california collaborative for climate change solutions (c4s) · 2018-05-03 · california...

California Collaborative for Climate Change Solutions


(C4S) Snapshot of Scalable Solutions that will Accelerate California’s Climate Mitigation

Actions

We are developing a transformational vision and mission, not only for California’s

role in climate change, but also a vision for the future of the state in a rapidly transforming world.


Table of Contents Mission Statement……………………………………………………………………3 Summary of Scalable Solutions ……………………………………………….......4-6 Mitigation – Science Solutions…………………………………………………...9-25 Mitigation – Societal Transformations…………………………………….........26-41 Mitigation – Market Mechanism & Instruments…………..................................42-47 Mitigation – Technology………………………………………………………..48-75 Mitigation – Atmospheric Carbon Extraction (Technology)……………………76-85 Mitigation – Atmospheric Carbon Extraction (Forest, Soils, Agriculture and Land……………………………………………………………………………86-109 Adaptation – Building Resilience for Californians…………………………...110-127


3

Mission Statement

Speed the translation of research findings into practical solutions, and the movement of solutions to demonstration and pilot projects, and use the pilot projects to promote societal scale-up.


4

Summary of Scalable Solutions

Solutions: Page #:

Mitigation – Science Solutions 9 Urban modeling to prioritize GHG mitigation

(T. Hong and M.A. Piette, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) 10-11

Comprehensive Study on the Impact of Transportation on Climate Change in Kern County (A. Fuchs, CSU Bakersfield)

12-13

Determining, predicting, certifying, and verifying C sequestration in ecosystems and agroecosystems

(W. Oechel et al., CSU San Diego)

14-15

Climate Change Impacts on Extreme Weather in California (S. Chiao, CSU San Jose)

16-17

Impacts of Deep Decarbonization on Public Health (Y. Zhu and K.N. Liou, UC Los Angeles)

18-19

The Climate and Jobs Case for California Recycling (D. Press, UC Santa Cruz)

20-21

Food System Modeling for Climate Change Adaptation (J. Allison et al., UC Riverside)

22-23

Climate variability and the resulting changes in the fire intensity and hydrologic components (S. Lopez, CSU LA and A. Kinoshita, CSU San Diego)

24-25

Mitigation – Societal Transformation 26 Educating and Empowering Millions of Climate Warriors

A. K-12 Climate Literacy: Enhancing California’s NGSS (F. Forman, UC San Diego) B. Teenagers as Energy Conservation Stewards (M. Delmas, UC Los Angeles)

C. Climate Change Solutions: Course for One Million Climate Warriors (V. Ramanathan, UC San Diego; S. Friese and A. Roper, UC Innovative Learning Technology Program; L. Fandino,

UC San Diego Extension; J. Foran, UC-CSU Knowledge to Action Network)

28-33

Creating Policy Hooks to Build Citizen Participation (H. Han, UC Santa Barbara)

34-35

Climate change and beach nourishment in Morro Bay, California: Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) in Biology, Chemistry, and Geology

(J. Reece et al., CSU Fresno)

36-37

Changing the Climate Change Conversation (V. Seyranian, CSU Pomona)

38-39

Education as a Climate Change Mitigation Measure (E. Cordero, CSU San Jose)

40-41

Mitigation – Market Mechanisms & Instruments 42 California’s Energy Revolution and Just Transition

(D. Pellow, UC Santa Barbara) 44-45

Deep Decarbonization Under Multiple Regulatory Models (A. Carlson and W. Boyd, UC Los Angeles)

46-47

Mitigation – Technology 48 Leverage $22M of CEC Living Lab Testing at UCs

(B. Washom et al., All UCs and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) 50-51

Leverage $44M of Advanced Energy Communities 52-53


5

(B. Washom et al., UC San Diego) Leverage CEC Microgrids to 100% Renewable Supply

(B.Washom, UC San Diego and others) 54-55

Cooperative Microgrids (Co-µGrid) Enabled via Integrated DER (R. Gadh, UC Los Angeles)

56-57

Adaptive EV charging in microgrids with renewables (S. Low and N. Fromer, Caltech)

58-59

EVSmartPlug: Smart EV Charging with Max Green Energy (R. Gadh, UC Los Angeles)

60-61

High-temperature Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage with Molten Sulfur (R. Wirz, UC Los Angeles)

62-63

Electrolyzer-based renewable hydrogen energy ecosystem (S. Samuelsen, J. Brouwer, J. Reed, UC Irvine)

64-65

Accelerating California’s 20 GW Offshore Wind Power Opportunity (A. Jacobson et al., CSU Humboldt and UC Berkeley Labor Center)

66-67

Shared Electric Connected & Automated Transportation (M. Barth, UC Riverside)

68-69

Using Smart Meters to Reduce Electricity Consumption (W. Schultz, CSU San Marcos)

70-71

Accelerating the Clean Transportation Revolution (D. Kammen, UC Berkeley and T. Matlock, UC Merced)

72-73

Miniaturized Metallic Paper-Based Batteries to Power Small Portable Electronic Devices (F. Gomez, CSU LA)

74-75

Mitigation – Atmospheric Carbon Extraction (Technology) 76 Direct Carbon Capture Using Serpentinite Fluids

(R.D. Aines and P.B. Kelemen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Columbia University) 78-79

Electrochemical Carbon Capture for Load-Following Power (J. Brouwer et al., UC Irvine)

80-81

Transforming Carbon Dioxide Emissions into Concrete (G. Sant, UC Los Angeles)

82-83

Accelerating natural carbon sequestration in water systems (J. Adkins, Caltech)

84-85

Mitigation – Atmospheric Carbon Extraction (Forest, Soils, Agriculture and Land) 86 CO2 Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion

(A. Raju, UC Riverside) 88-89

Integrated microalgae carbon capture system (F. Zabihian, CSU Sacramento)

90-91

Feeding the World Without Green House Gas Emissions (B. Houlton, UC Davis)

92-93

A forest-restoration strategy for California: linking carbon, water, fire and conservation (R. Bales, UC Merced)

94-95

Multiple Benefit Land Management (C. Field, Stanford University)

96-97

Microbial Population Dynamics and Greenhouse Gas Production Under Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

(A. Haffa et al., CSU Monterey Bay; C. Shennan and J. Muramoto, UC Santa Cruz)

98-99

Large-Scale Fog Water Collection for Reforestation 100-101


6

(D. Fernandez, CSU Monterey Bay) Reducing Uncertainty in Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance in Coastal Wetlands

(P. Oikawa, CSU East Bay) 102-103

Climate change mitigation potential of compost amendments to rangeland ecosystems (W. Silver, UC Berkeley)

104-105

Management of California shrublands for carbon sequestration watershed, air quality, wildlife, and bioenergy


106-107

Net energy and life cycle impacts of waste biomass use (D. Rajagopal, UC Los Angeles)

108-109

Adaptation – Building Resilience for Californians 110 Coral Reefs at High CO2: risks and opportunities for mitigation

(R.C. Carpenter and P.J. Edmunds, CSU Northridge) 112-113

Smart glasshouses for food, water and energy use (M. Loik et al., UC Santa Cruz and CSU Sonoma)

114-115

Indigenous Leadership in Climate Solutions (B.R. Middleton, UC Davis)

116-117

Smarter building, landscaping, and paving with cool surfaces, shade trees, and low-carbon pavements

(R. Levinson and G. Ban-Weiss, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and USC)

118-119

Can Marine Protected Areas promote resilience in the face of climate change? (K. Nickols et al., CSU Northridge, UC Santa Barbara, UC Los Angeles)

120-121

Seagrass enhancement for increasing CO2 sequestration habitat, recreation, and water quality in San Diego Bay


122-123

Genomic Analysis of Ecosystem Health (H. B. Shaffer, T. Smith and T. Gillespie, UC Los Angeles)

124-125

Advanced Energy for Disadvantaged Communities (S. Pincetl, UC Los Angeles)

126-127


7


8

Urban modeling to prioritize GHG mitigation (T. Hong and M.A. Piette, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Comprehensive Study on the Impact of Transportation on Climate Change in Kern County

(A. Fuchs, CSU Bakersfield)

Determining, predicting, certifying, and verifying C sequestration in ecosystems and agroecosystems (W. Oechel et al., CSU San Diego)

Climate Change Impacts on Extreme Weather in California

(S. Chiao, CSU San Jose)

Impacts of Deep Decarbonization on Public Health (Y. Zhu and K.N. Liou, UC Los Angeles)

The Climate and Jobs Case for California Recycling

(D. Press, UC Santa Cruz)

Food System Modeling for Climate Change Adaptation (J. Allison et al., UC Riverside)

Climate variability and the resulting changes in the fire intensity and hydrologic components

(S. Lopez, CSU LA and A. Kinoshita, CSU San Diego)

Mitigation – Science Solutions


9


10

Urban Modeling to Prioritize GHG Mitigation Tianzhen Hong and Mary Ann Piette Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [email protected]

CityBES is a 3D-GIS integrated data and computing web platform for urban building energy visualization and benchmarking, retrofit modeling and analysis, renewable potential estimate, and district energy system evaluation. CityBES will be used to evaluate and prioritize GHG mitigation for cities.

mailto:[email protected]


11

Buildings in cities consume more than 50% of total energy. Improving operation and deep retrofitting in buildings can achieve 30-50% energy savings and is a critical strategy to meeting cities' and California's energy and climate action goals. This project aims to evaluate and prioritize strategies and scale up deployment to reduce GHG emissions for the entire building stocks in City of San Francisco and City of San Jose, through urban systems modeling using the LBNL developed building stock data and building energy modeling tools. The strategies include: building operation improvement through smart meter data analytics and load shape benchmarking, deep retrofit analysis using detailed energy modeling, solar PV (individual rooftop and community scale), electrification of buildings (space heating and water heating), renewable thermal (geothermal, GSHP, etc.), and electric vehicles. Feasibility study of district energy systems for certain groups of buildings will be conducted to quantify the cost and benefits. Special emphasis will be given to modeling opportunities for disadvantaged communities and working with community partners to conduct retrofits. The project will also assess effectiveness of cities' building energy disclosure ordinance, understanding driving factors and adjusting policy to ensure buildings subject to the ordinance actually reduce energy use year over year. The project can start now and will last for 2 years, leveraging on the current collaboration between LBNL and the two cities. The benefits include a significant increase in building energy retrofits and the retro-commissioning market, which will reduce building energy cost and create new jobs, as well as improve occupant comfort and productivity. The project is shovel-ready as LBNL's tools have been used and the team has experience working with cities and urban developers. The proposed demonstration can be scaled to other California cities and regions outside California as the methods and tools are generic and only new datasets need to be developed for additional cities. Estimated project cost is $750k/year with a total of $1,500k for 2 years. Matching funds are expected from cities via in-kind staff support. Partners include ABAG, BACC and PG&E. See CityBES.lbl.gov.


12

Comprehensive Study on the Impact of Transportation on Climate Change in Kern County Alan Fuchs California State University, Bakersfield [email protected]


13

This proposal focuses on the transportation issues in the Bakersfield, CA area that impact climate change. In particular, significant traffic on intercity highways, which results in high CO2, any CH4 (from unburned HC, refining and agriculture), and N2O which are GHGs. NOx and PM2.5 are criteria pollutants. Three approaches will be investigated as part of this proposal: 1) Electrification of the truck fleet (includes concept development of novel fuel cell membrane and battery separator), 2) Tuning and after treatment of truck engines for low N2O output, and 3) Fuel cells for truck operation. N2O has >100-year life and ~300 x warming effect (IR absorption cross section). EPA states ~5% of N2O emission is from transportation. CO2 reduction from HC fuels is proportional to engine and system efficiency. Bio-diesel and renewable DME can be solution pathways for diesel. A techno-economic analysis will be carried out around electrification, fuel cells and truck engine tuning. A novel battery separator will be used in the battery package as part of the electrification approach. A novel, region-specific analysis and modeling tool to show overall impacts and benefit to community from reductions of above emissions, will be investigated. The city of Bakersfield and County of Kern continually rank among the worst regions in air quality in the nation. According to the American Lung Association State of the Air 2017 report, the region is heavily polluted due to ozone, short and long-term particle pollution. This project will be critical in improving air quality in these regions. CSU Bakersfield is both a Hispanic Serving Institution and a Minority Institution. The city of Bakersfield has a population of over 375,000 with 54% identifying as Hispanic. In addition, the County of Kern has a population of over 884,000. The PI has extensive experience in battery separators and fuel cell membranes. This technology is scalable to battery separator technologies and to government labs and companies anywhere in the US. The cost of this project is $100,000.


14

Determining, predicting, certifying, and verifying C sequestration in ecosystems and agrosystems Walter Oechel, Donatella Zona, Xiaofeng Xu, Fernando De Sales, and Doug Stow San Diego State University [email protected]

Portable eddy covariance tower, micro-meteorological measurements, and eddy covariance aircraft measuring CO2 and CH4 fluxes will be coupled with remote sensing, high resolution weather modeling and ecosystem trace gas flux models (including CLM) to estimate and verify effectiveness of land use and land management interventions on C sequestration and greenhouse gas reduction in natural ecosystems, forest and managed ecosystems, and agro-ecosystems


15

Use of ecosystems and agroecosystems for C sequestration (and greenhouse gas reduction) has been slowed by the lack of a reliable mechanism by which to accurately and quickly quantify effectiveness, or because the full benefit has not been captured. This has made the quantification and therefore monetization of ecosystem C sequestration difficult. Currently it is difficult to verify carbon sequestration in a cost-effective manner in forests, other ecosystems and agroecosystems. This is due, in part, to variability in C stocks across the landscape. Single, traditional methods make it difficult to quantify, with certainty, the effectiveness of carbon sequestration interventions in forests, other natural ecosystems, and agroecosystems. For example, the high variability in soil carbon can make it difficult to quantify soil sequestration from repeat measurements of soil carbon. Often below ground carbon sequestration is not even counted in C sequestration due to difficulties in quantification. Here we will demonstrate an integrated approach of modeling and verification with portable eddy covariance towers and eddy covariance aircraft that can be used to determine and verify the effectiveness of C sequestration and trace gas reduction in projects intended to increase C sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

We will demonstrate an approach based on modelling coupled with spot verification by portable eddy covariance towers and aircraft eddy covariance. This system represents a new approach to cost effective verification and quantification of actual carbon sequestration (and greenhouse gas emissions) in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. It will be applied to ongoing and new C sequestration and lowered greenhouse gas emission demonstration projects including those proposed in C4S.

Ecosystems (natural and agroecosystems) provide one of the cheapest and most reliable C sequestration mechanisms available. This project will allow accurate and complete accounting of the full impact of various interventions from manure application, biochar addition, mulching, revegetation, rewilding, rewetting, and improved ecosystem management. This approach is anticipated to increase the profitability of C sequestration activities in ecosystems, and the full impact of the intervention can be estimated with confidence.

This approach is scalable globally and will quantify the effectiveness of ecosystem and agroecosystem interventions whether technically advanced (addition of soil compounds including biochar and altering the soil environment) or very basic approaches appropriate for developing countries (e.g. revegetation, rewetting, rewilding, reduction in grazing, wood gathering, or logging pressure). All aspects of this demonstration have been tested and are now ready for demonstration. The potential impact is very large and there is the potential for commercialized within and without California. Because this demonstration can increase the acceptance and monetization of ecosystem C sequestration, the impact is very large in terms of the number of people that will be affected. The demonstration can start immediately and will run for 5 years. Anticipated cost is $200k/y.


16

Climate Change Impacts on Extreme Weather in California Sen Chiao San Jose State University [email protected]

Five atmospheric river (AR) events occurred in from January to February 2017. Pictures show an unexpected inland flooding in the city of San Jose during one AR event. 2017 is one of the wettest years to date and the intense precipitation resulted in flooding, destruction of property, and contamination of water supplies; all of which threaten public safety.


17

As increasing amounts of heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, many key aspects of the weather would become more extreme. As far back as 1995, analysis by NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center showed that over the course of the 20th century, the United States had suffered a statistically significant increase in a variety of extreme weather events. One of the main climate change connections on the impacts of severe storms, atmospheric rivers and local circulations, is related to the unstable air (warmer and moister conditions) of the low-level air that creates the convection and thunderstorms in the first place.

