhk;. bew;gaphpy; rkr;rPh; cukply; rk;ge;jkhf
jkpH;ehl;oy; mjpfkhf Muha;r;rpfs; eilbgw;W
tUfpd;wd. ,aw;if cu';fis gad;gLj;Jk;nghJ/
braw;if cu';fspd; gad;gLjpwd; mjpfkhtnjhL/
kz;zpd; m';ff fhp mst[k; nkk;-gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
jkpH;ehl;oy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l/ rkr;rPh; cukply;
rk;ge;jkhd Muha;r;rpapd; Kot[fs; ghpe;Jiuf;-fg;gl;l
cu mst[fis ,Lk;nghJ fpilf;Fk; tpisr;riy tpl
gz;iz cuk;/ gRe;jhs; cuk; kw;Wk; efu fk;ngh!;l;
12.5 ld; xU vf;lUf;F vd;w msit ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
jiH/ kzp rhk;gy; rj;Jld; nrh;j;J ,Lk;nghJ
mjpfkhf tpisr;ry; fpilf;fpwJ.
jiHr;rj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; cu';fs;
a{hpah/ mk;nkhdpak; FnshiuL/ mk;nkhdpak;
ry;ngl;/ mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; kw;Wk; fhy;rpak;
mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; .
bey;Yf;F jiHr;rj;J cu eph;thfk;
,e;jpa kz;zpy; jiHr;rj;J kpft[k; Fiwthfj;
jhd; cs;sJ. mij gaphpd; njitf;nfw;g
<Lbra;tjw;fhf a{hpahit mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jfpnwhk;.
Mdhy; a{hpahit gapUf;F mspf;Fk;nghJ mjpfkhf
37
,Hg;g[fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. vdnt/ a{hpah gad;ghl;il
Fiwg;gjw;fhf gRe;jhs; cu';fs; kw;Wk; gaWtif
gaph;fs; kw;Wk; gRe;jhs; gaph;fspd; \yk; jiHr;rj;J
epiyg;gLj;Jtjhy; (ePygr;irghrp/ mnrhyh
nghd;wtw;wpd;) tHpahf bey;Yf;F njitahd jiHr;-
rj;jpd; njitia Fiwf;fyhk;.
bey; cw;gj;jpiag; bgUf;f jiHr;rj;J cuj;ij
rpwe;j Kiwapy;/ cupa gUtj;jpy; ,LtJ kpft[k;
Kf;fpakhFk;. bgUk;ghYk; bew;gapUf;fhf ,lg;gLk;
jiHr;rj;J cuk; gy tpj';fspy; bey;taypy; tPzhfpg;
ngha;tpLfpwJ. rkPgfhykhf gy Muha;r;rpfs; \yk;
fpilj;jpUf;Fk; Kot[fis Eqf;fkhf ed;F Muha;e;J
ghu;f;fpd;w bghGJ braw;if cuk; kw;Wk; jiH kw;Wk;
capu; cuk; Mfpaitfis xU';fpizj;J ,Lfpd;w
nghJ bey; tpisr;ry; fzprkhf mjpfupg;gnjhL
kz;tsKk; ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ bjupa
te;Js;sJ. jiHr;rj;jpid epiy epWj;Jk; gRe;jhs;
capu; cu';fs;/ kz;zpy; vspjpy; kf;fp/ Ez;q-
apu;fspd; bray;ghl;il Cf;Ftpj;J/ kz;zpd;
mikg;ig rPuhf;fp/ gapUf;F ntz;oa rj;Jf;fis
rPuhf mspj;J/ kz; tsk; fhg;gjpy; bgUk;g';F
tfpf;fpd;wd. bew;gapUf;F ,lf;Toa jiHr;rj;ij
epiyepWj;Jk; gRe;jhs; capu; cu';fspy; mnrhyh
kw;Wk; kzpyh mfj;jp Mfpait mjpf gyd;
juty;yit vd;W jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;
fHfj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l gy Muha;r;rpfs; \yk; fz;lwp-
ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
bey; tpisr;rypy; jiHr;rj;jpd; g';F kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. bey; gaphplg;gLk; bgUk;ghyhd kz:
tiffspy; jiHr;rj;J Fiwthfnt cs:sJ. Mfnt
ey;y tpisr;ry; bgw gapUf;Fj; njitahd
38
jiHr;rj;ij cu';fs; \ykhf mspg;gJ Kf;fpakhd
xd;whFk;. nkYk; ,g;nghJ gaphplg;gLk; cah;
tpisr;ry; bey; ,uf';fs; mjpf jiHr;rj;J
mspg;gjw;nfw;g mjpf tpisr;riyj; juf; Toad
MFk;.
kz:zpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; jiHr;rj;J
vt;tst[ braw;if cuk; ,l;lhYk; bew;gapUf;F
kz:zpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; jiHr;rj;J kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. kz:zpypUf;Fk; jiHr;rj;J
m';ffg; bghUshf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ijg; gaph;fs; vLj;Jf;
bfhs;tJ ,y;iy. Ez:qaph;fspd; brayhf;fj;jhy;
,e;j m';ff jiHr;rj;J md';ff jiHr;rj;jhf
khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
mjpfkhd jiHr;rj;J fpilf;ff;Toa kz:zpy;
jhd; cah; tpisr;ry;fisg; bgw Koa[k;. bey;
gaphplg;gLk; kz:zpy; mWtil nghf kPjk;
taypnyna tplg;gLk; jhs;fs; kf;FtjhYk;/
Ez;qaph;fs; fhw;wpYs;s jiHr;rj;ij kz;zpy;
epiyg;gLj;JtjhYk; kz:zpd; jiHr;rj;J tsk;
Xust[ epiyahf ,Ue;JtUfpwJ.
jkpHfj;jpYs;s bey; gaphplg;gLk; kz:zpy;
rhjhuzkhf Fiwthd jiHr;rj;J jhd; fhzg;-
gLfpwJ. Mifahy; ey;y tpisr;ry; bgw ,aw;if
kw;Wk; braw;if cu';fs; \yk; jiHr;rj;J mspf;f
ntz:oa[s;sJ.
vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj;jpwd;
,e;j cgnahfj;jpwd; bew;gaphpy; ,Uf;Fk;
cuj;jpypUe;J bgwgl;l jiHr;rj;jpd; gaid
vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjhFk;.
39
ehk; ,Lk; cuj;jpypUe;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk;
jiHr;rj;J ve;j mst[f;F tpisr;ry; fpilf;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; xU mst[nfhy; jhd;
,e;j vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj;jpwd;
MFk;. (ml;ltiz 2)/ Fiwthd cgnahfj;jpwd;
,Ue;jhy;/ jiHr;rj;J gaphpy; ,Ue;Jk; ntW
fhuz';fshy; tpisr;ry; Fiwt[ Vw;gLtijf;
Fwpf;fyhk;. kw;w Cl;lr;rj;Jf; FiwghL/ g{r;rp/
nehahy; jhf;fg;gLjy;/ Fiwe;j Nhpa btspr;rk; kw;Wk;
tofhy; trjpf; Fiwt[ nghd;witfshy; ,e;j epiy
Vw;gl tha;g;g[z:L.
ml;ltiz 2. ,aw;if kw;Wk; caph; cu';fs; \yk;
bey;Yf;F fpilf;ff; Toa jiHr;rj;jpd; mst[
,aw;if cuk;
vf;lUf;F
,lg;gLk; mst[
(ld:)
Rkhuhf gapUf;F
fpilf;Fk;
jiHr;rj;J
(fpnyhtpy;)
rhz vU 10.00 45
kzpyh mfj;jp 6.25 73
jf;ifg; g{z:L 6.25 27
rzg;ig 6.25 27
mfj;jp 6.25 68
mnrhyh 1 18
ePyg;gr;irg; ghrp (10 fpnyh) 30
Mnrh!:ighpy;yk; (10 igfs;) 40 - 60
itf;nfhy; 3.0 15 - 20
jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj; jpwid mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;
braw;if cu';fs; \ykhf bey;Yf;F
mspf;fg;gLk; jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj;jpwid mjpfg;-
gLj;JtJ ,d;wpaikahj xd;W/ mjw;fhd tHp-
Kiwfisg;gw;wp ,g;nghJ ghh;f;fyhk;/
1. kz: ghpnrhjidf;nfw;wthW cukply;
2. bew;gaphpd; njitf;nfw;g cukply;
40
3. a{hpah fyit nghd;wtw;iw cgnahfpj;jy;
4. xU';fpize;j cu eph;thfk;
5. ntW rpy gaph; eph;thf Kiwfs;
kz: ghpnrhjidf;nfw;w cukply;
bey; gaphplg;gLk; kz:zpypUe;J jiHr;rj;J
vt;tst[ fpilf;ff; TLk; vd:W bjhpe;J bfhs;s kz:
ghpnrhjid bra;a ntz:Lk;. ,e;j msitj; bjhpe;J
bfhz:L cukhf nkYk; vt;tst[ jiHr;rj;J mspf;f
ntz:Lbkd;gij kz: tsj;jpw;nfw;g Fiwthfnth
my;yJ mjpfkhfnth jiHr;rj;ij cukhf ,l-
ntz:oapUf;Fk;. ehk; vjph; nehf;Fk; tpisr;rYf;F
Vw;g vt;tst[ cukpl ntz:Lk; vd;gija[k; kz:
ghpnrhjid \yk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Koa[k;.
cjhuzkhf vf;lUf;F 5 ld; tpisr;ry;
ntz:Lbkd;why; me;jg; gaph; Rkhh; 100 fpnyh jiHr;-
rj;ij vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz:Lk;.
me;jg; gapUf;F kz:zpypUe;J Rkhh; 50 fpnyh
jiHr;rj;J fpilf;fyhk;/ kPjk; njitahd 50 fpnyh
jiHr;-rj;ij braw;if cu';fs; \yk; jdpahfnth
my;yJ ,aw;if cu';fSld; nrh;j;njh ,lyhk;. ,e;j
50 fpnyh jiHr;rj;ij gaph; bgw;Wf; bfhs;s braw;if
cu';fs; \yk; mspf;f ntz;Lbkd;why; Rkhuhf 100
apypUe;J 125 fpnyh tiu jiHr;rj;ij ,lntz:Lk;
(Vbdd;why; jiHr;rj;J fpilf;Fk; cgnahfj;jpwd; 30
apypUe;J 50 rjtpfpjk; tiu kl;Lk; jhd;).
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; tpisr;ry; mjpfkhf Mf
gapUf;Fj; njitg;gLk; jiHr;rj;Jk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;f
ntz:Lbkd;gij fUj;jpy; bfhs;s ntz:Lk;.
41
kz:zpypUe;J fpilf;ff;Toa jiHr;rj;J
kz:zpypUf;Fk; jiHr;rj;jpypUe;J vj;jid
rjtpfpjk; gapUf;Ff; fpilf;ff; TLk; vd;gJk;/
mspf;fg;gLk; cuj;jpypUf;Fk; jiHr;rj;jpy; vj;jid
rjtpfpjk; gapUf;Ff; fpilf;ff; TLk; vd;gJk;
fzf;fpy; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. xt;bthU kz:-
fz:lj;jpYk; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd;
Kotpd;go ,e;j mst[nfhy; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
Kiwapy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; tpisr;rYf;F Vw;g cuk;
mspf;fyhk;. gapUf;Fj; njitg;gLk; bkhj;j jiHr;-
rj;ij njitg;gLk; jUzj;jpy;/ njitg;gLk; mstpy;
fpilf;fr; bra;tJ jhd; rpwe;j jiHr;rj;J
eph;thfkhFk;.
a{hpah fyit
bey;Yf;F jiHr;rj;J mspg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhf
cgnahfkhFk; cuk; a{hpahthFk;. mjpYs;s 41.6
rjtpfpjk; jiHr;rj;J ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.
jhh; my;yJ ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F/ kw;Wk; $pg;rk;
nghd;wit bfhz:L a{hpah fyitia cgnahfpg;gjd;
\yk; jiHr;rj;J fpilf;Fk; cgnahfj;jpwid
mjpfg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij Muha;r;rp Kot[fs;
bjhptpf;fpd;wd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;/ fyitapypUe;J
jiHr;rj;jpd; neh; kpd; madp btsptUtJ bkJthf
eilbgWtjhFk;. ,jdhy; jiHr;rj;J ,Hg;g[
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jhh; my;yJ ntg;gk; g[z:zhf;F bfhz:l a{hpah fyit
10 fpnyh ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F bgho bra;J 50
fpnyh a{hpaht[ld; fye;J xU ehs; itf;f ntz:Lk;.
miu fpnyh jhiu ,nyrhd Nl;oy; cUf;fp Kf;fhy;
ypl;lh; kz:bzz;iza[ld; fye;J a{hpah kw;Wk;
42
ntg;gk; g[z:zhf;F fyita[ld; ed;F fyf;fp epHypy;
cyu itf;f ntz:Lk;. ,e;j a{hpahit xU khjk; tiu
itj;jpUe;J moa[ukhf ,lyhk;.
a{hpahit/ $pg;rj;Jld; 3:1 vd;w tpfpjj;Jlndh/
$pg;rk; kw;Wk; ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;Fld; 5 : 4 : 1 vd;w
tpfpjj;jpnyh fye;Jk; ,lyhk;.
gaphpd; njitf;nfw;w cukply;
gaph; tsh;r;rpg; gUtj;jpw;nfw;g jiHr;rj;J njit
khWgLk;. J}h; gpof;f Muk;gpj;jpypUe;J jz:L cUSk;
gUtk; tiu vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; jiHr;rj;J
J}h;fspd; kw;Wk; fjph;fspd; vz:zpf;ifia
mjpfhpf;fg; gad;gLk;. gpd;dh; g{f;Fk; gUtk; tiu
vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; jiHr;rj;J bey; kzpfs;
mjpfhpf;f cjt[k;. g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpw;F gpwF vLj;Jf;
bfhs;sg;gLk; jiHr;rj;J bey; kzpfspd; viliaf;
Tl;l cjt[k;.
rhjhuzkhf/ ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gLk; jiHr;rj;ij
rpW rpW gFjpfshf gphpj;J ,Ltjhy; cgnahfj;jpwd;
mjpfhpf;Fk;. kzw;rhhpahd epy';fspy; fspkz:
epy';fistpl TLjy; g';Ffshf ,lyhk;.
bkhj;j jiHr;rj;ij vj;jid g';fhf gphpj;J
,lntz:Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j gy Muha;r;rpfs; eil-
bgw;W cs;sd. ehd;F rkg';Ffshf (elt[f;F Kd;/
J}h; fl;Lk; gUtk;/ jz:L cUSk; gUtk; kw;Wk; g{f;Fk;
gUtk;) ,LtJ rpwe;jjhFk;. ePz:l taJila rk;gh
bey; tiffSf;F MW rkg';fhf (elt[f;F Kd;/ el;l 15/
30/ 45/ 60 kw;Wk; 75 ehl;fspy;) ,lyhk;.
jz:L cUSk; gUtj;jpy; nkYukhf jiHr;rj;ij
,LtJ kpft[k; ey;y gad; jUk;. Vnjh
fhuz';fSf;fhf mjw;F Kd; jiHr;rj;ij mspf;f
43
Koahtpl;lhy; ,e;j gUtj;jpy; TLjy; jiHr;rj;J
mspg;gJ kpft[k; ey;yJ.
jiH vUit vf;lUf;F 6.25 ld; vd;w mstpy;
cgnahfpf;Fk; nghJ ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gLk; jiHr;-
rj;ij \d;W rkg';fhf gphpj;J/ mjpy; xU g';if
,uz:L g';fhf gphpj;J el;l 7k; ehSk; kw;Wk; g{f;f
Muk;gpf;Fk; gUtj;jpYk;/ kPjk; cs;s ,U g';if el;l
21k; ehSk; kw;Wk; jz:L cUSk; gUtj;jpYk; ,Ltjhy;
ey;y tpisr;ry; bgw Koa[k;. jiH vUit
cgnahfpf;Fk; nghJ ntW moa[uk; njitapy;iy. ,nj
nghy;/ kz: ghpnrhjid \yk; bjhpatUk; m';ffg;
bghUs; 0.90 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;
moa[uj;ijj; jtph;f;fyhk;.
,iyapy; njitahd jiHr;rj;J ,Uf;fpwjh
vdf;fz;lwpe;J nkYuk; ,Lk; g[jpa Kiw xd;W
,g;nghJ cUthf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jdhy; gapUf;F
mt;tg;nghJ njitg;gLk; jiHr;rj;J kl;Lk;
mspf;fg;gLtjhy; cgnahfj;jpwd; mjpfkhFk;.
gr;irakhdp kw;Wk; ,iy tz;z mst[ ml;il
bfhz;L bew; gaphpy; jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj; jpwd;
nkk;gLj;Jjy;
bew;gaphpd; cuj; njitf;F/ chpa neuj;jpy;
njitahd mst[ jiHr;rj;ij mspg;gJ gaphpy;
jiHr;rj;jpd; cgnahfj; jpwid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k;.
,jw;F kpft[k; gaDs;s fUtpahf gr;irakhdp
tps';Ffpd;wJ. ,f;fUtpahdJ gaph; tsh;r;rpapd;
gy;ntW gUt';fspy; ,iyfspy; cs;s jiHr;rj;jpd;
mstpid tpiuthft[k;/ Jy;ypakhft[k; msf;f ty;yJ.
,J ,iyapy; cs;s gr;iraj;jpd; msit fz;L
gpoj;J gaphpd; cuj;njit kw;Wk; ,Lk; fhy msit
Kot[ bra;a cjt[fpd;wJ.
44
,iytz;z mst[ ml;il bfhz;L jiHr;rj;J
fzf;fpLjy;
gr;irakhdpapd; tpiy mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;
midtUk; cgnahfpj;J vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk;
tifapy; filgpof;f/ ,iy tz;z mst[ ml;il
mwpKfk; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. gr;ira mstpid
eph;zapf;Fk; rhjdkhf ,jid cgnahfg;gLj;jyhk;.
rh;tnjr bey; Muha;r;rpf; fHfk; ,e;j ,iy tz;z
mst[ ml;ilia ghpe;Jiu bra;Js;sJ. ,iy tz;z
mst[ ml;il cgnahfpf;f vspjhd/ cHth;fSf;F
kpft[k; cgnahfkhd xU rhjdkhFk;. ,r;rhjdk;/
,iyapd; gr;irtz;z mlh;j;jpapd; msit kjpg;gPL
bra;fpwJ. ,e;j tz;z mst[ ml;il 6 epiy gr;ir
tz;z mst[fis (bky;ypa btsph; gr;irapypUe;J
fUk;gr;ir tiu vz 1y; ,Ue;J 6 tiu)
bfhz;Ls;sJ. bey; ,iyfspy; cs;s gr;iraj;jpd;
msit fz;Lgpof;f ,iy tz;z mst[ ml;ilia
thuk; xU Kiw cgnahfpf;f ntz;Lk;. el;l 14k;
ehspypUe;J gaph; g{f;Fk; gUtk; tiu thuk; xU Kiw
taypy; 10 ,l';;fspy; cgnahfpj;J ruhrhp epwg;
bghUj;jKk; fzf;fpl ntz;Lk;.
xU';fpize;j jiHr;rj;J eph;thfk;
jkpH; ehl;oy; ,Uf;Fk; ruhrhp bey; cw;gj;jp
,e;jpahtpy; g";rhg; khepyj;jpw;F mLj;j msthFk;.
,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuz';fs;. ey;y ,uf';fSk; nkYk;
mjpfhpf;fg;gl;l cu cgnahfKkhFk;. rkPg fhy';fspy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s cu tpiy cah;itf; fUj;jpy; bfhz:Lk;/
kz: tsj;ijf; fhg;ghw;w cjt[k; tifapYk;/ braw;if
cu';fnshL ,aw;if cu';fisr; nrh;j;J cgnahfpj;J/
xU';fpize;j cu eph;thfj;ijf; filgpog;gJ
mtrpakhfpwJ.
45
gRe;jhs; cu';fs;/ rhz vU/ mnrhyh/
ePyg;gr;irg; ghrp kw;Wk; mnrh!;ighpy;yk; nghd;w
,aw;if kw;Wk; caph; cu';fis cgnahfpf;Fk; nghJ
fzprkhd jiHr;rj;ij fpilf;fr; bra;ayhk;.
mnrhyh capu; cuk;
mnrhyh bguzp ,dj;ijr; rhu;e;j bey;
tay;fspy; tsuf;Toa xU tif ePu;j; jhtuk;. mnrhyh
bey; taypd; jz;zPupy; kpje;J fhw;W kz;lyj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk; jiHr;rj;ij nrfupj;J bew; gapUf;F
mspf;fpd;wJ. mnrhyh ,iyapd; nkw;g[wj;jpd;
cl;gFjpapy;jhd; jiHr;rj;ijf; fpufpf;Fk; mdhgpdh
mnrhny vd;w ePyg;gr;irg;ghrp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mnrhyht[k;/ mdhgpdh ePyg;gr;irg; ghrpa[k;
xU';fpize;j Tl;L thH;f;if thH;e;J fpufpf;fpd;w
jiHr;rj;ij bew;gapUf;F mspj;J bew;gapupd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. mnrhyh bgUk;ghYk; rpW
Xilfs;/ Fs';fs; kw;Wk; bey; tay;fspy;
,aw;ifapnyna tsuf;ToaJ.
bew;gapnuhL mnrhyhita[k; tsu;j;jy;
bew;gapu; el;l gpwF xU thuj;jpy; xU Vf;fu;
epyj;jpy; 200 fpnyh mnrhyhit ,lntz;Lk;.
mnrhyh bew;gapnuhL nru;;e;J ed;F tsu;r;rp
milfpd;wJ. mnrhyh tay;fspy; tpl;l 20 Kjy; 25
jpd';fspy; ed;whf tsu;r;rp mile;J xU Vf;fu; epyk;
KGtJk; gutp tpLfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; tplg;gl;l
mnrhyh tsu;r;rp mile;J 20 Kjy; 25 jpd';fspy;
10.00 fpnyh tiu tpisr;ry; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
mnrhyhthdJ vspjpy; kf;fp tpLtjhy; bew;gapUf;F
jiHr;rj;J tpiutpnyna fpilf;fpwJ.
46
kzpyh mfj;jp
kzpyh mfj;jp gpypg;igd;!;/ bey; Muha;r;rp
epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1985y; jkpH;ehl;ow;F mwpKfg;-
gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kzpyh mfj;jp nth;g;ghfj;Jld;/
jz;Lg;-ghfj;jpYk; nth; Kor;Rfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
ePh; njf;fKs;s bey; gaphpLk; ed;bra; epy';fspy;/
ed;Af tsh;e;J fhw;wpypUe;J mjpfj; jiHr;rj;jpidf;
fpufpj;J/ jdJ jz;L kw;Wk; nth; Kor;Rfspy; njf;fp/
kf;fpa gpwF tpiuthf bey;Yf;Fj; jUk;
jd;ika[ilaJ. kzpyh mfj;jpia CLgapuhf
bew;gapupy; gapupLtjhy;/ vf;lUf;F 1.5 ld; jiHiaf;
bfhLg;gjd;\yk; 13 fpnyh jiHr;rj;J fpilf;fpwJ.
,jdhy; bew;gapupd; tpisr;ry;/ rhjhuzkhf
bew;gapiu kl;Lk; jdpahfg; gapu; bra;tijtpl
9 rjtpfpjk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
gRe;jhs; gapiu epyj;jpy; tsu;j;J klf;fp
cGk;nghJ kzpr;rj;J cuj;ija[k; nru;j;J ,Ltjhy;
kzpr;rj;J gapUf;F vspjpy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd
Kf;fpa fhuzk; gRe;jhs; kf;Fk; nghJ cz;lhFk;
m';ff mkpy';fs; kzpr;rj;J cuj;jpid ntfkhff;
fiuj;J mr;rj;jpid gapUf;Ff; fpilf;f tHp
nfhYfpd;wJ.
,t;thW jiHr;rj;ij epiyepWj;Jk; gRe;jhs;
capu; cu';fis cgnahfpg;gjd; \yk; fhw;wpYs;s
jiHr;rj;ij epiyepWj;jp kz;zpd; tsj;ijg;
ghJfhg;gJld; ,aw;ifapd; rkepiyiag; ghjpf;-
fhkYk; Rw;Wr; NHiy khRgLj;jhkYk; bey; gaph;
bra;J bgUk; tpisr;riyg; bgw ,aYk;.
gaW tif gaph;fs;/ nrhah bkhr;ir
Mfpatw;wpd; jhis/ mWtilf;Fg; gpd; gad;-
47
gLj;jyhk;. btWk; braw;if cu';fis kl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jp bey; cw;gj;jp bra;J te;jhy; rpwpJ
fhyj;jpy; kz:zpd; eyk; bfl;L Kd;g[ bgw;w mnj
tpisr;riyg; bgw Kd;ig tpl mjpf braw;if
jiHr;rj;J cuk; ,l ntz:o tUk;.
jiHr;rj;J cgnahfj;jpwid mjpfg;gLj;j kw;w tHpfs;
gapUf;Fj; njitahd jiHr;rj;ij mspj;J-
tpl;lhy; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; tpisr;ry; fpilj;J tpLk;
vd;gJ fpilahJ. gaph; tsUk; fhyj;jpy; rhpahd
Nhpa btspr;rk;/ jl;g btg;g epiy/ fisfs;/ g{r;rpfs;
kw;Wk; neha;fs; ,itfshy; gaph; ghjpf;fg;glhky;
,Uj;jy;;/ rhpahd ePh; eph;thfk; Mfpait ,Ue;jhy;jhd;
mspf;fg;gLk; jiHr;rj;jpd; gad; fpilf;Fk;. mnjhL
kl;Lky;yhky; ntW ve;j Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwt[k; ,Uf;ff;
TlhJ.
kzpr;rj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; cu';fs;
bghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kzpr;rj;J cuk;
Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; MFk;. Mdhy; jw;nghJ o.V.gp. k;
mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mk;nkhdpak; ghyp-
gh!;ngl;Lk; xU kzpr;rj;jhFk;. braw;if cug;-
bghUs;fspd; epiy mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ghiw
gh!;ngl; kw;Wk; gz;iz vU Mfpatw;iw kzpr;-
rj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.
bey;Yf;F kzpr;rj;J cu eph;thfk;
bghJthf kzpr;rj;J kz;zpy; mjpfkhf
,Ue;jhYk; gapUf;F fpilg;gjpy;iy. bey; gaphpLk;
Rw;Wr;NHypy; ,J rk;ge;jkhf jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg;
gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; Muha;r;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld.
fhnthp gLifg; gFjpfspy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l
Muha;r;rpapy; bew;gaph; tpisr;ryhdJ kzpr;rj;J 0-
48
80 fpnyh/vf;lh; tiu mspf;Fk;nghJ/ tpisr;ry;
mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. j";rht{h; khtl;j;jpy; fPtY}h; kz;
thpirapy; FWit kw;Wk; rk;gh gaphpy; gad;gLj;Jk;
kzpr;rj;jpy; 60 - 80 fpnyh tiu mspf;Fk;nghJ bey;
tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy; mnj kz;
thpirapy; jhsoapy;/ kzpr;rj;J mspg;gpw;F gaph;
tpisr;rypy; khw;wk; ,y;iy. bey;ypy; gRe;jhs;
cu';fs; kpft[k; Fiwe;j tpiyapYk; tpiuthft[k;
fpilf;ff;Toa ,LbghUs; MFk;. ,e;j gRe;jhs;
cu';fis gad;gLj;Jk;nghJ jiH kw;Wk; kzp rj;J
gad;gLj;Jjiyf; Fiwj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.
