Cal Poly SuPER Project: Cal Poly SuPER Project: Progress Report and Plans Progress Report and Plans

EE 563 Graduate SeminarEE 563 Graduate SeminarOctober 6, 2006October 6, 2006

James G. Harris, ProfessorJames G. Harris, ProfessorEE Department and CPE ProgramEE Department and CPE Program

Cal Poly SuPER Project: Cal Poly SuPER Project: OutlineOutline

• Background: rationale for projectBackground: rationale for project

• Progress Report for Last Year AY 05-Progress Report for Last Year AY 05-0606

• Plans for This Year AY 06-07Plans for This Year AY 06-07

• Conclusion and Invitation to Join Conclusion and Invitation to Join ProjectProject

Background - ElectrificationBackground - Electrification

• Electrification – National Academy of Electrification – National Academy of Engineering’s top engineering Engineering’s top engineering achievement for the 20achievement for the 20thth Century Century

• Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do Estimated 1/3 of population (now, 6B) do not have accessnot have access– Significant proportion of remainder does not Significant proportion of remainder does not

have reliable access to battery or gridhave reliable access to battery or grid– 18,000 occupied structures on Navajo Nation 18,000 occupied structures on Navajo Nation

lack electrical power (2001 legislation) lack electrical power (2001 legislation)

Background - SignificanceBackground - Significance

• Impact of electrification significantImpact of electrification significant– Transformation of Western worldTransformation of Western world

•Thomas Hughes: Networks of PowerThomas Hughes: Networks of Power

– People who caused changePeople who caused change– Social Impact – standard of livingSocial Impact – standard of living

• Recognized by National Renewable Recognized by National Renewable Energy Laboratory in late 1990sEnergy Laboratory in late 1990s– Village Power ProgramVillage Power Program– Development of microfinancingDevelopment of microfinancing

Background – Solar Background – Solar Insolation Insolation • Goal to provide electrical resources to Goal to provide electrical resources to

people in underdeveloped countriespeople in underdeveloped countries

• Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 Leapfrog technology – no need for 100 years of developmentyears of development– Example of cell phone in AsiaExample of cell phone in Asia

• Review of global insolation mapReview of global insolation map– Poorest people ($1-2 a day income)Poorest people ($1-2 a day income)– Within plus or minus 30 degree of latitudeWithin plus or minus 30 degree of latitude

• Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq Highest values of solar insolation (minimum W hr/sq m/day)m/day)

Background – DC Power Background – DC Power

• Solar photovoltaic systems inherently DCSolar photovoltaic systems inherently DC

• History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse History of DC (Edison) versus AC (Westinghouse and Tesla) at end of 19and Tesla) at end of 19thth century century– DC versus AC for generation, distribution, and DC versus AC for generation, distribution, and

utilizationutilization– Initially, applied to lightingInitially, applied to lighting

• Lighting todayLighting today– 60W incandescent bulb and 20W compact 60W incandescent bulb and 20W compact

fluorescent bulb lumensfluorescent bulb lumens– Equivalent to 3W LED technology, and improvingEquivalent to 3W LED technology, and improving

Background – DC power Background – DC power loadsloads

• Efficiency of electrical motors: few horsepowerEfficiency of electrical motors: few horsepower– Permanent magnet DC motorsPermanent magnet DC motors

• Electrical appliancesElectrical appliances– Computer: 50W laptop (DC)Computer: 50W laptop (DC)– TVs, radios use DC powerTVs, radios use DC power– RV 12V DC market: kitchen appliancesRV 12V DC market: kitchen appliances– Portable power tools – battery powered (DC)Portable power tools – battery powered (DC)

• Computers: wireless connectionComputers: wireless connection– Internet, phone (voice over IP), TV, radio, Internet, phone (voice over IP), TV, radio, – Education: MIT Media Lab $100 laptop projectEducation: MIT Media Lab $100 laptop project

Background – Moore’s LawBackground – Moore’s Law

• Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system Stand-alone solar photovoltaic system technology is mature, e.g., Sandia technology is mature, e.g., Sandia HandbookHandbook

• Application of Moore’s Law to development Application of Moore’s Law to development of SuPER systemof SuPER system– Solar cell development: commercial and Solar cell development: commercial and

research labresearch lab• Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005Estimate 5% per decade with base of 16% in 2005