Although the climate change effect could be probably only a 5 to 10% effect in terms of the instability and

subsequent rainfall, it translates into up to a considerable effect in terms of damage. Nevertheless, it is important to note that both global warming and natural variability may cause extreme weather events. The motivation of this proposed project is to advances the understanding of the weather-climate linkage by investigating the possible influence of extra water vapor distribution due to global warming, and its linkages to extreme weather in California.

This proposed project is designed to support the efforts of the California Collaborative for Climate Change

Solutions (C4S) with the focus to advances the understanding of the weather-climate linkage, cloud and precipitation processes, airborne particulate matter and aerosols, health sensitivities to weather and climate, as well as air quality in California.

In order to accelerate California’s mitigation effort, the overachieving goal is to deepen scientific

understanding of climate impacts, from global to local scales, on severe storms, local circulations, as well as their linkages in association with precipitation. The project is designed to enhance climate services to help communities, businesses, and governments understand and adapt to climate-related risks in California and other areas. The estimated duration for this project will be 36 months. The possible starting date will be in June 2018. The project will:

1. Increase confidence in assessing and anticipating climate impacts on severe local storms and flash flood lead

times from days to weeks in California and the other U.S. Continental Divide; and 2. Support development and delivery of the California Collaborative for Climate Change Solutions and services.

To bridge the gap between the coarse spatial resolution of climate model output and the need for weather

and climate information at a higher resolution, we propose to use both statistical downscaling and dynamical downscaling models to examine potential changes of low level moisture in relation to hazardous weather. We will investigate several aspects (synoptic, mesoscale to microscale) of past extreme events (precipitation, severe storms, and ARs) in California and potential for scalability to regions outside California. Moreover, the Community Climate System Model, and Regional Climate Model system will be used to estimate weeks to seasonal forecasts.

Estimated cost per year is 150K that will support two well-qualified underrepresented minority

graduate students and PI’s time. The total cost will be 450K for 36 months. No matching funds is available at San Jose State University at this moment. Current and potential partners include: NWS-Monterey, Sacramento offices, Truweather Solutions Inc. and Quantum Weather.


18

Impacts of Deep Decarbonization on Public Health

Yifang Zhu and Kuo-Nan Liou University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

Smog in Los Angeles. Transitioning to renewable energy and electrified transportation will fight climate change and improve public health. Photo credit Dave Herholz



19

Fossil fuel combustion emits both greenhouse gases (GHG) and criteria air pollutants. Many California counties are out of compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3), which have been found to have adverse impacts on public health in terms of mortality, asthma, heart conditions, diabetes, birth outcomes, cancer, and neurological problems. Since pollutant emissions, transport, dispersion, chemical transformation, and deposition can all be influenced by meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, wind characteristics, and vertical mixing, these adverse effects may be enhanced in the future due to global climate change.

In this project, we seek to investigate the public health benefits of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy in California. We will utilize state-of-the-art methods to estimate the future emission trends, simulate consequent changes in ambient air pollutant concentrations, and assess their resulting public health benefits. Results from the proposed objectives will provide scientific communities and regulatory agencies with up-to-date knowledge on the impacts of deep decarbonization in California. The findings of this project will benefit the formulation of California’s policies on air pollution control and climate change mitigation which will impact ~39 million people in California. On one hand, substitution with renewable energy is an important approach to reduce air pollutant emissions; therefore this project will support the State Implementation Plans to assist the State of California to comply with the NAAQS for O3 and PM2.5. On the other hand, air pollution and climate change are closely correlated with each other; a smart mix of measures to simultaneously address these two issues is sensible and effective than tackling each issue separately. We will quantify both the public health benefits and the GHG reduction induced by renewable energy substitution under both current and future climates, which may have important implications for the formulation of multi-objective, synergistic control policies.

The proposed project is shovel-ready and can start right away. As shown in the illustrative graphic, we have successfully developed methods and models for the Los Angeles County. In collaboration with the California Air Resource Board and various local air quality districts, we will expand the developed models to the whole state. While the proposed project focuses on California, the method and models developed in this project can be ready generalized to regions outside California. This project will last for two years with an annual direct budget of $200,000 for a total cost of $400,000.


20

The Climate and Jobs Case for California Recycling Daniel Press University of California, Santa Cruz [email protected]

With a carbon footprint in the many hundreds of thousands of tons (CO2e), California shipped about 10 million tons of paper and cardboard overseas in 2016



21

Project Purpose and Design California could curb carbon emissions and grow jobs by favoring the domestic use of recovered materials in new manufacturing, for three reasons. First, using recovered materials for industrial feedstock saves enormous amounts of energy, and, in turn, reduces air (including GHGs), water and waste loads. Second, decades of environmental regulations have prompted significant improvements in the environmental performance of US factories, so manufacturing in the US often has a lower carbon footprint than in the Global South. Third, few American sectors currently reach the highest recovered materials utilization rates observed in other parts of the world, so there is substantial room for growth in recovered materials reuse, domestically. With a large population and recycling infrastructure, plus some of the country's largest ports, California is a major hub for recovered material collection and export – in 2016 alone, the state shipped 15 million tons of scrap paper, plastics and metals overseas. Using emissions calculators from the Swedish Network for Transport and Environment, along with paper recovery data, 1,046,919 metric tons of recovered paper were shipped from Long Beach to Guangzhou in 2010 with the following emissions: Ports Nautical

Kilometers CO2 metric tons

NOx metric tons

HC metric tons

CO metric tons

PM metric tons

Long Beach to Guangzhou

11,938 126,545 2,373 124 249 124

This project will analyze the potential climate and employment benefits of growing California recovery materials usage capacity in three heavy industries (pulp & paper, ferrous and non-ferrous metals and plastics). These sectors offer enormous potential GHG reductions and significant potential for US employment gains. Each 1) uses both virgin and recovered materials as raw material feedstocks, 2) consumes large amounts of energy, with accordingly large carbon footprints, and 3) has ready access to large domestic sources of recovered materials for industrial feedstocks. Recovered paper, metals and plastics represent the bulk of what is shipped overseas from California ports. The project will produce a policy analysis comprised of four complementary parts. The first part will collect and compare data on 1) raw material consumption (including virgin and recovered material feedstocks), 2) energy consumption, and 3) GHG emissions from final production uses by the two case sectors. Data for this part will include trade association statistics, the US Energy Information Administration's Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey and emission factors associated with different industrial processes. The second part will use transportation emissions data to establish the carbon footprint of transporting recovered materials to overseas markets versus shipping to US mills and plants in each of the comparison sectors. The third part will use the US Bureau of Economic Analysis’ RIMS to model job creation and chained dollars in each of the case sectors. The fourth and final part will assess the suitability of policy instruments for motivating shifts towards more recovered material used in US manufacturing. Policy tools for consideration will include, at a minimum, tradable permits, carbon taxes, green tariffs, value-added taxes, loan guarantees, tax incentives and R&D programs. Cost and Timeline This would be a two-year project with a $200,000 budget. It could begin in summer of 2018.


22

Food System Modeling for Climate Change Adaptation Juliann Allison, David Crohn, Darrel Jenerette University of California, Riverside [email protected]



23

Urban agriculture has the potential to replace as much as 10% of urban food demand, reducing rural and agricultural land use, and yielding a suite of co-benefits, including greater urban biodiversity, higher consumption of plants versus meats in urban diets, greater and more diverse economic activity, socio-economic equity, cultural integration, and overall resilience to ecological and technological change. Yet it remains under-appreciated and under-used globally due, in part, to absent or inadequate system-level analyses. UC Riverside researchers apply the Community Economic Resource Evaluation System(CERES) model to evaluate the influence of selected food system interventions occurring in Riverside, CA, a demographically and geographically diverse city in the state’s rapidly-growing Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan region—a diverse, predominantly working-class region with a population over 4 million.

The project emerged out of collaboration between GrowRIVERSIDE, a regional organization of 1,200 stakeholders established to cultivate food and agricultural activities across the Inland Southern California region, and UC Riverside scholars affiliated with the California Agriculture Food Enterprise (CAFE), a campus-based interdisciplinary research group on food and agricultural systems, and supported by the University of California Global Food Initiative, a system-wide effort to direct UC research toward solving local, regional and global agricultural needs. This collaboration satisfies the demands of community-based participatory research (CBPR), despite the project’s data gathering and manipulation requirements. The project DEMONSTRATION focuses on three of more than a dozen interventions facilitated by GrowRIVERSIDE: (1) HEAL Zone—a place-based urban agriculture and public health program— (2) the RUSD Food Hub, which distributes local food through the public-school meal programs, and (3) the Riverside Food Systems Alliance (RFSA), an innovative urban farmer development program.

These three case studies represent starting points. The CERES model is a powerful tool for evaluating food system interventions with respect to their contributions to: ensuring adequate local food supply, increasing agricultural land use efficiency, improving public health, diversifying the economy, improving socio-economic equity, and supporting cultural diversity—all essential to promoting ecological and technological resilience. UC Riverside researchers intend to improve and apply the CERES model to assess other GrowRIVERSIDE interventions as well as propagate the approach to other communities and regions within and beyond California. The estimated cost of the project as proposed is $215,000/year, excluding computing upgrades that may be necessary, staff support that may need to be covered, and indirect costs. UC Riverside researchers have secured $100,000 in matching funds and expect additional, case-specific funds to become available for the interventions identified for this demonstration project.


24

Climate variability and the resulting changes in the fire intensity and hydrologic components Sonya Lopez and Alicia Kinoshita California State University, Los Angeles and San Diego State University [email protected]

Figure 1 (a) Model framework requires running climate scenarios through the FIRE-TEC model, then using the burn severity maps generated to simulate, surface and subsurface flow as well as radiative heat fluxes using ParFlow-CLM; (b) Pre-burn conditions include high evapotranspiration flux, represented by evaporation vegetation index (EVI), infiltration, and low surface runoff rates; (c) Post-fire conditions include a significant reduction in evapotranspiration flux, increase in surface runoff, and minimal infiltration



25

The United States is experiencing an increase in wildfire frequency and size (Westerling et al., 2006) and this is expected to intensify due to climate change. Wildfires remove vegetation and alter soil properties, which significantly contributes to infiltration limited overland flow (Cawson et al., 2013; Larsen et al., 2009; Stoof et al., 2015). The altered infiltration-limited runoff and soil moisture requires a comprehensive understanding between subsurface and surface processes and ecosystem water demand. We propose to use a physically-based 3D combustion model (FIRETEC) for fire prediction and an advanced coupled land-surface-groundwater hydrologic model (ParFlow-CLM) to understand the surface and subsurface hydrologic interactions at various stages within post-wildfire recovery. This work will use long-term observations from a watershed burned in San Bernardino, CA to develop a model capable of incorporating remote sensing data and products to improve model efficiency. This model framework (Figure 1) is also intended to provide a platform for simulating the hydrologic implications of future management, mitigation, and burn scenarios. This research uniquely focuses on (1) accurately representing the chemical changes to the soil immediately after wildfire to improve predictions of post-fire timing and intensity, (2) using remote sensing information to calibrate the ecosystem water demand and consumption to simulate post-fire hydrologic recovery, and (3) evaluating how the water components (overland flow, interflow, groundwater flow, water storage) change immediately and after several years post-fire. We will simulate future wildfire scenarios simulated by FIRETEC, which resolves fire spread over complex terrain and fuel structures given observed scenarios of build-up, and moisture content. The burned landscape will be defined in ParFlow-CLM, a three-dimensional, distributed hydrologic model, to simulate spatial and temporal post-fire hydrologic processes. Soil burn severity will be informed by hydrophobicity derived from FIRETEC and vegetation recovery. Using this approach, we can evaluate the change in post-fire water components (surface flow, lateral flow, baseflow, and evapotranspiration) at high spatial and temporal resolution. Future wildfire damage requires immediate attention for mitigation in California. 2017 and early 2018 have produced some of the most catastrophic fire events due to the preceding long period of aridity in California. Fire events not only destroy homes, cause loss of life, and post-fire flooding, but also have a long-term impact on the water cycle that warrants further investigation. Local benefits of this project include protection of public health and safety, and long-term quantification of hydrologic impacts. The pilot study will be conducted in San Bernardino, home to over 2 million residents, and this work will be transferrable to regions throughout and outside of California. This work is shovel-ready and is estimated to cost $150,000/year for three years. Matching funds include computing support from the NASA DIRECT-STEM 64-core cluster, an additional ECST/NSS 64-core computing cluster, small award allocation for XSEDE (up to 4000 computing-cores), and student training and travel support from the NASA DIRECT-STEM program, and LSAMP program.

REFERENCES:

Cawson, J., G. Sheridan, H. Smith, and P. Lane (2012), Surface runoff and erosion after prescribed burning and the effect of different fire regimes in forests and shrublands: a review, International Journal of Wildland Fire, 21(7), 857-872. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/WF11160.

Larsen, I. J., MacDonald, L. H., Brown, E., Rough, D., Welsh, M. J., Pietraszek, J. H., ... & Schaffrath, K. (2009). Causes of post-fire runoff and erosion: water repellency, cover, or soil sealing?. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 73(4), 1393-1407.

Stoof, C. R., Ferreira, A. J., Mol, W., Van den Berg, J., De Kort, A., Drooger, S., ... & Ritsema, C. J. (2015). Soil surface changes increase runoff and erosion risk after a low–moderate severity fire. Geoderma, 239, 58-67.

Westerling, A., & Bryant, B. (2006). Climate change and wildfire in and around California: Fire modeling and loss modeling.


26

Mitigation – Societal Transformation

Educating and Empowering Millions of Climate Warriors A. K-12 Climate Literacy: Enhancing California’s NGSS

(F. Forman, UC San Diego) B. Teenagers as Energy Conservation Stewards

(Magali Delmas, UC Los Angeles) C. Climate Change Solutions: Course for One Million Climate Warriors

(V. Ramanathan, UC San Diego; S. Friese & A. Roper, UC Innovative Learning Technology Program; L. Fandino, UC San Diego Extension; J. Foran, UC-CSU Knowledge to Action Network)

Creating Policy Hooks to Build Citizen Participation

(H. Han, UC Santa Barbara)

Climate change and beach nourishment in Morro Bay, California: Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) in Biology, Chemistry, and Geology

(J. Reece et al, CSU Fresno)

Changing the Climate Change Conversation (V. Seyranian, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona)

Education as a Climate Change Mitigation Measure

(E. Cordero, San Jose State University)


27


28


29

K-12 Climate Literacy: Enhancing California’s NGSS: Bending the Curve for Kids! Fonna Forman University of California, San Diego [email protected] The Challenge: We talk a lot in California about our successful innovations in policy and technology, but we need to upgrade our social software and rethink how we are educating the next generation. The climate content of California’s current State Standards is weak, given our leadership in the world on climate solutions. We propose a Bending the Curve for Kids to promote an "integral" approach to climate education, and ensure broad climate literacy across the state by Grade 12. Bending the Curve for Kids will be piloted in the San Diego Unified School District (SDUSD), California’s second largest, and will be scaled to districts across the state. The Pilot: Year One: Designing Bending the Curve for Kids: A team of educators, climate scientists, children's writers and graphic designers will transform the document and its integral clusters (science, technology, social behavior, economics, governance, and ecosystems) into a visually and narratively stimulating educational tool, with accompanying lessons that accelerate in complexity as kids move through K-12. Year Two: Pilot Intervention: Our first intervention will take place in the Encanto zone of the SDUSD, designated a federal Promise Zone, and CalEPA Environmental Justice Community. Though our UCSD EarthLab Community Station, we already collaborate on high-impact K-12 science education, and are ready to integrate Bending the Curve for Kids as an experimental climate curriculum. We are ready to go! Year Three: Scaling up! The tool will be scaled across the SDUSD to 131,000 students. Our goal is to be replicable across the state and across the US. Once tested locally, we will design and implement subsidized professional development workshops for teachers and researchers across the state. Strategic Energy Innovations (SEI), the Bay-Area utility-funded non-profit is eager to facilitate teacher workshop design. The Partners: The UCSD EarthLab Community Station is a robust partnership between UC San Diego, Groundwork San Diego (non-profit) and the San Diego Unified School District. We currently have a $1.5M planning grant from the California Energy Commission to develop an “advanced energy community” in Encanto, with an emphasis on attitudinal and behavioral change. So there is already cross-sector momentum, including the enthusiastic support of local and state civic leaders, notably State Senator Ben Hueso (chair, Energy, Utilities and Communications). Encanto is a “shovel ready” site for a scalable K-12 climate literacy intervention. A fast win for California. The Budget: Design + Production: 500K Zone Pilot: 150K District Pilot + State Training Program, 750K 3-year budget: 1.4M Matching: 360K: UC San Diego Center on Global Justice 150K: Groundwork San Diego TBC: Strategic Energy Innovation (SEI) TBC: San Diego Unified School District TBC: Civic Philanthropy Total request: 75K