Xuhz;L gaph;fspy; bew;gaph; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jJ ,g;gaphpy; Ng;gh; gh!;ngl;/ mk;nkhdpak;
ghypgh!;ngl; kw;wk; bghpa FUiz totKs;s o.V.gp.
nghd;wit ey;y gyd; mspg;gjhf kz:zpay;
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; ep+gpj;Js;shh;fs;.
bey; kw;Wk; ePz:l bey; gaph; jpl;lj;jpy; jdpahf
Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; gad;gLj;Jtijtpl fiuaf;Toa
gh!;gu!; cld; KNhp ghiw gh!;ngl; cld; nrh;j;J
,Lk;nghJ ey;y gyd; mspj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ,e;j
ghiw gh!;ngl;lhdJ mkpy kw;Wk; ey;y epy';fspy;
kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j Koa[k;. vdnt/ ehk; mkpy epykhf
,Ue;jhy; ghiw gh!;ngl; my;yJ Ng;gh; gh!;ngl;Lld;/
ghiw gh!;ngl;ila[k;/ fhu epykhf ,Ue;jhy; gh!;gu!;
fpilf;f o.V.gp. kw;Wk; iel;nuh gh!;ngl; nghd;wtw;iw
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
kzpr;rj;J bew;gaphpd; ,sk; gUtj;jpy; nth;
tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpak; vd;gjhy; ehw;w';fhypy; kzpr;-
rj;J eph;thfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWfpwJ. Fiwe;j bey;
tpijfSf;F 3 rjtpfpj o.V.gp fiury; mspf;Fk; nghJ
fpilf;Fk; gyd; ehw;w';fhYf;F o.V.gp. 2 fpnyh /
49
brd;l; kw;Wk; 920 fpuhk; Ng;gh; / brd;l; mspg;gjw;F
rkkhFk; vd Muha;r;rp Kot[fs; bjhptpf;fpd;wd.
kzpr;rj;ij Ng;gh; cukhf kz;zpy; ,LtJ
nghf ,iytHpahf o.V.gp.ia 2 rjtpfpj fiuryhf
\d;W Kiw ,lntz;Lk;. mjhtJ tsh;r;rp gUtk;/ 50
rjtpfpj g{f;Fk; gUtk; kw;Wk; ghy; gpof;Fk; gUtk;
MFk;.
bey;ypy; xU';fpize;j kzpr;rj;J cu eph;thfk;
mjhtJ braw;if cu';fis ,aw;if kw;Wk; caph;
cu';fnshL ,izj;J ,Ltjhy;/ braw;if cu';fs;
\yk; fpilf;Fk; kzpr;rj;J; kz;zpy; epiyg;-
gLj;jg;glhky; gapUf;F njitahd nghJ fpilf;Fk;
tifapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
bew;apiu bghWj;j tiuapy;/ kzpr;rj;jpd;
njit/ ,lk;/ kz;tif kw;Wk; mjDila kug[j;
jd;ikia bghWj;J khWgLk;. gy;ntW Muha;r;rp
Kot[fs;; bew;gapUf;F kzpr;rj;J 60 fpnyh/vf;lh;
mspg;gJ rpwj;j gad; mspg;gjhf bjhptpf;fpwJ.
rhk;gy;rj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; cu';fs;
rhk;gy;rj;J ,aw;ifapy; got[g; ghiwfshf
rpy;tpidl; kw;Wk; fhh;diyl; nghd;w jhJf;fshf
fpilf;fg;bgw;whYk;. ,e;j ,aw;if tsk; ,e;jpahtpy;
mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fhjjhy; ekJ ntshz:ik
njitf;F KGtJkhf btspehLfspypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp
bra;J bfhs;s ntz:oajhfpwJ. ,J bghl;lhrpak;
FnshiuL/ bghl;lhrpak; ry;ngl; kw;Wk; bghl;lhrpak;
Nidl; vd;w tot';fspy; cukhf fpilj;jhYk;/ bew;
gaphpd; tsh;r;rpf;F bghl;lhrpak; FnshiuL my;yJ
\hpnal; Mg; bghl;lh#; mjpf tpisr;riy juty;yJ.
50
bey;Yf;F rhk;gy; rj;J eph;thfk;
bew;gaphpd; tsh;r;rpf;F njitg;gLk; rj;Jg;-
bghUl;fspy; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdjhft[k; mnj rkak;
ng+l;lr; rj;Jf;fspy; xd;whft[k; rhk;gy;rj;J
tps';FfpwJ. gaph;fs; rhk;gy;rj;ij rhk;gy;rj;J vd;w
madp totpy; jd;dhw;wy; \ynkh je;Jfp fth;r;rp
\ynkh my;yJ nth;fspd; nehpil re;jpg;gpd; \ynkh/
nth;fspd; \yk; cwp";rp jdJ njitf;Fg; gad;-
gLj;Jfpd;wd.
bew;gaphpd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; tpisr;rypy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd;
g';F
rhk;gy;rj;jhdJ bew;gaphpd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpft[k;
mtrpakhfj; njitg;gLfpwJ/ bew;gaphpd; xspr;-
nrh;f;iff;Fk;/ behjpg; bghUl;fspd; ntiyg;-
ghLfSf;Fk;/ kht[ kw;Wk; fhpk mkpy';fspd; ntjpay;
khw;w';fSf;Fk;/ g[ujr;rj;ij njhw;Wtpf;ft[k;/ ePh;
nkyhz:ikf;Fk;/ bry;ypd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;/ twl;rpiaj;
jh';ft[k;/ kw;Wk; vjph;f;ft[k;/ gdpf;Fsph;r;rpia
vjph;f;ft[k;/ gaph;fs; rhahky; neuhf epkph;e;J epw;ft[k;/
g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; nghd;wtw;iw vjph;f;Fk; rf;jpia
bfhLf;ft[k; rhk;gy;rj;J gad;gLfpwJ.
tsUk; bew;gapuhdJ/ rhk;gy;rj;ij kpf mjpf
mstpy; mjhtJ jiHr;rj;ijf; fhl;oYk; mjpf
mstpy; kz:zpypUe;J cwp";rp vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wJ.
xt;bthU ld; bey; tpisr;rYf;Fk; Rkhh; 20 fpnyh
jiHr;rj;ija[k; 30 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;ija[k; bew;gaph;
vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ.
bew;gaphpy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; g';F
rhjhuzkhf cHth;fshy; rhk;gy; rj;J
Kf;fpakhf fUjg;gltpy;iy. Vbddpy; ,J jiHr;-
rj;ijg; nghy; Jhpj tsh;r;rpianah/ mjpfg;goahd
51
gRikianah gapUf;F mspg;gjpy;iy. vdnt
rhk;gy;rj;J cukpLjYf;F chpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
bgUk;ghYk; jug;gLtjpy;iy vd;nw brhy;yyhk;.
kJiu ntshz: fy;Y}hpapy; elj;jg;gl;l
ePz:lfhy cug;ghpnrhjidapy; (ml;ltiz 3)
bew;gapUf;F jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs;
rkr;rPuhd mstpy; ,lg;gLk;nghJ fpilf;Fk; bey;
tpisr;riy xg;gpLk; nghJ jiH kw;Wk; kzpr;rj;J
kl;Lk; ,Ltjhy; fzprkhd mstpy; tpisr;ry;
Fiwt[ Vw;gLfpwJ vd bjhpa te;Js;sJ. mnj nghy;
bjhlh;e;J rhk;gy; rj;J cuk; ,lhj kz:zpy;/ gapUf;F
fpilf;ff;Toa rhk;gy;rj;jpd; mst[ btFthf
Fiwe;Js;sJk; bjhpa te;Js;sJ.
ml;ltiz 3. bew;gaphpy; ePz:lfhy cug;ghpnrhjid
Kot[fs;
cu';fs;
20 bjhlh;
bew;gaph;fspd;
ruhrhp
tpisr;ry;
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
20 gaph;fSf;Fg;
gpwF kz:zpy;
rhk;gy;
rj;jpd; epiy
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
cukplhjJ 2653 245
jiHr;rj;J kl;Lk; 3773 208
kzpr;rj;J kl;Lk; 2965 268
rhk;gy;rj;J kl;Lk; 2753 305
jiH kw;Wk;
kzpr;rj;J
3819 188
jiH kw;Wk;
rhk;gy;rj;J
3852 281
kzp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy;rj;J
2929 314
52
jiH/ kzp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy;rj;J
4187 249
tpj;jpahr FwpaPl;L
mst[
130 36.0
bew;gaphpd; tpisr;ryhdJ kz: tif/ rhk;gy;-
rj;J cuj;jpd; totk;/ gapUf;Ff; bfhLf;fg;gLk; Kiw/
neuk; kw;Wk; mst[ nghd;wtw;iw bghWj;J khW-
gLfpwJ.
gy;ntW kz: tiffspy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd;
khWgl;l ,aw;gpay;/ ntjpay; gz:g[fisf;
bfhz:l kz: tiffspy; rhk;gy;rj;ij ,Lk;nghJ/
,e;j rhk;gy;rj;J gy;ntW khw;w';fSf;F cl;-
gLj;jg;gl;L (ml;ltiz 4) gapUf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ.
vdnt/ kz: tiffisg; bghUj;J rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd;
khWgLfpwJ. ntWgl;l Fz';fisf; bfhz:l kz:
tiffspy; FWit kw;Wk; jhso gUtj;jpy; bew;gapiu
gaph; bra;J nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rpapd;; Kot[g;go/
rhk;gy;rj;jhdJ brk;g[iu kz:zpy; jhso gUtj;jpy;
mjpf jpwid bew;gaphpd; tpisr;rypd; \yk;
btspg;gLj;jpaJ bjhpa te;Js;sJ/ mjhtJ xU
fpnyh rhk;gy;rj;jpw;F 11.7 fpnyh bey; vd;w mstpy;
tpisr;ry; fpilj;Js;sJ.
53
ml;ltiz 4. khWgl;l kz: tiffspy; rhk;gy;rj;jpdhy;
bey; tpisr;rypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
kz: tif rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd;
(fpnyh bey; / fpnyh
rhk;gy;rj;jpw;F)
FWit jhso
tz:ly; 3.9 -
brk;kz: 5.2 7.9
brk;kz: kw;Wk; fhpry;
kz:
3.6 6.1
kpjkhd fhpry; kz: 4.7 -
flw;fiu tz;ly; 4.4 5.9
brk;g[iu kz: 2.9 3.3
gy;ntW bey; uf';fspy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd;
gy;ntW bey; uf';fspy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwid
mwpa Muha;r;rp/ ,e;jpahtpd; gy;ntW gFjpfspy; kpf
mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLk; bey; uf';fspy; nkw;-
bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j Muha;r;rp Kotpd;go nfh 33
kw;Wk; V.o.o 27/ g{rh 33/ kw;Wk; I.Mh; 50 Mfpa bey;
uf';fs; mjpf tpisr;riy je;Js;sJ bjhpa tUfpwJ.
gy;ntW jl;gbtg;g epiyfspy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd;
,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; btt;ntwhd jl;gbtg;g
epiyapy;/ bey;ypy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwidg; gw;wp mwpa
Muha;r;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd;go
,e;jpahtpd; kw;w khepy';fspy; epyt[k; jl;gbtg;g
epiyiaf; fhl;oYk; tlfpHf;F khepy';fspy; epyt[k;
jl;gbtg;g epiyapy; bey;Yf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
rhk;gy;rj;jpd; cuj;jpd; jpwd; mjpfkhf cs;sJ
vd;gJ bjhpa tUfpwJ.
54
gy;ntW gUtfhy';fspy; rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd;
rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwd; btt;ntwhd gUt
fhy';fspy; bey;ypy; vg;go cs;sJ (ml;ltiz 5)
vd;gJ gw;wp mwpa Muha;r;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld.
jhso gUtj;jpy; rhk;gy;rj;ij vf;lUf;F 60
fpnyh moa[ukhf jiH kw;Wk; kzpr;rj;Jld;
,Lk;nghJ xt;bthU fpnyh rhk;gy;rj;jpw;Fk; Kiwna
8.2 fpnyh bey; fpilf;fg;bgw;wJ. mnj nghy rhk;gy;-
rj;;jpd; jpwd;/ khdhthhpg; gapiuf; fhl;oYk; ,witg;
gahpy; mjpfk; vd;Wk; bjhpa te;Js;sJ..
ml;ltiz 5. rhk;gy;rj;J cuj;jpdhy; bew;gaphpd;
tpisr;rypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
gUtk;ghrd
epiy bey; ufk;
rhk;gy;rj;jpd;
jpwd;
fpnyhtpw;F
FWit ,wit mjpf tpisr;ry;
jUk; bey;
4.7
giHa ufk; 4.4
FWit khdhthhp mjpf tpisr;ry;
jUk; ufk;
4.1
jhso ,wit mjpf tpisr;ry;
jUk; ufk;
8.2
giHa ufk; 5.1
jhso khdhthhp mjpf tpisr;ry;
jUk; ufk;
3.9
giHa ufk; 2.6
xU';fpize;j ntshz: Muha;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd;
fPH; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd; Kotpd;go (1977
- 78 Kjy; 1982 - 83) rhk;gy;rj;jpd; jpwdhdJ FWitg;
gUtj;jpy; mjpfkhft[k; jhso gUtj;jpy; Fiwthft[k;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
bey;ypw;F rhk;gy;rj;jpd; mst[
bey;ypw;F rhk;gy;rj;J cuk; vt;tst[ ,LtJ
55
vd;gJ gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L gy;ntW
fUj;Jf;fs; Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; kj;jpapy; btspap-
lg;gl;lJ. mjd;go vf;lUf;F 40 fpnyh Kjy; 200 fpnyh
tiu rhk;gy;rj;J ,LtJ btt;ntW kz: tiffs;
kw;Wk; gUt fhy';fspy; mjpfg;goahd bey; tpisr;ry;
fpilf;f tHptif bra;fpwJ vd;gJk; bjhpa
te;Js;sJ.
nkYk; rhk;gy;rj;ij mjpf mstpy; bey;ypw;F
,Lk;nghJ (ml;ltiz 6) mjpf tpisr;ry;
fpilg;gJld; bew;gaphpy; gjh;fs; (fUf;fh) njhd;WtJ
kpft[k; Fiwe;Js;sJ vdt[k; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ml;ltiz 6. rhk;gy;rj;jpd; mstpdhy; bey;
tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; gjh;fspy; Vw;gLk; khw;w';fs;
rhk;gy;rj;J tpisr;ry; gjh;fspd;
rjtpfpjk;
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
FWit jhso FWit jhso
0 3422 5153 24.80 43.10
25 4074 5793 15.90 31.30
50 4444 5992 14.80 29.10
tpj;jpahr
FwpaPl;L
mst[
640 480 1.23 5.38
rhk;gy;rj;ij bey;ypw;F ,Lk; Kiwa[k;/ gaphpd;
gUtKk;
,J fhyk; tiu bey;ypw;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
rhk;gy;rj;ij elt[f;F Kd; filrp cHtpd; nghJ
kz:zpy; ,l;L bey; gaph; bra;J te;Js;nshk;. Mdhy;
jw;nghJ nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rp Kot[fspd;go
ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gl;l rhk;gy;rj;ij ,uz:L my;yJ
\d;W rkg';fhf gphpj;J/ bew;gaphpd; gy;ntW tsh;r;rp
gUt';fspy; ,LtJ rpwe;j gyidj; jUtjhf bjhpa
te;Js;sJ.
56
rhk;gy;rj;J ePhpy; kpf vspjpy; fiua[k;/ nkYk;
,it kz:zpd; mogFjp tiu kz:zpy; CLUt[k;/
ePUld; moj;J bry;yg;gLk;. ,jdhy; rhk;gy;rj;J
tPzhfpwJ. bey;iy bghWj;jkl;oy; Muk;g
fhy';fspy; kpf mjpf mst[ ePh; njitg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;/ mnj rkak; bey;ypw;F ,f;fhy';fspy;
rhk;gy;rj;jpd; njit kpf Fiwthfnt cs;sJ. vdnt
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rhk;gy;rj;ij \d;W rkg';fhf
gphpj;J/ (ml;ltiz 7) xU g';if bey; elt[f;F Kd;
filrp cHtpYk;/ ,uz:lhk; g';if bey; J}h; gpof;Fk;
gUtj;jpYk;/ \d;whk; gFjpia fjph; btsptUk;
gUtj;jpYk; ,l;lhy; ,J bey;ypy; KGtJk; moa[ukhf
,Ltijf; fhl;oYk; mjpf tpisr;riyf;
bfhLg;gJld; rhk;gy; rj;J tPzhtJ Fiwf;fg;-
gLfpwJ vdt[k; fz:lwpag;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz 7. rhk;gy;rj;ij gphpj;J ,Ltjhy; bey;
tpisr;rypy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
t.vz: braw;ghLfs; kfNy;
(ld; /
vf;lh;)
1. filrp cHtpy; ,l;lJ 3.63
2. 50 rjtpfpjk; filrp cHt[ kw;Wk; 50
rjtpfpjk; J}h; gpof;Fk; gUtj;jpy;
,l;lJ
4.14
3. rhk;gy; rj;ij \d;W rkg';fhf gphpj;J
Kjy; g';if filrp cHtpYk;/
,uz:lhk; g';if J}h; gpof;Fk;
gUtj;jpYk; kw;Wk; \d;whk; g';if g{
btsp tUk; gUtj;jpy; ,l;lhy;
4.94
vdnt rhk;gy;rj;ij \d;W rkg';fhf gphpj;J
gaphpd; \d;W gUtj;jpy; kz:zpy; ,Ltjhy; bey;ypd;
tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. nkYk; cuj;ij gphpj;J
57
,LtJ Kf;fpakhf fsh; epyj;jpy;/ mjpf taJila
bey; ufj;jpy; kw;Wk; kzw;rhhpahd epy';fspy;
rhk;gy;rj;jpd; tPzhtij jtph;j;J tpisr;ry;
mjpfhpf;f cjt[fpwJ.
bey;Yf;F rhk;gy;rj;ij nkYukhf kl;Lnk
,LtJ bgUk;ghyhd ,l';fspy; ey;y gyidf;
bfhLj;Js;sJ. jkpH; ehl;od; gy;ntW khtl;l';fspy;
elj;jg;gl;l tay;btsp Muha;r;rpapd; Kot[fspd;go
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rhk;gy;rj;J cuj;ij ,U rk-
g';Ffshf J}h;fl;Lk; gUtj;jpYk;/ ghy; gpof;Fk;
gUtj;jpYk; nkYukhf ,Ltjd; \yk; vf;lUf;F
ruhrhpahf 250 fpnyh mjpfg;goahd tpisr;ry; bgw
Koa[k; vd epUgzkhfpa[s;sJ.
,iy tHp cukhf rhk;gy;rj;J
gpur;ridf;Fhpa kzw;rhhp/ fsh;/ cth; kw;Wk;
Rz:zhk;g[r; rj;J kpFe;j epy';fspYk; ePh; nj';fp-
apUf;Fk; tay;fspYk;/ ,iy tHp cukpLjy; xU rpwe;j
tHpKiwahf fz:lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf kz:zpy;
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; rPuw;w Kiwapy;
kpf mjpfg;goahfnth my;yJ Fiwthfnth cs;s
NH;epiyfspy; rhk;gy;rj;J cuj;ij ,iy tHp cukhf
,Ljy; ey;y gyidj; je;Js;sJ. nfushtpy; mkpy
kw;Wk; cth; epy';fspy; 3 rjtpfpj bghl;lhrpak;
FnshiuL fiuriy fjph; btsptUk; gUtk; kw;Wk;
ghy; gpof;Fk; gUtj;jpy; ,U Kiw bjspg;gjd; \yk;
bgUk;ghyhd bey; uf';fspy; tpisr;ry; fzprkhd
mstpy; mjpfhpj;Js;sJ bjhpa te;Js;sJ. mjpYk;
rpy Fwpg;gpl;l ,uf';fspy; 100 rjtpfpj mstpw;F
tpisr;ry; mjpfhpg;g[ fpilj;Js;sJ. nkw;F
t';fhsj;jpy;/ bey; g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpy; 0.5 rjtpfpj
bghl;lhrpak; iel;nul; fiuriy ,iy tHp cukhf
58
bjspg;gjd; \yk; cah; tpisr;ry; bey; ,uf';fspy; 50
rjtpfpj mstpw;F jhdpa tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;fr;
bra;a Koa[k; vd ep+gpj;Js;shh;fs;.
nfhit/ ntshz: gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; 1993 - 95
tUl';fspy; elj;jg;gl;l Muha;r;rpfspd;go 2 rjtpfpj
bghl;lhrpak; FnshiuL fiuriy bew;gaph; ghy;
gpof;Fk; gUtj;jpy; bjspg;gJ 16 Kjy; 23 rjtPj
mstpw;F mjpf tpisr;ry; mspf;Fk; vdj; bjhpfpwJ.
nkYk; rhk;gy;rj;J jhso gUtj;ijf; fhl;oYk;
FWitg; gUt bey;ypy; mjpf tpisr;riy jUfpd;wJ.
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rhk;gy;rj;J cuk; KGtJk;
moa[ukhf ,Ltijf; fhl;oYk;/ \d;W rk g';fhfg;
gphpj;J bew;gaphpd; Kf;fpa tsh;r;rp gUt';fspYk;
,l;lhy;/ mjpf bey; tpisr;ry; fpilg;gJld;
rhk;gy;rj;J tPzhtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij
,f;fl;Liuapd; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
FWitapy; jdpahf braw;if cu';fis
mspg;gij tpl 125/ 50/ 50 fpnyh jiH/ kzp/ rhk;gy;
cld; 6.25 ld; gRe;jhs; ,iy cuk; kw;Wk; 500 fpnyh
$pg;rk; xU vf;lUf;Fk;. kw;Wk; jhsoapy; 150/ 60/ 60
fpnyh jiH/ kzp/ rhk;gy; cld; 12.5 ld; gz;iz cuk;
cld; 500 fpnyh $pg;rk; xU vf;lUf;F ,l;l bew;gaphpd;
mjpf tpisr;ry; mspf;fpwJ.
(epue;ju cuMa;t[j;jply;/ MLJiw/ 1992-2001)
braw;if cu';fis jdpahf ,Ltij tpl
gz;iz vU 12.5 ld; / vf;lh; my;yJ 5 ld; gRe;jhs;
,iy cuKld; nrh;j;J ,Lk;nghJ mjpf tpisr;ry;
mspg;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. (10 tUl Muha;r;rp
Kot[fs;).
(epue;ju cu Ma;t[j;jply;/ fps;spFsk;)
59
ehw;W eltpd; nghJ nfhHp cuk; 5 ld;/
ePyg;gr;irghrp 40 fpnyh/ mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 8 fpnyh/
gh!;nghngf;Ohpak; 8 fpnyh / vf;lh; kw;Wk; fliy
g[z;zhf;F 100 fpnyh/ vf;lh; ehw;Wel;l 30 ehl;fSf;F
gpd;Dk; ,l;lhy; mjpf tpisr;ry; fpilg;gJ
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
(jkpH;ehL bey; Muha;r;rp epWtdk;/ MLJiw 2002)
xU';fpize;j Cl;lr;rj;J eph;thfj;jpy;
Ez:q}l;lj;jpd; g';F
cah; tpisr;ry; jUk; ,uf';fspd; mwpKfk;/
mj;Jld; ,ize;j cu';fspd; cgnahfk; Mfpaitna
gRikg; g[ul;rpapd: jpwt[nfhyhFk;. 1960-k; Mz;Lf;F
gpwF Vw;gl;l mjpntf cug; gad;ghnl ek; ehl;od:
czt[ cw;gj;jpapy; jd:dpiwtpw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
tU';fhy etPd ntshz:ik cu';fisr; rhh;e;nj
,Uf;fpd:wJ.
,e;j xU';fpize;j Cl;lr;rj;J eph;thfk; vd:w
nfhl;ghL kl;Lnk kz:zpd: tsj;ija[k;/ kz:zpd:
Fz';fisa[k; epue;jukhfg; ghJfhf;Fk;. Vbddpy;
,k;-Kiwahy; kl;Lnk midj;J Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fisa[k;
rhpahd tpfpjj;jpy; gapUf;F tH';f Koa[k;.
braw;if cu';fs: Ez:q}l;lj;jpida[k;
jd:dfj;nj bfhz:Ls:sd. gjpdhW mj;jpahtrpa
gaph; Cl;lr;-rj;Jf;fspy; Ez:q}l;lr; rj;Jf;fSk;
cs:sd. ,it gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F ,d:wpaikahjit
MFk;. Ez:q}l;l';fs: jw;nghJ bgUk; Kf;fpaj;J-
tj;ijg; bgw;Wtpl;ld. cah; tpisr;rYf;Fk;/ jukhd
cw;gj;jpg; bghUSf;Fk;/ ,it fhuzpfshfpd:wd.
bew;gaphpy; jiH kw;Wk; kzpr;rj;jpw;Fg; gpd:dh;
Jj;jehfj;jpd; njit mjpfk; ,Ug;gjhf gpypg;igd:!:
60
ehl;oy; cs:s rh;tnjr bey; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
bjhptpj;Js:sJ.
jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
kz;zpay; Jiwapy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l Muha;r;rpapy;
jkpH;ehl;L kz; tiffs; bgUk;ghYk; Fiwe;j mst[
Ez;q}l;lr;rj;Jfisna bfhz;Ls;sd. Mdhy;
kz;zpd; tsj;ij nkk;gLj;jt[k; bey;ypy; cah;
tpisr;ry; bgwt[k;/ ng+l;l';fs; kw;Wk; Ez;-
q}l;l';fis rkr;rPh; mstpy; mspg;gJ kpft[k;
njitahd xd;whFk;. jkpH;ehl;od; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;l
bey;Yf;F Ez;q}l;lr;rj;J njit gw;wpa rpy
Muha;r;rp Kot[fshtd.
1. ,Uk;g[r;rj;J Fiwthf cs;s fhnthp gLifg;
gFjpfspy; nkw;bfhz;l Muha;r;rpapy; ,Uk;g[
ry;ngl; 20 kpy;ypadpy; xU gFjp (50 fpnyh
,Uk;g[ ry;ngl; / vf;lh;) vd;w msit FWit
kw;Wk; jhso gaphpy; mspj;jnghJ mjpf
tpisr;ry; fpilg;gJ fhzg;gl;lJ. mnj
gFjpapy; fhg;gh; ry;ngl; 25 fpnyh/ vf;lh;
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l cuj;Jld; mspf;Fk; nghJ
gaph; tpisr;ry; mjpfkhfpwJ vd;gJk;
fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
2. bew;gapUf;F bghJthf jw;nghJ 25 fpnyh
Jj;jehf ry;ngl; / vf;lh; ghpe;Jiuapy; cs;sJ.