• Implies 25% efficiency in 2025Implies 25% efficiency in 2025

– DARPA RFP: 1000 units of 50% efficiencyDARPA RFP: 1000 units of 50% efficiency

Commercial Module Range Laboratory Cells

Histories of Silicon Photovoltaic Module and Cell Efficiencies

Ref.: Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)

April Allderdice and John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

Antonio C. Jimenez, Tom Lawand; Renewable Energy for Rural Schools;National Renewable Energy Laboratory; November 2000

Jonathan O.V. Touryan and Kenell J. Touryan; Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Village Power; Presented at the American Scientific Affiliation Conference Arkansas August 1, 1999National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Background – Solar and DC Background – Solar and DC PowerPower

• ConclusionConclusion– Solar photovoltaic is poised for leapfrog Solar photovoltaic is poised for leapfrog

technologytechnology•Many development tools availableMany development tools available•Expectation of future efficienciesExpectation of future efficiencies•Sustainable power sourceSustainable power source•Digital control of standalone systemDigital control of standalone system

– DC is power of futureDC is power of future•DecentralizedDecentralized•Matched to source and loadsMatched to source and loads

Background: Overall Cal Poly Background: Overall Cal Poly SuPER System GoalsSuPER System Goals

– Design lifecycle of 20 yearsDesign lifecycle of 20 years– Total Cost: less than $500 for 1 sq m PV Total Cost: less than $500 for 1 sq m PV

module including battery replacementsmodule including battery replacements– Mean time between failures (MTBF): 25 Mean time between failures (MTBF): 25

yearsyears– Mean time to repair (MTTR): 1 hourMean time to repair (MTTR): 1 hour– Power depends on PV efficiency and Power depends on PV efficiency and

battery storage capacitybattery storage capacity

Why? Broader Impact of SuPER Why? Broader Impact of SuPER ProjectProject

• Provides family owned electrical power Provides family owned electrical power sourcesource– Only electrical power source for familyOnly electrical power source for family– Increasing power resource with time Increasing power resource with time – With financial business plan: $2-3 per month for all With financial business plan: $2-3 per month for all

electrical power needselectrical power needs

• Decentralized, sustainable development of Decentralized, sustainable development of electrical power in poorest countrieselectrical power in poorest countries

• SuPER system potential resource for raising SuPER system potential resource for raising standard of living of poorest to par with rest standard of living of poorest to par with rest of worldof world

Background: Five Year Plan for Background: Five Year Plan for DevelopmentDevelopment

– Five years for completed design, Five years for completed design, development, and field testingdevelopment, and field testing• Includes business plan, documentation and Includes business plan, documentation and

disseminationdissemination

– First three years for prototype First three years for prototype developmentdevelopment•Three generations at one year for eachThree generations at one year for each

– Last two years for field testingLast two years for field testing•Establishing contacts overseas nowEstablishing contacts overseas now

Progress Report: Technical Progress Report: Technical Description of SuPER System Description of SuPER System

Prototype Development Prototype Development PhasesPhases

• Phase 00: use of existing donated PV module (150W) PV systemPhase 00: use of existing donated PV module (150W) PV system• Phase 0: cart mounted systemPhase 0: cart mounted system• Phase 1: cart system withPhase 1: cart system with

– Laptop computer with USB i/F to sensorsLaptop computer with USB i/F to sensors– Linux OSLinux OS– Cart for packagingCart for packaging

• Phase 2: cart system performance testing/design enhancementsPhase 2: cart system performance testing/design enhancements• Phase 3: packaging/manufacturability goalsPhase 3: packaging/manufacturability goals

– Port software/electronics to FPGA with microprocessorPort software/electronics to FPGA with microprocessor• Phase 4: system testing/preliminary field testingPhase 4: system testing/preliminary field testing

Summary -Progress Report:Summary -Progress Report:AY 05-06AY 05-06

• Cal Poly SuPER project lab established in Cal Poly SuPER project lab established in 20-10120-101

• Development phases 00, 0 , and 1 plannedDevelopment phases 00, 0 , and 1 planned• Phase 0 implemented resulting in 1 thesis Phase 0 implemented resulting in 1 thesis

and 3 senior projects by end of Summerand 3 senior projects by end of Summer• BUS 454 (Spring 06) senior project team BUS 454 (Spring 06) senior project team

develops business/marketing plans: 4 develops business/marketing plans: 4 senior projectssenior projects

• Foundation provided for future Foundation provided for future development of phase 1 prototypedevelopment of phase 1 prototype