30

Children Will Lead the Way: Educating the Next Generation


31

Teenagers as Energy Conservation Stewards Magali A. Delmas University of California, Los Angeles [email protected] Energy conservation through technological and behavioral change is estimated to have a savings potential of 123 million metric tons of carbon per year, which represents 20% of US household direct emissions in the United States. Scholars have demonstrated that tailored information programs have a tremendous potential for conservation behavior. Teenagers represent about 13% of the total U.S. population and have the potential to exert a powerful collective drive toward environmental protections in society. In this project, we will empower teenagers to act as energy conservation stewards within their household. In this 3-year project, we will develop an interactive teaching module accessible on mobile devices that will provide teenagers with information about energy use at the appliance level, energy conservation strategies, as well as tools and tactics that they can use to influence their parents to conserve energy. The teaching module will include an educational video, interactive games, and a quiz/game to assess teenagers’ knowledge of energy efficiency. As a take-home exercise, students will implement some of the conservation persuasion tips provided in the video, play an educational game with their parents, and fill out an energy use questionnaire with them. Some of the challenges of engaging teens in energy conservation include the difficulty to involve school teachers to educate students about energy conservation, and the lack of access to residential energy consumption data to assess the effectiveness of these programs. We propose several strategies to overcome these challenges. First, the module will be self-standing, and will require little input from teachers. Second, we will partner with non-profit organizations to diffuse our training module. Third, we will evaluate the effectiveness of the module through different avenues including a post survey and requesting access to household energy use information. There are more than 3.5 million teenagers in California, and this initiative can easily scale up in California and beyond. The module will be available for free and the persuasion strategies will be tailored to address different types of households. This module has therefore the capacity to reach a large variety of households, including those in disadvantaged communities. In year 1, the module will be developed and tested with one hundred 6-12th grade students in Los Angeles. In year 2, we will evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention through an assessment of household energy use conducted in partnership with electricity analytics organizations. We will revise the module accordingly. In year 3, we will diffuse the module throughout California and beyond through a large-scale communication campaign. The budget for this project is of $300,000 per year for 3 years. This includes teaching module development, the mobile application, website and video. Incentives for participating schools. Survey design and administration, partnerships with electricity analytics organizations, and media outreach for the module dissemination. The California Public Utility Commission is providing funding for the development of the pilot module ($145,000). UCLA is home to a middle school and a high school, therefore providing the ideal place to test our module. Partnerships with other schools within Los Angeles, as well as electricity analytics organizations have been secured.


32

Climate Change Solutions: Course for One Million Climate Warriors V. Ramanathan; S. Friese and A. Roper; L. Fandino University of California, San Diego; University of California Innovative Learning Technology Program; University of California, San Diego Extension Programs; 20 faculty from all 10 campuses of UC [email protected]



33

Climate Change Solutions, a course that guides college students from both the natural and social sciences through the historical context of climate change to the exploration of real-world solutions. Developed by the University of California in 2017, with climate scientist Veerabhadran Ramanathan and political scientist Hahrie Han at the helm, Climate Change Solutions is a hybrid course, combining the best elements of a traditional in-person class with that of online learning environments and flipped classrooms. The course content includes 20 videotaped lectures presented by expert faculty from across the University of California system on topics ranging from climate science, social science, societal transformation, technology, ecosystem management, governance, economics and market incentives. Students are challenged to take matters into their own hands and identify both local and global solutions. The course was launched in 2018 and is being taught in six campuses with about 300 undergraduate students. As part of this C4S initiative, we are proposing to expand it to one million students from all of California, the entire nation and the world. We are proposing to achieve this scaling through 6 distinct steps, described below. The underlying basis for scaling is that, the course content is already completed.

a. Develop an e-book that can easily be distributed at a low cost. This is critical for scaling to colleges outside of the UC system.

b. Develop a multi-campus version of the course: This will be accomplished through an On-Line version of the course, such that an instructor in one UC campus can offer the course and students from all other UC campuses can enroll.

c. Offer the course at the 24 campuses of California State University. d. Steps (a) to (c) would allow us to develop and deploy a MOOC, to provide course access to

underprivileged and disadvantaged individuals globally. The MOOC would be administered by a course moderator, and supported by interactive simulations, web-links, quizzes, and videos, to further explain and enhance lesson content.

e. Develop a Climate Change Solutions certification program to educate and empower employees working in the climate change area in multiple sectors including, NGOs, Government agencies, corporate and foundations sector. The multi-campus on-line version and the MOOC would become the centerpiece of a certificate program.

f. Climate Change Solutions will also target traditionally alienated sectors of the climate change discussion: religion and corporations. By adapting the course to Catholic universities and into a certificate program (respectively), Bending the Curve maintains the potential to reach overlooked sectors, bring them into the conversation, igniting a movement. The partners for this part will be the Catholic Climate Covenant of the US and the Vatican through the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

The cost for the six steps will be $2 million spread over 3 years. One third of the $1.5 m will be through matching funds from the UC system; One third will be borne through licensing fees to institutions hosting the course and tuition fees through MOOC and the remaining 1/3 will be borne by C4S.


34

Creating Policy Hooks to Build a Constituency for a Fossil Free Future Hahrie Han University of California, Santa Barbara [email protected]

How do we generate public support for a fossil free future? Creating policy hooks can create institutional mechanisms to help build a constituency to advocate for and support a sustainable future.



35

Holding government accountable to a just transition and a fossil-free future will necessitate broad citizen participation and action. Generating the kind of participation through which ordinary people develop the motivations and capacities needed to exercise voice over climate outcomes, however, is no easy task. A 2015 report from the Rockefeller Family Fund argued that we have to learn to “design climate politics to reshape climate politics.” While we traditionally think of politics as shaping policy, much research has shown that policy, in fact, can powerfully shape politics. In other words, the nature of a policy and the way a policy is designed can have powerful implications for the quality and quantity of citizen participation around an issue. In designing climate policies, thus, we must consider not only their environmental impacts but also the extent to which they contain “logics” that build collective action for a sustainable future.

Historically, in other policy areas, we see that an important mechanism through which the kind of broad and deep citizen engagement needed for a fossil free future emerges are "policy hooks." These hooks can incentivize citizen participation by creating institutional mechanisms through which citizens get involved and have voice over relevant policy outcomes. For instance, the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 necessitated that banks get annual approval from local citizen boards to continue doing business in a community. The Home Mortgage Data Act made the data available that citizen boards would need to examine what banks were doing. By creating institutional mechanisms for ordinary citizens to take action on banking in their community, CRA was able to get trillions of dollars into low-income communities. What kind of hooks can be created around climate policy? What communities can pilot and test these proposals?

A second mechanism through which citizen action can be created are policy feedbacks. These are feedback effects through which the way the policy is designed differentially generates participation around it. Policies can contain “logics” that increase the durability of the policy and/or expand the base of support for the policy by the way it creates opportunities for advocates.

Often, however, the way policy hooks and policy feedbacks unfold are unpredictable because of the complex systems within which policies operate. A number of policy hooks with possible feedback effects have been discussed, such as net metering policies, cap and dividend, and the design of many other mitigation and adaptation programs. The goal of the pilot program should be to identify several promising policy hooks and test them in local communities across the state.


36

Climate change and beach nourishment in Morro Bay, California: Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) in Biology, Chemistry, and Geology Joshua S. Reece, Beth Weinman, Mara Brady, Eric Person, and Aric Mine

California State University, Fresno [email protected]

Morro Bay provides a unique opportunity to use interdisciplinary course-based undergraduate research experiences to assess how beach nourishment buffers coastal ecosystems against climate change.



37

Morro Bay is a Central California community and natural harbor with an inlet that has been modified in such a way that the harbor must been dredged regularly to keep it deep enough for boat traffic. The region contains a prominent harbor, with the iconic Morro Rock at its mouth, a sand peninsula that extends 6 km to the South and sandy coastline for 4 km North. Dredged sand from the harbor is deposited regularly on a single site 1 km north of the harbor. We are assessing historical changes in beach width as a function of climate change and erosion/sea-level rise, the effects of dredge dumping (beach nourishment) on sedimentology and sediment biogeochemistry, and the responses of beach invertebrates and shorebirds. Our goal is to determine if beach nourishment can be executed without harming natural communities, and whether the deposition of sand buffers beaches from erosion due to climate change and sea-level rise. This research will also contribute to our understanding of carbon storage in coastal environments, where estuarine sediments are an important carbon sink.

Our project involves three departments and five faculty members with up to 5 courses of student

researchers per year; in the first 12 months of this project we have already incorporated 121 student researchers in our project. We initiated the project in February 2016 and the project remains ongoing for the foreseeable future. Our project can help inform patterns of beach response to sea-level rise and how dredging and other forms of beach nourishment can be used in California’s mitigation efforts. Our project provides local benefits to a community that depends on both the harbor and ecotourism from its rich natural communities of coastal species. This project impacts the more than 10,000 residents of Morro Bay, its estimated 20,000 annual tourists, and nearby local communities that utilize sandy beaches such as San Luis Obispo (population > 250,000). This work is globally relevant because beach nourishment is a major component of efforts to abate the displacement of coastal infrastructure (Hinkel et al. 2013). The Morro Bay project is shovel ready and ongoing and is readily scalable to state-wide assessments of similar sandy beach habitats. Our total estimated costs per annum at current scale are $20,000. This level of funding provides for monthly sampling, chemical and sedimentological analyses, and maintains participation of 5 faculty and an estimated 80 student researchers per year across 5 courses and 3 departments. CSU Fresno is a Hispanic minority-serving institution and this project can contribute to engaging underrepresented students in scientific research experiences that will contribute to state workforce needs.


38

Changing the Climate Change Conversation Viviane Seyranian California State Polytechnic University, Pomona [email protected]

UCLA findings on future impacts across LA exemplify local information that could make climate change real to the public and motivate policy support and mitigation behaviors.



39

Project Purpose: Public support for climate change policy in the U.S. is low. Research suggests part of the problem is that climate change is not perceived as personally relevant, with local risks and local solutions. There is a need to develop and test communications about impacts on the scales directly relevant to people and to talk about how climate change will affect us in our backyards. This project proposes a field experiment to ascertain effective climate change messaging at different scales drawing on data from Dr. Alex Hall's climate change models. Diverse samples from Los Angeles will be randomly assigned to read a message on climate change impacts framed at a spatial scale (local, state, global) and then answer questions about climate change knowledge, attitudes, support for climate policy, and willingness to reduce high carbon footprint behaviors. We expect results to illuminate how climate change framing is tied to mitigation behaviors. Finally, a report will be written to summarize findings and their implications for effective climate change communication in LA, CA, and the US, which will be disseminated via media and stakeholder outreach. This 3-year project can start immediately. Year 1: Communication development/focus groups; Year 2: Study launch; Year 3: Data analysis and dissemination. Accelerating CA’s Mitigation Effort: Knowing how to effectively communicate to the public about climate change is key in gaining support and implementation for climate change policy. Our results will improve understanding of how to communicate about climate change in California and which spatial scales (local, state, and global) optimize communication for different groups. Local benefits: A wide array of public agencies and nongovernmental organizations strive to make CA more resilient to climate change, and these efforts depend on public support for mitigation and adaptation policies and willingness to adopt resilient behaviors. Our work informs communications best practices for agencies to raise climate change awareness and engage communities in resilience planning. Since this project targets all socioeconomic backgrounds, it will also inform communication to disadvantaged communities. Population impact: This project may impact climate change communication in LA, CA, and the US. Scalability outside of California: The project has broader impacts outside the LA region by providing a proof of concept for the production and dissemination of local and state climate impacts to increase climate policy and mitigation support. Direct Cost: Year 1: $110,000; Year 2: $120,000; Year 3: $70,000. Research Collaborators: Dr. Alex Hall (UCLA Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Director of UCLA Center for Climate Science) and Dr. Gale Sinatra (USC Stephen H. Crocker Professor of Education and Psychology; expert in public understanding of science). Potential Partners Examples: Utilities, transportation departments, solar energy retailers.


40

Education as a Climate Change Mitigation Measure Eugene Cordero California State University, San Jose [email protected]



41

Research conducted at SJSU has demonstrated that educational programs, if well designed, can produce emission reductions as effectively as other measures such as electric car adoption. The proposed research seeks to study the implementation and effectiveness of purposely designed science curriculum as a climate change mitigation measure. The research will employ various data technologies to measure real-time energy use via smart meters and smart phone applications to track electricity and transportation use. A commercially available curriculum that aims to reduce carbon emissions is already being used in some California schools, so the research project could start as early as the beginning of the next academic year in August 2018. One of the big advantages in adopting education to reduce carbon emissions is that interventions can be targeted at communities most at risk, and the proposed research seeks to study this intervention in communities with different social-cultural backgrounds. A formal education program has the potential to scale only when the intervention is of value to the school district. If our research does confirm the intended impact in reducing carbon emissions, then such an educational program could be scaled to many other school environments both in California and in other states.

The SJSU research team is currently funded at $300K/year by the National Science Foundation to do some initial research on the effectiveness of climate change education on student attitudes and behavior. To implement a more comprehensive research program with schools in different parts of California, we would require $500K/year to perform the data collection and analysis. To enable this research, we would partner with Green Ninja Inc., a company that grew out of SJSU research and is majority owned by PI Cordero. Green Ninja has developed a commercial middle school science curriculum that satisfies the state standards and aims to reduce local carbon emissions.


42

California’s Energy Revolution and Just Transition

(D. Pellow, UC Santa Barbara)

Deep Decarbonization Under Multiple Regulatory Models

(A. Carlson and W. Boyd, UC Los Angeles)

Mitigation – Market Mechanisms &

Instruments


43


44

California’s Energy Revolution and Just Transition David Pellow University of California, Santa Barbara [email protected]

Workers installing solar panels on a home



45

Californians employed in fossil fuel industries rely on these jobs for their livelihoods and could be

severely impacted as a result of any serious shift away from the non-renewables sector to renewables. How can researchers support the development of the renewables sector so that fossil fuel workers can benefit directly? What skills do these workers need and how can we plan the expansion of renewable energy so that these workers can experience a “just transition” by enjoying continuous employment (and avoiding resentment) as we phase out the old economy and promote a living economy?

California is the ideal site for this kind of urgent policy research initiative for the following reasons:

• California was the third-largest producer of petroleum in the U.S. in 2016 and, as of January 2017, third in oil refining capacity, with a combined capacity of almost 2 million barrels per calendar day at the state's 18 operable refineries.

• In 2015, California accounted for one-fifth of the nation’s jet fuel consumption. • California's total energy consumption ranks among the highest in the nation, but, in 2015, the state's

per capita energy consumption ranked 49th, due in part to its mild climate and its energy efficiency programs.

• In 2016, California ranked third in the nation in conventional hydroelectric generation, second in net electricity generation from all other renewable energy resources combined, and first as a producer of electricity from solar, geothermal, and biomass resources.

• California leads the nation in solar thermal electricity capacity and generation. In 2016, California had 73% of the nation's capacity and produced 71% of the nation's utility-scale electricity generation from solar thermal resources.