Mdhy; 46 rjtpfpj kf;fs; kl;Lnk ,ij
gad;gLj;Jthh;fs;. jw;nghija Muha;r;rp
Kot[fs; 4 fpnyh Jj;jehf ry;ngl;il
Cl;lnkw;wpa bjd;id ehh;f;fHpthf mspg;gJ
Ke;ija ghpe;Jiuf;F rkkhf bey;ypd;
61
tpisr;riy FWit kw;Wk; jhsoapy;
mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
3. 12.5 fpnyh Jj;jehf ry;ngl;il Cl;lnkw;wpa
gz;iz cukhf mspg;gJ 25 fpnyh Jj;j-
ehfry;ngl; mspg;gjw;F rkkhf ,Ltjhy; ehk;
ghjp mst[f;fhf bryit Fiwf;fyhk;.
Ez;qaph; cu';fis cgnahfg;gLj;Jtjhy; 30
rjtpfpjk; jiHr;rj;Jk;/ 20 rjtpfpjk; kzpr;rj;Jk;
nrkpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jiHr;rj;ij epiy epWj;Jk; rpy
Ez;qaph;fs; jiHr;rj;ij epiy epWj;JtnjhL gaph;
tsh;r;rpf;F njitahd gaph; Cf;fpfshd ,d;nlhy;
mrpl;of; mkpyk; kw;Wk; $pg;uypf; mkpyk; Mfpa
tiffis cw;gj;jp bra;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;/ gaph;fspy;
mjpf nth;fSk;/ J}h;fSk; kw;Wk; ,iyfSk; njhd;wp
Jhpj tsh;r;rp cz;lhfpd;wJ.
caph; cu';fs;
braw;ifahfj; jahhpf;Fk; braw;if cu';fnshL
,aw;if - caph; cu';fisa[k; nrh;j;Jg; gapUf;F ,LtJ
jhd; xU';fpize;j gaph;r;rj;J}l;Lk; Kiw. kz; tsk;/
gaphpd; njit/ cHth;fspd; epjp epiy/ cug;
bghUl;fspd; juk;/ fpilf;Fk; tha;g;g[f;fs;
Mfpatw;wpw;F Vw;gt[k;/ cah; tpisr;rYf;Fk;/ mjpf
tUtha; miltjw;Fk;/ epy tsk; ngzt[k;/ gy
tifahd cug; bghUl;fspd; mst[fs; eph;zak;
bra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW braw;if/ ,aw;if kw;Wk;
caph; cug;bghUl;fspd; \ykhf ,Lk; gap+l;l';fspd;
mst[fis Kd;Tl;o eph;zapf;f/ tpisr;ry;
,yf;fpidj; jpl;lkpl ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW jpl;lkpl;l
tpisr;ry; ,yf;fpid milaj; njitahd
62
Cl;l';fspd; mst[fspypUe;J kz;zpypUe;J
fpilg;gij fHpj;Jtpl;L v";rpa gap+l;l';fis
ve;bje;j braw;if cu';fspd; \ykhf ve;bje;j
mst[fspy; mspf;fyhk;. vy;yh gap+l;l';fisa[k;
braw;if cu';fspd; \ykhff; bfhLg;gJ kw;Wk;
mtw;nwhL ,aw;if-caph; cu';fisa[k; nrh;j;J
gaph;fSf;F tH';Fk; nghJ/ ve;j mst[f;F braw;if
mstpidf; Fiwf;fyhk; vd;gJ gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfis/
gy Mz;Lfshf elj;jp mjd; Kot[fs;
fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
,aw;if my;yJ caph; cu';fspypUe;J gapUf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; gap+l;l';fspd; mst[fs; kz;zpay; Jiwapy; elj;jpa Muha;r;rp
Kot[fspd; mog;gilapy; ,aw;if my;yJ caph;
cu';fisr; nrh;j;J ,Lk;nghJ mitfspypUe;J
fpilf;Fk; jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fspy; ve;j
mst[f;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l braw;if cuj; jiH/ kzp
kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J mst[fspypUe;J Fiwj;J ,lyhk;
vd;gijf; fzf;fpl;L Kot[fs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjd;go ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l braw;if cur;rj;Jfspd;
mst[fspypUe;J fPH;f;fz;l mst[fspy; gap+l;-
l';fisf; Fiwj;J ,lyhk;.
• gRe;jhs; cuj;ij vf;lUf;F 6.25 ld; vd;w
mstpy; ,l;lhy; Kiwna/ 38. 13 kw;Wk; 33
fpnyh jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fis
xU Fwp;g;gpl;l tpisr;ry; ,yf;fpw;fhd
braw;if cug;ghpe;JiufspypUe;J Fiwj;J
,lyhk;.
• mnrh!;ighpy;yk; ,l;lhy; (2 fpnyh fpuhk; / vf;lh;) vf;lUf;F 15 fpnyh fpuhk; tiu
braw;ifj; jiHr;rj;ij Fiwj;J ,lyhk;.
63
• gh!;nghngf;Ohpah ,l;lhy; (2 fp.fp / vf;lh;)
vf;lUf;F 10 fpnyh tiu kzpr;rj;ij
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l braw;if kzpr;rj;jpd;
mstpypUe;J Fiwj;J ,lyhk;. nkw;-
Twpatw;iw bey; gapUf;Fg; gpd;gw;wyhk;.
bghJ cug;ghpe;Jiufspd; nghpy; cukpLk;nghJ
gaph;fspd; njitf;F mjpfkhfnth my;yJ
Fiwthfnth gap+l;l';fis tH';f tha;g;g[ cs;sJ.
kz; tsj;ij kl;Lk; fzf;fpy; itj;J cug;ghpe;Jiu
tH';FtJk; rhpay;y. Vbddpy; gap+l;l';fspd; njit
gapUf;Fg; gaph; khWgLfpd;wJ. nkYk; gaph; tpisr;ry;
mjpfkhFk; nghJ gap+l;l';fspd; njit mjpfhpf;-
fpd;wJ. vdnt Kd; Tl;ona tpisr;riyj; jpl;lkpl;L
kz; tsk; mwpe;J ,itfSf;nfw;g gap+l;l';fspd;
mst[fis fzf;fpl;L mitfis cu';fspd; \yk;
mspg;gJ ey;ybjhU KiwahFk;. braw;if
cu';fnshL ,aw;if vUf;fisa[k; gadw;Wf; fplf;Fk;
gytpjkhd gz;izf; fHpt[g;bghUl;fisa[k;/ gaph;j;-
jz;Lfisa[k;/ gytpjkhd fisg;gaph;fisa[k;/ Miyf;
fHpt[g; bghUl;fisa[k;. kf;f itj;J cukhf;fpj;
njitahd gap+l;l';fis tH';FtJ rhyr; rpwe;j
KiwahFk;. Vbddpy;
• ,aw;ifahff; fpilf;Fk; gytpjkhd
gz;izf; fHpt[g;bghUl;fisa[k/; gaph;-
jz;Lfisa[k;/ gy tpjkhd fisg;
gaph;fisa[k;/ Miyf; fHpt[g; bghUl;fisa[k;
kf;f itj;J cukhf;fp cgnahfpg;gjd; \yk;
ng+l;lr; rj;Jf;fnshL Ez;q}l;lr;
rj;Jf;fSk; gaph;fSf;F vspjhff;
fpilf;fpd;wd.
64
• gap+l;l';fs; kl;Lkd;wp/ gap+f;fpfs;/
caph;r;rj;Jfs; kw;Wk; fhpkg; bghUl;fisa[k;
epyj;jpw;F mspj;J gaph; brHpj;J tsu
kz;zpd; gz;g[fis khw;w ,k;Kiw
cjt[fpwJ. ,jdhy; gaph; tpisr;ry; bgUf
tHp tFf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• jpl;lkpl;l tpisr;rYf;Fj; njitahd gap+l;-
l';fis gyjug;gl;l vU - cug;bghUl;fspd;
\yk; tH';Ftjhy; braw;if cur;bryt[
Fiwfpd;wJ. cHth;fSk; ng+l;l';fs;
\d;iwa[k; Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; ,Lthh;fs;.
tpiynaw;wk; fhuzkhf kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;Jf;fisf; Fiwj;J ,Ljy; jtph;f;fg;gLk;.
• rkr;rPh; KiwapYk;/ gaph;fSf;F ,d;wpa-
ikahj kz;zpd; ntjp ,ay;g[ kw;Wk;
Ez;qaph; gz;g[fspy; tpUk;gj;jf;f
khw;w';fisa[k; Vw;gLj;jp gaph; tpisr;riy
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ/ nkYk; kz; tsj;ija[k;
fhf;fpd;wJ.
• ng+l;lr; rj;Jf;fnshL/ Ez;q}l;lr;
rj;Jf;fSk; gaph;fSf;F vspjhff;
fpilf;fpd;wd. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nkyhf Rw;Wg;-
g[wr; NHy; khRgotJ jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
braw;if cuj;njitia Fiwg;gjhy; mjw;nfw;g
me;epar; bryhtzpa[k; Fiwayhk;. ,jdhy; ehl;od;
bghUshjhu nkk;ghl;ow;Fk; xU';fpize;j cug;-
ghpe;Jiu cjtpahf mika[k;.
bew;gaphpLk; ,l';fspy; jiHr;rj;ij
epiyg;gLj;j mnrhyh kw;Wk; ePyg;gr;irg;ghrp
Mfpait gad:gLj;jg;gLfpd:wd.
65
jkpHfj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l gy;ntW Muha;r;rpfspd:
\yk; bew;gaphpy; vf;lUf;F 4000 fpnyh fpuhk;/vf;lh;
m';ff cu';fs; kw;Wk; ePyg;gr;irg;ghrp Mfpait
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; tpisr;ry; mog;gil tpisr;riy
tpl 3 Kjy; 5 g';F tpisr;ry; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,k;Kot[fs: caph; cu';fspd: mstpljw;fhpa
jdpj;jd:ikapid btspg;gLj;jp/ xU';fpize;j gaph;
Cl;lr;rj;J eph;thf Kiwapy; caph; cu';fspd:
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij btspg;gLj;Jfpd:wd.
rhpahd tpfpjj;jpy; Cl;lr;rj;J gaph;fSf;F
tH';Ftjpy; jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J njitapy;
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ. ,ij braw;if cu';fshy;
kl;Lk; rhp bra;a ,ayhJ. vdnt/ Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
midj;J TWfisa[k; xd;whf ,izj;J gad:-
gLj;jpdhy; kl;Lnk kz:zpd: eyj;ij ghJfhf;f
,aYk;. nkYk;/ braw;if cur; bryt[fSk; Fiwa[k;.
vdnt/ jPtpu bjhlh; ntshz;ikapy; kz;tsk;
Fd;whkYk;/ kz;zpd; ,aw;gpay;/ ntjpapay; kw;Wk;
caphpay; jd;ikfis ghJfhj;J nkk;gLj;jt[k;/
bjhlh;e;J mjpf tpisr;riy jf;f itj;Jf;
bfhs;st[k;/ braw;if cu';fis rkr;rPh; mstpy;
bjhG cuk;/ gz;izf; fHpt[fs; nghd;w ,aw;if
cu';fSld; fye;J ,Ltnj kpfr; rpwe;j tHpahFk;.
nkYk;/ ,e;j ,aw;if cu';fs; gapUf;Fj; njitahd
Cl;l';fisf; bfhLg;gjhy; braw;if cu';fspd;
njit FiwfpwJ. vdnt/ xU';fpize;j cu eph;thfk;
bra;J kz;tsj;ij ghJfhj;J/ tsk;Fd;wh gaph;fspd;
tpisr;riyg; bgwyhk;.
66
fUk;g[ rhFgoapy; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; g';F
bgh. rhe;jp kw;Wk; bka;. jl;rpzh\h;j;jp
kz:zpay; kw;Wk; ntshz: ntjpapay; Jiw/
kz: kw;Wk; gaph; nkyhz:ik ikak;.
jkpH;ehL ntshz:ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;. nfhit - 641 003.
,e;jpahtpy; tpisa[k; Kf;fpa gzg; gaph;fspy;
fUk;g[k; xd;W. nkYk; ,J ,e;jpa bghUshjhuj;jpYk;
Kf;fpa g';F tfpf;fpwJ. cyfstpy; 60 rjtpfpjk;
mst[f;F rh;f;fiu fUk;gpypUe;J jhd; bgwg;gLfpwJ.
kPjKs;s 40 rjtpfpjKk; rh;f;fiu fpH';fpypUe;J
bgwg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahit jhafkhf bfhz;l fUk;g[/
cyfstpy; 110f;Fk; mjpfkhd ehLfspy; gaphplg;-
gl;lhYk; gug;gstpYk;. cw;gj;jpapYk; ,e;jpahnt
Kjyplj;jpy; ,Ue;J bfhz;L tUfpwJ.
g{kj;jpa nuifapypUe;J bjw;nf 35° tiuapYnk
fUk;g[ gaphplg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU btg;g kz;ly gapuhf
,Ue;jhYk; kpj btg;g kz;lyj;jpYk;; gaphplg;gl;L
tUfpwJ. gpnurpy;/ fpa[gh/ ghfp!;jhd;/ bkf;!pnfh/
gpypg;igd;!;/ jha;yhe;J/ rPdh/ mh;b$d;odh/
Xrpahdpah/ mbkhpf;fh/ bfhyk;gpah kw;Wk;
M!;jpnuypah Mfpa ehLfs; fUk;g[ gaphpLtjpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgw;Ws;sd. btFfhykhf cs;ehl;L
fUk;g[ ,dnk bgUkstpy; gaphplg;gl;L te;jJ.
gj;bjhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;oy;jhd; fUk;g[ nkk;ghl;oy; xU
g[ul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. ekJ ehl;onyna tPhpa xl;Lf;fs;
nrh;j;J cah; tpisr;ry; jUk; nfh.,uff; fUk;g[ gapiu
cUthf;fp btspaplg;gl;ljhy; fUk;g[ tpisr;ry;
mjpfhpj;J gaphpLk; gug;gst[k; mjpfhpj;Jf; bfhz;L
tUfpwJ.
67
,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLk; bkhj;j gug;gstpy;
fUk;g[ ,uz;L rjtpfpjg; gug;gstpy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpYk;. jkpH;ehl;oYk; fUk;g[ gaphplg;gLk; bkhj;j
gug;gst[k; tpisr;rYk; fPH;fz;l ml;ltizapy;
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (ml;ltiz 1).
ml;ltiz 1. ,e;jpahtpYk;. jkpH;ehl;oYk; fUk;g[ gaph;
bra;ag;gLk; gug;gst[. cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpisr;ry; (1997 - 98)
,l';fs; gug;gst[
'000 bQf;lh;
cw;gj;jp
'000 ld;
tpisr;ry;
ld; / bQf;lh;
,e;jpah 3.967 276.254 69.6
jkpH;ehL 322 35.684 111.0
jkpH;ehl;od;
g';F tpfpjk;
8.1 12.9 -
,e;jpahtpy;. khepy';fs; mstpy; fUk;g[
cw;gj;jpia bghWj;jtiuapy; mjpfgl;rkhf cj;jpu-
gpunjrj;jpy; 44 rjtpfpjKk;. kfhuh#;ouh. jkpH;ehL.
fh;ehlfh. Me;jpu-gpunjrk;. F$uhj;. gPfhh;. Qhpahdh
kw;Wk; g";rhg; Mfpa khepy';fspy; Kiwna 14/ 10/ 9/ 5/
4/ 3/ 3 kw;Wk; 3 rjtpfpjKk; fUk;g[ gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
jw;rkak; ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 412 rh;f;fiu
Miyfs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; 229 Tl;Lwt[ Miyfs;
MFk;. fUk;g[ gaphpLtjhYk; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu Miyfs;
\yk; 35 kpy;ypaDf;F mjpfkhd cHth;fs; kw;Wk;
bjhHpyhsh;fs; gadile;J tUfpwhh;fs;. xt;bthU
tUlKk; +gha; 10/000 nfho mst[ cHth;fs; fUk;g[f;F
tpiyahf bgWfpwhh;fs;. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs;
Vwf;Fiwa + 1600 nfho mst[f;F ,jd; \yk;
tUkhdk; bgWfpd;wd.
,dpg;g{l;lg;gl;l bghUs;fspd; njit fp.gp.2000 y;/
xU tUlj;jpw;F xU egh;f;F 25 fpnyh vd
68
kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. bghJthf kf;fs; bjhif
bgUf;fj;jpd; tUlhe;jpu cah;t[ 2 rjtpfpjkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa kf;fs; bjhif gpy;ypaid
jhz;otpl;lJ. vdnt ,dpg;g{l;lg;gl;l bghUs;fspd;
njit 250 yl;rk; ld;fshf cah;tile;Js;sJ.
,jid rhp bra;a fUk;ig 4.41 kpy;ypad; vf;lhpy;
gaphpl ntz;Lk;. fUk;ig mjpf mstpy; gaphpl
Koahj NH;epiyapy; cs;nshk;. Vbddpy; mnj mst[
czt[j; njita[k; mjpfkhapUg;gjhy; czt[
cw;gj;jpf;Fk; gaphpLk; gug;ig mjpfhpf;f ntz;o-
apUf;fpwJ. vdnt fUk;g[ njitia rhp bra;a
tpisr;ry; jpwid mjpfhpg;gJ vd;gJ ,jd; \yk;
ekf;Fj; bjhpfpd;wJ.
,e;j E}w;whz;od; kf;fs; bjhiff;F rh;f;fiu
njitia rhpf;fl;Ltjw;F ,e;jpahtpd; ruhrhp
tpisr;ry; vf;lUf;F 76 ld;fshf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
fle;j gy Mz;Lfshf mjpfhpj;J tUk; cw;gj;jpj;
jpwid xg;gpl;L nehf;fpdhy; ek;khy; ,J rhj;jpak;jhd;
vd;gJk; bjspthfpwJ.
fUk;gpd; mjpfgl;r cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; vf;lUf;F
280 ld;fs; vd fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; ruhrhp
cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; kpj btg;g kz;lyj;jpy; vf;lUf;F 41.4
ld;fshft[k;. btg;g kz;lyj;jpy; vf;lUf;F 68.1
ld;fshft[k; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; ghz;or;nrhpapy; kl;Lk; 26
rh;f;fiu Miyfs; cs;sd. jkpH;ehl;oy; jhd;
cyfj;jpnyna mjpf tpisr;ryhf vf;lUf;F 111 ld;fs;
cw;gj;jp bra;ag;gl;lhYk;/ fUk;g[ tpisr;ry; nghl;ofspy;
bgwg;gLk; vf;lUf;F 250 ld;fs; tpisr;riy bgw ehk;
,d;Dk; mjpf mstpy; Kaw;rp bra;a ntz;oa[s;sJ.
69
fUk;g[ vy;yh tif kz;fspYk; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
ek; khepyj;jpy; brk;kz;/ fspkz;/ tz;ly; kz;/
kzw;gh';fhd kz; kw;Wk; brk;g[iw kz; Mfpa Ie;J
tif kz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. bghJthf brk;kz;
epyj;jpy; fUk;g[ mjpfkhf gapuhfpwJ. ,e;j tif
kz;zpd; ePh;g;gpog;g[ jpwd; Fiwthf cs;sJ. nkYk;
ePhpy; fiua[k; cg;g[f;fs; Fiwthft[k; kz;zpd; fhu
mkpyj;jd;ik kj;jpakhft[k; (6.5apypUe;J 7.5 tiu)
cs;sJ. jiHr;rj;J Fiwthft[k;. kzpr;rj;J
kj;jpkkhft[k; rhk;gy; rj;J nghjpa mstpYk; cs;sd.
fUk;gpw;F rhk;gy; rj;J mjpfk; njit. mjhtJ
rhk;gy; rj;J mjpfk; vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; gaph;fspy;
fUk;g[k; xd;whFk;. bghJthf xspr;nrh;f;ifapYk; kht[
kw;Wk; rh;f;fiu rj;Jf;fis Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;w
,lj;jpw;F khw;wt[k; behjp bghUs;fspYk;. ,iyj;-
Jisfs; ,a';ft[k; kw;Wk; Rthrj;jpYk; rhk;gy;rj;J
bgUk; g';F tfpf;fpwJ. ,ij jtpu jpRf;fis
cWjpg;ghl;Lld; itj;jpUf;ft[k; cjt[fpwJ.
kz;zpy; rhk;gy;rj;J Fiwtpdhy; fUk;g[g; gaphpy;
Vw;gLk; FiwghLfs;
,iyapd; Xuj;jpYk; EdpapYk; k";rs; epwf;
fUfy; bjhl';fp ehsiltpy; mitfs;
bghpjhfp ,iy fUfptpLk; kw;Wk; ,iyapd;
eL euk;gpd; nkw;gFjp rptg;ghf khWk;.
fUk;gpd; mof; fpisfs; bghpjhfp KG
tsh;r;rp miltjw;F Kd;ng fUfp tpLfpwJ.
fUk;gpy; fqf;fspd; ,ilbtsp rpWj;Jk;.
bkhj;jj;jpy; FWfpa njhw;wj;JlDk; fhzg;gLk;.
rhk;gy; rj;J Fiwthf cs;s gaphpy;. rh;f;fiu
mst[ Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.
70
nkYk; ,f;Fiwghl;odhy; kw;w gap+l;-
l';fshfpa jiH/ kzp/ Rz;zhk;g[/ kf;dPrpak;/
fe;jfk; kw;Wk; ,Uk;g[r; rj;Jf;fspd; mst[
mjpfhpj;J fhzg;gl;L/ mjd; gpd;tpist[fSk;
Vw;gLk;.
fUk;g[ kz;zpypUe;J rhk;gy; rj;ij vLf;Fk; mst[
fUk;g[g; gaphpudJ mjpf mst[ rhk;gy; rj;ij
kz;zpypUe;J ePf;FfpwJ. xU fUk;g[g; gaph;
kz;zpypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;l rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[/
jiHr;rj;ijf; fhl;oYk; mjpfkhdjhff; fhzg;-
gLfpwJ. fzf;bfLf;fg;gl;l 32 gaph;fspy; 23 gaph;fs;
jiHr; rj;ij tpl rhk;gy; rj;ij jhd; mjpf mstpy;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ. fUk;g[g; gaph; vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;
jiHr;rj;ijtpl. rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ ,U kl';F
MFk; (ml;ltiz 2). mjpfj; jPtpukhf gaphplg;gLk;
NH;epiyapy;/ gaph;fs; xU vf;lUf;F 200 apypUe;J 500
fpnyh tiu rhk;gy; rj;ij vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd.
gaph;fs; jiHr;rj;ij cgnahfg;gLj;Jk; mstpy; gj;jpy;
xU g';F jhd; rhk;gy; rj;ij cgnahfg;-
gLj;Jfpwbjd;Wk;. xt;bthU Kiwa[k; 100 fpnyh
jiHr;rj;J vLf;fg;gLk; nghJ 119 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;J
vLf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJk; Muha;r;rpfspd; \yk; ekf;Fj;
bjhpa te;Js;sJ. jiHr;rj;J kl;Lk; ,lg;gl;l
epy';fspYk; kw;Wk; jiHr;rj;Jld; kzpr;rj;ij
nrh;j;J ,lg;gl;l epy';fspYk; gaph; vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk;
rhk;gy; rj;jpd; mst[ mjpfhpj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lJ.
71
ml;ltiz 2. fUk;g[ vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd;
mst[
rj;Jf;fs;
vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;
mst[
fpnyh / ld; fUk;g[
rjtpfpjk;
jiHr;rj;J 0.8 22
kzpr;rj;J 0.3 11
rhk;gy; rj;J 1.32 36
kf;dPrpak; 0.5 14
Rz:zhk;g[r;
rj;J
0.42 12
fe;jfr; rj;J 0.25 7
Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fspy;/ fUk;gpdhy; mjpfkhf
vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLtJ rhk;gy; rj;nj MFk; (36
rjtPjk;). kz;zpypUe;J cwp";rg;gl;l rhk;gy;rj;J/
nthpy; (cyh; vil). Miyf; fUk;gpy; kw;Wk; ,iyfspy;
Kiwna 4.8/ 131 kw;Wk; 121 fp.fp. / vf;lh; vd;w mstpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fUk;g[f;F rhk;gy; rj;J kw;w rj;Jf;fisf;
fhl;oYk; mjpf mstpy; njitg;gLfpwJ. rhk;gy; rj;J
,Ltjhy; gaphpd; tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
btt;ntW kz; tiffspy; rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ltjhy; 8
ypUe;J 125 fpnyh tiu tpisr;ry;; mjpfhpj;J
cs;sbjd;W xU Muha;r;rpapd; KotpypUe;J bjhpa
te;Js;sJ. (glk; 1).
72
rhk;gy; rj;jpd;; tpist[ fpnyh fUk;g[ / fpnyh
rhk;gy;rj;J
brk;g[iw kz;
jhH;thd epy
tz;ly; kz;
mz;ikf;fhyj;jpa
tz;ly; kz;
nkl;L epy tz;ly;
kz;
rkjskhd epy
tz;ly; kz;
fsp kz;
brk;kz;
glk; 1. rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ltjhy; fUk;gpy;; tpisr;ry;; mjpfhpj;jy;
rhk;gy; kw;Wk; jiHr;rj;Jk; ,ize;J brayhw;Wk;
jpwd;
tpisr;ry; mjpfhpg;gJld; jiHr;rj;J kw;Wk;
kzpr;rj;J nghd;w Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis rhpahf fpufpj;J
mtw;iw tsh;r;rpf;F cgnahfpf;f rhk;gy; rj;J
Jizg[hpfpwJ. rj;Jf;fspd; ,ize;J brayhw;Wk;
jpwdpy; Kf;fpakhdJ rhk;gy; rj;J/ jiHr;rj;Jld;
,ize;J brayhw;Wk; jpwdhFk;. cug;ghpe;Jiufspy;
jiHr;rj;J jiyaha ,lk; tfpg;gjhy; jiHr;rj;J
kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J nrh;e;J bray;gLk; jpwd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. nkYk;
mjpf mst[ jiHr;rj;ij ,Ltjpdhy; Vw;gLk;
jPikfisj; jtph;f;ft[k; rhk;gy;rj;J njitg;-
gLfpd;wJ.
73
bghJthf jiHr;rj;jhdJ jpRf;fisr; rhW
epiwe;jjhf khw;wp vspjpy; g{r;rpa[k; kw;Wk; neha;fSk;
jhf;f tHptFf;fpwJ. khwhf/ rhk;gy; rj;J vjph;g;g[
rf;jpia mjpfhpj;J g{r;rp neha; jhf;Fjy;fis
rkhspf;f cjtp g[hpfpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;Jk; ePh; ,af;Fk; jpwDk;
njitahd mst[ rhk;gy; rj;J ,l;l gaph;fspy;
mjpf tpisr;rYf;F Fiwthd ePnu njitg;gLfpwJ.
mjhtJ Fiwe;j mst[ ePiuf; bfhz;L mjpf
tpisr;ry; fpilf;fpwJ. ePh; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk;/
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ rhk;gy; rj;J epiwthf ,l;l
,l';fspy; gaph; ed;whf tsh;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf
rhk;gy; rj;J ePh; ,af;Fk; jpwid mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;Jk; cg;gpd; mlh;t[k; - fUk;g[g; gaph; epiyj;J epw;Fk;
jd;ika[k;
rhk;gy; rj;J Fiwtpdhy; jpRf;fs; tsh;r;rp
Fiwe;J. Mf;f \yf;TWfs; Rth; bkype;J/ ,jd;
tpisthf jz;L tYtpHe;J/ fqf;fspilna ,il-
btsp Fiwe;J/ gaphpd; rhpt[f;F fhuzkhfpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;ij jiHr;rj;njhL nrh;e;J ,Lk;nghJ
gaph;r;rhpt[ FiwfpwJ. kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J
ciwgdpapdhy; gapUf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ij vjph;f;f
cjt[fpwJ. rhk;gy; rj;Jf; Fiwtpdhy; jpRf;fs;
tYtpHe;J kht[r;rj;J mjpfkhf ,iyfspy;
j';fptpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; g{r;rp kw;Wk; neha; jhf;Fjy;
mjpfkhfpwJ. rhk;gy; rj;ij njitahd mst[
,Ltjhy; jpRf;fis tYt[ilajhf Mf;FtJld;/
rh;f;fiu cgnahfpf;Fk; jpwida[k; ehk; mjpfhpf;fyhk;.
nkYk; mjpf cg;g[fshy; gapUf;F Vw;gLk;
ghjpg;gpid Fiwf;f rhk;gy; rj;J cjt[fpwJ.