Eran Tal working with prototype SuPER System – June 2006

SuPER Development TeamSuPER Development Team

Weekly Seminar Meeting in Power Senior Project Room (20-101)SuPER Project Laboratory

Cal Poly SuPER Project - Spring 2006

SUPER prototype cart with solar panel, battery, instrumentation and control subsystemsMembers present in photo: (left to right) Eran Tal, Eric Phillips, Gustavo Vasquez,Alexander Gee, Jennifer Cao, Sam Muehleck, Dr. Jim Harris, Dr. Taufik, Tyler Sheffield,Dr. Ali Shaban; Members missing: Dr. Ahmad Nafisi, Robert Johnson

Prototype SuPER System Cart protection and load distribution 12V DC service panel with five load circuits (four in service)

Prototype SuPER System Cart bottom shelf12V DC 1/4HP motor load and 12V battery

Prototype SuPER System Cart top shelf viewLaptop computer, interface circuits, MX-60 controller

Prototype SuPER System Cart left side switchboard enclosureMain switchboard (bottom) and PV switchboard (top left)

Prototype SuPER System Cart right side view

Comparison of Open Loop and Comparison of Open Loop and Phase 00 SystemsPhase 00 Systems

Plans for This Year AY 06-07Plans for This Year AY 06-07

• Recruit new Cal Poly Super TeamRecruit new Cal Poly Super Team– Initial meeting this past WednesdayInitial meeting this past Wednesday

• Develop and test the Phase 1 Develop and test the Phase 1 PrototypePrototype– All Cal Poly fabrication except for PV and All Cal Poly fabrication except for PV and

batterybattery

• Continue effort initiated by BUS 454Continue effort initiated by BUS 454– Work with consumer communityWork with consumer community

Plans: Research Opportunities Plans: Research Opportunities Available on Cal Poly SuPER Available on Cal Poly SuPER

Project Project • Undergraduates and graduates: EE, CPEUndergraduates and graduates: EE, CPE

– Graduate students provide leadership/thesisGraduate students provide leadership/thesis– Undergraduates work on senior projectUndergraduates work on senior project– Others invitedOthers invited

• Design/development team environmentDesign/development team environment– Weekly seminar meetings with facultyWeekly seminar meetings with faculty

• Funds available to purchase materials and Funds available to purchase materials and components for studentscomponents for students

Plans: Some Research Areas Plans: Some Research Areas for Student Projectsfor Student Projects

• Simulation of system with MatLab/Simulink: digital Simulation of system with MatLab/Simulink: digital control algorithmscontrol algorithms

• DC-DC converter development: PV to battery, DC DC-DC converter development: PV to battery, DC output bus to LED lightingoutput bus to LED lighting

• Printed circuit board development: PCBExpress on-Printed circuit board development: PCBExpress on-line design and fabricationline design and fabrication

• Battery and ultra-capacitor technology: electrical Battery and ultra-capacitor technology: electrical power storage research and modelingpower storage research and modeling

• Modeling of DC loads: white LED lighting, DC motor, Modeling of DC loads: white LED lighting, DC motor, battery charging, refrigeratorbattery charging, refrigerator

• Power distribution and protection: NEC code Power distribution and protection: NEC code compliancecompliance

Plans: Some Research Areas Plans: Some Research Areas for Student Projects for Student Projects

(continued)(continued)• Sensor data acquisition and processing: Sensor data acquisition and processing:

voltage, current, temperature and sun voltage, current, temperature and sun insolationinsolation

• System engineering: PV input modeling and DC System engineering: PV input modeling and DC output load scenarios for testingoutput load scenarios for testing

• PV array modeling: study of technology and PV array modeling: study of technology and maximum power point tracking algorithmsmaximum power point tracking algorithms

• White light LED system developmentWhite light LED system development

• DC motor characterization and load DC motor characterization and load performanceperformance

Plans: Interested in Plans: Interested in Participating?Participating?