• California gets one third of its power from renewable energy sources (excluding hydroelectric) as of 2018, putting it within striking distance of the 33% by 2020 Renewable Portfolio Standard target and more than halfway to the 50% target by 2030.

California’s Senate Bill 350 requires all utilities to sell half of their energy from renewable sources, and the

proposed California Senate Bill 100 would increase that requirement to 100% by 2030. Many cities in California, like Santa Barbara, have already passed similar local ordinances, and coalitions of NGOs and government leaders have taken bold steps to prevent and shut down polluting fossil-fuel power plants across the state. However, these policies and campaigns require much more attention to the fate and future of the state’s workers who are employed in these industries and they need our assistance. There are numerous firms, think tanks, scientists, scholars, community leaders, and nongovernmental organizations working on this challenge and they need to be supported in their efforts to build the infrastructure required to meet the demands and opportunities of a just transition.

Research design will include a comprehensive assessment of the state’s needs and potential for enacting a

just transition.

Project timeline: 3 years. Cost: $750K ($250K/year). Partners and Potential Partners: UC Santa Barbara Departments of Environmental Studies, Political Science, and Bren School of Environmental Science and Management. Near Shovel-ready


46

Deep Decarbonization Under Multiple Regulatory Models Ann Carlson and William Boyd University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

CA electricity & natural gas consumers are served by an array of publicly & privately-owned entities, posing complex regulatory challenges as the state decarbonizes.



47

As California seeks to decarbonize over the next three and a half decades, it will do so under a regulatory environment that is complex and diverse. The policies to decarbonize will need to promote the electrification of the vehicle fleet, the modernization of the grid, the integration of renewable resources, the promotion of energy storage, energy efficiency, and distributed resources, and the transition away from natural gas toward renewable gas or electrification. All of these policies must be implemented in a way that promotes fairness, access, affordability, and reliability.

A large part of California’s population receives its electricity from the three largest Investor-Owned Utilities. Still others are served by municipally-owned utilities like the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and the Sacramento Municipal Utility District. Some consumers receive natural gas from utilities that also provide electricity while others are served by separate gas and electric utilities. These entities operate under different ownership and governance models. The Investor-Owned Utilities are under the jurisdiction of the Public Utilities Commission while the municipal utilities operate more independently but with some regulatory directives from the Legislature. The governance structures of the publicly owned utilities vary dramatically as well, with some under the jurisdiction of their city councils with others under the direction of an elected board. Increasingly, consumers are served by Community Choice Aggregators, which purchase or develop their own generation but receive grid services from Investor-Owned Utilities. And much of the state operates within the California Independent System Operator’s bulk electricity system and markets, but the City of Los Angeles remains largely outside of the CAISO grid. Finally, all of these entities are subject to the state’s environmental policies and fall within the regulatory ambit of the Air Resources Board.

Our project would examine the intensely complex regulatory and governance structures of these multiple entities to determine whether they can achieve deep decarbonization given the way they are regulated and operated. The project builds on a case study we have almost completed of the LA Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison that focuses on these governance and regulatory questions. The project is thus “shovel-ready” in that we can expand our research beyond the Los Angeles area to encompass the state.

The project has relevance across the country as many states operate under regulatory and governance environments that include Investor-Owned Utilities, municipal utilities, independent system operators, public utilities commissions and so forth. As with so many environmental and energy issues, California’s example will be key to leading other states toward deep decarbonization.

Our project costs are approximately $500,000 for staff and travel necessary to conduct the underlying research. If we raise half of the funds, we have a private donor who will provide a dollar for dollar match.


48

Mitigation – Technology

Leverage $22M of CEC Living Lab Testing at UCs (B. Washom et al, All UCs and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Leverage CEC Microgrids to 100% Renewable Supply (B.Washom, UC San Diego and others)

Leverage $44M of Advanced Energy Communities (B. Washom et al., UC San Diego)

Adaptive EV charging in microgrids with renewables (S. Low and N. Fromer, Caltech)

Electrolyzer-based renewable hydrogen energy ecosystem (S. Samuelsen, J. Brouwer, J. Reed, UC Irvine)

Accelerating California’s 20 GW Offshore Wind Power Opportunity (A. Jacobson et al., Humboldt State University and UC Berkeley)

Shared Electric Connected & Automated Transportation (M. Barth, UC Riverside)

Using Smart Meters to Reduce Electricity Consumption (W. Schultz, CSU San Marcos)

Accelerating the Clean Transportation Revolution (D. Kammen, UC Berkeley and T. Matlock, UC Merced)

Cooperative Microgrids (Co-µGrid) Enabled via Integrated DER (R. Gadh, UC Los Angeles)

EVSmartPlug: Smart EV Charging with Max Green Energy (R. Gadh, UC Los Angeles)

High-temperature Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage with Molten Sulfur (R. Wirz, UC Los Angeles) Miniaturized Metallic Paper-Based Batteries to Power Small Portable Electronic Devices (F. Gomez, CSU Los Angeles)


49


50

Leverage $22M of CEC Living Lab Testing at UCs Byron Washom and others All UCs and LBNL [email protected]

Leverage two $11M, UC centric CEC awards (Group 1 & 2) to collaborat with innovators to develop & scale-up new tools & resources to enable customer DER procurement



51

Leverage two proposed $11M, UC centric CEC awards (Group1 and 2) for collaborating with

innovators to develop and scale-up new tools and resources to increase customer procurement of distributed energy resources. $5M of C4S funding would extend the program to non-CA based companies with game changer innovations who are currently ineligible for the CEC funding.

Augment forthcoming CEC grants to CALCEF/UCOP and UCD to develop and scale-up new tools and resources to increase customer procurement of innovative distributed energy resources, e.g., energy efficiency, renewable distributed generation, and distributed storage with Technology Readiness Levels of 5 - 9. Global source additional innovation not eligible for CEC funding.


52

Leverage $44M of Advanced Energy Communities Byron Washom and others University of California, San Diego [email protected]

Provide UC Expertise to one of 4 Replicable CEC Advanced Energy Communities Q3 2018 to leverage ~$30M of co-funding



53

UC IP infusion into 1 to 4 CEC grantees down selected for $44M to demo Accelerating the Deployment

of Advanced Energy Communities. Ten teams have received $1.5M each of project development. 5 UCs are prime contractor and others serve as major subcontractors along with building developers, local governments, technology developers, researchers, utilities, and other project partners to develop innovative and replicable approaches for accelerating the deployment of Advanced Energy CommunitiesNorthern California: UC- Berkeley, The Oakland EcoBlock - A ZNE, Low Water Use Retrofit Neighborhood Demonstration Project; Olidata Smart Cities, ZipPower San Leandro; Natural Capitalism Solutions dba Clean Coalition, Peninsula Advanced Energy Community; and City of Berkeley, Berkeley Energy Assurance Transformation (BEAT) Project. So. CA: Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Alliance, Lancaster Advanced Energy Community (AEC) Project; and City of Santa Monica, Santa Monica Advanced Energy District.

Disadvantaged Community No. CA were Biodico, Inc., Zero Net Energy Farms; The Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Alliance, Richmond Advanced Energy Community Project; and Local Govt Commi, Integrated Community Resource Marketplace. So. CA Disadvantaged Communities: UCLA, Accelerating AEC Deployment Around Existing Buildings in Disadvantaged Communities Through Unprecedented Data Analysis and Comprehensive Community Engagement; Groundwork San Diego/UCSD, Chollas Creek: Encanto Social-Economic and environmental Education Development (EnSEED); Charge Bliss, Inc., The Charge Bliss Advanced Renewable Energy Community for Disadvantaged SoCal Community; and UCI Huntington Beach Adv Energy Community Blueprint.


54

Leverage CEC Microgrids to 100% Renewable Supply Byron Washom University of California, San Diego and others [email protected]

Select 1 or more of 10 replicable microgrid projects award by the CEC, and leverage ~$10M with an additional $5M of C4S to boost the renewable energy supply to 100%



55

Boost $52M of Adv Microgrid Demos to 100% Renewables

UC IP infusion into one to ten CEC deployed $10M advanced microgrids to produce business cases for scalable & repeatable standardized commercial scale microgrid @ 100% renewable supply configurations with measurable benefits for end users of the selected market segments of military, Native Am Tribe, CA Ports, university, community college, local communities, and dis-advantaged communities. 6 UCs bid as prime, only 1 successful in a highly competitive solicitation.

Demonstration of Standardized High-DER Penetration, Renewable-Based, Resilient and Commercially Viable Microgrids Located at CA Military Bases, Ports, and Native American Tribes within IOUs: City of Long Beach Harbor Dept (Port of Long Beach), Project RIZE: Resiliency in a Zero Emissions Future; LBNL, Power Begins at Home - R2M2 Resilient Replicable Modular Microgrids: Assured Energy Security for Military Bases; UCSD, SemperGRID: Phase II Scale-Up and Business Case Demo of Adv Microgrid Deployment at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar; and the San Diego Unified Port District, Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal Renewable Microgrid Project.

Demo of Standardized High-DER Penetration, Renewable-Based, Resilient and Functional Microgrids located at CA Disadvantaged Communities within IOUs: Gridscape Solutions, Commercializing Virtual Wide Area Urban Microgrids for Grid Resilience & Disaster Readiness; and Rialto Resilient Clean Power Microgrid, Rialto Resilient Clean Power Microgrid.

Demo of Standardized High-DER Penetration, Microgrids not Proposed above: Willdan Energy Solutions, San Jose Community Microgrid; Humboldt State University, ACV Airport Renewable Energy Microgrid: Demonstrating a Business Case; and Sonoma County Junior College District/ Santa Rosa Junior College Santa Rosa Junior College Urban Microgrid Project


56

Cooperative Microgrids (Co-µGrid) Enabled via Integrated DER Rajit Gadh University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

The key innovations of proposed Co-μGrid are the hybrid AC/DC configuration and shared BESS. The Co-μGrid operation mode is shown in the table below.



57

Distributed energy resource (DER) technology represents great promise in increasing efficiency in electrical energy systems and tackling the drawbacks of fossil fuel energies such as their environmental effects. Microgrid technology plays a vital role in integrating DERs, including renewable energy sources, energy storage, energy efficiency tools, and electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. However, there are two significant technical barriers to implementing microgrid: 1) the difficulty in integration and interoperability of its components; and 2) building and EV management systems are operating individually in most existing microgrids and therefore cannot reach an optimal energy utilization. Here we propose a cooperative microgrid (Co-µGrid) to address the issues mentioned above and support the executive orders issued by California government, including expanding renewable energy generation sector and EV numbers on the road, to achieve the goal of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. We propose to demonstrate a scalable and reproducible microgrid technology at the bus depot of the transportation service of the City of Gardena—GTrans, located in a disadvantaged community (DAC), boards over 3.6 million customers annually on the system, and provides fixed‐route bus using a fleet of 58 buses deployed over five routes. The fleet consists of 52 gasoline hybrid electric buses and 6 battery electric buses (EBs). Gardena, situated in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, is in Southern California Edison (SCE)’s territory.

Our microgrid technology will feature two Co-μGrids that will provide service reliability and economic benefits for the end customer, GTrans, by increasing load reliability, improving resiliency, and lowering energy price. It will ensure sustainability and environmental benefits to DAC in the City of Gardena by reducing GHG emissions, and it will benefit the distribution system operator (SCE) by providing grid services, i.e., voltage regulation and load leveling. Currently, GTrans plans to expand the number of EBs as well as new chargers, the electricity for which will be supplied by a new electrical feeder. This additional circuit will exacerbate the total peak demand and electricity cost for the site. We will deploy two microgrids with central control and monitoring systems, local controllers, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), direct current (DC) distribution system, and DER technologies to demonstrate the feasibility and commercial readiness of this technology. To this end, we will build on innovative extension and adaptation of technologies and software developed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and its partners. Also, the integrated technologies will be compatible with IEEE and IEC standards to provide a standardized microgrid configuration which will be readily reproducible.

A 2.5-year plan with four milestones will be conducted to achieve the project goal: 1)Design, 2)Validation, 3)Installation and 4)Data Collection & Evaluation. The budget of total cost would be 1.5M, including current matching fund $100K, which is a contribution from industry partner, and $150K as potential funds through other partners ($250 matching funds in total). Potential partners are: ASE Systems, EPRI, BOSCH, NI, Microvast and EPC Power.


58

Adaptive EV charging in microgrids with renewables Steven Low and Neil Fromer California Institute of Technology [email protected]

A smart adaptive charging network can provide lower cost EV infrastructure, decreasing upfront capital costs, energy costs and controlling loads to meet microgrid constraints.



59

A major barrier to EV adoption is the lack of a robust charging infrastructure to guarantee electrons for

drivers when needed. Commercial and workplace parking structures are hesitant to install adequate EV charging due to high capital costs associated with electrical system upgrades, as well as high operational costs related to demand charges during peak charging times. We have developed a solution for EV charging infrastructure, using adaptive algorithms that allow the project developer to minimize equipment upgrades and control charging costs in real-time, lowering both the capital and the operations costs associated with EV charging. We have piloted a 70 station EV charging network in a structure on the Caltech campus, and demonstrated the potential for savings.

We propose to develop larger scale EV demonstrations with a California municipality, city department or

commercial complex in an underserved community (east or south LA or Fresno are target areas), that will demonstrate the benefits of such a system. The system can be scaled to control thousands of active units (EVs or other distributed energy resources). This project can be started immediately, and the pilot phase would run for 2 years, then transition to management by the partner organization or site operators. In addition to providing lower cost EV charging and an incentive for EV adoption in these communities, we propose using the charging network as a platform to demonstrate a broader array of advanced distributed energy resource (DER) management or microgrid control, to demonstrate direct benefit to the system, incorporating real time data about building load, stationary battery storage and onsite generation into the smart EV charging control system.

This project will demonstrate a lower cost approach to EV charging infrastructure deployment, supporting

EV adoption in communities around California and the world. The increased EV adoption will improve air quality in these communities with the related public health benefits. The research component, using the charging network as a testbed, aims to demonstrate the benefits of active control for managing a diverse set of DERs within a microgrid to provide services to the local utility or the regional transmission authority.

The approximate cost of this demonstration project and research testbed would be $3,500,000 for the full

two-year project, and we expect the site operator will provide cost sharing commensurate with the economic benefits they might receive. The Caltech pilot and lab scale research is funded by Caltech’s Rothenberg Innovation fund, the Resnick Sustainability Institute’s Rocket Fund, and additional support from National Science Foundation, Department of Energy (ARPA-E), and California Energy Commission. We would implement the project in partnership with Powerflex, a California small business created to deploy these smart charging networks, which has 20 sites with 400 total stations throughout the state, and has worked with school districts and corporate office parks to deploy charging systems. The project would also require the partnership of a local government or department (or school district or business park), and the local utility.


60

EVSmartPlug: Smart EV Charging with Max Green Energy Rajit Gadh UC Los Angeles [email protected]

EVSmartPlug provides smart Electric Vehicle Charging algorithm to incentivize users to charge more renewable energy. The relationship and benefits are illustrated.



61

EVSmartPlug is a smart charging software that manages the interaction between the Electric

Vehicle (EV) driver and EV charging stations. Electricity at different times of the day is powered by varying levels of renewable energy. Our software incentivizes EV drivers to charge their vehicle at times when there is more renewable energy (solar, wind) on the grid to reduce electricity cost and overall GHG emission for the electricity consumed. The algorithm incentivizes participants by providing higher charging priority and awarding blockchain-based cryptocurrency. The project can work with existing UCLA SMERC charging stations (right away). It can be adopted by other EV charging stations in 2 months. The cryptocurrency component needs to be developed in around 6 months. The overall demonstration needs to be conducted for 2 years with 1 year of data collection and 1 year of experiments.

California has been a leader in transforming into renewable energy and adoption of EVs. The Senate Bill 350 requires all utilities in the state to source half of their electricity sales from clean, renewable sources by 2030. However, many challenges, such as the “California Duck Curve”, prevent further integration of renewable energy into the electric grid. California is also the world’s second largest EV market with nearly 300K EVs by May 2017. By adopting this technology, EVs can be a valuable resource for the GHG goal of California without purchase of expensive energy storage devices.