74
rj;Jf;fis kz;zpypUe;J cwp";Rtjw;F cjtp
bra;a[k; gFjpahd g;sh!;khbyk;khtpy; cg;gpw;Fk;
rhk;gy; rj;jpw;Fk; fLikahd nghl;o epyt[fpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;J epiwthf ,l;l ,l';fspy; cg;ig gaph;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;shjthW rhk;gy; rj;J jLj;J gapiuf;
fhg;ghw;WfpwJ. rhk;gy; rj;J ,iyf;fUfy; kw;Wk;
,iyg;g[s;sp neha;fis vjph;f;Fk; jpwid gapUf;F
mspf;fpwJ.
rhk;gy; rj;Jk; fUk;gpd; juKk;
rhk;gy; rj;J gz;g[ jdpkk; vd;W miHf;fg;-
gLfpwJ. rh;f;fiuia ,iyfspy; cw;gj;jp bra;J/
fqf;fSf;F vLj;Jr; bry;yt[k;/ rh;f;fiuapd; msit
cah;j;Jtjw;Fk; rhk;gy; rj;J gad;gLfpwJ. rhk;gy;
rj;ij njitahd mst[ ,Ltjhy; juf;fhuzpfshd
Rf;nuh!; rjtpfpjk; rh;f;fiu rjtpfpjk; kw;Wk; J}a;ik
rjtpfpjk; Mfpait fUk;g[ rhwpy; mjpfhpj;Jf;
fhzg;gl;ljhf Muha;r;rp Kot[fs; bjhptpf;fpd;wd
(ml;ltiz 3).
ml;ltiz 3. rhk;gy; rj;J ,l;ljhy; fUk;g[ rhwpy; juf;
fhuzpfs;
rhk;gy; rj;J
,l;l mst[
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
Rf;nuh!;
(rjtpfpjk;)
rh;f;fiu
(rjtpfpjk;)
J}a;ik (rjtpfpjk;)
0 137 110 79.8
75 175 120 86.9
150 178 122 87.2
225 182 124 88.9
75
cu eph;thfk;
rhk;gy; rj;J gw;whf;Fiwia rhk;gy; rj;ij
cs;slf;fpa cu';fis ,LtjhYk; kw;Wk; ,aw;if
cu';fis ,LtjhYk; rhpg;gLj;jyhk;. fUk;g[f;F.
rhk;gy; rj;J ,Ltjw;F bghJthf eilKiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; cu';fs; bghl;lhrpak;
FnshiuL (60 rjtpfpjk;)/ bghl;lhrpak; ry;ngl; (50
rjtpfpjk;) kw;Wk; bghl;lhrpak; iel;nul; (44 rjtpfpjk;)
MFk;. fUk;g[ gaphpLtjw;F Kd; kz; ghpnrhjid
bra;J kz;zpy; cs;s rj;Jf;fspd; mst[fis
mwpe;J/ mjw;nfw;g ,l ntz;oa Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisj;
njitahd gUt';fspy/;; rhpahd cu';fs; tHpahf/;
jFe;j tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fspy rhpahd Kiwfisg;
gpd;gw;wp ,l ntz;Lk;. ,g;go bra;tjhy; cur;bryit
fzprkhff; Fiwf;fyhk;. njitf;Ff; Fiwthf
,Ltjhy; tPz; bryit jtph;g;gnjhL gaph; tsh;r;rp
kw;Wk; tpis bghUs; juk; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;glf; Toa
ghjpg;iga[k; Fiwf;fyhk;. kz; ghpnrhjid bra;a
Koahj ,l';fspy; fPH;fhqk; bghJ ghpe;Jiug; go
cukpl ntz;Lk; (ml;ltiz 4). fUk;gpw;F njitahd
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfs; ek; jkpH;
ehl;oy; me;je;j gFjpf;nfw;g ele;Js;sd. ,jd; gadhf
fUk;gpw;F vt;tst[ cu';fis ,l ntz;Lk; vd;w
ghpe;Jiu Kiwa[k; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
ml;ltiz 4. fUk;g[f;F bghJ cu ghpe;Jiu
rj;J (fpnyh / vf;lh;) gFjp
jiH kzp rhk;gy;
flw;fiu kw;Wk; tha;f;fhy;
ghrd trjp
275 62.5 112.5
fpzw;Wg; ghrd gFjp 225 62.5 112.5
bty;yk; fha;r;Rk; gFjp 175 62.5 112.5
76
xU vf;lUf;F bghJg; ghpe;Jiuahd 112.5 fpnyh
rhk;gy; rj;jpid juf;Toa 190 fpnyh rhk;gy; cuj;ij
(bghl;lhrpak; FnshiuL) \d;W rk g';Ffshfg;
gphpj;J fUk;g[ elt[ bra;j 30/ 60 kw;Wk; 90 Mk; ehl;fs;
,l ntz;Lk;.
rhk;gy; rj;J cu';fSk; vspjpy; ePhpy; fiuaf;
Toait. ,e;jr; rj;Jk; jiHr;rj;J mst[f;F ,y;yh-
tpl;lhYk;/ Fwpg;gpLk; mst[f;F tofhy; ePh; tHpahf
tPzhFk;. mjdhy;/ bghl;lhrpak; FnshiuL nghd;w
rhk;gy; rj;J cu';fis jiHr;rj;J cu';fs; ,LtJ
nghy; \d;W my;yJ ehd;F jtizfspy; nkYukhf
jiHr; rj;J cu';fnshL nrh;j;J ,l;L te;jhy; ,r;rj;J
gapUf;F mjpfkhff; fpilf;Fk;.
kz;tsk; vd;gJ ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; khWgLfpwJ.
gaph; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; njitahd vy;yh Cl;lr;-
rj;Jf;fSk; vy;yh epy';fspYk; njitahd
mst[fspy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. nkYk; fle;j gy
Mz;Lfshf xnu gapiuna bjhlh;e;J gaphpLtjhYk;/
gaph; rj;Jf;fis mjpfkhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; cah;
tpisr;ry; ,uf';fisj; bjhlh;e;J gaph; bra;J
tUtjhYk;/ xd;wpuz;L Cl;lr;rj;Jfis kl;Lnk
bfhz;l cu';fis ,l;L tUtjhYk;/ bjhG vU/
fk;ngh!;l; vU kw;Wk; gRe;jhs; nghd;w ,aw;if
vUf;fisg; nghJkhd mst[fspy; ,lhjjhYk; ek;
kz; tsk; Fd;wp cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; btFthff; Fiwe;J
tpl;lJ. ,e;j epiyikapy; ,aw;if cuk; kw;Wk;
Ez;qaph; cuk; Mfpatw;iw xU';fpizj;J
njitahd mst[ kw;Wk; njitahd neu';fspy; ,l;L
fUk;g[ gaph; bra;jhy;jhd; kz;tsj;ij nkk;gLj;jp/
gaph; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfg;gLj;jp cah; tpisr;ry;
fhz Koa[k;.
77
bjd;id kuj;jpw;F rkr;rPh; cu eph;thfk;
mu. bt';fplrhkp bjd;id Muhar;rp epiyak;/ MHpahh; efh;
bjd;id kuk; kpFe;j khWghLila jl;g btg;g
epiyfisf; Tl jh';fp tsuf;ToaJ. Mdhy;/ ey;y
tUtha; juf;Toa tifapy; gaph; bra;a mjhtJ
xt;bthU kuj;jpw;F mjpfg;goahd fha;fs;
gpog;gjw;Fk;/ mjpfg;goahf bfhg;giu my;yJ
vz;bza; fpilg;gjw;Fk;/ bjd;idia mjd;
rhjfkhd NH;epiyapy; fl;Lf;nfhg;g[ gaph; Kiwfisr;
bra;antz;Lk;.
xU bjd;id kuj;jpd; tpisr;ry; fPH;fz;l fhuzpfis
bghUj;Js;sJ
1. ,dg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; Fzhjpra';fs;
2. jl;g btg;gk; kw;Wk; NH;epiya[k; (kiH/
btg;gepiy/ epykl;lk; kw;Wk; fhw;W Mfpait)
3. gaph; bra;a[k; Kiwfs; (cukpLjy; kw;Wk;
CLgaph; rhFgo bra;jy;)
4. kz;zpd; ,aw;gpay;/ ntjpapay; kw;Wk;
Ez;qaph; epiy
5. g{r;rp kw;Wk; g{rz neha;fs;
fha;g;g[jpwd;
bjd;idapy; xU kuj;jpy;/ Mz;blhd;Wf;F
ruhrhpahf 38 fha;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. rkr;rPuhd
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; bjd;idf;Ff; fpilf;fhjjhy;/
fha;g;g[j;jpwd; Fiwthf-t[s;sJ. jkpH;ehl;oy; ruhrhp
Mz;blhd;Wf;F kuk; xd;Wf;F 51 fha;fs; fpilg;gJ
78
ehl;od; ruhrhpiatplf; TLjy; vd;whYk;/ ,ij
,ul;og;ghf;Ftjw;Fr; rhj;jpaf; TWfs; cs;sd.
fha;g;g[j;jpwid mjpfhpg;gjpy;/ rkr;rPuhd Cl;lr;
rj;J mspg;gJk;/ ePh;g;gha;r;RjYk; bgUkstpw;F
cjt[fpd;wd. ePz;l fhyg;gapuhdjhy;/ bjd;id/
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis bgUkstpy; kz;zpypUe;J
vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ.
fha;g;g[g; gUtj;jpy; 175 ku';fs; bfhz;l xU
vf;lh; epyg;gug;gpy; 98 fpnyh jiHr;rj;J/ 46 fpnyh
kzpr;rj;J/ 145 fpnyh rhk;gy;rj;J/ 88 fpnyh
Rz;zhk;g[/ 35 fpnyh kf;dPrpak; Mfpait/ xt;bthU
Mz;Lk; vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLtjhf Muha;r;rp
Kot[fs; bjhptpf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iw rhp bra;tjw;F
cukplhtpl;lhy;/ kz;zpy; rj;Jf;Fiwe;J/ fha;g;g[f;
Fiwe;J tpLk;.
,He;j jhtur; rj;Jf;fis kPz;Lk; kz;zpy;
nrh;g;gJ jhkjkhd brayhf ,Ug;gjhYk;/ ,aw;if
cu';fshd bjhGcuk; my;yJ gRe;jhSuk; kl;Lk;
nghJkhd mst[ rj;Jf;fis kz;zpy; nrh;f;f
,ayhjjhYk; braw;if cu';fis Mz;LnjhWk;
,LtJ mtrpak;. kw;w gaph;fisg;nghy/ bjd;idf;Fk;
jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs; mtrpak;/
,tw;iwj; jtpu Rz:zhk;g[r;rj;J kw;Wk; kf;dPrpak;
Mfpa rj;Jf;fSk; kz;zpd; jd;ikf;nfw;gj;
njitg;gLk;.
jiHr;rj;J
Kf;fpakhf kuj;jz;Lg; gFjpa[k; kl;ilfSk;
tsh;r;rp bgw jiHr;rj;J mtrpak;. kl;ilfs; fUk;
gr;ir epwk; mila jiHr;rj;J cjt[fpwJ. ey;y
fha;g;gpy; cs;s kuk; 30 Kjy; 40 tiu tphpe;j
79
kl;ilfisf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. FUk;igfs; gpog;gjw;Fk;
jiHr;rj;J njit.
jiHr;rj;Jf; Fiwt[k; epth;j;jpa[k;
fha;g;gpy; cs;s kuj;jpy;/ ,iyapy; mjd; cyh;e;j
vilapy; 1.8 apypUe;J 2 rjtpfpjk; tiu jiHr;rj;J
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mstpw;Ff; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;
kuj;jpw;Fg; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;. jiHr;rj;Jf; Fiwtpdhy;
kl;ilapy; cs;s ,iyfs; btspwpa k";rs; epwkhfj;
njhd;Wk;. rw;Wg; giHa kl;ilfs; bghd;dpw k";rs;
njhw;wj;ij mspf;Fk;. jz;Lg;ghfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp
ghjpf;fg;gl;L Fl;ilahfj; njhd;Wk;. jz;L nghfg;
nghff; FWfp bgd;rpy; Kid nghd;W fhzg;gLk;.
kuj;jpy; Fiwe;j mstpy; kl;ilfSk;/ mtw;wpd; ePsk;
Fiwthft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ghisfs; btsp tuhkYk;/
te;jhYk; FWk;igfns ,y;yhkYk; my;yJ kpft[k;
Fiwthft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.
kzpr;rj;J
,e;jr;rj;J bjd;idf;Ff; Fiwthfj; njitg;-
goDk; mtrpakhdJ. ,iyapy; mjd; cyh;e;j vilapy;
0.12 rjtpfpjk; kzpr;rj;J ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
rhk;gy;rj;J
,e;jr;rj;J bjd;idf;F mtrpakhdJ.
,iyapy; mjd; cyh;e;j vilapy; 0.80 apypUe;J 1.00
rjtpfpjk; tiu rhk;gy;rj;J ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
,iyapy; gr;irak; mgptpUj;jpahtjw;F kht[g; bghUs;
cw;gj;jpahtjw;Fk;/ rh;f;fiug; bghUs; nky; nehf;fp
,lkhw;wk; miltjw;Fk;/ rhk;gy; rj;J njit.
80
rhk;gy; rj;Jf; Fiwt[k; epth;j;jpa[k;
1. rhk;gy; rj;J Fiwe;j kz;zpy; tsUk;
bjd;id kl;ilfspd; ,iyfspy; btsph;
gr;irg;g[s;spfs; njhd;Wk;. ehshtl;lj;jpy;
,e;j g[s;spfs; bghpajhfp btsPh;
gr;irapypUe;J Mypt; gr;ir/ gpwF rpfg;g[
kw;Wk; gGg;g[ epwkhf khw;wk; mila[k;.
,iyfspd; euk;g[g; gFjpf;F ,Ug[wKk; ePz;l
rJu gGg;g[ epw g[s;spfs; njhd;Wk;. gpwF
,it JU epwkhf khWk;.
2. kpft[k; mjpfkhd rhk;gy; rj;J Fiwtpdhy;
,iyfspd; Kidapy; Muk;gpj;J cuy
Muk;gpf;Fk;. gpwF kl;il KGtJkhf Muh";R
epwkhf khw;wk; mila[k;.
3. fhyjhkjkhf kl;ilfs; tUk;. vdnt
ghisfs; Fiwtjhy; fha; kw;Wk; Fiyfs;
kpft[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
4. xU Fiyapy; cs;s FUk;igfs; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;.
5. xU rpy FUk;igfs; kl;Lnk fha;fshFk;.
6. fha;fs; Kjph;r;rp miltjw;F Kd;djhfnt
bfhl;otpLk;.
7. Fiwe;j xspr;nrh;f;ifapdhYk;/ nghjpa mst[
xspr;nrh;f;ifapd; gydhf cz;lhFk;
bghUl;fs; ,iyapypUe;J fha;fSf;F ,l
khw;wk; milahjjhYk;/ njitg;gLk; gUkDk;
gUg;gpd; mst[k; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk;.
8. bts;nshil my;yJ xy;ypf;fha;fs; njhd;Wk;.
81
rhk;gy; rj;J cukpLtjhy;/ ,iyapd; gug;gst[
mjpfkhfp Nhpabtspr;rk; ed;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;L/
xspr;nrh;f;if mjpfhpj;J mjpf kl;ilfs; cUthfp/
ghisfs;/ FUk;igfs;/ fha;fs; mjpfhpj;J kw;Wk;
bfhg;giu vil TLjyhff; fpilf;Fk;. mstpw;F
mjpfg;goahd rhk;gy; rj;J cukpLtjhy; kf;dPrpak;
vLj;Jf; bfhs;tJ ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
Rz:zhk;g[r; rj;J
tsUk; jpRf;fs; cs;s nth; Kidfs; kw;Wk;
FUj;J bkhl;L tsh;r;rpf;F Rz;zhk;g[ rj;J njit.
,iyapy; mjd; cyh;e;j vilapy; 0.50 rjtpfpjk;
Rz:zhk;g[r; rj;J ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. Rz:zhk;g[r; rj;J
gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; ,iyfs; k";rs; epwkhf khWk;.
,iyfs; KidapypUe;J fha Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,iyfs;
k";rs; epwkhf khWtJ/ gpwF fha;e;J nghtJ nghd;w
khWjy;fs; kuj;jpd; ikakhf cs;s kl;ilfspy;
njhd;Wk;. Rz:zhk;g[r; rj;J gw;whf;Fiwia
epth;j;jpf;f Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; cuj;ij kuj;jpw;F 1.25
fpnyh vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; ,l ntz;Lk;.
kf;dPrpak;
,J kzpr;rj;ij kuj;jpd; gy;ntW ghfj;jpw;Ff;
bfhz;L bry;yg; gad;gLfpwJ. kht[g;bghUs;/ g[ujk;
kw;Wk; bfhGg;g[g; bghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F kf;dPrpak;
njit. ,iyapy; mjd; cyh;e;j vilapy; 0.30
rjtpfpjk; kf;dPrpak; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ,sk; taJs;s
ku';fspYk; kw;Wk; bjd;dk; gps;isfspYk; kf;dPrpak;
gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. btspr;Rw;Wg;g[w kl;ilfs;
k";rs; epwkhf khWtJ kf;dPrpak; gw;whf;Fiwiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;. ,iyfspd; Kidfs; fha;tJk; kw;Wk;
k";rs; epwkhf khwpagpd;/ kl;ilfs; Kd;djhfnt
cjph;tJk;/ kf;dPrpak; gw;whf;Fiwapd; mwpFwpfs;.
82
gw;whf;Fiwia epth;j;jpf;f kf;dPrpak; ry;ngl; cuj;ij
kuj;jpw;F 0.5 fpnyh vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; ,l ntz;Lk;.
nghuhd;
nghuhd; FiwghL Vw;gLk;nghJ ,iyfspd;
Xuk; k";rs; epwkhfp Edp kw;Wk; ,iy Xu';fs; fUFk;.
,iyapd; mog;ghfk; gr;ir epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLk;.
nkYk; FUk;ig cjpUk;/ fha;fspy; gUg;gpd; jpz;zk;
Fiwe;J tpisr;ry; Fiwa[k;. ,ij epth;j;jp bra;a
kuj;jpw;F 200 fpuhk; nghuhf;!; ,l ntz;Lk;.
cuk; ,Lk; mst[
bjd;id el;l 5-tJ tUlk; Kjy; fPH;f;fz;l
cu';fis ,lt[k;.
cu';fs; 5-tJ tUlk;
Kjy; (fpnyh fpuhk;)
bjhG cuk; 50
jiHr;rj;J 0.560
kzpr;rj;J 0.320
rhk;gy; rj;J 1.200
cuk; ,Lk; Kiw
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l cu';fis ,U rk g';Ffshfg;
gphpj;J xd;iw Mog;gl;lj;jpYk; kw;wijj; ijg;-
gl;lj;jpYk;/ kz;zpy; <uk; cs;snghJ nghl;L/
ePh;g;gha;r;rpdhy; fha;g;g[j; jpwid cah;j;j Koa[k;.
kuj;ij Rw;wp 1.8 MHKs;s tl;lg; ghj;jp KGtJk;
cu';fis ,l;L ed;F bfhj;jp tpl;L ePh; gha;r;r
ntz;Lk;.
83
fha;fwpg; gaph;fspy; rkr;rPuhd cu
eph;thfk;
,y. g[fnHe;jp/ eh. kPdhl;rp kw;Wk; Q. c#h ee;jpdp
njtp fha;fwpg; gaph;fs; Jiw/
njhl;lf;fiyf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nfhit.
ek; ehL/ btg;g kz;lyk;/ kpj btg;g kz;lyk;
kw;Wk; Fsph; gpunjr';fspy; tsuf;Toa fha; kw;Wk;
fdp tiffis cw;gj;jp bra;tjw;fhd gy;ntW
jl;gbtg;g epiyfisj; jd;dfj;nj bfhz;Ls;sJ.
fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah/ rPdhtpw;F mLj;j-
goahf ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. ekJ ehl;oy;
Mz;LnjhWk; 30 kpy;ypad; ld; fha;fwpfs; cw;gj;jp
bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,Ue;j nghjpYk;/ njitf;nfw;g
cw;gj;jp bra;a Koatpy;iy. kz;zpd; njhw;wk;/
kugpay;/ guhkhpg;g[/ mstpw;F mjpfkhd cu cgnahfk;
kw;Wk; vU gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; kz;ts ntWghLfs;
mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. cah; tpisr;ry; ,uf';fis gaph;
bra;jhYk;, braw;if cu';fs; mstpw;F mjpfkhf
,lg;gLtjhy; tpisr;rypy; xU njf;f epiy Vw;gL-
fpd;wJ. ,j;njf;f epiyiag; nghf;f xU';fpize;j
rkr;rPuhd cu eph;thfk; kpft[k; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
kz;zpy; ,aw;ifahfnt cs;s Cl;lr;-
rj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gaph;tpisr;riy ePz;l
fhyj;jpw;Fg; ngzpf; fhf;fyhk;. braw;if cu';fs;/
,aw;if cu';fs; kw;Wk; caph; cu';fs; Mfpad gaph;
Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fspy; \d;W Kf;fpakhdit. mjpfhpj;J
tUk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; njitia ,tw;wpy; VnjDk;
xd;wpdhy; kl;Lnk rhpbra;a KoahJ. gy;ntW gaph;
84
Cl;lr;rj:Jf;fspd; njitfis rkhspj;J TLjyhf
cah;tpisr;riya[k;/ tUkhdj;ija[k; bgw;W Rw;Wr;
NHiya[k; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;. Mfnt/ xU';fpize;j
Cl;lr;rj;J eph;thf Kiwfis filgpog;gjw;Fj; jFe;j
eltof;iffis vLf;f ntz;Lk;. jhtu';fs; Cl;lr;-
rj;Jf;fis md';ff totpnyna vLj;Jf; bfhs;-
fpd;wd. gaph;fSf;F ,aw;if \y';fspypUe;J
rj;Jf;fis mspj;jhYk; mit md';ff totpy;
khw;wg;gl;nl gaph;fshy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
gaph; cw;gj;jpf;F Vw;g Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; njita[k;
mjpfhpf;Fk;. cu';fis rhpahd mstpy; gad;gLj;Jk;
nghJ Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; ,Hg;gpd;wp gapUf;Ff; fpilf;f
VJthfpd;wJ. kpf mjpf mst[ cu cgnahfk;
Rw;Wr;NHiy ghjpj;JtpLk;.
kz;zpYs;s ePh;/ rj;Jg; bghUl;fisf; fiuj;J
gaph;fSf;f mspf;fpwJ. kz;zpYs;s fhw;W
gaph;fSf;F caph;tspia mspj;Jk;/ ghf;Ohpahf;fSf;F
czit tH';fpa[k;/ tpij kw;Wk; jhtu';fs;
tsh;tjw;Fk; cjtpg[hpfpwJ. kz;zpYs;s m';ffg;
bghUl;fs; kz;zpd; tsj;ijf; fhj;J/ ePh; njf;fp
itf;Fk; jd;ika[k; nkk;gLj;JtJld;/ rj;Jg;
bghUl;fis nrkpj;J itg;gjd; \yKk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtp g[hpfpd;wd. kz;zpYs;s ghf;Ohpah kw;Wk;
g{";rhzk; nghd;w Ez;qaph;fs; m';ffg; bghUl;fis
kf;fr;bra;J jhtu';fSf;F rj;Jf;fshff; bfhLf;fpwJ.
nkYk; kz;zpYs;s ghiwj;Jfs;fs; \yKk; md';ff
cg;g[r;-rj;Jf;fs; gaph;fSf;F fpilf;fpwJ. kz;zpypUe;J
gaph;fshy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;sg;gLk; rj;Jf;fspd;
mstpw;nfw;g mtw;iw kz;zpw;F ,Ltjd; \yk;
kz;zpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid epiy epwj;jyhk;.