• Check out SuPER website: Check out SuPER website: http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.htmlhttp://www.ee.calpoly.edu/~jharris/research/research.html– Announcement of opportunitiesAnnouncement of opportunities– White PaperWhite Paper– Graduate Seminar PresentationGraduate Seminar Presentation– Senior ProjectsSenior Projects– ThesisThesis

• Visit with faculty involved:Visit with faculty involved:– EE: Jim Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, TaufikEE: Jim Harris, Ahmad Nafisi, Ali Shaban, Taufik– OCOB: Doug Cerf, Norm BorinOCOB: Doug Cerf, Norm Borin

Cal Poly SuPER Senior Projects Cal Poly SuPER Senior Projects and Thesis (available at SuPER and Thesis (available at SuPER

website)website)

Thesis:Thesis: Eran Tal, "SuPER System Prototype Design and Eran Tal, "SuPER System Prototype Design and

Implementation", July 2006 (pdf file)Implementation", July 2006 (pdf file)

Senior Projects:Senior Projects: Tyson DenHerder, "Design and Simulation of Photovoltaic Tyson DenHerder, "Design and Simulation of Photovoltaic

SuPER System using Simulink", March 2006 (pdf file) SuPER System using Simulink", March 2006 (pdf file) Gustavo Vasquez Jr., "Data Acquisition and Sensor Circuits for Gustavo Vasquez Jr., "Data Acquisition and Sensor Circuits for

the SuPER Project", June 2006 (pdf file) the SuPER Project", June 2006 (pdf file) BUS 454 Client Report Presentation - June 2006 Student BUS 454 Client Report Presentation - June 2006 Student

Team - Jessica Hickey, Richard Huskey, Heather McGinnis, Team - Jessica Hickey, Richard Huskey, Heather McGinnis, Nick McMillan; Faculty Supervisor -Dr. Lynn Metcalf Nick McMillan; Faculty Supervisor -Dr. Lynn Metcalf (PowerPoint) (PowerPoint)

Alexander Gee, "Printed Circuit Board Design and Alexander Gee, "Printed Circuit Board Design and Construction for hte SuPER Project", August 2006 (pdf file) Construction for hte SuPER Project", August 2006 (pdf file)

ReferencesReferences

• 1. George Constable, Bob Somerville; A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering 1. George Constable, Bob Somerville; A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives; National Academy of Engineering; 2003; Achievements that Transformed our Lives; National Academy of Engineering; 2003; overview available at overview available at http://http://www.greatachievements.orgwww.greatachievements.org//

• 2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for2. Jonathan O.V. Touryan, Kenell J. Touryan; "Renewable Energy for• Sustainable Rural Village Power";Sustainable Rural Village Power"; Presented at the American Scientific AffiliationPresented at the American Scientific Affiliation• Conference ArkansasConference Arkansas August 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871August 1999, available from NREL as NREL/CP-720-26871• [hybrid system for nrel village power program report[hybrid system for nrel village power program report• 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System 3. Begay-Campbell, Sandia National Laboratories; "Sustainable Hybrid System

Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Deployment with the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority"; NCPV and Solar Program Review Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520-33586 Page 541; available at Meeting 2003 NREL/CD-520-33586 Page 541; available at http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/ncpv_prm/pdfss/33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes /33586073.pdf [estimated date 2003, describes program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo program resulting from "On November 5, 2001, President Bush signed the Navajo Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Nation Electrification Demonstration Program (Section 602, Public Law 106-511) into Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist Law. This law directs the Secretary of Energy to establish a 5-year program to assist the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied the Navajo Nation in meeting its electricity needs for the estimated 18,000 occupied structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."]structures on the Navajo Nation that lack electric power."]

• 4. Thomas P. Hughes; Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-4. Thomas P. Hughes; Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 19831930; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983

• 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological 5. Thomas P. Hughes; American Genesis A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989Enthusiasm 1870-1970; Penguin Books; 1989

• 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; 6. David Nye; Electrifying America Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940; MIT Press; 1990MIT Press; 1990

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• [report from village power program at nrel – covers all renewable sources][report from village power program at nrel – covers all renewable sources]• 8. April Allderdice, John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; NREL: 8. April Allderdice, John H. Rogers; Renewable Energy for Microenterprise; NREL:

November 2000; available from November 2000; available from http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508http://www.gvep.org/content/article/detail/8508 • [microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries][microfinance introduction for renewable energy in underdevelopment countries]• 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small 9. Ulrich Stutenbaumer, Tesfaye Negash, Amensisa Abdi; "Performance of small

scale photovoltaic systems and their potential for rural electrification in Ethiopia"; scale photovoltaic systems and their potential for rural electrification in Ethiopia"; Renewable Energy 18 (1999) pp 35-48Renewable Energy 18 (1999) pp 35-48