With the technology, there will be more employment opportunity in segments of renewable energy and EV services. The decrease of fossil-based electricity also leads to overall health improvement.

California has sold nearly 300K EVs and there are 600K+ EVs in the US and 2M in the world. This technology can potentially include all the EV users as every driver needs to charge their vehicle at some point and when/where to charge is a strategic opportunity.

The software has been tested and in operation for approximately two years within the campus at UCLA serving more than 150 registered long-term employees. The software can be adopted by other Charging Stations with needs for priority, such as charging lots with more maximum output power than input power. The software can also assist design and planning and come with newly installed EV charging stations.

The project is suitable to expand to other regions with high potential of renewable energy and EV population/demand.

The cost consists mainly of software and data analytics. The total cost is estimated to be $900K. Match funding is $50K with a potentially additional $150K (total match of $200K). Potential partners include California Energy Commission, BMW, and Faraday Future.


62

High-temperature Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage with Molten Sulfur Richard E. Wirz University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

Schematic of a charge-discharge loop of the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system is shown in a top figure. Bottom image depicts the functioning of proposed two-tank molten sulfur thermal energy storage (TES) technology.



63

UCLA’s Energy Innovation Laboratory has developed a novel, low-cost, high-temperature sulfur thermal energy storage (SulfurTES battery) system suitable for small-medium scale applications. However, we need to demonstrate viability of this technology as the low-cost thermal storage to enable dispatchable concentrated solar power (CSP) at the GWh scale. Sulfur has surprisingly attractive thermal properties including, (1) high energy density, (2) chemical stability, (3) superior energy transport performance, and (4) low cost. Therefore it is the low-cost/high-temperature alternative to state of the art salt-based storage media. Development of such technology is critical to advance California’s efforts for a renewable/sustainable energy portfolio, thus providing economic benefits and better quality of life to millions of people in California, and potentially billions around the world. SulfurTES enables CSP plants to cost-effectively and reliably generate electricity and store energy, thus resulting in significant ratepayer and state-wide benefits.

The proposed project reduces the cost of thermal energy storage (TES) well below the DOE SunShot target of $15/kWht, which is necessary to reduce CSP levelized cost of energy (LCOE) below 6.0 ¢/kWh. Assuming only 10% grid penetration for utility-scale CSP, this change results in $2.64B annual savings for the State of California; which, for a 30-year plant life, translates to a potential benefit of over $53.7B to $107.4B (assuming 2% inflation). Thermal energy storage for utility-scale CSP leads to significant reduction of GHG and air pollutants: 2791 ton/ MW of CO2, 37 ton/MW of SO2, 5 ton/MW of NOx, 2.4 ton/MW of CO and 2.95 ton/MW of cooling water; where MW is the capacity of the CSP plant. For the proposed efforts, UCLA and its partners will demonstrate a lab-scale molten sulfur heat transfer system to employ the merits of the two-tank TES approach but with the use of low cost and highly-stable molten sulfur. Previous research efforts have established a foundation for the proposed efforts enabling the team to commence the development of the prototype in the near future. UCLA has partnered with a thermal storage company (Element 16 Technologies, Inc.), CSP industry (Hyperlight Energy, TSS), materials experts (Intertek), and utilities (SoCalGas, SoCal Edison) for a successful demonstration of this technology, which will catalyze the efforts to develop larger-scale SulfurTES systems for commercial CSP plants within and outside California. The project will start from September 2018 and continue over a period of two years, with a total project cost of $1.5MM.


64

Electrolyzer- based Renewable Hydrogen Energy Ecosystem Scott Samuelsen, Jack Brouwer, Jeffrey Reed and Steven Davis University of California, Irvine [email protected]

The electrolyzer-based renewable hydrogen ecosystem demonstration will be a living laboratory demonstrating

integrated renewable electric and gas grids.


65

Purpose: The project will demonstrate the important role renewable electrolytic hydrogen must play in deeply-decarbonized and integrated energy and transportation sectors through production of renewable transportation fuel while providing seasonal electric storage on a massive scale. This project will deploy a megawatt-scale dispatchable electrolyzer to produce hydrogen using solar energy produced on the UCI Microgrid. The hydrogen will be delivered over dedicated hydrogen infrastructure to four energy/transportation centric destinations, with allocation controlled by operating conditions and economics: 1) the UCI hydrogen fueling station (serving both transit and passenger vehicles); 2) a gas-grid injection facility; 3) a hydrogen-fueled 400 kw fuel cell to return renewable power as needed to the campus or external grid (Power-to-Gas-to-Power); and 4) a methanation block to combine captured CO2 from the campus gas turbine or other source with hydrogen to create methane. This hydrogen ecosystem will (1) demonstrate the key features of the hydrogen economy, (2) serve as an example to inform zero-carbon microgrid design, and (3) guide deployment at the utility grid scale as an anchor strategy to achieve a zero-carbon electric and transportation systems.

Acceleration: Although hydrogen can be expected to play a major role in the energy ecosystem of 2030 and beyond, there has been no project to date demonstrating the potential hydrogen energy ecosystem in a comprehensive way. Creating such a demonstration will prove in practice the role and value of hydrogen in a deeply decarbonized energy ecosystem and serve as a catalyst for policy and market development.

Local Benefits: Hydrogen offers virtually zero air-quality impact in stark contrast to conventional alternatives. The proposed demonstration will have a direct impact on the campus and surrounding communities and serve as a reference project for disadvantaged communities and the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.

Size/Impact: This first-of-a-kind megawatt-scale project will reduce the carbon footprint of the 53,000-person campus community and serve as a template for orders of magnitude of additional benefit.

Readiness: The proposed project will be hosted entirely on the UCI campus and will take advantage of the existing solar resources installed on campus, the existing hydrogen fueling station and infrastructure at the central plant.

Scalability: This demonstration creates a commercial-scale hydrogen component within the UCI microgrid. The integrated renewable electric and gas grid results are directly scalable to other microgrids and regional grids.

Cost: Estimated installed hardware cost is $9.2M with annual operating cost of $250k. Energy production and conversion provided by the project provide cost offset. Co-funding will be solicited from the equipment providers, state agencies and the U.S. Department of Energy.


66

Accelerating California’s 20 GW Offshore Wind Power Opportunity Arne Jacobson, Peter Lehman, Peter Alstone Humboldt State University; UC Berkeley [email protected]



67

Purpose: We will build the R&D infrastructure to support development of an off-shore wind industry along the California coast that has an estimated near-term potential of ~20 GW1 based on investment of $100 billion2 at viable sites. State and federal agencies, as well as wind developers, have shown strong interest in deployment, but the resource is not currently integrated in statewide energy, workforce, and environmental planning. Working collaboratively with Redwood Coast Energy Authority (RCEA) – which is developing a 10-150 MW floating offshore wind project through a competitive RFP – and any private sector offshore wind developer(s) in the North Coast, we will build a supporting research program on environmental impacts, grid integration, workforce development, and policy gaps. This work is needed immediately to accelerate the understanding of offshore wind’s role in California. Our research effort would begin in 2018 as a partnership between Schatz Energy Research Center and the UC Berkeley Labor Center. Accelerating CA Mitigation: The first ~15 GW of offshore wind deployment could meet one-third of California’s statewide electricity demand3 with stable, all-day renewable generation, helping power the electrified transportation and heating that is vital for decarbonizing the state. The resource in the waters off of the Humboldt County coast is the best in the nation and, according to NREL, capacity factors should be between 50% and 70% both seasonally and diurnally1, complementing solar and alleviating the duck curve. Local and State Benefits: The port of Humboldt Bay has been identified by NREL and the UC Berkeley Center for Labor Research and Education as having unique potential to support a wind industry. Siemens, whose turbines provide 70% of offshore wind generation globally, says that a 5-10 GW market could support a localized supply chain involving thousands of jobs in California. Vision: Our vision is to leverage pilot-scale deployment in waters off of Humboldt County, while addressing barriers to full scale deployment, by building a multi-disciplinary offshore wind research program, including economists, oceanographers, fisheries biologists, power systems engineers, and public policy experts. The effort will involve engagement between RCEA and industrial partners and researchers from Humboldt State University, UC Berkeley and other collaborators in the CSU and UC systems based on needs we identify in the pilot effort. Support: The pilot effort would require $2 million in the first two years to build a research team in support of the growing off-shore wind industry. We are seeking matching funds from CA state agencies through a collaborative proposal involving PG&E and several additional partners. Schatz Energy Research Center has 30 years of history in developing multi-disciplinary projects to support emerging energy technology, and the UC Berkeley Labor Center is at the forefront of wind power workforce research3. We will build on research partnerships with RCEA, LBNL, PG&E, and others to support the effort. Building a multi-billion-dollar industry is a major undertaking and our goal is to mobilize research effort to do the hard work required to understand and capture the opportunity for the public good. 1 https://www.boem.gov/2016-074/ 2 https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66861.pdf 3 http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/pdf/2017/High-Road-for-Deep-Water.pdf

https://www.boem.gov/2016-074/

https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66861.pdf

http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/pdf/2017/High-Road-for-Deep-Water.pdf


68

Shared Electric Connected & Automated Transportation Matthew Barth University of California, Riverside [email protected]

Riverside's Innovation Corridor serves as a testbed in demonstrating how Shared Electric Connected and Automated Transportation options can reduce GHG emissions.



69

Background: When considering how to get to zero-carbon mobility, there are generally four strategies that are

considered: 1) build more efficient vehicle that emit less carbon (e.g., HEVs, EVs); 2) utilize low- or zero-carbon fuel such as electricity or hydrogen; 3) implement programs that reduce overall VMT; and 4) employ ITS and automation technology to improve transportation system efficiency. This project is to accelerate the demonstration of how the four major transportation revolutions (Shared Mobility, Vehicle Electrification, Connected Vehicles, and Automation) can reduce GHG emissions. Shared Mobility will address strategy 3); vehicle electrification will address strategy 1); connected and automated vehicles will address strategy 4). There are a number of “testbeds” that are being developed around California to demonstrate these technologies (e.g., El Camino Real in Palo Alto, University Avenue in Riverside, etc.). It is proposed to accelerate these demonstrations throughout the state. Riverside Project Details: UC Riverside is currently working with the City of Riverside on developing an Innovation Corridor testbed in Riverside, California. This Innovation Corridor runs along a six-mile section of University Avenue between the main UCR campus and downtown Riverside, falling squarely within a disadvantaged community. This arterial corridor is currently being outfitted with modern traffic signal controllers that broadcast signal phase and timing, employ video analytics, and will be used for future shared, electric, connected and automated vehicle experimentation across different modes (e.g., cars, buses, and trucks). As part of Riverside's Smart City effort, the goal is to introduce varying degrees of urban automation, connected and automated vehicles, smart data analytics, user-focused shared zero emissions mobility services, renewable energy generation, vehicle-to-grid interaction, and citizen-scientist educational programs. In addition, this region suffers from some of the worst air quality in the nation, consistently ranking in the top five nationally for poor air quality related to ozone and year-round particle pollution. As part of this initiative, next generation air quality sensors will be placed along the Innovation Corridor, providing feedback to the community and UCR researchers.

Implementation: Projects utilizing Riverside's Innovation Corridor testbed are already underway; for example, a US Department of Energy ARPA-E NEXTCAR project is testing an innovative Connected Eco-Bus, reducing transit GHG emissions by over 20%. Other projects are slated to be rolled out over the next 10 years, with potential funding from NSF, the California Air Resources Board (note that CARB's new Southern California facility is located next to this corridor), US DOE, California Energy Commission, and Caltrans. Many industrial partners (e.g., vehicle OEMs) are being invited to use this testbed. Cost of infrastructure and vehicles is scalable, starting around $1M, with many opportunities for cost share (see partners listed above). Riverside's Innovation Corridor can be used as an example for many other cities in California and beyond, demonstrating how shared electric connected and automated transportation can be used as a tool to reduce GHG emissions.


70

Using Smart Meters to Reduce Electricity Consumption Wesley Schultz California State University, San Marcos [email protected]

Smart meters and in-home displays offer considerable promise as tools to motivate more efficient uses of electricity



71

Generating electricity is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, so reducing electricity consumption and promoting more efficient uses of electricity offer important strategies for climate change mitigation. One promising area for research and application is in smart metering, and the opportunities to leverage large-scale investments in Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Nationally, more than 36 million smart meters have been installed, and California is a leader in this area.

But smart meters alone will not result in reduced energy consumption or more efficiency. These goals can only be achieved through changes in the behavior of consumers. To date, smart meters have largely been used by utilities to improve billing, and to offer new pricing models, such as time-of-use electricity pricing. But through in-home-displays (see the attached figure), consumers can receive near real-time feedback about their electricity consumption. This feedback can help customers to link their behaviors to consumption, and to subsequently adjust their behaviors to use electricity more efficiently.

The current project draws on prior work showing the potential benefits of in-home displays to provide feedback to customers, coupled with social comparisons. In a series of research projects with SDG&E, results showed that residents who were provided with an in-home display reduced their consumption by 7% over a 3-month follow-up, and 4.5% over a 2-year follow-up. Importantly, it was the addition of a social-comparison to similar homes that resulted in the largest reduction in consumption. In a proposed 3-year extension, new randomized studies will be conducted using different types of feedback and social comparison, larger sample sizes, and new social media and smartphone app extensions. In partnership with SDG&E, the project will provide a large region of San Diego County with access to their smart meter data, either through an in-home display or custom smart phone app, along with consumption information about similar households. The work will be conducted with 50,000 households, and the results will be scalable throughout California to any utility with smart meters.

The proposed work offers an opportunity to accelerate California’s mitigation efforts. The local benefits include reduced costs for residents, which will especially benefit low-income communities. The preliminary findings have been published in peer-reviewed journals, and this large-scale extension is near shovel ready. Estimated costs per year are $200,000 over 3 years. Costs include a minimum number of in-home-displays, and the scope can be dramatically increased if a utility partner was willing to provide the in-home-displays (e.g., SDG&E or SCE).


72

Accelerating the Clean Transportation Revolution Daniel Kammen and Teenie Matlock University of California, Berkeley and University of California, Merced [email protected]

"EcoBlock" pilot project in Oakland, CA integrating electric vehicles into green community design. Scientific American 2017 energy 'project of the year' award winner.



73

Purpose: Electric vehicle deployment represents a win-win-win in a state where vehicle emissions contribute over half of total GHG emissions. Even with a 1.5 million electric vehicle target for 2025, less than 6% of the state fleet would then be electric. With California not yet on pace to reach 2030 or 2050 climate goals, aggressive scale-up of electric vehicle (EV) usage is a game-changing opportunity to integrate: 1) basic and applied energy storage research; 2) a means to address potential 'Duck Curve' supply-demand imbalances as the state escalates renewable energy generation; 3) provide a direct environmental justice benefit by addressing air quality problems in both urban and rural areas; 4) facilitate partnerships across the US and in particular between California and China, whose own EV goal for 2020 is 5 million vehicles, en-route to a complete phase out of internal combustion vehicles (ICE) in 2034 - 2040.

Mechanism: With an EV target in place, and state commitment to a 2% utility-scale storage mandate by 2020, California can start this effort immediately by: i) investing in vehicle and central station storage research (Kittner, Lill and Kammen, 2017); ii) exploring economic, policy, and behavioral tools to provide market pull to expand EV adoption; and iii) launch joint research and policy assessments via the Under2MOU with China, as well as in Africa where EV adoption would address both oil import costs and damaging vehicle-based air pollution.

Economic and policy levers: As storage technologies and EV ranges improve, novel policy levers will

be explored by partners (Humboldt State U, Next 10, Grid Alternatives, the Latino Issues Forum) which include: credits for replacing ICE with EVs; integrating EV purchases into 'clean energy mortgages' as exists now for energy efficient appliances; and policies to accelerate mode-shifting out of personal vehicles altogether via transit-friendly housing (SB375); and targeted efforts to make EVs available to low-income Californians.