85
gaph; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; cah; tpisr;rYf;F
mog;gilj; njitahd cur;rj;Jf;fisg; gaph;fSf;F
Vw;g[ila gh';fpy; mnj neuj;jpy; Fiwe;j brytpy;
bfhLg;gijj;jhd; rkr;rPuhd cu eph;thfk; vdf;
TWfpd;nwhk;. braw;if cuj;ij kl;Lnk bjhlh;e;J
,Ltjhy; kz;zpd; tsk; Fiwe;J gaphpd; tsh;r;rp
ghjpf;fg;gl;L tpisr;ry; Fiwe;JtpLfpwJ. ,j;jifa
R{H;epiyia jtph;f;f rkr;rPuhz cu eph;thfk; bra;jy;
mtrpak;. gapUf;F njitahd rj;Jf;fis bjhGcuk;/
braw;if cuk; kw;Wk; caph; cu';fs; \yk; mspj;jhy;
kz;zpd; tsk; nkk;gl;L tpisr;ry; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
mjndhL ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F kw;Wk; bkJthff;
fiuaf;Toa gh';fpy; cs;s jiHr;rj;J nghd;w-
tw;iwa[k; gapUf;F mspf;fyhk;.
rkr;rPh; cukpLjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cu';fs; gad;ghl;ow;F te;j Muk;g fhy';fspy;
cHth;fs; jiHr;rj;ijf; bfhz;l cu';fis kl;Lnk
gad;gLj;jpdh;. mbkhpf;fh kw;Wk; Inuhg;gpa
ehLfspy;/ bjhHpw;rhiyfspy; Muk;g fhy';fspnyna
kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhd mstpy;
fpilj;jgoahy; mtw;iwna gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,Jnt
kz;zpy; kzp kw;wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fspd; mst[ rPuhf
mjpfkhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. Mdhy; tsh;e;J tUk;
ehLfspYs;s cHth;fSf;F cur;rj;Jf;fs;
bgUkstpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,aw;if cu';fs;kl;Lk;
,lg;gl;l epy';fspy; cug;gad;ghL xU bghUl;lhf
vLj;Jf;bfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. Fiwe;j mst[ my;yJ
KGtJkhf ,aw;if cu';fs; ,lg;glhj epy';fpy; Tl
jiHr;rj;J tpaj;jF tpisr;riyj; je;jJ.
mj;jp[ahtrpaKs;s gaph;fs; bjhlh;e;J gaph;
bra;ag;gLk; nghJ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs;/ kw;w
86
ng+l;lr;rj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Ez;q}l;lr; rj;Jf;fs;
kz;zpy; ,Ue;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;nghJ jiHr;-
rj;jpd; cgnahfj;jpwdhy; Fiwt[ Vw;gLfpwJ. kw;w
rj;Jf;fis ,lhky; jiHr;rj;ij kl;Lnk ,Lk;nghJ
tpisr;ry; Fiwt[ Vw;gl;lJ.
bkhj;j cug; gad;ghl;oy; jiH/ kzp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fspd; rjtpfpjk; ehl;od; gy;ntW
gFjpfspYk;/ ehLfSf;fpilna ntWgl;Lf; fhzg;-
gLfpwJ. gy jug;gl;l gaph;fs; kw;Wk; kz;tiffSf;F
ntWgl;l mst[fspy; Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fs; njitg;-
gLfpd;wd. ntshz:ik Kd;ndw;wj;jpy; gy
epiyfspy; cs;s ehLfspy; Cl;lr; rj;ij rkr;rPuhfg;
gad;gLj;Jk; gh';F cHth;fspd; mwpt[ rhh;e;j
xd;whfnt cs;sJ. cztpw;F kl;Lnk nghJkhd
gaph;fis cw;gj;jp bra;JtUk; tsUk; ehLfspy; kw;w
rj;Jf;fisf; fhl;oYk; jiHr;rj;J gad;ghnl mjpfkhf
cs;sJ.
rhpahd cu cgnahfnk ,aw;ifahd my;yJ
nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tsKs;s kz;zpypUe;J mjpf mst[
gaph; tpisr;riy vLg;gjw;F xU tHpahFk;. cu';fs;/
kz;zpypUe;J ,aw;ifahfnt gapUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis rhpbra;a ,lg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf
,tw;wpd; mst[ kpff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. mnjrkak;/
tpisr;riyg; ghjpf;ff;Toa Cl;lr;rj;nj ,lg;-
gLfpd;wd. rpy md';ff kw;Wk; m';ffg; bghUl;fs;
neuoahfnt cu';fshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
bgUk;ghyhdit njitf;F Vw;w tifapy; bjhHpw;-
rhiyfspy; ntjpapay; Kiwfs; \yk; jahhpf;fg;-
gLfpd;wd. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njitf;nfw;w ng+l;lr; rj;J
my;yJ Ez;q}l;lr; rj;J cuj;jpd; tifiaa[k;/ me;j
Cl;lr;rj;ij gaph;fs; vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; ntfj;ijg;
87
bghWj;Jk;/ (,iytHpj; bjspg;g[[ my;yJ ePhpy; fiua[k;
jd;ika[s;s cu';fis ntfkhff; fpilg;gjw;F
kz;zpy; ,Ljy;) njitg;gLk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd;
fyitia bghUj;Jk; kw;Wk; gaphpd; tsh;r;rpiaf;
Tl;Lk; gpw Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis vLj;jspf;Fk; njitiag;
bghWj;Jk; cs;sJ. ,lntz;oa cu';fspd; mst[/
gy;ntW cuj;njitfis eph;zapf;Fk; Kiwfisg;
bghUj;J mikfpwJ. cug;gad;ghl;lhy; fpilf;ff;Toa
tUkhdj;jpd; msitg; bghUj;nj mjpfgl;r mst[
eph;zapf;fg;glntz;Lk;. cu';fs; taypYs;s vy;yh
gaph;fshYk; njitahd mst[ vLj;Jf; bfhs;sj;jf;f
tifapy; ,lg;gl ntz;Lk;. rpy rka';fspy; cuf;
fiuriyj; bjspf;fyhk;. cu';fisf; Fwpg;ghf braw;if
cu';fisj; njitahd mst[fspy; jw;nghJs;s etPd
bjhHpy; El;g';fshd brhl;L ePh; cu ghrdj;ij
gad;gLj;jJtjhy; cztpd; juj;ij nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
njitahd mst[ ,aw;if kw;Wk; braw;if cu';fis
,Lk;nghJ gaphpd; neha; vjph;g;g[j;jpwd; TLfpwJ.
xU';fpize;j gaph; Cl;lr;rj;J bray;Kiwfs;
xU';fpize;j Cl;lr;rj;J eph;thfk; vd;gJ xU
Fwpg;gpl;l gz;iza bray;Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l
tpisr;ry; ,yf;iff; bfhz:L/ Vw;fdnt cs;s
,aw;if ts';fspypUe;J fpilf;ff;Toa jhtu
Cl;lr;rj;ija[k; tsp kz;lyj;jpypUe;J epiy-
epWj;jg;;gl;l Cl;lr;rj;ija[k; fzf;fpy; bfhz:L
m';ff cu';fis rhpahd neuj;jpy; kw;Wk; rhpahd
mstpy; ,LtjhFk;.
cug;gad;ghl;Lj; jpwd;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l mst[ cuk; my;yJ Cl;lr;rj;J
,lg;gLk;nghJ ve;j mst[ gaph; cw;gj;jp
mjpfkhfpd;wJ vd;gij fzf;fpLtjw;F cug;-
88
gad;ghl;Lj; jpwd; cjt[fpwJ. xU bghJthd
tpjpapd;go rkr;rPuhd jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;Jf;fs; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;Jk; nghJ xU fpnyh
rj;Jf;fs; bfhz;L 10 fpnyh tpisr;ry; (jhdpak;)
cw;gj;jp bra;ayhk; vdj; bjspthfpwJ. Rkr;rPuw;w
cug;gad;ghL/ cug;ggad;ghl;Lj; jpwid Fiwf;Fk;
tifapy; cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf ,e;epiy/ ghrd ePiu
Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jhj ,l';fspYk;/ rj;Jf;
FiwghLfs; gFjpast[ ,aw;if cu';fshy; epth;j;jp
bra;ag;glhj ,l';fspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
braw;if cu';fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf
caph; cu';fs; Kiwna mnrh!;ighpy;yk; kw;Wk;
gh!;nghghf;Ohpah ,Ltjd; \yk; jiH kw;Wk; kzp
rj;Jf;fspd; njit FiwtJld; tpisr;rYk;
mjpfkhfpwJ.
fha;fwpg; gaph;fSf;fhd cu eph;thfk;
jf;fhsp
moa[ukhf vf;lUf;F nghuhf;!; 10 fpnyh kw;Wk;
Jj;jehf ry;ngl; 50 fpnyh ,lntz;Lk;.
gaph;
bjhG
cuk;
(ld;/ vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
moa[uk; 25 75 100 50 jf;fhsp
el;l
30-k;
ehs;
- 75 - -
89
fj;jhp
gaph;
bjhG cuk;
(ld; / vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
fj;jhp
moa[uk;
25 ld;fs;
,jDld; ntg;gk;
gpz;zhf;F 200
fpnyh kw;Wk; 2
fpnyh
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
50 50 50
nkYuk; - 50 - -
btz;il
gaph;
bjhG cuk;
(ld; / vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
btz;il
moa[uk;
20 fpnyh kw;Wk;
2 fpnyh
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
20 50 30
el;l 30-
k; ehs;
- 20 - -
kpsfha;
gaph;
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy; rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
kpsfha; moa[uk;
- 60 30
el;l 30-k;
ehs;
30 -
-
el;l 60-k;
ehs;
30 -
-
el;l 90-k;
ehs;
30 - -
90
ghfw;fha;. g[liy/ gPh;f;fd; kw;Wk; rhk;gy; g{rzp
gaph;
bjhG
cuk;
(ld;/ vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
moa[uk; 10 6 12 12
el;l 30-
k; ehs;
- 10 - -
bro KU';if
gaph;
bjhG
cuk;
(ld; / vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
moa[uk; 45 16 30 bro
KU';ifMwthJ
khjj;jpy;
45 - -
mtiu
gaph;
bjhG
cuk;
(ld; / vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
,wit
gapUf;F
12.5
25 50 -
khdhthhp
gapUf;F
moa[uk;
12.5 12.5 25 -
,wit
gapUf;F
25 50 - -
khdhthhp
gapUf;F
nkYuk;
12.5 25 - -
91
Kl;ilf;nfhR
gaph;
bjhG
cuk;
(ld; / vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
moa[uk; 30 90 90 90 kiyg;
gFjpfSf;F nkYuk;
(el;l
30-45
ehl;fs;
fHpj;J
)
- 45 45 45
moa[uk; 30 50 125 22
Kl;ilf;nfhR
rkbtspg;
gFjpfSf;F nkYuk;
(el;l
xU
khjk;
fHpj;J
)
- 50 - -
fhyp@gpsth;
gaph;
bjhG
cuk;
(ld; / vf;lh;)
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
moa[uk; 30 90 90 90 kiyg;
gFjpfSf;F nkYuk;
(el;l 30-45
ehl;fs;
fHpj;J)
- 45 45 45
moa[uk; 30 50 100 50
fhyp@gpsth;
rkbtspg;
gjpfSf;F nkYuk;
(el;l xU
khjk;
fHpj;J)
- 50 - -
92
bt';fhak;
gaph;
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy; rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rpd;d
bt';fhak;
moa[uk; 30 60 30
bgy;yhhp
bt';fhak;
elt[
bra;a[k;
Kd;dh;
50 150 75
el;l 30
ehl;fs;
fHpj;J
60 - -
kuts;sp
gaph;
jiHr;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kzpr;rj;J
(fpnyh / vf;lh;)
rhk;gy;
rj;J
(fpnyh
/ vf;lh;)
kuts;sp
,wit moa[uk;
30 60 85
nkYuk;
30 - 75
khdhthhp
moa[uk;
50 65 125
nkYuk;
- - -
93
gHg;gaph;fSf;F rkr;rPh; cukpLjy;
j.eh. ghynkhfd; kw;Wk; ,y. espdh
gHg; gaph;fs; Jiw/
njhl;lf;fiyf; fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epiyak;
jkpH;ehL ntshz;ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nfhit.
,d;iwa NHypy;/ gH';fs; kdpjdpd; ,d;wp-
aikahj czthff; fUjg;gLtjw;F fhuzk;/
mjpYs;s caph; rj;Jf;fSk; kw;Wk; jhJg;g[f;fSnk
MFk;. ey;y jukhd gH';fis cw;gj;jp bra;a kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ/ Jy;ypakhd cunkyhz;ikahFk;. ,e;j
gHg;gaph; nkyhz:ik bra;tjpy; mjpf tpisr;rYk;
rpwe;j juKk; kw;Wk; mtw;iw tpw;gjw;F kpfKf;fpa
g';F tfpf;fpwJ. vdnt/ gaphpd; njitf;nfw;g/
kz;iz ghpnrhjid bra;J/ njitawpe;J/ mtw;iw
gphpj;jspg;gjd; \yk; jukhd cw;gj;jpia eph;zak;
bra;ayhk;. gHg;gaph;fSf;F njitahd rj;Jf;fs;
mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; taijg; bghUj;J ntW-
gLfpwJ. ,jid fUj;jpy; bfhz;L/ Muha;r;rp
Kot[fis gpd;gw;wp ey;y gyid bgwyhk;.
I. gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F mj;jpahtrpakhd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs;
ng+l;l';fs; : gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F gy Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs;
mj;jpahtrpakhdit vd;whYk; mtw;wpy; ng+l;-
lr;rj;Jf;fspd; njit kpft[k; ,d;wp-ahikahjJ.
,itfspy; jiHr;rj;J/ kzpr;rj;J kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J
Mfpatw;iw ng+l;lk; vd;W miHf;fpd;nwhk;.
Rz;zhk;g[/ bkf;dPrpak; kw;Wk; fe;jfk; Kjypad
gaphpd; tsh;r;rpf;F mj;jpahtrpakhdit/ vdnt/
,it/ ,uz;lhk; epiy rj;Jf;fs; vd;W
miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
94
Ez;q}l;l';fs; :
,Uk;g[/ Jj;jehfk;/ kh';fdPR/ khypg;odk;/ jhkpuk;
kw;Wk; nghuhd; Mfpait gapUf;F Fiwe;j mstpy;
njitg;-gLfpd;wd. vdnt ,itfs; Ez;q}l;-
lr;rj;Jf;fs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nkYk;
rpytifahd gaph;fSf;F/ Fnshhpd;/ cg;g[/
mYkpdpak;/ rpypfhd; kw;Wk; brypdpak; Mfpaita[k;
gad; tpistpf;Fk; rj;Jf;fs; vd;W fz;L
mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
II. Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis cl; bfhs;tjpy; gH ku';fspd;
jdpj;jd;ik
gH ku';fs;/ gy Mz;Lfs; caph; thH;e;J gyd;
jUtjhy;/ mtw;wpd; nth;fs; rj;Jf;fis cl;bfhs;tJ
rPuhd mstpy; eilbgWk;. Fsph; fhyj;jpy; kl;Lk;/
rj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; mstpy; Fiwt[
Vw;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; gH ku';fs; fdj;j ghpkhzj;jhy;/
njitahd rj;Jf;fis kuj;jpy; nrkpj;J itj;Jf;
bfhs;tjhYk;/ njitahd czt[k; rj;Jf;fSk; vy;yh
gFjpfSf;Fk; jl';fypd;wp mDg;g ,ay;tjhYk;/
rj;Jf; FiwghLfs; bgUk;ghYk;/ Fwpg;gpLk;go
btspapy; bjhptjpy;iy. vdnt/ rj;Jf; FiwghL
bkJthfj;jhd; bjd;gLk;. Mdhy;/ ehk; fz;lwpa[k;
Kd;ng ‘kiwt[g;grpahf’ XhpU rj;Jf;fs; Fiwe;j
mstpy; fhzg;gl;L tpisr;riy ghjpf;fyhk;. rj;Jf;
Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; mwpFwpfs; ed;whf btspg;gLk;
bghGJ tsh;r;rpa[k; gH cw;gj;jpa[k; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;-
gl;oUf;Fk;. vdnt/ gHg;gaph;fSf;F njitahd
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis rkr;rPuhd mstpy; Kd;Tl;ona
bfhLg;gjd; \yk; Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghLfs;
njhd;whky;/ tpisr;riy mjpfk; bgwyhk;.
95
gHg;gaph;fSf;F cukpLk; bghGJ kz;khjphp
cjtpa[lDk;/ ,iyapy; cs;s rj;J msit
fzf;fpl;Lk; cukplntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; xU
Cl;lr;rj;ij mjpfk; mspj;J kw;bwhU Cl;lr;rj;ij
Fiwthf mspf;f nehpLk;. ,jdhy; tpisr;ry; ghjpf;f
tha;g;gpUf;fpd;wJ.
gHg;gaph;fspd; ,iyfspy; ruhrhpahff; fhzg;gLk;
rj;Jf;fs; (kpy;ypadpy; xU gFjp)
t.vz; ng+l;lr;
rj;Jf;fs;
Fiwthd
mst[
rhpahd
mst[
mjpf
mst[
1. jiH < 250 250-500 > 500
2. kzp < 10 10-25 > 50
3. rhk;gy; < 125 125-250 > 500
,uz;lhk; epiyr; rj;Jf;fs;
1. Rz;zhk;g[ < 500 500-1000 > 2500
2. bkf;dPrpak; < 250 250-500 > 1000 3. fe;jfk; < 10 10-50 > 100
Ez;q}l;lrj;Jf;fs;
1. ,Uk;g[ < 0.25 0.25-10 > 10.0 2. Jj;jehfk; < 0.8 1.0-2.5 > 10.0 3. jhkpuk; < 0.5 0.5-2.5 > 5.0 4. kh';fdPR < 5 5-25 > 200
96
gHg;gaph;fs; tpisr;rYf;F Vw;g kz;zpypUe;J
vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; rj;Jf;fspd; mst[ (fpnyh / vf;lh;;)
t.vz;tpisr;ry;
/ vf;lh; jiH kzp rhk;gy; kf;dPrpak; fe;jfk;
thiH 10 250 60 1000 140 15
kh 15 100 25 110 75 -
gg;ghsp 50 50 25 130 15 10
gH ku';fSf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; cu mst[
thiH
bghJthf mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; gaph;fs;
kz;zpypUe;J mjpfkhd mst[ cu';fis vLj;Jf;
bfhs;Sk;. thiHa[k; jdJ tsh;r;rpf;F mjpfst[
rj;Jf;fis kz;zpypUe;J vLj;Jf;bfhs;Sk; jpwd;
tha;e;jJ. thiHf;F jiH/ kzp rj;Jf;fs; njit
vd;whYk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd; njit kpf mjpfk;. thiHg;
gH';fspd; Rit mjw;F mspf;fg;gLk; rhk;gy; rj;jpd;
msitg;bghWj;nj mika[k;. nkYk; ng+l;lr;-
rj;Jf;fSld; Ez;q}l;lr;rj;Jfisa[k; nrh;j;J
mspg;gjd; \yk; tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; gH';fspd; juj;ij
nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
njhl;lf;fhy; epy';fSf;F cu mst[ (fpuhk; / kuk;)
thiH ,uf';fs;jiHr;
rj;J kzpr; rj;J
rhk;gy;
rj;J
nee;jpud; 150 90 300
,ju ,uf';fs; 110 35 330
97
Mw;Wg;ghrd epyj;jpw;nfw;w cu mst[ (fpuhk; / kuk;)
thiH
,uf';fs; jiHr;rj;J kzpr; rj;J rhk;gy; rj;J
nee;jpud; 210 35 450
u!;jhyp 210 50 400
g{td; / buhg!;lh
160 50 400
cu';fis vg;bghGJ ,lntz;Lk;>
jiHr;rj;J kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;ij fd;W el;l 3tJ/
5tJ/ kw;Wk; 7tJ khj';fspYk;/ kzpr;rj;ij 3tJ
khjj;jpYk; ,lntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; caph; cu';fshd
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; kw;Wk; gh!;nghghf;Ohpahit
xt;bthd;Wk; 20 fpuhk; vd;w mstpy; fd;Wfs; eLk;
bghGJk; kw;Wk; el;l 5 tJ khjj;jpYk; ,lntz;Lk;.
jpR tsh;g;g[ thiHf;F 165 fpuhk :jiHr;rj;J/
52.5 fpuhk; kzpr; rj;J/ 495 fpuhk; rhk;gy; rj;J vd;w
cu msit fd;W el;l 2tJ/ 4tJ/ 6tJ/ kw;Wk; 8 tJ
khj';fspy; ,lntz;Lk;.
nkYk; thiHf;F ePh; tHpahft[k; cukplyhk;.
ePh; tHp cukpLjypd; ed;ikfs;
cuk; tPzhfhJ. rj;Jf;fs; vspjpy; fpilf;Fk;.
rhpahd msit rhpahd gUtj;jpy; bfhLf;f ,aYk;.
cu';fisg; njitf;nfw;g gyKiw gphpj;J
bfhLf;fyhk;.
thiHf;F ePh; tHp cukply;
el;lgpd; (thuk;) jiHr; rj;J
rjtpfpjk;
kzpr; rj;J
rjtpfpjk;
rhk;gy;
rj;J
rjtpfpjk;
9-8 (10
thu';fs;)
30 100 20
19-30 (12
thu';fs;)
50 - 40
98
31-42 (12
thu';fs;)
20 - 32
43-45 (10
thu';fs;)
- - 8
bkhj;jk; 100 100 100
thiHf;F Jj;jehf ry;ngl; - 0.5 rjtpfpjk; /
,Uk;g[ ry;ngl; - 0.2 rjtpfpjk; jhkpu ry;ngl; - 0.2
rjtpfpjk;/ nghhPf; mkpyk; - 0.1 rjtpfpjk; Mfpa
Ez;qhl;lr; rj;Jf;fis fd;W el;l 3/ 5 kw;Wk; 7tJ
khj';fspy; ,iy tHpahf bjspg;gjd; \yk;
tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; gH';fspd; juj;ij nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
kh
kh mog;gilapy; xU btg;gkz;ly gapuhf
,Ue;jhYk;/ kpjbtg;g gFjpfspYk;/ fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J
1400 kPl;lh; cauk; tiuapYk; ed;F tsUk;. g{f;Fk;
gUtj;jpy; mjpf <ug;gjk;/ kiH kw;Wk; gdp nghd;wit
jPik gaf;Fk;. kz; tiffisg; bghWj;jtiu/
midj;J tifahd kz; tiffspYk; ed;F
tsh;e;jhYk;/ fspkz; kpFe;j kzw;gh';fhd fhL/ rpW
ghiwfs; bfhz;l Rz;zhk;g[f; fhL/ cth; epy';fs;
kw;Wk; tofhyw;w epy';fs; nghd;wit Vw;witay;y.
khtpd; tsh;r;rpf;F jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;Jf;fis Kjyhk; tUlk; Kjy; ,lntz;Lk;.
khtpw;F jiHr;rj;J njitiatpl rhk;gy; rj;jpd;
njit mjpfk;.
99
ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gLk; cu mst[ (fpnyh/ kuk;)
tUlk; jiH kzp rhk;gy; bjhG
cuk;
Kjy; tUlk; 0.2 0.2 0.3 10.00
tUlh tUlk;
mjpfhpg;g[
0.2 0.2 0.3 10.00
6 tUl';fSf;Fk;/
gpwFk;
1 1 1.5 50.00
nkYk; gpg;uthp khjk; tiu g{ g{f;fhj ku';fSf;F
0.5 rjtpfpj a{hpah fiury; my;yJ 1 rjtpfpj
bghl;lhrpak; iel;nul; fiuriy bjspg;gjd; \yk;
khit g{f;f itf;fyhk;.
gg;ghsp
gg;ghsp gytifahd czt[r;rj;Jf;fis jd;d-
fj;nj bfhz;Ls;sJ.
gg;ghsp eLtjw;F Kd; 10 fpnyh bjhG
cuj;Jld; 20 fpuhk; mnrh!;ighpy;yk; kw;Wk; 20 fpuhk;
gh!;nghghf;Ohpahit FHpfspy; ,lntz;Lk;. ,U
khjj;jpw;F xU Kiw 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp
kw;Wk; 50 fpuhk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fis kuk; xd;wpw;F
,lntz;Lk;. nkYk; ku';fs; el;l MwhtJ khjj;jpy;
20 fpuhk; mnrh!;ighpy;yk; kw;Wk; 20 fpuhk;
gh!;nghghf;Ohpahit kuk; xd;wpw;F ,lntz;Lk;.
t.vz; khj';fs; cu mst[ kuk; xd;wpw;F
1. 2 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp/ 50 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J
2 4 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp/ 50 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J
100
3 6 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp/ 50 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J
4 8 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp/ 50 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J
5 10 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp/ 50 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J
6 12 50 fpuhk; jiH/ 50 fpuhk; kzp/ 50 fpuhk;
rhk;gy; rj;J
Ez;q}l;lr;rj;Jf;fs;
kuk; el;l 4tJ kw;Wk; 8 tJ khj';fspy; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; 0.5; rjtpfpjk; kw;Wk; nghhpf; mkpyk; 0.1
rjtpfpjk; bjspj;jy; \yk; tpisr;ry; kw;Wk; gH';fspd;
juj;ij nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
bey;yp
bey;ypahdJ twl;rpia jh';fp tsuf;ToaJ.
,jd; gH';fs; caph; rj;J ‘rp’ ia mjpf mst[
bfhz;Ls;sd. ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; cu mstpid
,uz;lhfg; gphpj;J Vg;uy; - nk kw;Wk; brg;lk;gh; -
mf;nlhgh; khj';fspy; ,lntz;Lk;. ,jd; \yk;
bey;ypapy; mjpf tpisr;ry; bgwyhk;.
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; cu mst[ (fpnyh /kuk;)
bey;yp bjhG
cuk;
jiHr;rj;J kzpr;rj;J rhk;gy;
rj;J
fha;g;gpYs;s
kuj;jpw;F
10 200 500 200
101
Ez;q}l;lk;
bey;yp ed;F fha;f;f/ nghuhd; kpft[k; mtrpak;.
vdnt 0.6 rjtpfpj nghuhd; fiuriy bjspg;gjd;
\yk; fha;g;gpog;ig mjpfhpj;J ey;y tUtha; bgwyhk;.
bfha;ah
bfha;ahthdJ/ btg;gkz;ly gHg;gaph;fspy; kh/
thiH/ Mu";R tiffSf;F mLj;J/ ehd;fhtJ ,lk;
tfpf;fpwJ. bfha;ah midj;J tifahd kz; kw;Wk;
fhyepiyfisa[k; jh';fp tsUk;. bfha;ahtpw;F
njitahd ng+l;lk; kw;Wk; Ez;q}l;l';fis
mspg;gjd; \yk; ey;y jukhd gH';fis bgwyhk;.
fha;g;gpYs;s bfha;ah kuj;jpw;F bjhGcuk; 50
fpnyh jiH/ kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fs; Kiwna 1
fpnyh tPjk; $Pd; - $Piy kw;Wk; mf;nlhgh; kw;Wk;
etk;gh; khj';fspy; ,uz;L Kiw gphpj;J ,lntz;Lk;.
Ez;q}l;l rj;Jf; Fiwg;ghl;il epth;j;jp bra;a
10 ypl;lh; ePhpy;/ 50 fpuhk; Jj;jehf ry;ngl;/ 50 fpuhk;
kf;dPrpak; ry;ngl;/ 50 fpuhk; kh';fdP!; ry;ngl;/ 25
fpuhk; fhg;gh; ry;ngl;/ 25 fpuhk; bgh;u!; ry;ngl; fye;J 4
Kiw g[jpa jsph;fs; njhd;Wk; nghJ / XU khjk; fHpj;J
kWKiw/ g{f;Fk; gUtk; kw;Wk; fha; gpof;Fk;
gUt';fspy; bjspf;fntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld; tpisr;riy nkk;gLj;j/ a{hpah 1
rjtpfpjk; kw;Wk; 0.5 rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf fiuriy
bjspf;fntz;Lk;.
rg;nghl;lh
rg;nghl;lh gaph; ve;j tif kz;zpYk; brHpj;J
tsuf;ToaJ vd;whYk; ey;y tofhy; trjpahd kz;
gapUf;F Vw;wJ. nkYk;/ rg;nghl;lh cg;g[j;jd;ika[s;s
epy';fspYk;/ cg;g[ jd;ik bfhz;l ghrd ePiua[k;
102
jh';fp tsuf;ToaJ. rhjuzkhf/ ku';fs; eLk;nghJ
braw;if cuk; vJt[k; ,lntz;oajpy;iy. fPH; fz;l
cu msit ePh;g;; ghrd trjpa[s;s gFjpfspy; khh;r;-
Vg;uy; xUKiwa[k;/ brg;lk;gh;-mf;nlhgh; kWKiwa[k;
,uz;lhfg; gphpj;J ,lyhk;. ,jd; \yk; brofspd;
tsh;r;rp rPuhf ,Ug;gnjhL/ cuk; tPzhtJ
jLf;fg;gLk;.
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; cu mst[ (fpnyh/ kuk; /tUlk;)
tUlk; jiHr;
rj;J
kzpr;
rj;J
rhk;gy;
rj;J
bjhG
cuk;
Kjy; tUlk; 0.2 0.2 0.3 10.00
tUlh tUlk;
mjpfhpg;g[
0.2 0.2 0.3 10.00
5 tUl';fSf;Fk;
gpwFk;
1 1 1.5 50.00
nkYk;/ rg;nghl;;lh fha;fs; bgUf;f 1 rjtpfpj
o.V.gp fiuriyj; bjspj;jy; tsh;r;rpia Jhpjg;gLj;j
cjt[k;. vdnt/ ,g;gHg;gaph;fSf;F cukpLk;nghJ/
mtw;wpd; njitf;nfw;g kz; ghpnrhjid bra;J/
gphpj;jspg;gjd; \yk;/ cuk; tPzhtij jLg;gJ
kl;Lky;yhky; ey;y tpisr;riya[k; bgwyhk;.