• [authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities][authored by locals, but dated – example of early recognition of possibilities]• 10. Sunwize Technologies; 10. Sunwize Technologies; http://http://www.sunwize.comwww.sunwize.com//; insolation map available at ; insolation map available at

http://http://www.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htmwww.sunwize.com/info_center/insolmap.htm • [on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map][on-line catalog and interactive planning support; global insolation map]• 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, 11. Evan Mills; "The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting"; Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005,

pp 1263-1264pp 1263-1264• 12. E. Fred Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim; "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart"; 12. E. Fred Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim; "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart";

Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278Science; v. 308, 27 May 2005, pp 1274-1278• 13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-13. Thurton, J.P. and Stafford, B; "Successful Design of PV Power Systems for Solid-

State Lighting Applications"; Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; State Lighting Applications"; Fourth International Conference on Solid State Lighting; 3-6 August, 2004, Denver. Colorado / Proc. of SPIE; v. 5530; 2004; pp284-2953-6 August, 2004, Denver. Colorado / Proc. of SPIE; v. 5530; 2004; pp284-295

• [mainly lessons learned][mainly lessons learned]

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Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; Technology Development Institute, New Mexico State University; Daystar, Inc., Las Cruces, NM; "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia "Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems: A Handbook of Recommended Design Practices"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003National Laboratories, SAND87-7023 Updated July 2003

• [revised handbook first published in 1988][revised handbook first published in 1988]• 16. Kyocera Solar, Inc., Solar Electric Products Catalog , August 200516. Kyocera Solar, Inc., Solar Electric Products Catalog , August 2005• [available on web – prices for small modules only][available on web – prices for small modules only]• 17. IEA PVPS International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Photovoltaic Power 17. IEA PVPS International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Photovoltaic Power

Systems Task 3 Use of Photovoltaic Power Systems in Stand-Alone and IslandSystems Task 3 Use of Photovoltaic Power Systems in Stand-Alone and Island• Applications Report IEA PVPS T3-09: 2002 "Use of appliances in Stand-Alone PV Power supply Applications Report IEA PVPS T3-09: 2002 "Use of appliances in Stand-Alone PV Power supply

systems: problems and solutions; September 2002 systems: problems and solutions; September 2002 • [dos and don'ts for design][dos and don'ts for design]• 18. Alison Wilshaw, Lucy Southgate & Rolf Oldach; "Quality Management of Stand Alone PV 18. Alison Wilshaw, Lucy Southgate & Rolf Oldach; "Quality Management of Stand Alone PV

Systems: Recommended Practices" IEA Task 3, www.task3.pvps.iea.orgSystems: Recommended Practices" IEA Task 3, www.task3.pvps.iea.org• [another report of iea agreement][another report of iea agreement]• 19. Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First19. Martin A. Green; "Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Brief History of the First• 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley 50 Years"; Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2005; 13:447–455 (Published online 18 April 2005 in Wiley

InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/pip.612)• [history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure][history and use of moore's law with darpa rfp; also figure]• 20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP—20. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BAA05-21 posted Feb. 25, 2005 RFP—

Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, Very High Efficiency Solar Cell (VHESC) program announcement with deadline on 3/29/2005, which will be open at least a year from this date; see which will be open at least a year from this date; see http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm http://www.darpa.mil/ato/solicit/VHESC/index.htm

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• polymeric photovoltaics"; Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83 (2004) polymeric photovoltaics"; Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 83 (2004) 125–146125–146

• [overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's)[overview in context of inorganic (si) pv's)• 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower 22. T. Givler, P. Lilienthal; "Using HOMER® Software, NREL’s Micropower

Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Optimization Model, to Explore the Role of Gen-sets in Small Solar Power Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Systems Case Study: Sri Lanka"; Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; Technical Report NREL/TP-710-36774; May 2005.May 2005.

• 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, 23. David L. King, Thomas D. Hund, William E. Boyson, Mark E. Ralph, Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Marlene Brown, Ron Orozco; "Experimental Optimization of the FireFly. 600 Photovoltaic Off-Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-Photovoltaic Off-Grid System"; Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2003-3493 October 20033493 October 2003

• [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; [system and component test with ac inverter; measurement parameters; standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding]standards and codes identified, e.g., grounding]

• 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone 24. R. Akkaya*, A. A. Kulaksiz; "A microcontroller-based stand-alone photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 photovoltaic power system for residential appliances"; Applied Energy 78 (2004) 419–431; available at www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy(2004) 419–431; available at www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

• [microbased control, but focused on AC output][microbased control, but focused on AC output]

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