Scale and impact: China and California are more than 60% of global EV deployment, with major

partnership opportunities around city-city level challenges, environmentally friendly (using the CA LCFS and other tools) manufacturing and life-cycle management. Both regions have high targets for energy storage and EV usage, lack tools to meet these goals. Shovel ready: the illustration depicts the EcoBlock development in Oakland, where 40 homes are pooling solar rooftop resources, shared storage, and individual and shared EV vehicles.

Funds: China and the EU have both proposed challenge grant programs for EV deployment and seek

Under2MOU partnership with California public and private institutions.


74

Miniaturized Metallic Paper-Based Batteries to Power Small Portable Electronic Devices Frank A. Gomez California State University, Los Angeles [email protected]

Representative assembled nickel-oxide/zinc battery that can be used to power consumable small electronic portable devices. Three aluminum-air batteries connected in a series configuration were able to power a green LED light, flashlight, pregnancy test, and glucometer, all of which required a minimum of 3 V to operate.


75

Energy underpins all aspects of modern life. It is well known that energy use is directly correlated with broad measures of people’s well-being, status, and health. Today, there is an increasing societal demand for small, lightweight, and rechargeable energy generators operating for long periods of time that can power small portable electronic devices. Ideally, micro power sources should display high performance, low cost of production, and low environmental impact. In this context, miniaturized fuel cells (FCs) and microscale batteries can fulfill these requirements. Global energy is a fluidics problem and it is large-scale. Microfluidic technologies are small-scale. On the surface, this difference may seem in direct contrast, yet, there is great commonality between energy and microfluidic technologies. By its very nature, microfluidics partakes in moving fluids and the solving of fluidic problems that are required in the global energy domain. Furthermore, energy technologies involving surface-based reactions, electrochemistry and catalysis benefit from high surface-to-volume ratios characteristic of microfluidics. Traditional strengths of microfluidics in fluid analysis present tremendous opportunities across the energy spectrum; in other words, lab-on-chip microfluidic technologies provide information essential to the energy process.

Herein, we will demonstrate applications of novel low cost, miniaturized and lightweight aluminum/silver oxide (Al/AgO) and nickel-oxide/zinc (NiOOH/Zn) batteries. The devices will be fabricated from easy to obtain metallic and paper-based materials in a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly providing mechanical stability to the system resulting in a lightweight and easy-to-use device. The desired outcome will be the development of new, low-cost, easily fabricated batteries that can power small portable electronic devices (handheld phones, home healthcare point-of-care [POC] diagnostic devices, calculators, lights, etc.) that millions of consumers in California use on a daily basis.

The development and application of these batteries are scalable globally and especially in resource-limited (disadvantaged) regions. The potential impact is large and there is great potential for commercialization inside and outside California. Given the low costs in materials and fabrication, there is the possibility a start-up company can be born from the foundation of this work that would employ many people to manufacture batteries and other related products for residents in all regions, including disadvantaged communities, of the state. The project is shovel ready and can start immediately. The demonstration area will be mainly in and near Los Angeles County. The scale of this project can be modified depending on funding but target funding is $200K/year for five years.


76

Direct Carbon Capture Using Serpentinite Fluids (R.D. Aines and P.B. Kelemen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Columbia University)

Electrochemical Carbon Capture for Load-Following Power (J. Brouwer et al., UC Irvine)

Transforming Carbon Dioxide Emissions into Concrete (G. Sant, UC Los Angeles)

Accelerating natural carbon sequestration in water systems (J. Adkins, Caltech)

Mitigation – Atmospheric Carbon Extraction (Technology)


77


78

Direct Carbon Capture using Serpentinite Fluids Roger D. Aines and Peter B. Kelemen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Columbia University [email protected]

Travertine deposits, a precipitate of calcium carbonate, at The Cedars in the Sonoma Coast hold captured carbon dioxide

California’s outcroppings of serpentinite provide excellent demonstration sites for this direct carbon capture technology



79

Water circulating through serpentinite rock (the State Rock of California) can reach a pH of 11.5. When exposed to air, it rapidly absorbs CO2 and precipitates calcium carbonate. We believe that California could use this approach as an air-capture method, drilling wells to circulate water through serpentinite and the parent peridotite bodies and exposing that water in controlled facilities where the calcium carbonate would be trapped and stored. This process would look very much like the natural process that occurs at springs in several locations around the State today,but would be engineered to ensure that the calcium carbonate is permanently stored. This work would provide permanent atmospheric CO2 reduction while providing new employment in the rural parts of California where these rocks are found. LLNL, Columbia, and the California Department of Conservation are currently working to identify appropriate sites in California. Should this method prove effective, the extremely large reserves in California could be matched with those in Oman and other nations to produce large scale atmospheric reduction.

Year 1 Sample springs and estimate current atmospheric absorption rate. Drill and core individual boreholes in four or five appropriate sites throughout the State.

1) Investigate composition, volume, fracture density, permeability and productivity of a high-temperature, carbon-depleted porous aquifer within the peridotites,

2) Produce carbon-depleted water at each of these sites, and measure uptake of CO2 from air in this carbon-depleted water at the surface. Determine any site dependent variation.

Year 2 Choose two best localities based on results and land use/societal considerations, drill a second borehole within a permeable rock volume, circulate surface water from one borehole to the other. Precipitate calcium carbonate as in year 1, and return the neutralized water to react again with the subsurface. Demonstrate the capture and storage of 500 tons of CO2 from the atmosphere.

1) Investigate management of permeability in crystalline peridotite, and determine whether thermal convection and cost-effective pumping can produce a significant rate of fluid transport from one hole to the other,

2) Determine the optimum depth, temperature, extent of alteration, equipment design, and methodology for drilling and fluid circulation, to achieve maximum cost/benefit,

3) Investigate the possibility of geothermal energy production via circulation of fluid through the new fracture network, 4) investigate the efficiency of uptake of dissolved carbon from circulating fluids, via reaction with peridotite to form

solid carbonate minerals at depth, 5) Vary flow rates and other parameters to seek optimal conditions (9) continue to investigate uptake of CO2 from air in

C-depleted water at the surface. Follow-on Work

Pending successful results from the first two years, choose best single locality to test natural thermally-driven circulation, based on results and site considerations, circulate the fluid(s) from one borehole to the other taking advantage of thermal convection to minimize pumping costs. Determine the correct locations, operational methods, and surface storage of calcium carbonate to initiate a 1 million ton per year capture demonstration. Budget: $1M first year; $3M second year. Cost share anticipated from private interests


80

Electrochemical Carbon Capture for Load-Following Power Jack Brouwer, Scott Samuelsen, Jeff Reed University of California, Irvine [email protected]



81

1. Purpose & Design: Central production of heat and power using existing natural gas combined cycle plants is one of the most efficient and economical means of meeting energy demands on many UC campuses and in society. These dispatchable power plants are also the most important technology for dynamic operation to complement intermittent renewable power. Unfortunately these same combined heat and power plants are also large contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Previous research has shown that one can exploit the ability of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) to concentrate CO2 in the anode exhaust stream to capture CO2 in a manner that reduces the energy consumption and complexity of CO2 separation techniques that would otherwise be required to remove dilute CO2 from combustion exhaust streams. Remarkably high carbon capture (up to 85%)[1] is possible using novel configurations and small modifications to the basic components of an existing commercial MCFC product of FuelCell Energy (FCE) in the 1.4 MW size class. We propose to evaluate this technology by installing a special carbon-capture configuration of two 1.4 MW MCFC modules from FCE, purposefully designed and evaluated for its performance on a UC campus and potential deployment at any large stationary source of CO2 emission (e.g., refineries, university campuses, industrial plants). The demonstration will begin in 2019, last for 5 years, and continue to operate thereafter.

2. No similar mitigation effort has yet been demonstrated and most of California's power and heat is produced from sources that this technology could address.

3. Local CA jobs and improved air quality will result, especially in disadvantaged communities like those near ports, refineries, etc., if the demonstration succeeds.

4. The demonstration will include/affect a campus of more than 53,000 people and if successful can be scaled up to include/affect all California electricity ratepayers.

5. The demonstration is based upon an existing FCE product line (see (b) in figure) and is near-shovel ready.

6. The technology can be broadly scaled to regions outside California. 7. The 5-year demonstration will cost approximately $15 million. It is expected that match funding of

greater than 50% will be provided by our partners (FCE and Exxon-Mobil), and by California Energy Commission, California Air Resources Board, SoCalGas, and others.

[1] Rinaldi et al., Journal of Power Sources, Volume 284, pp. 16-26, 2015.


82

Transforming carbon dioxide emissions into concrete Gaurav N. Sant University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

A sample of 3D printed CO2NCRETE - a carbon neutral building material. Photo credit: UCLA



83

This project will emplace a first-of-a-kind (FOAK) pilot-plant that will embed flue-gas borne carbon dioxide (CO2) into CO2NCRETETM - a transformative building material. CO2NCRETE™ is a functional replacement for traditional concrete that offers the potential to serve as a truly carbon-neutral building material. CO2NCRETE™ is designed to be pre-formed into common building components such as beams, columns, and slabs. UCLA has recently demonstrated the viability of the CO2NCRETE™ process by producing 7 tons of finished material in 24 hours, while sequestering 120 kg CO2 from a vapor stream that simulates flue gas emitted by a coal power plant. To accelerate the market-entry of this technology, UCLA seeks to demonstrate a FOAK plant that offers 10 times higher production throughput. CO2NCRETE™ will displace traditional concrete that uses ordinary portland cement - a highly CO2-intensive building material (N.B.: 1 ton CO2 is emitted per ton OPC produced). The emplacement of the FOAK CO2NCRETE™ facility will build market-confidence in low carbon materials for construction. Demonstrating such success at an industrial scale is a critical step in mitigating CO2 emissions, and catalyzing a carbon-to-value economy based around beneficial CO2 utilization. Furthermore, CO2NCRETE™ components produced by the FOAK facility could be used in construction projects statewide to build user confidence, and fulfill mandates to use low-carbon construction materials (Buy Clean Act). The design, construction, and operation of the FOAK facility will create jobs locally. By displacing traditional concrete, CO2NCRETE™ will allow reductions in the emission of hazardous pollutants (e.g., NOx, mercury, SOx) that are associated with OPC manufacture. OPC manufacture has often been sited near disadvantaged communities, exposing already vulnerable populations to increased risks of respiratory illness.

The project is near shovel-ready. To bring the project to readiness, the team will unify state-of-the-art understanding to prepare optimized designs of CO2 processing reactors, and construction plans. It should be noted that the project has excellent potential for scalability outside of California. This is attributed to the abundance of material inputs for the CO2NCRETE™ process - which are currently commercially available at scale - and its adaptability to utilize CO2 from a diversity of flue gas streams including: cement plants, coal- and natural gas- power plants, and refineries. The emplacement of the FOAK facility will enable the engagement of licensees to diffuse the CO2NCRETE™ solution nationally and globally. Importantly, the vast demand of concrete - greater than 30 B tons annually worldwide - ensures that, at scale, if CO2NCRETE™ were to displace 10% of traditional concrete it would result in net CO2 emissions reductions of nearly 500 M tons annually. The project can begin at the end of 2018 and is estimated to cost $ 2 M per year over a period of 18-to-36 months depending on site availability/access and construction lead-times.

Moreover, matching funds - in the form of cash, and in-kind services - will be offered at a level of $ 1.5 M. This effort has engaged a variety of partners including: cement producers (LafargeHolcim), concrete producers (CalPortland), chemical companies (BASF Corporation), contractors (Suffolk Construction), and power companies (Duke Energy, Southern Company, EPRI).


84

Accelerating natural CO2 sequestration in water systems Jess Adkins California Institute of Technology [email protected]

Using a catalyst to accelerate the natural reaction of CO2, H2O and CaCO3, we can pull CO2 from emission sources and store it in ocean water with no pH change.



85

The natural process of CO2 reaction with CaCO3 (Limestone) in the ocean will eventually store all of the anthropogenic carbon. However, the process happens on a thousand-year timescale. A common catalyst, carbonic anhydrase, can accelerate this process, and lab demonstrations have shown that bubbling CO2 through seawater in the presence of limestone and the catalyst will greatly increase the rate of carbon removal. We are beginning first tests using the natural gas cogeneration plant on Caltech’s campus to demonstrate the viability of capturing power plant flue gas CO2 emissions directly in the cooling water used for plant operations.

We propose to develop a larger scale prototype unit and test this system using the flue gas and cooling water from a fossil fuel power plant in California (site TBD). The project can start in the first half of 2019 based on development of a testbed reactor and partnership agreements, and would initially be conducted as a trial for 2-3 years to collect data on the system efficacy, reliability, and degradation over time. We would also use this data to confirm our lab tests and ensure that the resulting water, when released, is not harmful for natural ecosystems. This project has the potential to directly benefit all of California through the direct removal of CO2 sources.

Benefits to employment and the economy may come as this technology is proven and a larger business is developed to deploy it around the state and around the world. Although the primary goal of the project is to remove CO2 from the exhaust stream, there may be additional air quality benefits that come from implementation of the process, and the pilot project described would look to measure any such benefits as they would further improve public health outcomes, especially in disadvantaged communities traditionally located near fossil power plants.

The project is scalable, and could potentially be used with fresh water in addition to seawater without harmful environmental effects, and also be potentially used for direct CO2 removal from the atmosphere (without a concentrated stream). A globally implemented system would require 600 ‘factories,’ each the size of a Walmart Superstore, to keep up with global CO2 emissions.

The cost for this demonstration project would be $1,500,000.00/year, with the expectation that some cost sharing would come from our industrial partners commensurate with the carbon reduction benefits they will receive through the project. We have grant funding from a private fund to accelerate the technology development and from the Change Happens foundation to support the Caltech pilot project. We are currently developing a list of potential partners with an appropriate natural gas power plant within the state, and would also seek to partner with the CA Coastal Commission to demonstrate the safety of this process for coastal ecosystems


86

CO2 Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion

(A. Raju, UC Riverside) Integrated microalgae carbon capture system

(F. Zabihian, CSU Sacramento) Feeding the World Without Green House Gas Emissions

(B. Houlton, UC Davis) A forest-restoration strategy for California: linking carbon, water, fire and conservation

(R. Bales, UC Merced) Multiple Benefit Land Management

(C. Field, Stanford University) Microbial Population Dynamics and Greenhouse Gas Production Under Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

(A. Haffa et al., CSU Monterey Bay; C. Shennan and J. Muramoto, UC Santa Cruz) Large-Scale Fog Water Collection for Reforestation

(D. Fernandez, CSU Monterey Bay) Reducing Uncertainty in Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance in Coastal Wetlands

(P. Oikawa, CSU East Bay) Climate change mitigation potential of compost amendments to rangeland ecosystems

(W. Silver, UC Berkeley) Management of California shrublands for carbon sequestration watershed, air quality, wildlife, and

bioenergy (W. Oechel et al., CSU San Diego)

Net energy and life cycle impacts of waste biomass use (D. Rajagopal, UC Los Angeles)

Mitigation – Atmospheric Carbon Extraction (Forest, Soils, Agriculture and Land)


87


88

CO2 Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion Arun Raju University of California, Riverside [email protected]

Graphic shows doubling of methane production from an existing anaerobic digestor using the proposed technology (top: current digestor; bottom: CO2 enhanced digestor)



89

Background: Increasing the speed of CH4 production from Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of wet wastes will improve project economics and provide a substantial source of renewable energy for power generation or transportation. The proposed project will demonstrate an innovative and relatively inexpensive way to double renewable CH4 production from existing and new digesters. The technology uses a patented fluidic oscillator system to inject the digestors with CO2 microbubbles. California can potentially produce more than 7.5 billion cubic feet of renewable CH4 per year from waste conversion including biosolids and dairy manure. This significant potential is unrealized primarily due to poor project economics. These projects and the associated jobs could be realized with this technology’s success. The State will considerably benefit from the zero or negative greenhouse gas emissions fuel that also eliminates landfilling. The technology can also significantly reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutant (SLCP) emissions as mandated by SB 1383. There are also 2,000 U.S. sites producing biogas and 11,000 sites ripe for the technology; potentially 40 billion kWh/year (if all converted to electricity). The technology is highly viable for deployment around the world, given the availability of waste feedstocks and the inexpensive nature. Innovation: The innovation is to substantially improve the production rate of renewable CH4 during Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of various feedstocks through the incorporation of CO2 microbubbles. Introducing microbubbles of pure carbon dioxide (CO2) in anaerobic digestion is shown to double the rate of renewable CH4 production in lab scale experiments. The technology is currently undergoing pilot scale demonstration. The key advantage of the technology is that it is relatively inexpensive to retrofit into existing digester facilities. Project details: The technology will be demonstrated in a commercial scale, operating digester (1 million gallons capacity) at the City of Riverside wastewater treatment plant. Successful completion will lead to commercial deployment. Project partners: Perlemax (technology developer and owner); The Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas). The total project budget = $575,000. Funds requested from C4S = $350,000. Cost share: SoCalGas = $150,000 (cash); Perlemax = $75,000 (in-kind). Performance period: 12 months. Proposed start date: 06/01/2018.