103
cah; tpisr;rYf;F rkr;rPh; cukply; - rpy
bghJ Fwpg;g[fs;
bka;. jl;rpzh\h;j;jp kw;Wk; b$. ghyKUfd; kz:zpay; kw;Wk; ntshz: ntjpapay; Jiw/
jkpH;ehL ntshz:ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nfhit-3.
1. kz;zpd; tiffs;
jkpH; ehl;oy; bgUk;ghYk; Ie;J kz; tiffs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit Kiwna
1. brk;kz:
2. fhpry; kz:
3. tz;ly; kz: my;yJ mil kz:
4. brk;g[iw kz:
5. kzw;gh';fhd kz:
1. brk;kz;
gapuhFk; epyg;gug;gpy; bgUk;gFjp brk;kz;
tifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;. brk;kz;qk;/ brk;g[iw
kz;qk; Rkhh; 5/90/000 vf;lh; gug;gstpy; cs;sd.
,t;tif kz; jkpHfj;jpy; vy;yh khtl;l';fspYk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; fsp br';fsp tifiar; rhh;e;jJ MFk;.
,k;kz;zpy; <uk; mjpf ehl;fs; j';Ftjpy;iy.
ePhpy; fiua[k; cg;g[f;fs; xU rjtpfpjj;jpw;F Fiwthf
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,k;kz;zpd; fhu mkpyj; jd;ik
6.5apypUe;J 7.5 tiuapy; cs;sJ. jiH kw;Wk;
kzpr;rj;Jk; Fiwe;j msnt cs;sd. ,J bghJthf
fhpry; kz;iz tpl tsj;jpy; FiwthdJ. ghrd
trjpiag; bghWj;J nghjpa mst[ cukpLtjpd; \yk;/
104
,j;jifa kz; tiffspy; vy;yhtpjkhd gaph;
tiffisa[k; rhFgo bra;ayhk;.
2. fhpry; kz;
jkpH; ehl;oy; fhpry; kz;zpd; gug;gst[ Rkhh;
27/10/300 vf;lh;fs; MFk;. ,t;tif kz;/ ,uhkehjg[uk;/
jpUbey;ntyp/ bjd; Mw;fhL/ nfhaKj;Jhh; kw;Wk;
kJiu Mfpa khtl;l';fspy; rpy gFjpfspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; kz; gFjp kpf mHkhdJ.
mjpf mstpy; fz;zhk;g[ ,jpy; fye;Js;sJ. rpy
,l';fspy; $pg;rk; bfhz;litahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jpy; cs;s fsp tif fU';fsp tifahFk;.
,k;kz;zpy; fhu mkpyj; jd;ik 7.0 apypUe;J 8.5 tiu
cs;sJ. ,jpy; jiHr; rj;J/ kzpr; rj;J Fiwe;j
mstpYk;/ rhk;gy; rj;J epiwe;j mstpYk;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,J tskhd kz; MFk;.
3. tz;ly; kz;
jkpH; ehl;oy; ,jd; gug;gst[ 2/15/000 vf;lh;fs;
MFk;. ejpnahl;lj;jpdhy; tz;ly; goe;J ,t;tif kz;
Vw;gLtjhy; ejpfspd; gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;/ gLif
gFjpfspYk; ,J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mfnt kz; gFjp
kpf MHkhdJk; tskhdJkhFk;. ,k;kz; tifapy;
btg;gj;jhy; btog;g[ Vw;gLtjpy;iy. jz;zPhpy;
fiuaf;Toa cg;g[f;fs; 0.1 rjtpfpjj;jpw;Fk; Fiwt[.
4. brk;g[iw kz;
fpHf;Ff; flw;fiunahug; gFjpfspy; ,';Fk;
m';Fkhf rpy ,l';fspYk;/ ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpd;
bgUk;gFjpfspYk;/ bfhilf;fhdy; gFjpfspYk;
,t;tif kz; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kiHa[k;/ btg;gKk;
mjpf mstpy; cs;s ,l';fspy; ,t;tifahd kz;
njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,t;tif kz;zpy; ,Uk;g[r; rj;Jk;/
mYkpdpar; rj;Jk; mjpf mstpy; cs;sd. ,J mkpyj;
105
jd;ik cs;s kz; MFk;. ,jd; fhu mkpyj; jd;ik 4.8
apypUe;J 5.5 tiu ,Uf;Fk;. ,k;kz; <ukhf ,Uf;Fk;
nghJ bkd;ikj; jd;ikiaa[k;/ cyh;e;jpUf;Fk; nghJ
fodj; jd;ikiaa[k; bgWfpd;wJ. kpft[k; Fiwe;j
mstpy; m';ffg; bghUs; bfhz;lJ. ,t;tif kz;
kpft[k; tsk; Fd;wpajhFk;.
5. kzw;gh';fhd kz;
,t;tif kz;zpd; gug;gst[ 2/39/700 vf;lh;fs;
MFk;. flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; ,t;tif kz;
bgUk;ghYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F ePiuf; flj;Jk;
jpwd; mjpfk;. ePh; gpog;g[j; jd;ik kpft[k; Fiwt[.
jz;zPh; vspjpy; toe;J tpLk;. kpft[k; tsk; Fiwe;jJ.
cukpl;lhy; gaph;fs; ed;F tsh;fpd;wd. ,jpy; thiH
kw;Wk; g[ifapiy nghd;wit gapuhfpd;wd.
2. kz;zpd; fhu mkpy epiy
kz;zpd; fhu-mkpy epiyfs;/ gaphplg;gLk;
gaphpd; Kisg;iga[k; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpiaa[k;
ghjpf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; ehd;F epiyfs; cz;L.
kz;zpd; fhu mkpy epiy
1. fhu mkpy epiy 6.0 fPH; : mkpy epiy
2. fhu mkpy epiy 6.1 - 8.5 : cfe;j epiy
3. fhu mkpy epiy 8.6 - 8.9 : kpjkhd fhu epiy
4. fhu mkpy epiy 9.0 f;F nky; : fhu epiy
106
gaph;fSf;F Vw;w fhu mkpy epiy
gaph; jFe;j fhu mkpy epiy bey; 5.0 apypUe;J 6.5 tiu
nrhsk; 5.5 apypUe;J 7.5 tiu
fk;g[ 5.0 apypUe;J 6.5 tiu
kf;fhr;nrhsk; 5.5 apypUe;J 7.5 tiu
gUj;jp 5.0 apypUe;J 6.0 tiu
fliy 5.3 apypUe;J 6.6 tiu
thiH 6.0 apypUe;J 7.5 tiu
bjd;id 6.0 apypUe;J 7.5 tiu
fhg;gp 4.5 apypUe;J 7.0 tiu
njapiy 4.0 apypUe;J 6.0 tiu
ug;gh; 3.5 apypUe;J 8.0 tiu
md;dhrp 5.0 apypUe;J 6.5 tiu
3. kz; ghpnrhjid
gaphplg;gLk; kz;zpy; gap+l;l';fspd; mst[
kw;Wk; kz;zpd; gz:ig mwpa cjt[k; fhu-mkpyj;
jd;ik kw;Wk; ePhpy; fiua[k; cg;g[f;fspd; epiy nghd;w
tpgu';fs; bjhpe;jhy; jhd;/ mk;kz;zpy; gaphplg;gLk;
gaph; ey;y Kiwapy; tsh;e;J rpwe;j tpisr;riyj; ju
njitahd ghpe;Jiufis tH';fKoa[k;. kz;
ghpnrhjid bra;tjpd; \yk; Fwpg;gpl;l gapUf;F
jiHr; rj;J/ kzpr;rj;J kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J Mfpatw;iw ve;j mstpy; cukhf ,l ntz;Lk;
vd;gjida[k; kz;zpd; Fzj;jpy; FiwapUe;jhy;
khWjy; bra;a[k; tHpKiwfisa[k; fz;lwpa KofpwJ.
107
kz; ghpnrhjidf; Tl';fs; jkpH; ehl;oy;
fPH;f;fz;l ,l';fspy; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wd. mit
kz;zpd; tsj;ijj; bjhptpg;gnjhL/ kz;zpd;
tsj;ijg; bgUf;Fk; tHpKiwfisa[k; ghpe;Jiu
bra;fpd;wd.
jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;s kz; ghpnrhjidf; Tl';fs;
thpir
vz;
,lk; gad;bgWk; khtl;lk;
1. nfhak;g[j;Jhh; nfhak;g[j;Jhh;
2. MLJiw j";rht{h;/ jpUth+h;/
ehfgl;odk;
3. nfhtpy;gl;o Jhj;Jf;Fo
4. flYhh; flYhh;/ tpGg;g[uk;
5. fh";rpg[uk; fh";rpg[uk;
6. nkyhyj;Jhh; tl Mw;fhL
7. nryk; nryk;/ ehkf;fy;
8. <nuhL <nuhL
9. kJiu kJiu
10. jpUr;rp jpUr;rp
11. gukf;Fo ,uhkehjg[uk;
12. Cl;o cjfkz;lyk;
13. FLkpahd;kiy g[Jf;nfhl;il
14. jh;kg[hp jh;kg[hp
15. ehfh;nfhtpy; fd;dpahFkhp
16. jpz;Lf;fy; jpz;Lf;fy;
17. njdp njdp
18. rptf';if rptf';if
19. jpUbey;ntyp jpUbey;ntyp
108
20. mUg;g[f;nfhl;il
(elkhLk; kz;
ghpnrhjidf; Tlk;
kl;Lk;)
tpUJefh;
nkw;Twpa kz; ghpnrhjidf; Tl';fs;
my;yhky;/ elkhLk; kz; ghpnrhjidf; Tl';fSk; rpy
Kf;fpa gFjpfspy; bray;gLfpd;wd.
kz; khjphp vLj;jy;
kz; ghpnrhjid bra;tjw;F kz; khjphp vLf;f
ntz;Lk;. mg;go vLf;Fk; nghJ fPH;f;fz;l
Fwpg;g[fis kdjpy; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
1. vUf;Ftpj;j ,l';fspypUe;Jk; tug;g[
Xu';fspypUe;Jk; kz; vLf;ff; TlhJ.
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;Dk; my;yJ cukpLtjw;F
Kd;Dk; kz; khjphp vLf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. epyj;jpd; nkyhff; fplf;Fk; ,iy/ rUF
Kjypatw;iw mg;g[wg;gLj;jt[k;/ Mdhy; nky;
kz;iz ePf;Fjy; TlhJ.
3. jhdpag; gapUf;F kz; khjphp vLf;ifapy;
epyj;jpy; 6 m';Fy MHj;jpw;F ‘V’ totkhd
Fwpapd; Xukhf itj;J. nkypUe;J mo-
tiuf;Fk; xnu rPuhf/ miu m';Fy fdk; cs;s
kz;iz vLf;f ntz;Lk;. fUk;g[/ gUj;jp gaph;
bra;a[k; epy';fspy; 9 m';Fy MHk; tiu kz;
vLf;f ntz;Lk;. gHj; njhl;l';fs;/ bjd;id
nghd;w gaph;fSf;F 12 m';Fy MHj;jpypUe;J
xU khjphpa[k; 12-24 m';Fy MHj;jpypUe;J
kw;bwhU khjphpa[k; jdpj; jdpahf vLf;f
ntz;Lk;.
109
4. ,J nghd;W Rkhh; gjpide;J ,l';fspypUe;J
kz; nrfhpj;J. nrfhpj;j kz;iz ed;whff;
fyf;ft[k;. kz; <ukhf ,Ue;jhy; epHypy;
cyh;j;j ntz;Lk;. kz; fl;ofisg; bghoj;j
tpl ntz;Lk;.
5. bghoj;J itj;j kz;iz xU fhfpjj;jpy;
gug;gp/ ehd;F ghf';fshfg; gphpf;f ntz;Lk;.
mjpy; vjph; vjpuhf cs;s ,uz;L ghf';fis
vLj;Jf; bfhz;L kw;wtw;iw xJf;fp tpl
ntz;Lk;. fpl;ljpl;l 500 fpuhk; kz; fpilf;Fk;
tiu kz;iz ,e;j Kiwapy; khjphpg;gLj;jp
Jzpg;igfspy; nghl;L fPH;f;fz;l
tptu';fnshL kz; ghpnrhjidf; Tlj;jpw;F
mDg;g ntz;Lk;.
1. cHth;fs; bgah; kw;Wk; Kfthp
2. fpuhkk; kw;Wk; Cuhl;rp xd;wpak;
3. rh;nt vz;
4. gaph; bra;a cj;njrpj;Js;s gaph;
5. ghrd trjp
xU njhl;lj;jpy; my;yJ gz;izapy; kz; xnu
gz;g[s;sjhf ,Ue;jhy;/ Ie;J Vf;fUf;F xU kz;
khjphp vLj;jhy; nghJk;. cukpLtjw;F nghjpa
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng kz;izg; ghpnrhjpj;J kz;
ghpnrhjidf; Tlj;jpd; Mnyhridg;go cukpLtnj
ey;yJ. xt;bthU Mz;Lk; gaph; mWtilf;Fg;gpd;
kz;izg; ghpnrhjpj;J Mnyhrid bgWjy; ey;yJ.
110
4. fsh; kw;Wk; cth; epy';fs;
epyk; fsuhfnth md;wp ctuhfnth ,Ue;jhy;/
gapUf;F Vw;wjy;y. kz; ghpnrhjidapd; Kot[ fsh;-
cth; jd;ikfs; mjpYs;s ePhpy; fiua[k; cg;g[f;fspd;
epiy Mfpatw;wiw tpsf;Fk;. mg;go ,Uf;Fkhdhy;/
fPH;f;fz;l Kiwfisf; ifahz;L epyj;ijr; rPh;-
gLj;jp gaph; bra;aj; jFe;jjhf khw;w ntz;Lk;. fsh;
cth; kz; tiffspd; rpy Kf;fpa Fzhjpra';fs; gpd;
tUk; ml;ltidapy; Fwpg;gp-lg;gl;Ls;sd.
gz;g[fs; cth; epyk; fsh; epyk; fsh; - cth;
epyk;
kz;zpd;
fhu mkpy
epiy
8.5 f;Ff; fPH; 8.5 f;F nky; 8.5 f;Ff; fPH;
kz;zpy;
cs;s
fiua[k;
cg;gpd;
mst[
4 mst[f;F
nky;
4 mst[f;F
fPH;
4 mst[f;F
nky;
ghpkhw;w cg;g[
rjtpfpjk; 15 f;Ff; fPH; 15 f;F nky; 15 f;F nky;
fsh; epyj;ij rPh;gLj;Jjy;
m) bts;isf; fsh; epyk;
• fsh; epyj;ijr; Rw;wpYk; tug;g[f; fl;o/ ey;y
Rj;jkhd ePiug; gha;r;rp/ \d;W ehd;F
ehl;fSf;Fj; njf;fp itf;f ntz;Lk;.
• mg;nghJ epyj;jpd; nky; btz;ikahfg;
goe;Js;s fiuaf; Toa cg;g[f;fs; ePhpy; fiue;J
tpLk;.
111
• 3 apypUe;J 4 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; epWj;jp
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd jz;zPiu toj;J tpl
ntz;Lk;.
(M) fU';fsh; epyk;
• fU';fsh; epyj;jpy; cs;s nrhoak; fhh;gndl;
cg;g[ ePhpy; fiuahJ.
• ,e;j cg;g[ kz;Thpfis rpjwog;gjhy; Kjypy;
epy mikg;igj; jpUj;jp ePiu tof;f ntz;Lk;.
$pg;rk; ,Ljy;
5 apypUe;J 10 ld; tiu gRe;jhs; cukpl;L
epyj;ij rw;W ,sf;fkhf;fpagpd; vf;lUf;F 5 apypUe;J
10 ld; $pg;rk; ,l;L epyj;jpy; epiwa ePiu epWj;jt[k;.
[fhy;rpak; ry;ngl; ($pg;rk;) nrhoak; fhh;gndl;Lld;
urhadf;fphpia g[hpe;J fhy;rpak; fhh;gndl;lhf
khWfpd;wJ]. mjdhy; cth;f; fspahf ,Ue;j epyk;
cg;g[f; fsp cilajhf khWfpd;wJ. epyj;jpd; tofhy;
trjp nkk;gLfpd;wJ. ePiu toj;J tpl;lhy; cg;g[f;fs;
btspnaw;wg;gLk;. gpd; bjhlh;e;J xU Kiwnah my;yJ
,U Kiwnah/ jf;ifg; g{z;il me;j epyj;jpy; gaphpl;L/
mjpnyna klf;fp cGJ tplt[k;.
fe;jfkpLjy;
$pg;rj;jpw;F khw;whf epyj;jpny nghJkhd mst[
Rz;zhk;g[f;fy; ,Uf;Fk; bghGJ fe;jfj;ij vf;lUf;F
2 apypUe;J 3 ld; tPjk; nghl;Lj; njitahd ePh;
ghar;rpdhy; fsh; epyk; jpUj;jp gaph; bra;tjw;F
Vw;wjhf khWk;.
112
5. mkpy epy';fs;
jkpH; ehl;oy; mkpyj; jd;ika[ila epy';fs;
ePyfphp/ bfhilf;fhdy;/ j";rht{h; kw;Wk;
fd;dpahFkhp Mfpa khtl;l';fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kz;zpy; cs;s cg;g[fspy; bgUk;gFjp mjpf
kiHapdhy; kz;zpd; nkw;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J fiuf;-
fg;gl;L tof;fg;gl;L tpLtjhy; ,k;khjphpahd mkpy
epy';fs; cz;lhfpd;wd. mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl; nghd;w
mkpy epiy jUk; braw;if cu';fis mjpf mstpy;
bjhlh;e;J gad;gLj;jp te;jhYk; Xust[ mkpyj; jd;ik
cz;lhFk;.
,k;khjphpahd mkpy epy';fspy; bgUk;ghYk; fhu
mkpyj; jd;ik 6.0 my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
Rz:zhk;g[ kw;Wk; kf;dPrpak; nghd;w cg;g[f;fs;
kz;zpy; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; ,k;kz;zpd; tsKk;
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
mkpy epyj;ij rPh;gLj;Jjy;
,k;khjphpahd mkpy epy';fisr; rPh;jpUj;j
mitfspd; mkpyj; jd;ikf;Fj; jf;fgo fPH;f;fz;l
mst[ Rz;zhk;g[ ,l ntz;Lk;.
fhu
mkpyj;
jd;ik
Rz;zhk;g[
(fpnyh fpuhk;/ vf;lh;)
fhu
mkpyj;
jd;ik
Rz;zhk;g[
(fpnyh fpuhk; / vf;lh;)
5.9 1120 5.4 3910
5.8 1670 5.3 4465
5.7 2225 5.2 5020
5.6 2790 5.1 5560
5.5 3345 5.0 6015
113
6. ghrd ePh; ghpnrhjid
gaph; bra;a[k; gaph; ed;whf tsh;e;J mjpf
tpisr;ry; bfhLf;f/ tsikahd epyKk;/ ePh;g;-
ghrdj;jpw;nfw;w jz;zPUk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
Mfnt ghrd ePhpd; gz:iga[k; mwpe;J bfhs;Sjy;
kz; ghpnrhjidapd; kw;bwhU gFjpahFk;.
ghrd ePhpd; Fz';fs;
ghrdj;jpw;F cgnahfg;gLk; ePh; ey;y ePuhf
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. bghJthf ePhpd; Fzk; mjpy;
fiue;Js;s cg;g[r; rj;Jf;fspd; mst[/ mitfspd;
jd;ikfs; Mfpatw;iwg; bghWj;jJ. rhjhuz/ rhk;gy;
rj;J kw;Wk; bkf;dPrpak; nrh;e;j cg;g[f;fs; ePhpy;
fiuaf;-ToaitahFk;. ghrd ePhpd; Fz';fs; fPH;f;-
fz;ltw;iwg; bghWj;J mika[k;.
1. ePhpy; fiue;Js;s cg;g[f;fspd; bkhj;j mst[
2. bkhj;j mst[ cg;gpy; rhjhuz tif
cg;g[f;fspd; tpfpjhr;rhuk;
3. fhpakpy tha[ cg;g[fspd; mst[
4. nghuhd; nghd;w rpy Cl;l';fs; Fwpg;gpl;l
mstpw;F nky; ,Ug;gJ.
gaph; tpisr;riy mDrhpj;J fPH;f;fz;l mst[
ePhpy; fiue;Js;s cg;g[f;fspd; bkhj;j mst[
,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. fhh;gd; - fhpkk; 2. iQl;u$d; - ePufk; 3. Mf;!p$d; - capufk; 4. jiH 5. kzp
114
6. rhk;gy; 7. Rz;zhk;g[ 8. kf;dPrpak; 9. fe;jfk; 10. ,Uk;g[ 11. Jj;jehfk; 12. nghuhd; 13. jhkpuk; 14. kh';fdP!; 15. khypg;odk; 16. Fnshhpd;
nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l 16 Cl;l';fspy; VjhtJ
xd;wpuz;L ,y;yhjpUg;gpDk; my;yJ Fiwthf
,Ug;gpDk; gaph; tsh;r;rpapy; KGikapUf;fhJ.
7. gRe;jhs; cug;gaph;fs;
1. jf;ifg;g{z;L
,J gy;ntW btg;g jl;g epiyapYk; gy;tif
epy';fspYk; tsuf;ToaJ. xU vf;lhpy; tpijf;f 50
fpnyh tpij ntz;Lk;. \d;W khj';fspy; xU
vf;lhpypUe;J 7.5 apypUe;J 10 ld; tiu gRe;jiH
bfhLf;Fk;. ,J xUnghf e";irf;F Vw;wJ.
epyj;jpYs;s fsh;j;jd;ikia Fiwf;f ty;yJ.
2. rPik mfj;jp
xU vf;lh; tpijf;f 50 fpnyh tpij ntz;Lk;.
mjpf mst[ jiHr;rj;J bfhLf;Fk;. xU vf;lhpypUe;J
12 apypUe;J 15 ld; tiu gRe;jiH bfhLf;Fk;.
3. bfhS";rp
kzw;gh';fhd xUnghf e";irapy; gaph;
bra;tjw;F Vw;wJ. ,J bkJthf tsh;e;J epyj;jpy;
115
MW khjk; tiu ,Uf;Fk;. fLk; twl;rpiaa[k; jh';ff;
ToaJ. 2.5 ld; gRe;jiHia xU vf;lhpypUe;J
bfhLf;Fk;.
4. rzg;g[
,J btF tpiutpy; tsuf; ToaJ. tpijj;j
VG thu';fspy; epyj;jpy; klf;fp cHyhk;. tofhy;
trjpa[ld; Toa fspkz; epy';fspy; gaph; bra;a Vw;wJ.
ePh;ghrdj;Jld; gaphplg;gLk; rzg;g[ 7.5 ld; gRe;jiH
bfhLf;Fk;.
5. mt[hp
,J fspkz; epyj;jpw;F Vw;wJ. xd;W my;yJ
,uz;L Kiw ePh; gha;r;rpdhy; brHpg;ghf tsUk;. taJ
6 Kjy; 8 khj';fs; tiu Rkhh; 2 ld; gRe;jiH
bfhLf;Fk;.
6. gpy;ypg;gaW
,J fU';fspkz; epyj;jpw;F Vw;wJ. bey;
mWtilf;F 4 my;yJ 5 jpd';fSf;F Kd;ng/
vf;lUf;F 25 fpnyh tPjk; tpij tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
gj;J thu';fspy; Rkhh; vf;lUf;F 5 Kjy; 7.5 ld;
gRe;jiH bfhLf;Fk;.
gRe;jhs; kw;Wk; gRe;jiH cug;gaph;fspYs;s
ng+l;l';fspd; rjtpfpj mst[
t.
vz;
gRe;jhs;
cug;gaph;
jiHr;
rj;J
kzpr;rj;J rhk;gy;
rj;J
1. jf;ifg;
g{z;L
3.5 0.6 1.2
2. rzg;g[ 2.3 0.5 1.8
3. bfhS";rp 1.8 0.2 0.6
4. rPik mfj;jp 2.7 0.5 2.2
116
5. jl;ilg; gapW 2.9 0.5 2.8
6. fpshprpoah 2.9 0.5 2.8
7. MLbjhlh 2.5 0.6 2.9
gRe;jhs; cuk; gaphpLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;
jiHr;rj;ija[k;/ ,ju m';ffg; bghUl;fisa[k;
Fiwe;j brytpy; epyj;jpw;Fr; nrh;g;gJjhd; gRe;jhs;
gaph; bra;tjpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fkhFk;.
gRe;jhs; gaph;fs; fhw;wpYs;s jiHr;rj;ij
iunrhgpak; vdg;gLk; ghf;ohpah Ez;qaph;fs; \yk;
nth; Kor;Rfspy; epiyg;gLj;jp epyj;ij tskilar;
bra;fpd;wd.
gRe;jhs; cukpLtjhy; kz;zpy; m';ffg;
bghUl;fspd; mst[ mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy;
kz;zpy; ePiu <h;j;Jf; fhf;Fk; rf;jpa[k;
mjpfkhfpd;wJ. fspg;gh';fhd epy';fspy; ePh; tofhy;
trjp mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. kz;zpYs;s Ez;qaph;fs;
bgUf;fkile;J mjdhy; kz;zpypUe;J gaph;fSf;F
fpilf;fhj epiyapy; cs;s gap+l;l';fis gaph;fs;
fpufpf;ff;Toa epiyf;F khw;wkilar; bra;fpd;wJ.
mokz;zpypUf;Fk; gap+l;l';fis gRe;jhs;
gaph;fs; fpufpj;Jf; bfhz;L gpwF klf;fp cHg;gLtjhy;
nky; kz;zpy; mitfs; nrh;f;fg;gl;L mLj;j gapUf;F
gadspf;fpd;wJ.
117
cu cgnahfj;jpwid nkk;gLj;Jk;
tHpKiwfs;
bka;. jl;rpzh\h;j;jp kw;Wk; b$. ghyKUfd; kz:zpay; kw;Wk; ntshz: ntjpapay; Jiw/
jkpH;ehL ntshz:ikg; gy;fiyf;fHfk;/ nfhit-3.
gapUf;F mspf;fg;gLfpd;w gap+l;lr; rj;Jf;fs;
midj;Jk; KGikahf mg;gapUf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
gy;ntW fhuz';fshy; cur;rj;Jf;fs; tPzhfp/
mtw;wpd; cgnahfj;jpwd; Fiwe;J/ gaphpd; tpisr;ry;
vjph;ghh;j;j mstpw;F ,Ug;gjpy;iy. cur;rj;Jf;fs;
tPzhtJ fPH;f;fz;l tiffspy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
1. tofhy; jz;zPh; \yk; ,Hg;g[
2. kz;zpd; rpW Jfs;fshd fsp kw;Wk;
Rz;zhk;g[ld; nrh;e;J epiyg;gLj;Jjy;
3. ed;bra; epy';fspy;/ Mtpahjy; \yKk; kw;Wk;
jiHr;rj;jpd; vjph; kpd; madpahf khw;wk;
\yKk; jiHr;rj;J tPzhfyhk;
nkYk; cu';fs; gaphpd; nth;ghfj;jpw;fg;ghy; ngha;
tpLtjhYk; ehk; ,Lk; cuj;jpd; KGg;gad;
fpilf;fhky; ngha;tpLfpwJ. Mfnt mjpf tpiya[s;s
cur;rj;Jf;fs; tPzhtijf; Fiwj;J mtw;wpd;
KGg;gad;fis miltJ kpf mtrpak;. cur;-
rj;Jf;fspd; cgnahfj;jpwidf; Tl;Ltjw;F gy
tHpKiwfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd
i) kz;zpd; tsj;jpw;nfw;g jf;f mst[ cukply;
ii) gaphpd; njitf;nfw;w mst[ cukply;
iii) jFe;j cukply;
118
iv) rhpahd neuj;jpy; cukply;
v) rhpahd Kiwapy; cukply;
vi) epyj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfis (mkpyk;/ fsh;
kw;Wk; cth;) ePf;fp gpwF cukply;
vii) xU';fpize;j cu eph;thf Kiwfis fil-
gpoj;jy;
i) kz;zpd; tsj;jpw;nfw;g jf;f mst[ cukpLjy;
kz; ghpnrhjid \yk; kz;zpd; tsk; vt;thW
cs;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J/ njitahd mst[ kl;Lnk
cukpLjy; ey;y tpisr;ry; bgWtjw;Fk;/ ,lg;gLk;
cur;rj;Jf;fs; KGg;gaidg; bgWtjw;Fk; tHptFf;Fk;.
Fiwthd mstpy; cukpLtJ gaphpd; KG tpis
jpwida[k; bgw ,ayhky; bra;JtpLk;. mnj rkak;
njitf;F mjpfkhf cukpLtJ/ ,lg;gLk; Cl;lr;-
rj;Jf;fspd; cgnahfj;jpwid Fiwf;f VJthft[k;
,Uf;Fk;. Mfnt kz;ghpnrhjidapd; go me;je;j
gapUf;nfw;w ghpe;Jiu bra;ag;gl;l mst[fspy; ,LtJ
mtrpakhfpwJ.
ii) gaphpd; njitf;nfw;w mst[ cukply;
gaphpd; tpisr;ry; jpwd; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp/
fhyj;jpw;nfw;g mjd; Cl;lr;rj;J njitfSk;
khWgLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf/ bew;gapiu mit
gaphpLk; fhyj;jpw;nfw;g FWit/ jhso/ rk;gh vd
gphpf;fpnwhk;. ,g;gUt';fspy; gaphplg;gLk; bey;
uf';fspd; taJ kw;Wk; tpisr;ry; jpwd; khWgLtjhy;
me;je;j gUtj;jpy; gaphplg;gLk;/ bey; gapUf;F ghpe;Jiu
bra;ag;gl;l cu mst[fis filg;gpoj;jy; ey;y gyidg;
bgw VJthFk;.
119
iii) jFe;j cukply;
gapUf;F cfe;j cu';fisj; njh;t[ bra;J ,LtJ
cu cgnahfj;jpwid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k; tHpahFk;.
Fwpg;ghf jiHr;rj;J btt;ntW tot';fspy; gaph;fs;
vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. ed;bra; epy';fspy; gaphp-
lg;gLk; bew;gaph;/ jiHr;rj;jpd; neh; kpd; madp
totpYk; njhl;lf;fhy; kw;Wk; khdhthhpapy;
gaphplg;gLk; ,jug; gaph;fs; jiHr; rj;jpd; vjph; kpd;
madp totpYk; jiHr;rj;ij njh;e;bjLj;Jf;
bfhs;fpd;wd. Mfnt gapUf;F Vw;whw; nghy; cu';fis
njh;t[ bra;J gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ. jtpu fPH;f;fz;l
R{H;epiyfspy; gapUf;F ,lg;gLk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd;
,Hg;g[fs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fsh; kw;Wk; cth; epy';fspy; Mtpahjy; \yk;
jiHr;rj;J ,Hg;g[
mjpf tofhy; cs;s kzw;gh';fhd epy';fspy;
toePh; \yk; Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspd; ,Hg;g[
brt;ty; kw;Wk; Rz;zhk;g[r;rj;J kpFe;j
epy';fspy; kzpr;rj;J epiy epWj;jg;gLjy;
,j;jifa R{H;epiyfspy; jiHr;rj;ij neuoahf
a{hpah/ mk;nkhdpak; FnshiuL nghd;w cu cg;g[
,lhky;/ jhh; my;yJ ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F/ my;yJ
muf;F g{rpa a{hpah fyit my;yJ <u kz;qld;
fye;j a{hpah fyit my;yJ mk;nkhdpak; FnshiuL
nghd;witfis gad;gLj;Jjy; jiHr;rj;jpd;
,Hg;g[fisf; Fiwj;J/ cu cgnahfj;jpwid
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k;.
120
mnjnghy; brt;ty; epy';fspYk;/ Rz;zhk;g[r;
rj;J kpFe;j epy';fspYk; kzpr;rj;J epiy
epWj;jg;gLtijj; jtph;f;f Cl;lnkw;wpa bjhG cukhf
,LtJ rpwe;jJ.
iv) rhpahd neuj;jpy; cukply;
gaphpd; taJ kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpg; gUt';fis
bghWj;J mtw;wpd; cuj;njitfs; khWgLfpd;wd.
Fwpg;ghf bew;gaphpy; J}h;fl;Lk; gUtk;/ fjph; FUj;J
tpLk; gUtk; Mfpa gUt';fspy; jiHr;rj;jpd; njit
mjpfkhf cs;sJ. Mfnt moa[ukhf ,lg;gLk;
jiHr;rj;jpd; msitf; Fiwj;J nkYukhf ,uz;L
my;yJ \d;W Kiwfspy; ,LtJ mjpf cu cgnahfj;
jpwid mspf;Fk;. kzpr;rj;ijg; bghWj;jtiu gaphpd;
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mjd; nth; tsh;r;rpf;F Kf;fpakhfj;
njitg;gLtjhYk;/ kz;zpy; mjd; ,Hg;g[fs;
Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhYk; kzpr;rj;J KGtija[k;
moa[ukhf ,LtJ nghJkhdJ. rhk;gy; rj;Jk;
Muk;gfhyk; Kjw;f;bfhz;L gaphpd; tsh;r;rpf; fhyk;
KGtJk; njitg;gLtjhy; xU gFjpia moa[ukhft[k;/
kWgFjpia gaph; g{f;Fk; gUtj;jpYk; ,LtJ mjpf cu
cgnahfj;jpwidf; bfhLf;Fk;.
v) rhpahd Kiwapy; cukply;
kz; tiffs; kw;Wk; cgnahfg;gLj;Jk; cuj;jpd;
jd;ik Mfpatw;wpw;f;nfw;g cukpLk; Kiwfis
ifahStJ cur;rj;Jf;fspd; KGg;gaida[k; bgw
cjt[k;. Fwpg;ghf kzy; thhp epy';fspy; cukpLk; nghJ
xnu neuj;jpy; cukpl;lhy; cur;rj;Jf;fs; epyj;jo ePhpy;
mjpf mstpy; ngha;r;nrUk; mt;thW cs;s kzw;rhhp
epy';fspy; xt;bthU Kiwa[k; kpff; Fiwe;j mst[
cuj;ij gaph; njitf;nfw;g gy g';Ffshf gphpj;J
121
mof;fo cukply; ntz;Lk;. nkYk; gapUf;F ,lg;gLk;
cur;rj;Jfis nknyhl;lkhf J}tp tplhky;/ kz;zpy;
ed;F fyf;Fk;go bra;tjhYk; gaphpd; nth;g;ghfj;jpy;
kz;qf;Fs; cuj;ijg; gjpa ,LtjhYk; Cl;lr;-
rj;Jf;fspd; ,Hg;g[ Fiwe;J cgnahfj;jpwid
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;ayhk;.
vi) epyj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfis ePf;fp gpwF cukply; fsh;/ cth; kw;Wk; mkpyj;jd;ika[ila
FiwghLila epy';fspy;/ FiwghLfis ePf;Ftjw;F
chpa rPh;jpUj;j Kiwfis ifahz;L gaph;
bra;tJld; Muha;r;rpapd; ghpe;Jiuf;nfw;g njitahd
Ez:q}l;lr; rj;Jf;fis ,LtJ/ ng+l;l';fspd; cu
cgnahfj;jpwid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k;. mj;jifa
epy';fspy; Ez;q}l;l';fis epyj;jpy; ,Ltijf;
fhl;oYk;/ ,iytHp cukhf ,LtJ cur;bryitf;
Fiwg;gJld; mjpf gyidf; bfhLf;Fk;.
vii) xU';fpize;j cu eph;thf Kiwfisf;
filgpoj;jy;
ehSf;F ehs; cu';fspd; tpiyfs; mjpfhpj;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,r;R{H;epiyapy; rPhpa cu eph;thf
Kiwfisf; filg;gpog;gjd; \ynk cur;rj;Jf;fspd;
,Hg;g[fisf; Fiwj;J mtw;wpd; cu cgnahfj; jpwid
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a ,aYk;. mj;jifa tHp Kiwfspy;
xU';fpize;j cu eph;thfk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gz;izfspYk;/ bjhHpw;rhiyfspYk; fpilf;ff; Toa
gy;ntW m';ff fHpt[g; bghUl;fs;/ caph; cu';fs;/
bjhG cuk;/ fk;ngh!:l; kw;Wk; gRe;jhs; cu';fis
mitfs; fpilf;Fk; R{H;epiyf;nfw;g njitahd
mst[fspy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; \yk;/ ehk; cgnahfpf;Fk;
braw;if cu';fis kpr;rg;gLj;JtJld;/ cgnahfg;-
gLj;Jk; cu';fspd; cgnahfj;jpwida[k; mjpfhpf;fr;
122
bra;a ,aYk;. cjhuzkhf fPH;f;fz;l tHpKiwfisf;
Twyhk;.
i) gaphpy; gRe;jhs; cuk;/ bjhGcuk;/ fk;ngh!;l;
kw;Wk; fUk;ghiyf; fHpt[ Kjypa m';ff
cu';fis cgnahfg;gLj;Jtjd; \yk; jiH/
kzp kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;Jf;fspd; cu
cgnahfj;jpwid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;ayhk;.
ii) mnrhyh/ ePyg;gr;irg;ghrp kw;Wk; mnrh!;-
ighpy;yk; nghd;w caph; cu';fis
gad;gLj;Jjy; jiHr;rj;jpd; njitia
Fiwg;gJld; mjd; cgnahfj; jpwida[k;
cah;j;j cjt[k;.
iii) mkpy kw;Wk; eLepiy epy';fspy; Rg;gh;
gh!;ngl;/ uhf; gh!;ngl; cuj;ij kz;zpd; fhu
mkpyj; jd;ikf;nfw;g 1:3 kw;Wk; 1:1 vd;w
tpfpjhrhuj;Jld; fye;J ,Ljy;
iv) uhf;gh!;ngl; cuj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; nghJ
gh!;nghghf;Ohpah vd;w caph; cuj;ija[k;
nrh;j;J ,LtJ kzpr;rj;jpd; fiujpwid
nkd;ikgLj;jp mjd; cgnahfj;jpwid
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;a[k;.
v) uhf;gh!;ngl; cuj;Jld; mkpy Cf;fpfshd
fe;jfk;/ ,Uk;g[ igiul; nghd;w braw;ifg;
bghUl;fisr; nrh;j;J ,l;L kzpr;rj;jpd;
fiujpwid mjpfhpf;fr; bra;tJld; gaphpd;
fe;jfj; njitiaa[k; g{h;j;jp bra;ayhk;.
vi) kf;f itj;j fUk;ghiyf;fHpt[/ bjd;id
ehh;f;fHpt[ Mfpa m';ff cu';fis khdhthhp
kw;Wk; njhl;lf;fhy; epy';fspy; ,Ltjd; \yk;/
kz;zpd; ePh;g;gpog;g[j;jpwid mjpfhpj;J ghrd
ePhpd; njitia Fiwg;gJld; gapUf;F
123
mspf;fg;gLk; cur;rj;Jf;fspy; gaid cah;j;j
,aYk;.
vii) kz; kw;Wk; khdhthhp epy';fspy; cuj;ij
neuoahf ,Ltijj; jtph;j;J Cl;lnkw;wpa
bjhGcukhf ,Ltjdhy; kzpr;rj;jpd;
fiujpwid ghJfhj;J mjd; cgnahfj;
jpwid mjpfhpf;f bra;ayhk;.
viii) Ez;q}l;lr;rj;Jf;fis fsh;/ cth; kw;Wk;
mkpy epy';fspYk;/ Rz;zhk;g[r;rj;J kpFe;j
epy';fspy; neuoahf ,lhky; Cl;lr;rj;J
fpLf;fpfshfnth/ bjhG cuj;Jld; fye;J
Cl;lnkw;wpa bjhG cukhfnth ,Ltjd;
\yk; mitfs; gapUf;F vspjpy; fpilf;Fk;
epiyia cUthf;fyhk;. ,jd; \yk;
Ez;q}l;l';fspd; cu cgnahfj;jpwid
mjpfhpf;fr; bra;ayhk;.
cxxiv
,izg;g[ - I neh; cuk; kw;Wk; Tl;L cu';fspYs;s Cl;l';fspd; mst[
gap+l;l';fspd; rjtpfpjk; t.
vz;
cu';fspd; bgah;
jiHr; rj;J kzpr;rj;J rhk;gy; rj;J fe;jfr; rj;J
jiHr;rj;J cu';fs;
1. mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl; 20.6 ...... ..... 24.0
2. mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl; iel;nul; 26.6 ...... ..... 15.0
3. a{hpah 46.0 .... .... ....
4. mk;nkhdpak; FnshiuL 26.0 .... .... .....
5. m) fhy;rpak; mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; 20.5 .... .... .....
M) fhy;rpak; mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; 25.5 .... ..... ....
,) fhy;rpak; mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; 26.0 .... .... ....
6. mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; 33.0 ... ... ...
kzpr;rj;J cu';fs;
1. Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; ..... 16.0 ..... .....
2. l;hpg;gpy; Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; ..... 46.0 ..... ....
3. uhf; gh!;ngl; ..... 18.0 - 38.0 .... ....
4. ,Uk;g[ cUf;F Miyf;fHpt[ ..... .... .... .....
jiHr;rj;J kw;Wk; kzpr;rj;J cu';fs;
1. khndh-mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; 11.0 48.0 ..... ....
2. m) il mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; 21.0 53.0 .... ....
M) il mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; 18.0 46.0 ... 3.0
3. m) mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; 16.0 20.0 ... ....
cxxv
M) mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; 20.0 20.0 .... .....
4. mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; ry;ngl; 16.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
... 15.0
.....
5. a{hpah mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; 24.0
28.0
28.0
24.0
... .....
6. iel;nuh gh!;ngl; mk;nkhdpak;
gh!;ngl; iel;nul;
20.0
23.0
20.0
23.0
... .....
7. mk;nkhdpak; gh!;ngl; ry;ngl; iel;nul 20.0 20.0 ..... 12.0
rhk;gy; rj;J cu';fs;
1. Ka{hpnal; Mg; bghl;lh!; (bghl;lhrpak; FnshiuL) .... ...... 60.0 ....
2. ry;ngl; Mg; bghl;lh!; .... ..... 50.0 18.0
3. #Pidl; Mg; bghl;lh!; .... .... 23.0 18.0
vYk;g[ cuk;
1. m) vYk;g[ cuk; 3.0 20.0 .... .....
M) ntfitj;j vYk;g[ cu';fs; ..... 22.0 ..... ....
cxxvi
jiHr;rj;J msit jiHr;rj;J cu';fshff; fpnyh fpuhkpy; khw;Wg; gl;oay;
fpnyh fpuhkpy;
jiHr;rj;J fpilf;f
mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl;
(20.6 rjtpfpj
jiHr;rj;J )
mk;nkhdpak; FnshiuL / mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl; iel;nul;
my;yJ fhy;rpak; mk;nkhdpak;
iel;nul; (25-26 rjtpfpj jiHr;rj;J)
mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; (33 rjtpfpj jiHr;rj;J)
a{hpah (46 rjtpfpj jiHr;rj;J)
1 5 4 3 2.2
2 10 8 6 4.4
3 15 12 9 6.6
4 20 16 12 8.8
5 25 20 15 11.0
6 30 24 18 13.2
7 35 28 21 15.4
8 40 32 24 17.6
9 45 36 27 19.8
10 50 50 30 22.0
20 100 80 60 44.0
30 150 120 90 66.0
40 200 160 120 88.0
50 250 200 150 110.0
60 300 240 180 132.0
70 350 280 210 154.0
80 400 320 240 176.0
90 450 360 270 198.0
100 500 400 300 220.0
200 1000 800 600 440.0
cjhuzk;. 10 fpnyh jiHr;rj;J fpilf;f 50 fpnyh mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl; my;yJ 50 fpnyh mk;nkhdpak; FnshiuL my;yJ
mk;nkhdpak; ry;ngl; iel;nul; my;yJ 30 fpnyh mk;nkhdpak; iel;nul; my;yJ 22.0 fpnyh a{hpah nghl ntz;Lk;.
cxxvii
kzpr;rj;J msit Ng;gh; gh!;ngl;lhft[k; rhk;gy; rj;J msit Ka{hpnal; Mg; bghl;lh!; Mft[k; fpnyh
fpuhkpy; fzf;fpl cjt[k; khw;Wg; gl;oay;
fpnyh fpuhkpy; kzpr; rj;J
fpilf;f Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; (16 rjtpfpj
gpuhztha[ila kzpr; rj;J)) rhk;gy; rj;J fpilf;f Ka{hpnal; Mg; bghl;lh!; (60
rjtpfpj gpuhztha[ila rhk;gy;
rj;J) 1 6.25 1 1.66
2 12.50 2 3.33
3 18.75 3 5.00
4 25.00 4 6.66
5 31.25 5 8.33
6 37.50 6 10.00
7 43.75 7 11.66
8 50.00 8 13.33
9 56.25 9 15.00
10 62.50 10 16.66
20 125.00 20 33.33
30 187.50 30 50.00
40 250.00 40 66.66
50 312.50 50 83.33
60 375.00 60 100.00
70 437.50 70 116.66
80 500.00 80 133.33
90 562.50 90 150.00
100 625.00 100 166.66
200 1250.00 200 333.33
cjhuzk; 1. 5 fpnyh kzpr;rj;J fpilf;f 31.25 fpnyh Ng;gh; gh!;ngl; njit
2. 10 fpnyh rhk;gy; rj;J fpilf;f 16.66 fpnyh Ka{hpnal; Mg; bghl;lh!; njit
cxxviii
,izg;g[ 2 - ntshz; gaph;fSf;F cukpLk; mst[fs;
gaph; m';ff cu';fs; jiH : kzp : rhk;gy;
rj;Jf;fs; (fpnyh/ vf;lh;)
Ez;ql;lr;rj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
caph; cu';fs;
,juf; Fwpg;g[fs;
ntshz;ikg; gaph;fs;
1. bey; (elt[)
m. FWfpa taJ
(100-115) ehl;fs;
M. kj;jpk taJ
(125-135) ehl;fs;
,. mjpf taJ
(145-165) ehl;fs;
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5
ld; bjhG cuk;
my;yJ fk;ngh!;l;
my;yJ 6.25 ld;
gRe;jhs; cuk;
,lntz:Lk;
120 : 38 : 38
150 : 50 : 50
150 : 50 : 50
25 fpnyh Jj;jehf fy;ngl;
moa[ukhft[k;
2 fpnyh mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
elt[f;F Kd; 10 fpnyh
ePyg;gr;irg; ghrp
el;l 10 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwFk;
,lntz:Lk;
ehw;w';fhypy;
tpijf;Fk; nghJ
xU brd;Lf;F 2
fpnyh o-V.gp
jiHr;rj;ij ehd;F
g';fhf gphpj;J
xt;bthU fhy;
g';ifa[k; eLk;
nghJ/ J}h; fl;Lk;/
g";Rfl;Lk; kw;Wk;
g{f;Fk; gUt';fspy;
,l ntz:Lk;
rhk;gy;rj;ij
,uz;L rk
g';Ffshfg; gphpj;J
xt;bthU g';ifa[k;
elt[ kw;Wk; g";R
fl;Lk; gUt';fspy;
,l ntz:Lk;.
Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
moa[ukhf
cxxix
,lhjnghJ 0.5
rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; fiuriy
FWfpataJ
bey;Yf;F el;L
20/30 kw;Wk; 40 tJ
ehs; kj;jpk kw;Wk;
mjpf taJ
bey;Yf;F el;L 30/
40 kw;Wk; 50 tJ
ehs; if
bjspg;ghd; \yk;
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. ed;bra; neuo tpijg;g[ bey;
m. FWfpa taJ
M. kj;jpk taJ
,. mjpf taJ
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ 6.25
ld; gRe;jhs; cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
120 : 38 : 38
180 : 50 : 50
180 : 50 : 50
25 fpnyh Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
moa[ukhft[k;
2 fpnyh mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
elt[f;F Kd; kw;Wk;
10 fpnyh ePyg; gr;irg; ghrp
el;l 10 ehl;f;fSf;Fg; gpwF
,l ntz:Lk;
jiHr;rj;ij ehd;F
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xt;bthU fhy;
g';ifa[k; tpijj;j
21k; ehs; Jhh;fl;Lk;/
g";Rfl;Lk; kw;Wk;
g{f;Fk; gUt';fspy;
,l ntz:Lk;.
rhk;gy;rj;ij ,uz;L
rk g';Ffshfg;
gphpj;J xt;bthU
g';ifa[k; tpijj;j
cxxx
2k; ehs; g";R fl;Lk;
gUt';fspy; ,l
ntz:Lk;. Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; moa[ukhf
,lhjnghJ 0.5
rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; fiuriy
30/40 kw;Wk; 50 tJ
ehs; ifj; bjspg;ghd;
\yk; bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
ntshz;ikg; gapu;fs;
3. khdhthhp bey; xU vf;lUf;F 25 fp
kzprj;J bfhz;L
Cl;lnkw;wpa bjhG
cuk; 750 fpnyh ,l
ntz:Lk;;
50 : 25 : 0 jiH/ rhk;gy; rj;ij
,uz;L g';fhf
gphpj;J
xt;bthU g';ifa[k;
Kisj;j 20 apypUe;J
25tJ ehs; tiu
kw;Wk;
Kisj;j 40 apypUe;J
45k; ehs; tiu ,l
ntz:Lk;.
4. g[Gjp bey;
tpijg;g[ xU vf;lUf;F 5 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ 750
fpnyh bjhG cuj;ij
50 fpnyh kzpr;rj;J
120 : 10 : 10 10 fpnyh ,Uk;g[
ry;ngl;Lld; 25 fpnyh
Jj;jehf ry;ngl; fye;J
moa[ukhf my;yJ 1
rjtpfpjk; ,Uk;g[
tpijiaf;
fodg;gLj;j 1
rjtpfpjk;
bghl;lhrpak;
FnshiuL fiuriy
cxxxi
bfhz;L Cl;lnkw;wp
,l ntz:Lk;
ry;ngl; fye;J 0.5
rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; ,iy tHp
bjspg;ghdhf el;l 15/25
kw;Wk; 35 tJ ehl;fspy;
rk g';fhf bjspf;f
ntz:Lk;. 25 fpnyh
bjhG cuj;Jld; 10
ghf;bfl;
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
fye;J tpijf;Fk; Kd;g[
,l ntz;Lk;.
cgnahfpj;J tpijia
10 kzp neuk; tiu
Cw itj;J gpd;g[
tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
jiHr; rj;ij ehd;F
rkg';fhf gphpj;J
xt;bthU g';ifa[k;
tpijf;Fk; nghJ/ J}h;
fl;Lk;/ g";R fl;Lk;
kw;Wk; g{f;Fk;
gUtj;jpy; ,l
ntz:Lk;
5. khdhthhp ghrd
bey; xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ 750
fpnyh bjhG cuj;ij
50 fpnyh kzpr;rj;J
bfhz;L Cl;lnkw;wp
,l ntz:Lk;
100 : 10 : 10 - tpijiaf;
fodg;gLj;j 1
rjtpfpjk;
bghl;lhrpak;
FnshiuL fiuriy
cgnahfpj;J tpijia
10 kzp neuk; tiu
Cw itj;J gpd;g[
tpijf;f ntz;Lk;.
jiHr;rj;ij \d;W
rk g';fhfg; gphpj;J
,uz:L g';if
tpijj;j 15k; ehs;/
kw;bwhU g';if
cxxxii
,uz:lhf gphpj;J J}h;
fl;Lk; kw;Wk; g{f;Fk;
gUtj;jpy; ,l
ntz:Lk;.
6. khdhthhp nrhsk; xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ
kf;fitj;j bjd;id
ehh;f; fHpt[ my;yJ
750 fpnyh Cl;lnkw;wpa
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
40 : 20 : 0 -
-
-
7. fk;g[
m. ehw;W vLj;J eLk;
,uf';fs; (,wit)
M. tPhpa xl;L ,ufk;
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ kf;f
itj;j bjd;id ehh;f;
fHpt[ ,l ntz:Lk;
70 : 35 : 35
80 : 40 : 40
xU vf;lUf;F
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 10
ghf;bfl; eLk; nghJ ,l
ntz:Lk;
xU vf;lUf;F
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 10
ghf;bfl; tpijf;Fk;
nghJ ,l ntz:Lk;
ehw;w';fhYf;F
750 fpnyh bjhG
cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l;
elt[ taypy;
jiHr;rj;ij ,uz:L
rk g';fhf gphpj;J xU
g';if moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if el;l
15k; ehSk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
,. neuoahf
tpijf;Fk; ,uf';fs;
- 70 : 35 : 35
- jiHr;rj;ij ,uz:L
rk g';fhf gphpj;J
xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
cxxxiii
<. khdhthhp fk;g[
45 : 22.5 : 0
kw;bwhU g';if el;l
30k; ehSk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
midj;J cuKk;
moa[ukhf ,l
ntz;Lk;.
8. nfH;tuF (,wit) xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
90 : 45 : 22.5 xU vf;lUf;F 12.5
fpnyh Ez;qhl;lf;
fyit kzYld;
fye;J
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 10
ghf;bfl; ,l ntz:Lk;
ehw;w';fhypy; xU
brd;l;Lf;F 3 fpnyh
Ng;gh; gh!;ngl;il 40
fpnyh bjhG
cuj;Jld; fye;J ,l
ntz;Lk;.
elt[ taypy;
jiHr;rj;ij ,uz:L
rk g';fhf gphpj;J xU
g';if moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if el;l
40k; ehSk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
cxxxiv
9. kf;fhr;nrhsk;
(,wit)
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ kf;fpa bjd;id
ehh;f;fHpit ,l
ntz:Lk;
135 : 62.5 : 50 xU vf;lUf;F 12.5
fpnyh Ez;qhl;lr;
rj;ij kzYld; fye;J
,l ntz:Lk; kw;Wk; xU
vf;lUf;F 10 ghf;bfl;
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; ,l
ntz:Lk;.
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
Ez;qaph; cuj;ij
cgnahfpj;jhy; 100
fpnyh jiHr;rj;J kl;Lk;
,l;lhy; nghJk;.
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L fhy; kw;Wk;
xU miu g';fhf
gphpj;J xU fhy;
g';if
moa[ukhft[k;/ miu
g';if tpijj;j 25k;
ehSk; kw;Wk;
kw;bwhU fhy; g';if
tpijj;j 45k; ehSk;
,l ntz:Lk;.