90

Integrated microalgae carbon capture system Farshid Zabihian California State University, Sacramento [email protected]



91

Fossil-fuel based power plants are a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions and

exacerbate global climate change. Carbon capture systems (CCSs) are emerging as an important solution to reduce carbon dioxide emissions at the source. Traditional CCSs are inefficient and costly, but newer developments in microalgae-based CCSs that use the natural process of photosynthesis for carbon capture may become more efficient and less expensive. However, many parameters of this process are not yet optimized and the effects of the real-world combustion byproducts (CO, NOx, SOx, and mercury) on the efficacy of microalgae CCSs have not been explored. In this project the hybrid CCS will be made of a transparent vertical column photobioreactor (Figure 1) and a tubular horizontal reactor to cultivate microalgae (Figure 2). The system will be then used in several research programs to optimize conditions for microalgae production and CO2 sequestration in the real-world environment. Once the CCS is operational, it can be used to explore key challenges that hinder larger-scale, real-world applications of microalgae CCSs, including determining the ideal growth conditions for algae, how algae may react to real-world combustion byproducts, and the most efficient method to source light to the photobioreactor (Figure 3).

The results of the experiments and experience gained during the experimentation will be used to design a larger scale system. The configuration of this new system and its specifications will be determined to match the requirements of an existing power generation system. This new CCS will be integrated to a biomass gasification engine that has been recently installed in the CSUS campus (Figure 4). In this power generation unit, biomass is first converted to syngas, a clean-burning gaseous fuel made of about 20% H2 and 20% CO, in the gasifier using the gasification process. This gaseous product is then fed to an internal combustion engine as the fuel. The engine is coupled with a generator to produce electricity. The exhaust gas of this engine will be the input flow for the proposed PBR. Also, one of the main applications of microalgae is in biofuel production. Microalgae farms produce high oil yields per acre requiring much less agricultural lands. The experimental biodiesel production facility (Figure 5) in the CSUS campus will be utilized to evaluate biodiesel production as the ultimate product of the system. When commercialized, this type of CCS can be employed to reduce carbon emission whenever combustion is involved in any industry in California and beyond.


92

Feeding the World Without Green House Gas Emissions Benjamin Houlton UC Davis [email protected]

Set it and forget it: Geo-additive (SOP) increases crop yield (green), with no synthetic fertilizers (blue), cutting GHGs, air and water pollution - feeding people minus the risks.



93

Climate is changing. Human population is rapidly expanding. And roughly 1/4 of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originate from our global food systems. How are we going to feed 10 billion people by 2050 without increasing GHGs from croplands? Can we substantially improve nitrogen fertilizer technologies so that more of the fertilizer enters the crop and less goes to the air, water and climate? This demonstration project traces out win-win solutions for food production/CA growers, public health, and greenhouse gas reductions from natural and working lands in the Central Valley. By the numbers: ‐ Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers feed an estimated 4 billion people today. ‐ Humans have thereby more than doubled the amount of nitrogen in the land, air and water systems worldwide. ‐ Nitrogen is widespread global pollutant, increasing smog, PM 2.5, nitrates in drinking water and nitrous oxide, which accounts for ~6 to 10 % of global climate change. ‐ California has among the best growers anywhere, meeting ~12 % of US food demands. We must protect CA farmland and grow more food to meet the nation and the world's needs, providing economic value and food security. ‐ Providing a simple solution to help growers improve crop yields will less fertilizer will bring further economic benefits to the region and protect public health and ecosystems throughout the Central Valley (> 1 million residents).

Project: Geo-additives (SOP gypsum) to Central Valley agricultural soil to boost crop yields; improve nitrogen fertilizer efficiency; decrease nitrogen emissions to air and water; increase carbon sequestration; and reduce nitrous oxide (GHG) emissions. Co-benefits for enhanced food production, enhanced public health, and resilience of economically disadvantaged communities in the Central Valley. Approach is cost-effective.

Start time: Already in progress, immediately. 3 to 5-year project. Results available after 1 year.

Partners: TIAA (confirmed), Syngenta (confirmed), Cloverton Holdings LLC (confirmed), SOP Srl (confirmed), CA growers (confirmed), Picarro (confirmed), Elsevier (confirmed), Walmart, McDonalds, CARB, CDFA, SGC.

Locations: Demo-sites in Solano, Yolo and Fresno Counties. Almond, wheat, corn, and tomato fields. Could add projects in Monterey, San Benito, Merced, Stanislaus, Kings and Tulare Counties (SOP has been working with growers there). These regions have begun trials with SOP gypsum and observed increased yields with reduced fertilizer applications. Measuring GHGs (with Picarro) and soil carbon benefits is the next step to confirm expectations for lower emissions with SOP gypsum additive. Also, analysis of SOP treated manure to examine benefits for reduced nitrogen emissions from manure. Spatial models will be developed (data science with Elsevier) to examine the GHG offset potential for CA Cap and Trade policy.

Impact: Potential to reduce GHG emissions from CA natural and working lands by ~7 million metric tons/yr. Demonstrations expected to reduce nitrate transport to groundwater and nitrogen-based air pollution across the Central Valley. Globally, potential to scale to GHG reductions on the order of ~1-3 gigatons of CO2 equivalents if successful and adopted by all croplands worldwide.


94

A forest-restoration strategy for California: linking carbon, water, fire and conservation Roger Bales University of California, Merced [email protected]

The 2011-2016 drought exposed unappreciated vulnerabilities in forest ecosystems that supply over half of the state's water. Parts of the Sierra are at a tipping point, as evidenced by the frequency and extent of stand-replacing wildfires, and by widespread forest mortality (a. upper panel). Restoring forests with more biomass in lower-density large trees versus a higher density of smaller trees (b. lower panel), can restore the water-supply and carbon-sequestration ability of Sierra forests. Satellite image (c. insert) shows Sierra Nevada snowpack, part of Central Valley and locations of forest-restoration projects that could be included in this initiative



95

Forest ecological health and management are critical issues facing California both today and in coming decades with intensifying warmth and drought. Forests sequester or release greenhouse gases; control the amount of freshwater entering rivers and the ground; control the severity and spread of wildfires; and provide habitat and maintain biodiversity. California’s forests can be more-effectively managed to simultaneously balance and enhance these services, but tools to cost effectively measure the resulting changes in ecosystem function are inadequate. Managers especially lack feedback on how management and disturbance affect carbon sequestration and water balance. This initiative will build partnerships and a framework to systematically improve California forest restoration. It will accelerate the pace and scale of forest restoration that simultaneously reduces high-intensity wildfire risk, enhances long-term carbon sequestration, provides water benefits and protects watersheds and habitat.

Headwater forests are an essential part of California’s natural capital, and recognized as water infrastructure. A warming climate combined with a century of fire suppression has led to increased wildfire, widespread drought-induced tree mortality, loss of live biomass, and unsustainable forest conditions. Water storage in source-water areas is comparable to that behind dams, and is central to the state’s water security. Forest restoration is part of the solution. The U.S. Forest Service has identified 6-8 million acres in need of immediate restoration in California. Many restoration projects are permitted and shovel ready.

Benefits of forest restoration include: i) reducing tree mortality and maintaining carbon stocks, ii) lowering risk of high-intensity wildfire, iii) improving water yield and storage, iv) lowering risk to hydropower and enhancing hydropower generation, v) reducing soil erosion and consequent damage to infrastructure and ecosystems, vi) improving air quality threats from high-intensity wildfire, and vii) creating forest-related jobs in rural, disadvantaged communities. The intersection of climate resilience and carbon sequestration with water-supply and hydropower interests offers many opportunities for monetizing some of these benefits.

We will develop a scalable forest-restoration strategy that links carbon, water, fire and conservation, and informs its implementation. Proposed activities include: i) providing mapping and analysis tools, ii) further developing carbon and water accounting tools to support monetizing ecosystem services, iii) identifying, evaluating and recommending policy, market and other mechanisms to realize watershed restoration and resilience, iv) assessing institutional and technical barriers to monetizing water-related benefits, and proposing remedies, v) assessing policy and economic barriers to watershed restoration, particularly air-pollution limits on use of fire for restoration, and tradeoffs between ecosystem services, and vi) developing regional climate literacy around adaptation, resilience and carbon sequestration, to build local capacity and support for investments and policy proposals.

Partners include UC, CSU, USFS, NGOs (TNC, ARC, EDF), utilities (EBMUD, PGE, PCWA), counties, CA-DWR, IRWMs, GSAs, CalFire, RCDs, foundations, green investors, Blue Forest Conservation, Sierra Pacific Industries, other private-sector parties. Land-restoration costs for California, estimated at $5-10 billion dollars, will be borne by land managers, state grants, investors, and many other partners. Costs for research and development are requested at the level of $20 million per year for 10 years.


96

Multiple Benefit Land Management Christopher Field Stanford University [email protected]

To manage California’s natural and working lands effectively, we need to develop incentives that reward management for multiple objectives.

3 phase project plan Evaluate existing single‐objective programs Pilot projects Implementation, monitoring, evaluation

Recrea‐ Healthy tion Soils

Wildfire Risk

Wildlife Reduction Habitat

Multi‐objective incentive

Watershed Protection

Carbon Storage

Commercial Products



97

California's Natural and Working Lands (NWL) have the potential to sequester massive quantities of

carbon in vegetation and soils. Some of these lands are suitable for biomass energy crops and the production of low-carbon energy or, if the energy production is coupled to geological carbon dioxide storage, carbon-negative energy. California's NWL, managed for on-site carbon storage, low-carbon energy, and negative-emissions energy can be major contributors to the state's GHG reduction goals. Taking full advantage of this potential will require appropriate incentives. Historically, incentives for land management have focused on a single objective. For example, California's forest carbon offset program rewards carbon storage. The USDA conservation reserve program incentivizes habitat protection. But well-managed NWL can simultaneously yield multiple benefits. Forests can store increased carbon at the same time they protect watersheds, reduce wildfire risk, improve wildlife habitat, and create recreational opportunities. Lands managed for energy crops can deliver many of the same benefits.

Appropriate incentives for managing California's NWL should account for each of the benefits delivered. Doing this will increase the motivation for effective management and for taking full advantage of NWL in addressing California's GHG reduction goals. Developing a multi-benefits incentive environment for California's NWL is a three-stage process. These are: 1. A research program evaluating and integrating techniques for quantifying benefits, including carbon

storage, soil health, wildfire risk, watershed improvement, wildlife habitat, etc. 2. Deployment of pilot programs to compare multi-benefit incentives with existing single-objective

incentive programs. 3. Crafting regulations and interagency coordination to implement the best multi-objective incentives,

plus monitoring and evaluation of progress. Stage 1 can begin immediately. A wide range of single-objective incentives is already in place in

California. Examples include the Forest Carbon Offset Program, the Healthy Soils Initiative, the Watershed Management Initiative, and the Forest Improvement Program. These have an established history and transparent management. Evaluation of existing single-objective incentives and design of pilot programs is compatible with a 2-3 year effort. It will require financial support for a small team (order 6 FTEs), plus engagement of the state agencies that operate the incentive programs.

Stage 2 can begin at the conclusion of Stage 1. Stage 2 may require dedicated funds for new incentives, or it may be fundable through existing programs. This will be a substantial effort (order 20 FTEs), plus extensive involvement of state agencies. The pilot projects could have a three-year deployment phase and a one-year evaluation phase. A well-designed pilot project will probably involve on the order of 100 land-managers.

Stage 3 will involve long-term programs across several state agencies. Final multiple-objective incentives may require new resources. Implementing, monitoring, and evaluating the programs will require staffing. Final programs should encourage participation by thousands of land-managers.


98

Microbial Population Dynamics and Greenhouse Gas Production Under Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Arlene Haffa, Sharifa Crandall, Nathaniel Jue, and Stephanie Kortman; Carol Shennan and Joji Muramoto Cal State University, Monterey Bay; University of California, Santa Cruz [email protected]

Plastic tarp facilitates anaerobic soil conditions during ASD treatment.

At left, soil greenhouse gas emissions monitoring in strawberries using vented static chambers. At right, schematic of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions and biotic interactions in the soil. VOCs (blue arrows) emitted by bacteria (mVOCs), fungi (fVOCs), roots (rVOCs) and litter (bVOCs). Direct negative effects (e.g. growth inhibition, toxicity) of VOCs are indicated by red arrows. From Peñuelas et al, 2014.


99

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is an alternative to fumigant pesticides that suppresses many soil-

borne pests across a diversity of cropping systems1,2 ASD involves addition of carbon (C), plastic tarping to limit gas exchange, and irrigation to fill soil pore space with water. Rapid growth of aerobic microorganisms depletes soil oxygen, and the microbial community becomes anaerobic. Fermentation by the naerobic soil microbes produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs can kill plant pathogens3. After ASD treatment, oxygen is allowed back into the soil to stimulate degradation of any remaining products of anaerobic decomposition. Arlene Haffa and Stefanie Kortman of CSUMB are part of a national team of researchers assembled by Carol Shennan and Joji Muramota of UCSC that is studying the effectiveness of ASD based management systems for strawberries and other crops.

ASD can result in large soil nitrogen (N) inputs that may be lost to the environment5 including gaseous emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) a greenhouse gas (GHG). Growers are faced with regulatory pressures related to nitrogen losses. Our currently funded work (USDA subaward from UCSC) will examine the legacy effects of ASD on emissions of GHGs including N2O, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia in commercially grown strawberries. There is a poor understanding of the relative contributions of GHGs during ASD compared to the entire crop season and of the VOCs, which are effective at pathogen suppression.

California produces ~ 88% of the Nation’s strawberries4. They are the second most economically productive crop in Monterey County, valued at $725 million in 20165. The industry is facing increasing pressure from the surrounding communities to reduce or eliminate the use of fumigant pesticides upon which the production relies. This work has the potential to protect the health of the communities surrounding the many acres of agricultural land in the state. ASD in strawberry effectively controls Verticillium wilt 2 and is used on 1400ac of commercial fields in California. Additional CSU ARI funds to monitor non GHG VOCs produced by the microbial community and to expand the GHG monitoring during the post-ASD strawberry crop have been sought.

More funding would generate a better understanding of ASD by including the genomic and biochemical assessment of the microbial populations. We anticipate that this work would cost ~$150-175K per year. We could begin this summer in collaboration with Sharifa Crandall, an expert in microbial community ecology, and metagenomics and Nathanial Jue of CSUMB, an expert in functional and evolutionary genomics, computational biology, and bioinformatics. Understanding ASD in the context of local differences in soils and environments will increase the economic benefit to growers and the sustainability of strawberry production in a manner that limits GHG emissions. However, the work would be scalable to other cropping systems.

1. Rosskopf, E. N. et al. HortScience : a publication of the American Society for Horticultural Science. HortScience 51, (The Society, 2016).

2. Shennan, C. et al. Anerobic Soil Disinfestation for Soil Borne Disease Control in Strawberry and Vegetable Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Acta Hortic. 165–175 (2014). doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2014.1044.20

3. Ebihara, Y. & Uematsu, S. Survival of strawberry-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Phytophthora cactorum and Verticillium dahliae under anaerobic conditions. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 80, 50–58 (2014).