10. jpid xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;;
44 : 22 : 0 - midj;Jk;
moa[ukhf ,l
ntz:Lk;
11. rhik xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
44 : 22 : 0 - midj;Jk;
moa[ukhf ,l
ntz:Lk; 12. tuF xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
44 : 22 : 0 - midj;Jk;
moa[ukhf ,l
ntz:Lk; 13. nfhJik - 80 : 40 : 40 - jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk g';fhf
gphpj;J xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;/
kw;bwhU g';if
cxxxv
nth; gpog;g[ epiyapy;
20-25 ehl;fSf;Fs;
,l ntz:Lk;
14. cSe;J
m.khdhthp
M. ,wit
,.bey; jhprpy;
12.5ld; bjhG cuk;
my;yJ fk;ngh!;l;
my;yJ bjd;id
ehh;f;fHpt[/ vf;lh;
-
12.5 : 25 : 0
25 : 50 : 0
0 : 0 : 0
- tpijf;Fk; Kd;g[
midj;J
cu';fisa[k; ,l
ntz;Lk;.
2 rjtpfpjk; o V gp
fiuriy g{f;Fk;
gUtj;jpy; ,UKiw
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
15. Jtiu
m. khdhthhp
M. ,wit
-
12.5 : 25 : 0
25 : 50 : 0
- xU vf;lUf;F 25
fpnyh fe;jfk;
my;yJ 110 fpnyh
$pg;rk; ,l ntz;Lk;.
a{hpah my;yJ o V
gp 2 rjtpfpj
fiuriy g{
g{g;gjw;F Kd;g[k;
kw;Wk; 15
ehl;fSf;F
gpd;g[k; bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
16. jl;ilg;gaW
m. khdhthhp
M. ,wit
- 12.5 : 25 : 0
25 : 50 : 0
- -
cxxxvi
17. bfhs;S xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
12.5 2.5 : 0 - -
18. bfhz;ilf; fliy
m. khdhthhp
M.,wit
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
12.5 : 25 : 0
25 : 50 : 0
- cuk; KGtJk;
moa[ukhf ,l
ntz;Lk;.
19. mtiu
m. khdhthhp
- 12.5 : 25 : 0 - ge;jy; tiffSf;F
moa[ukhf FHpfspy;
115 fpuhk;
mk;nkhdpak;
ry;ngl; kw;Wk; 115
fpuhk;
Ng;gh;gh!;ngl; ,l
ntz;Lk;. 2
rjtpfpjk; oVgp
fiuriy 50
rjtpfpjk; g{f;Fk;
gUtk; kw;Wk;
mLj;j 50
rjtpfpjk; 7 ehs;
fHpj;J bjspf;f
ntz:Lk;.
20. nrhah bkhr;ir
m. ,wit
-
20 : 80 : 40
kz;zpy; Jj;jehf
220 fpnyh $pg;rk;
cxxxvii
M. khdhthhp
-
20 : 40 : 20
FiwghL ,Ue;jhy;
vf;lUf;F 25 fpnyh
Jj;jehf ry;ngl;Lk;
k';fdPR FiwghL
,Ue;jhy; 25 fpnyh
kh';fdPR ry;ngl;Lk;
12.5 ld;
bjhGcuj;Jld; fye;J
,l ntz;Lk; my;yJ 1
rjtpfpjk; k';fdPR
ry;ngl; fiuriy ,iy
\yk; 20/30 kw;Wk; 40
tJ ehspy; bjspf;f
ntz:Lk;.
moa[ukhf ,lyhk;
rhyprpf; mkpyk; 100
gpgpvk; (50 fpuhk;/ 500 yp / vf;lh;)
tpijj;j 30tJ
kw;Wk; 40tJ ehspy;
bjspg;gjd; \yk;
kw;Wk; 2 rjtpfpjk;
oVgp fiury;
bjspj;jhy; mjpf
tpisr;ry; bgwyhk;.
cuk; midj;ija[k;
moa[ukhf ,l
ntz;Lk;.
21. epyf;fliy
m.khdhthhp
M. ,wit
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
-
10 : 10 : 45
17 : 34 : 34
Jj;jehf FiwghL
,Ue;jhy; xU vf;lUf;F 25
fpnyh Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
moa[ukhf my;yJ 0.5
rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
fiury; ,iy tHp cukhf
,l ntz:Lk;
(,Uk;g[ FiwghL
,Ue;jhy; 1 rjtpfpjk;
,Uk;g[ ry;ngl; fiuriy
tpijj;j 30/40 kw;Wk;
50tJ ehs; bjspf;f
ntz:Lk;.
xU vf;lUf;F 400
fpnyh $pg;rk;/ 40-75
tJ ehspy; ,l
ntz;Lk;. kz;
fod mLf;F
jpUj;jj;jpw;F xU
vf;lUf;F 2ld;
Rz;zhk;g[ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ
bjd;id ehh;f;fHpt[
12.5 ld; ,l
ntz;Lk;.
cxxxviii
nghuhd; FiwghL
,Ue;jhy; xU vf;lUf;F 10
fpnyh nghuhf;!; tpijj;j
45MtJ ehs; ,l
ntz;Lk;.
22. vs;
m. ,wit
M. khdhthhp
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ
kf;fpa bjd;id
ehh;f;fHpt[ ,l ntz:Lk;
35 : 23 : 23
23 : 13 : 13
xU vf;lUf;F 5 fpnyh
k';fdPR ry;ngl; ,l
ntz:Lk;
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
,Lk; nghJ
jiHr;rj;ij
,witapy; xU
vf;lUf;F 21
fpnyht[k;
khdhthupapy; 17
fpnyht[k; ,l;lhy;
nghJkhdJ.
23. Nhpafhe;jp xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ
kf;fpa bjd;id
ehh;f;fHpt[ ,l ntz:Lk;
30 : 15 : 15 - 12.5 fpnyh
Ez;qhl;lj;ij
kzYld; fye;J
tpijf;Fk; Kd;g[ ,l
ntz;Lk; my;yJ
k';fdPR
gw;whf;Fiw
epyj;jpw;F 0.5
rjtpfpjk; k';fdPR
ry;ngl; tpijj;j
30/40 kw;Wk; 50tJ
ehl;fspy; bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;. xU
cxxxix
vf;lUf;F 10
ghf;bfl;
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
25 fpnyh kzy;
kw;Wk; 25 fpnyh
bjhG cuj;Jld;
fye;J moa[ukhf
,l ntz;Lk;.
24. Mkzf;F xU vf;lUf;F 12.5ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ
kf;fpa bjd;id
ehh;f;fHpt[ ,l ntz:Lk;
30 : 15 : 15 - cuk; midj;ija[k;
moa[ukhf
cu';fis ,l
ntz;Lk;.
25. bjd;id
(5 tUlKk; mjw;F
nkYk; taJs;s
kuj;jpw;F)
xU vf;lUf;F 50 fpnyh
fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
bjhG cuk; my;yJ gRe;jhs; cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.6 : 0.32 : 1.2
xU vf;lUf;F 0.5 fpnyh
Ez;qhl;lf; fyit
,l ntz:Lk;
kuj;ij Rw;wp 1.8
kPl;lh; Rw;wst[
tl;lk; mikj;J
cukplntz;Lk;.
cuj;ij ,U
jtizapy; 6
khjj;jpw;F xU
Kiw ,l ntz;Lk;.
fhu mkpyj;jd;ik
5f;F Fiwt[ vdpy;
xU kuj;jpw;F 2
fpnyh Rz;zhk;g[
kw;Wk; 8.5f;F nky; -4
cxl
2 tUl kuk;
3 tUl kuk;
4 tUl kuk;
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
fpnyh Rz:zhk;g[
,l ntz:Lk;
nkny Twpa
cuj;jpy; fhy; g';F
,l ntz:Lk;
nkny Twpa
cuj;jpy; miug;
g';F ,l ntz:Lk;
nkny Twpa
cuj;jpy; Kf;fhy;
g';F ,l ntz:Lk;
26. gUj;jp
m. ,wit
(i) vk;.rp.a[ 7
(ii) vk;.rp.a[. 5
vk;.rp.a[. 11
(iii) b$ayl;Rkp/
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
60 : 30 : 30
80 : 40 : 40
120 : 60 : 60
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5
fpnyh Ez;qhl;lj;ij
50 fpnyh kzYld;
fye;J moa[ukhf ,l
ntz:Lk; my;yJ/
0.5 rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; 40k; ehs; kw;Wk;
0.5 rjtpfpjk;
kf;dPrpak; ry;ngl;
fiuriy 50k; ehs;
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
xU vf;lUf;F
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 10
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if -40-
45 ehspy;
,lntz;Lk;.
jiHr;rj;ij \d;W
rk g';Ffshf
gphpj;J xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
cxli
o.rp.vr;.gp.213
vr;.gp.224
M. khdhthhp
nf.9. nf 10.
nf 11
vk;.rp.a[. 10
iga{h; 1
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
20 : 0 : 0
40 : 20 : 0
ghf;fl; kw;Wk; 25 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5
fpnyh Ez;qhl;lj;ij
40 fpnyh kzYld;
fye;J ,l ntz:Lk;.
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 10
ghf;fl; kw;Wk; 25 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
kw;wpU g';if -40-45
ehspYk; kw;Wk; 60-
65tJ ehspYk;
,lntz;Lk;.
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if -25-
30k; ehspy;
,lntz;Lk;.
,. bey;jhpRg; gUj;jp - 60 : 30 : 30 xU vf;lUf;F 12.5
fpnyh Ez;qhl;lj;ij
40 fpnyh kzYld;
fye;J ,l ntz:Lk;
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if kzp
kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;Jld; 30k; ehSk;/
kw;bwhU g';F
jiHr; rj;ij 50-55k;
cxlii
ehspy; ,lntz;Lk;.
27. fUk;g[
m. fpzw;Wg; ghrdk;
M. bty;yk; fha;r;Rk;
gFjpfSf;F
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
Miyf; fHpt[ 15 ld;
my;yJ 500 fpnyh
Cl;lnkw;wpa
njhiffk;ngh!;l; ,l
ntz:Lk;
275 : 62.5 : 112.5
175 : 62.5 : 112.5
xU vf;lUf;F 37.5
fpnyh Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
,l ntz:Lk;. ,Uk;g[
rj;J FiwghL cs;s
epyj;jpy; xU vf;lUf;F
100 fpnyh ,Uk;g[
ry;ngl; ,l ntz:Lk;
nkYk; xU vf;lUf;F
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 12
ghf;bfl; kw;Wk; 25
fpnyh bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;.
jiH kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;ij \d;W rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
Kjy;. ,uz:lhtJ
kw;Wk; \d;whtJ
g';if el;l 30k;
ehs;/ 60 kw;Wk; 90k;
ehspYk;
,lntz;Lk;.
28. g[ifapiy xU vf;lUf;F 25ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ 8-10 ld; Ml;L cuk;
my;yJ 25 ld;
fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
ntg;gk; g[z;zhf;F 250
fpnyh ,l ntz:Lk;
100 : 100 : 50 xU vf;lUf;F
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; 10
ghf;bfl; (2 fpnyh / vf;lh;) kw;Wk; 25 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
mnrh!;ighpy;yk; ,Lk;
nghJ 25 rjtpfpjk;
jiHr;rj;ij Fiwj;J
bfhs;syhk;.
kzpr;rj;ij
moa[ukhf my;yJ
30tJ ehs; fis
vLj;j gpwF ,l
ntz:Lk;.
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if 45k;
ehSk; ,uz:lhtJ
g';if 60k; ehSk;
,lntz:Lk;
my;yJ ,uz:lhtJ
g';F jiHr;rj;ij 2
cxliii
rjtpfpj a{hpah
fiuryhf 10 ehs;
,ilbtspapy; 2-3
Kiw bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
njhl;lf;fiyg; gaph;fs;
29. jf;fhsp
m. ,uf';fs;
M. tPhpa xl;L
tif
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
150 : 100 : 50
200 : 250 : 250
xU vf;lUf;F nghuhf;!;
10 fpnyh/ Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; 50 fpnyh
moa[ukhf ,l ntz:Lk;
xU vf;lUf;F nghuhf;!;
10 fpnyh Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; 50 fpnyh 2
fpnyh
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
moa[ukhf ,l ntz:Lk;
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if kz:
mizf;Fk; nghJ
,lntz;Lk;.
30. fj;jhp xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
100 : 50 : 30 0.1 rjtpfpjk; nghuhf;!;
15 kw;Wk; 45k; ehspy;
bjspj;jy; ntz:Lk;.
xU vf;lUf;F 2 fpnyh
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
my;yJ gh!;nghngf;Ohpah ,l
ntz:Lk;
jiHr;rj;ij \d;W
rk g';Ffshf
gphpj;J xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if
,uz:lhfg; gphpj;J
el;l 30k; ehSk;
kw;bwhU g';if 60k;
cxliv
ehSk; ,lntz;Lk;.
31. btz;il xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
40 : 50 : 30 1 rjtpfpjk; a{hpah
kw;Wk; 1 rjk; kpa{nul;
Mg; bghl;lh!;
fiuriy 30/45 kw;Wk;
60k; ehspy; bjspf;f
ntz:Lk;. xU vf;lUf;F
2 fpnyh
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
my;yJ
gh!;nghngf;Ohpah ,l
ntz:Lk;
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if kz:
mizf;Fk; nghJ
,lntz;Lk;.
32. bro KU';if
(xU brof;F)
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
90 : 15 : 30 - jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if tpijj;j
90k; ehSk;/
kw;bwhU g';if
180k; ehSk;
,lntz;Lk;.
33. kpsfha; xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
150 : 60 : 30 - jiHr;rj;ij ehd;F
rk g';Ffshf
gphpj;J Kjy;/
,uz:lhtJ/
\d;whtJ kw;Wk;
cxlv
ntz:Lk; ehd;fhtJ
g';Ffis eLk;
nghJ moa[ukhf 30/
60 kw;Wk; 90k; ehspy;
,l ntz:Lk;.
34. bt';fhak;
m. rpwpaJ
M.bghpaJ
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
60 : 60 : 30 xU vf;lUf;F 50 fpnyh
Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
moa[ukhf ,l ntz:Lk;
jiHr;rj;ij
,uz:L rk
g';Ffshf gphpj;J
xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k;
kw;bwhU g';if
tpijj;j 30k; ehSk;
,lntz;Lk;.
35. fPiu xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ
gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
75 : 0 : 25 - midj;J cuKk;
moa[ukhf
36. kuts;spf; fpH';F
m. ,wit
xU vf;lUf;F 25ld;
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
60 : 60 : 160
,Uk;g[ gw;whf;Fiw
bjd;gLk; nghJ 0.25
rjtpfpjk; ,Uk;g[
ry;ngl; kw;Wk;
Rz;zhk;g[ fiuriy 3
jiH kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;ij ,uz;L rk
g';fhfg; gphpj;J xU
g';if
moa[ukhft[k;/
cxlvi
M. khdhthhp
xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
50 : 65 : 125
Kjy; 4 Kiw if
bjspg;ghd; \yk; thu
,ilbtspapy; bjspf;f
ntz;Lk;.
xU vf;lUf;F 2 fpnyh
mnrhyh kw;Wk; 20
fpnyh bjhG cuj;ij
20 fpnyh kz;qld;
fye;J 30 Kjy; 60
ehspy; ,l ntz;Lk;.
kw;bwhU g';if
tpijj;j 90k; ehSk;
,lntz;Lk;.
xU vf;lUf;F 30 fpnyh
,Uk;g[ ry;ngl; kw;Wk; 15
fpnyh Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
moa[ukhf ,l ntz:Lk;
xU vf;lUf;F 10 fpnyh
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
kw;Wk; 10 fpnyh
gh!;nghngf;Ohpah
fye;J ,l ntz:Lk;
jiH kw;Wk; rhk;gy;
rj;ij Ie;J g';fhf
gphpj;J Kjy;/
,uz:lhtJ/
\d;whtJ/
ehd;fhtJ kw;Wk;
Ie;jhtJ g';if
eLk; nghJ 30/90/120
kw;Wk; 150k; ehs; ,l
ntz;Lk;.
37. k";rs; xU vf;lUf;F 12.5 ld;
bjhG cuk; kw;Wk;
ntg;gk; my;yJ fliyg[z;zhf;F 200
fpnyh fye;J ,l
ntz:Lk;;
150 : 60 : 100
150 fpuhk; ,Uk;g[ ry;ngl;/ 150 fpuhk; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl;/ 150 fpuhk; nghuhf;!;/ 150 fpuhk; a{hpah
kw;Wk; 6 fpnyh Ng;gh; 100 ypl;lh; jz;zPhpy;
fiuj;J el;l15k; ehSk; kw;Wk; k";rs; fpH';F
tUk; rkaKk; bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
38. kh Mwhk;
tUlj;jpypUe;J
xU kuj;Jf;F 50
fpnyh/ bjhG cuk;
1.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
kw;Wk;
kuj;jpypUe;J 45apypUe;J 90
br.kP js;sp cu';fis ,l
cxlvii
(fpnyh / kuk; / tUlk;)
my;yJ fk;ngh!;l;
my;yJ gRe;jhs; cuk;
gh!;nghngf;Ohpah
xU kuj;Jf;F 20
fpuhk; ,l ntz:Lk;
ntz;Lk;.
39. thiH
(fpuhk; / kuk; / tUlk;)
m. g[";ir nee;jpud;
M. g[";ir ,ju
tiffs;
xU kuj;Jf;F 10 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
xU kuj;Jf;F 10 fpnyh
bjhG cuk ;,l
ntz:Lk;
150 : 90 : 300
110 : 35 : 330
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
kw;Wk;
gh!;nghngf;Ohpah
xU kuj;Jf;F 20
fpuhk; ,l ntz:Lk;
jiH kw;Wk; rhk;gy; rj;J 3 rk
g';fhf gphpj;J Kjy;/
,uz:lhtJ kw;Wk; \d;whtJ
g';if 3/5 kw;Wk; 7k; khjj;jpYk;
kzpr;rj;ij 3k; khjj;jpYk; ,l
ntz;Lk;.
,. e";ir (elt[
tay;)
< e";ir (elt[ tay;)
- u!;jhyp
c. e";ir (elt[
tay;) - g{td; / buhg!;lh
(bkhe;jd;)
xU kuj;Jf;F 10 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
210 : 35 : 450
210 : 50 : 390
160 : 50 : 390
- -
40. vYkpr;ir
Mwhk;
tUlj;jpypUe;J
(fpnyh/ kuk; /tUlk;
xU kuj;Jf;F 30 fpnyh
bjhGcuk;,l
ntz:Lk;
0.6 : 0.2 : 0.3 0.5 rjtpfpjk;
Jj;jehf ry;ngl;
fiuriy tUlj;jpw;F
3 Kiw bjspf;f
bjhG cuk;/ kzp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy; rj;J Mfpait
mf;nlhgh; khjk; ,l ntz:Lk;.
jiHr;rj;ij ,uz:lhfg;
cxlviii
ntz;Lk;. gphpj;J Kjy; g';if khh;r;
khjj;jpYk; ,uz:lhtJ g';if
mf;nlhghpYk; ,l ntz:Lk;
41. bfhil Mu";R / rhj;Jf;Fo
Mwhk;
tUlj;jpypUe;J
(fpnyh / kuk; / tUlk;)
xU kuj;Jf;F 30 fpnyh
bjhGcuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.6 : 0.2 : 0.3 50 fpuhk tPjk; Jj;jehf/ k';fdPR kw;Wk; ,Uk;g[ ry;ngl;
,l ntz:Lk;. 0.5 rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf ry;ngl; kw;Wk; 0.5
rjtpfpjk; bkf;dPrpak; ry;ngl; bfhz:l fiuriy 0.1 rjtpfpjk; nghuhf;!; kw;Wk; 0.003 rjtpfpjk; mk;nkhdpak; khypg;nll; fiurYld; \d;W khjj;jpw;F
xU Kiw bjspf;f ntz:Lk;
42. fkyh Mu";R
(fpnyh/ kuk; / tUlk;)
m. gHdp kiy
xU kuj;Jf;F 30 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.6 : 0.2 : 0.4
-
-
M. nrh;tuhad; kiy xU kuj;Jf;F 30 fpnyh
bjhGcuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.70 : 0.38 : 0.60 1 fpnyh (ntk; - VAM) ikf;nfhiurh xU
kuj;jpw;F ,l ntz:Lk;
xU kuj;jpw;F
Rz;zhk;g[ my;yJ
nlhyikl; 4 fpnyh
vd;w mstpy; 2
apypUe;J 3
tUlj;jpw;F xU
Kiw ,l ntz:Lk;
43. jpuhl;ir
(3k; tUlj;jpypUe;J
(fpnyh / bro/ tUlk;
m. k!;fl;
M. jhk;rd;
xU brof;F 100 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; kw;Wk; 100
fpnyh gRe;jiH cuk;
0.20 : 0.16 : 0.60
0.40 : 0.24 : 1.20
-
-
rhk;gy; rj;ij
,uz:L rk g';fhf
gphpj;J xU g';if
ft;thJ rkaj;jpYk;
kw;bwhU g';if 60k;
ehSk; ,l
cxlix
,. mdhg; -,-rhfp
,l ntz:Lk;
0.60 : 0.24 : 1.20
-
ntz;Lk;.
44. bfha;ah
(fpnyh / kuk;/ tUlk;)
xU kuj;Jf;F 50 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
1.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 0.5 rjtpfpjk; Jj;jehf
ry;ngl; kw;Wk; 1.0
rjtpfpjk; a{hpah fye;J
tUlj;jpw;F 2Kiw
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;. 0.3
rjtpfpjk; nghuhf;!;
g{f;Fk; rkaj;jpYk; fha;
tUk; rkaj;jpYk;
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
jiH/ kzp/ rhk;gy;
rj;Jf;fis 2 rk
g';fhf gphpj;J
tUlj;jpw;F 2 Kiw
,l ntz;Lk;. ,iy
fUFtij jLf;f
Jj;jehf ry;ngl;/
k';fdPR ry;ngl;
kw;Wk; bkf;dPrpak;
ry;ngl;
xt;bthd;iwa[k; 0.5
rjtpfpjKk; kw;Wk; jhkpu ry;ngl;/
,Uk;g[ ry;ngl;
Kiwna 0.25
rjtpfpjk; vd;w
mstpYk;
tUlj;jpw;F 4 Kiw
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
45. md;dhrp
(xU brof;F)
xU vf;lUf;F 50 ld;
bjhGcuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
16 : 4 : 12
fpuhk;
0.5-1.0 rjtpfpjk;
Jj;jehf ry;ngl; kw;Wk; ,Uk;g[ ry;ngl;
tUlj;jpw;F 3 Kiw
bjspf;f ntz;Lk;.
jiH/ kzp kw;Wk;
rhk;gy; rj;ij ,uz:L
rk g';fhf gphpj;J
tUlj;jpw;F 2 Kiw ,l
ntz;Lk;.
cl
46. rg;nghl;lh
Mwhk;
tUlj;jpypUe;J
(fpnyh / kuk; / tUlk;)
xU vf;lUf;F 50 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
1.0 : 1.0 : 1.5
- jiH/ kzp/ rhk;gy; rj;J
\d;iwa[nk
brg;lk;ghpypUe;J
mf;nlhgh; tiu ,l
ntz;Lk;.
47. gg;ghsp
(fpnyh / kuk; / tUlk;)
xU vf;lUf;F 10 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.3 : 0.3 : 0.3 20 fpuhk; tPjk;
mnrh!;ighpy;yk;
kw;Wk;
gh!;nghngf;Ohpah ,l
ntz:Lk;
-
48. khJis
(fpnyh / bro / tUlk;)
xU vf;lUf;F 30 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.6 : 0.5 : 1.2 - -
49. gyh
Mwhk;
tUlj;jpypUe;J
(fpnyh / kuk; / tUlk;)
xU vf;lUf;F 50 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.75 : 0.40 : 0.50
- jiHr;rj;ij ,uz;L
rk g';fhf gphpj;J kiH
fhyj;jpy; ,l ntz;Lk;
50. ,ye;ij
2k; tUlj;jpypUe;J
(fpnyh/ bro/tUlk;)
xU vf;lUf;F 50 fpnyh
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; my;yJ gRe;jiH cuk; ,l
ntz:Lk;
0.5 : 0.2 : 0.5
- cuj;ij gpg;uthp - khh;r;
khjj;jpy; ,l ntz:Lk;
cli
jPtdg;gapu;fs;
51. jPtdr; nrhsk; xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
50 : 40 : 0 jiHrj;jpy; 30 fpnyh moa[ukhft[k;/ 20 fpnyh
tpijj;j 25k; ehSk; ,l ntz;Lk;.
52. jPtd kf;fhr;
nrhsk;
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
80 : 40 : 0 jiHr;rj;ij ,uz:L rk g';fhf gphpj;J xU g';if
moa[ukhft[k; kw;bwhU g';if tpijj;j 25k; ehSk;
,l ntz;Lk;
53. jPtdf; fk;g[ xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
40 : 20 : 0
-
54. fk;g[ neg;gpah;
xl;Lg;g[y;
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
50 : 50 : 40
xU vf;lUf;F jiHr;rj;J 50 fpnyh moa[ukhf
my;yhky;/ xt;bthU mWtilapd; nghJk; (45
ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw) xU vf;lUf;F nkYukhf 75
fpnyh ,l ntz;Lk;.
55. fpdpahg[y; xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
50 : 50 : 40
xU vf;lUf;F jiHr;rj;J 50 fpnyh moa[ukhf
my;yhky;/ xt;bthU mWtilapd; nghJk; (45
ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw) xU vf;lUf;F nkYukhf 50
fpnyh ,l ntz;Lk;.
56. vUikg;g[y; xU vf;lUf;F 10 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
20 : 40 : 0 xU vf;lUf;F jiHr;rj;J 50 fpnyh moa[ukhf
my;yhky;/ xt;bthU mWtilapd; nghJk; (45
ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw) xU vf;lUf;F nkYukhf 20
fpnyh ,l ntz;Lk;.
57.jPdhehj; g[y; xU vf;lUf;F 10 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
60 : 30 : 0
-
clii
58. bfhHf;fl;ilg;
g[y;
xU vf;lUf;F 10 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
25 : 40 : 20
-
59. Fjpiu krhy; xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
25 : 120 : 40
-
60.ntyp krhy; xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
25 : 40 : 20 -
61.jl;ilg; gapW xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
20 : 40 : 0
-
62. Kay; krhy; xU vf;lUf;F 10 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
20 : 60 : 15 -
63. Nghg[y; xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
10 : 60 : 30
-
64. fk;g[ neg;gpah;
xl;Lg;g[y; kw;Wk; ntyp krhy;
xU vf;lUf;F 25 ld;
bjhG cuk; my;yJ fk;ngh!;l; ,l ntz:Lk;
50 : 50 : 40 xU vf;lUf;F 45 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw nkYukhf
100 fpnyh jiHr;rj;J xt;bthU mWtilapd;
nghJk; ,l ntz;Lk;.
bghJf;Fwpg;g[: midj;Jg;gaph;fSf;Fk; m';ff cu';fisa[k; kw;Wk; kzpr;rj;J cuj;ija[k; moa[ukhf/ tpijf;Fk; nghJ my;yJ
eltpd;nghJ ,l ntz;Lk;.
cliii
154