4. California Strawberry Farming. (2018).

5. Lauritzen, E. Monterey County, CA : Crop Report 2016. (2017).

6. Peñuelas, J., Asensio, D., Tholl, D., Wenke, K., Rosenkranz, M., Piechulla, B., Schnitzler, J.P.. Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil. Plant. Cell Environ. 37, 1866–1891 (2014).


100

Large-Scale Fog Water Collection for Reforestation Daniel Fernandez Cal State University, Monterey Bay [email protected]

This is a large fog water collector (photo taken in Chile). Such systems can be built and deployed to help reforest areas that have been burned or otherwise denuded.



101

Large-scale fog water collection has been implemented in numerous countries worldwide. Purposes: reforestation, large and small-scale agriculture, human consumption. Current efforts in California entail an observation network of several dozen research-sized fog collectors deployed across the coastal northern portion of the state to measure the temporal and spatial variability of fog water collected.

Proposal: Construction and deployment of research sized and then larger-scale fog collectors that result in usable quantities of water for reforestation in areas that have been burned, such as in Sonoma and Santa Barbara Counties.

Mitigation: Land use changes associated with loss of forest habitat result in higher GHG emissions and reduced carbon sequestration. This represents an effort to capture the water through fog to enable new growth without tapping into often dwindling ground water resources.

Start date: Immediate, pending sufficient funding. Cost: One moderately-sized collector consists of about 90 m2 of fog water collection surface area and

would cost about $30,000 to purchase and another $10,000 to deploy. These can be placed at multiple locations throughout the state, to be determined based upon need and available funding. In elevated, foggy regions, expected fog collection rates average from 1-10 L/m2/day. Prior to the installation of a large fog collector, smaller research-grade fog collectors need to be deployed at selected locations and their data analyzed over the course of a year to determine optimal placements of larger models. Site selection, research unit fabrication, and deployment could occur immediately at a cost of $600 per fog collector, $200 for rain gauge and data logger, and $500-$1000 per standard fog collector for installation, depending on location. The standard fog collectors would be deployed for a year at selected locations and from those locations it would need to be decided which would benefit from larger fog collectors. Locations could be determined based on formerly forested areas that experienced fog. Larger fog collectors could remain in selected regions until trees achieve the needed height, and then be relocated.

Social Impact: hundreds of thousands of people through reforestation and dozens of people who can be employed through deployment and maintenance of the fog collectors.

Potential funding sources: donations (Fernandez received $22,000 in donations in 2017), NOAA coastal resources grants, National Science Foundation, private sources.


102

Reducing Uncertainty in Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance in Coastal Wetlands Patty Oikawa California State University, East Bay [email protected]

Coastal wetlands play significant roles in global carbon cycling yet are currently not well represented in climate models. We propose to use high frequency data collection of atmospheric and hydrologic carbon fluxes at 2 locations in California to develop a satellite-driven model to estimate carbon budgets of coastal wetlands. The model will help advance coastal wetland restoration efforts in California and beyond.



103

Project Purpose and Design:

Although coastal wetlands cover a much smaller area than terrestrial forests, their global annual contribution to long-term carbon sequestration is comparable to forests. However, carbon cycling in these ecosystems is not well constrained in climate models. We propose to address three critical sources of uncertainty that currently undermine the ability of climate models to estimate Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance (NECB) in coastal tidal wetlands. First, we propose to continuously measure all components of both atmospheric (CO2, CH4) and lateral (dissolved carbon) fluxes at two tidal wetland sites in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and San Francisco Bay, California, which encompass a range of salinity, tidal inundation, and plant communities. Second, we propose to measure ecosystem exchange of stable carbon isotopes of CO2 in the two tidal wetland sites to improve understanding of photosynthesis and respiration in tidal wetlands. Third, we propose to calibrate satellite data for tidal effects at the site scale and generate spectral inputs for biogeochemical modeling at the ecosystem to regional scale.

Our project will provide the first dataset to include multi-year multi-site continuous measurements of NECB in tidal wetlands. We will also, to our knowledge, be the first to measure ecosystem exchange of stable carbon isotopes in tidal wetlands, improving our ability to model photosynthesis and respiration in these ecosystems. These rich datasets, analyses and modeling efforts will significantly improve our ability to incorporate coastal tidal wetland carbon dynamics into the Earth system models. Project role in accelerating California’s mitigation effort:

Wetland restoration and enhancement in the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta will restore important ecosystem services of tidal marshes including protection of coastal regions from storm damage, wildlife habitat, improvement of water quality, and opportunities for education, recreation, and aesthetic appreciation. In addition, tidal wetlands are among the most productive and intense carbon sinks in the biosphere, and therefore have a strong potential for climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.

As a result of their high carbon sequestration potential, there is a growing interest in financing coastal wetland restoration and conservation using carbon markets, including here in California where the American Carbon Registry (ACR) recently approved a carbon offset methodology to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions from the restoration of wetlands in the Bay-Delta Estuary. This methodology works at project scales and provides the annual and spatial accounting accuracy required for compliance with carbon markets. The methodology leverages the considerable research that has focused on restored, non-tidal freshwater wetlands in the Delta. For tidally-connected wetlands, however, the lack of long-term, ecosystem-scale measurements have hindered our regional ability to monitor and model annual GHG removal and carbon sequestration in tidal wetlands, both natural and restored.

Our proposed monitoring data and model development will provide a new tool to assess and evaluate magnitude and direction of carbon fluxes critical to habitat restoration (e.g. marsh accretion, foodweb support) and evaluate the timescales and datasets necessary for cost-effective carbon accounting in tidal wetlands. Our research and modeling work will be used to update and expand the recently approved GHG methodology co-authored by Dr. Oikawa, which is a direct pathway for financing future tidal wetland restoration projects in the Bay-Delta Estuary. As such, our work has direct implications for policymakers, managers, and a range of stakeholders throughout California. Our research will also help enable increased flood protection as tidal wetlands help protect coastal regions (including the millions of Californians living in coastal areas) from storm damage and sea level rise.

*This project can commence as soon as possible with completion in 3 years. Project dates: June 2018-May 2021; Total cost: $999,879 (year 1=$391,074; year 2=$419,345; year 3=$189,460) Co-PI’s: Iryna Dronova (UC Berkeley); Sara Knox (University of British Columbia); Lisamarie Windham-Myers (USGS); Frank Anderson (USGS); Brian Bergamaschi (USGS)


104

Climate change mitigation potential of compost amendments to rangeland ecosystems Whendee Silver University of California, Berkeley [email protected]

Compost from high-emitting waste streams has considerable potential to sequester carbon in soils and help mitigate climate change, while providing co-benefits to ranchers


105

We propose to lower greenhouse gas emissions from urban and agricultural waste streams through composting, and increase soil carbon (C) sequestration in rangelands by applying compost as a soil amendment. Compost applications to rangelands have considerable potential to increase soil C storage and contribute to climate change mitigation. Grasslands cover approximately 40% of California, 30% of the US, and 30% of the terrestrial land surface, and are the dominant land use globally. Our research has shown that composted agricultural and green waste sequestered new C at rates of 1 metric ton of C per hectare per year each year for 3 years following a one-time application. The compost-amended fields had higher forage production and water holding capacity than control plots, providing ranchers with important co-benefits while enhancing sustainability and climate change resilience. Recent modeling studies suggest widespread C sequestration potential for compost amendments across California’s diverse climates, and long-term potential for soil C gain (Ryals et al. 2015, Silver et al. 2018). When scaled to just 25% of California’s grasslands, new C sequestered using this approach amounted to approximately 21 million metric tons of CO2 equivalents (MMT CO2e)). This would offset most of the annual emissions from residential energy use (23 MMT CO2e). Diverting organics from the waste stream to compost led to additional greenhouse gas savings of 28 MMT CO2e when scaled to just 5% of California’s grasslands (DeLonge et al. 2013). In 2016, we established a large-scale experiment at 15 grassland sites throughout California in collaboration with the U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service. Our goals are to expand upon our previous site-based research to determine the broader-scale potential for compost application to sequester C in soils. In addition, we are quantifying key co-benefits for ranchers including improved soil water retention (Flint et al. 2018), and enhanced forage production and quality (Ryals et al. 2016). We seek funding to bring the project to scale by working with academic colleagues, agency partners, and private industry. The next steps needed to fully realize the potential climate change mitigation of compost amendments are to: (1) document the quantity, quality, and distribution statewide of organic waste streams; (2) measure greenhouse gas emissions, volatile organic compounds, and nitrogen dynamics from the range of available compost feedstocks and composting procedures; (3) continue to quantify C sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, and impacts on biodiversity following compost amendments in key rangeland locations across the state; (4) conduct a full economic analysis of waste diversion to compost and rangeland amendment using multiple public/private scenarios. We propose to continue and expand collaborations with CalRecycle, ARB, CDFA, Department of Conservation, and DWR/Water Board, as well as academic researchers (economist and atmospheric chemist). We also plan to continue collaborations with the private sector including land owners, managers, and compost operators. Cost per year: $1.4 million for 5 years; Total cost: 7 million; matching funds: several foundations have and are currently supporting the proof of concept work; the State has invested funds from the Healthy Soil Initiative and the 4th Assessment activity.


106

Management of California shrublands for carbon sequestration watershed, air quality, wildlife, and bioenergy Walter Oechel, Donatella Zona, Trent Biggs, Asfaw Beyene San Diego State University [email protected]

California chaparral at the SDSU Sky Oaks Biological Field Station in Northern San Diego County. This is a major vegetation type in California and in the Southwest US and Northeast Mexico. Much of the chaparral burns in controlled fires and wild fires, releasing CO2 to the atmosphere. Imrpoved chaparral management can provide biomass for fuel and maintain a mosaic of stand ages that improves C sequestration, wildlife habitat, diversity and public safety.



107

Chaparral covers 121,000 km2 in the Southwest US and Northwest Mexico and is a major vegetation type in California. It sequesters considerable C through photosynthesis and stores this in plant biomass, soil carbon, and in alluvial areas, lakes, ponds, and ocean. However, chaparral burns frequently through wildfires and controlled fires, releasing sequestered C to the atmosphere. By altering the management approaches to chaparral, there can be a reduction if losses of structures and life to wildfires and an increase in long term carbon storage and wildlife habitat and biodiversity. Chaparral presents a major opportunity to increase carbon sequestration in California. Gains in carbon sequestration and improvements in air quality, watershed health, water yield, wildlife habitat, and fuel for bioenergy can be gained from a modified approach to management of California’s shrublands. Old chaparral (stands of >150 years of age) continues to sequester carbon at high rates that can typically exceed 100-150 g C m-2 y-1. These mature stands provide enhanced water yield, water shed protection, and wildlife habitat. Extended periods between burning reduces air pollution including that of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2, NOx) and particulates. Public safety, safety of structures and zones and protected beds of mature shrublands can be enhanced by mechanical harvesting chaparral where needed to enhance fire safety including close to urban areas where controlled fires are difficult and/or unsafe. Harvested chaparral will be pelletized and combusted for energy under controlled conditions that reduce air pollution. Effects of net carbon sequestration will be confirmed by models, eddy covariance portable towers, and aircraft based eddy covariance. The net result, besides significant increases in carbon sequestration, will be a renewable biomass energy source from harvested chaparral, improved air quality, reduced watershed erosion, and increased water yield from shrublands due to the reduced leaf area and increased soil litter of mature chaparral stands. The demonstration area will be mainly in and near San Diego County including the Cleveland National Forest, other public and private lands, and the SDSU Sky Oaks Biological Field Station and the Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve. Biomass electrical generation will be developed with commercial partners and include capability for evaluation of efficiency, containment production, and student laboratories. Local employment will be provided in biomass harvesting and transportation. Improved air quality will benefit all, but especially those in disadvantaged communities. Rural communities and those at the wildland-urban interface will have reduced fire risk from wildfire. The project is shovel ready and can start immediately. Cost is estimated at $200k/y for five years. 10% matching is available from SDSU including in student and faculty salaries and student tuitions. Current and future partners include the USFS, CDF, SDSU, and the private sector.


108

Net energy and life cycle impacts of waste biomass use Deepak Rajagopal University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

System boundary and analytical framework underlying the Greenhouse gases, Regulated emissions, and Energy production from Waste resources (GREW) Tool



109

Waste biomass resources have an important role in meeting the energy and environmental objectives

underlying several regulations within California (such as AB32, LCFS, AB1900, SB1383, SB840 to name just a few) and beyond. However, there does not yet exist a single comprehensive framework to compare the different environmental and energy trade-offs across different waste biomass pathways. The Greenhouse gases, Regulated emissions, and Energy production from Waste resources (GREW) fills this gap (see graphic). GREW is the first tool to systematically and consistently analyze conversion of four distinct categories of wastes (agricultural, forestry residues, manure and MSW) into 6 distinct energy end products – electricity (co-produced with heat), renewable natural-gas, cellulosic-ethanol, renewable-diesel, and bio-jet using 15 different pathways. GREW provides estimates of renewable energy production, net energy, and life cycle GHG emissions both per unit of biomass and in aggregate at a county-level. GREW is implemented as a spread-sheet tool, easily accessible and transparent in the underlying data and calculations. The spatial analytic capabilities are implemented using a combination of ArcGIS and R software. The GREW database is based on peer-reviewed publications. GREW was developed by the PI and a graduate student with seed funding from the UCLA Grand Challenge. We propose to build on this work and apply the GREW along the following lines. First, we intend to include data on emissions of criteria pollutants, and also incorporate waste water treatment facilities and existing landfills as biomass resource into tool. This would equip GREW with a capacity for insights on potential health benefits. Secondly, we will apply the tool to analyze questions such as what is best conversion pathway for a resource within a given county for any criterion or set of criteria among renewable energy, net energy, climate benefits or air quality. An illustration of an insight already available from GREW is that while dairy manure could be a source of renewable energy it is not guaranteed to be significantly net energy positive.

GREW was developed to help decision-makers at the state level and local level to rapidly screen for the best options for local biomass resources and identify a limited set of options for more detailed investigation, which could also be undertaken using GREW. The tool is ready for use for the four types of biomass resources, and for estimating energy and GHG emissions. GREW tool and database already incorporates resource estimates for the entire United States at a county-level from the Department of Energy Billion Ton Study. We request $150,000 over two years.


110

Coral Reefs at High CO2: risks and opportunities for mitigation (R.C. Carpenter and P.J. Edmunds, CSU Northridge) Smart glasshouses for food, water and energy use

(M. Loik et al., UC Santa Cruz and CSU Sonoma) Indigenous Leadership in Climate Solutions

(B.R. Middleton, UC Davis) Smarter building, landscaping, and paving with cool surfaces, shade trees, and low-carbon pavements

(R. Levinson and G. Ban-Weiss, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and USC) Can Marine Protected Areas promote resilience in the face of climate change?

(K. Nickols et al., CSU Northridge, UC Santa Barbara, UC Los Angeles) Seagrass enhancement for increasing CO2 sequestration habitat, recreation, and water quality in San

Diego Bay (W. Oechel et al., CSU San Diego)

Genomic Analysis of Ecosystem Health (H. B. Shaffer, T. Smith and T. Gillespie, UC Los Angeles)

Advanced Energy for Disadvantaged Communities (S. Pincetl, UC Los Angeles)

Adaptation – Building Resilience for Californians


111


112

Coral Reefs at High CO2: risks and opportunities for mitigation Robert C. Carpenter and Peter J. Edmunds California State University Northridge [email protected]

This project will leverage the UC/CSUN consortial research station in Mo'orea, French Polynesia to conduct CO2-related research on 2 fronts, outlined below.



113

1. This project addresses the threat of rising CO2 to coral reefs with project based in French Polynesia and build on an existing collaboration between CSUN, UCSB, and UCB. Coral reefs are integral to the global ocean that borders California, and from which there is a history of engagement through economic ties, and scientific research. The project will develop one front addressing CO2 impacts by implementing an ocean simulation system in Mo'orea, in which we will quantify the risks to reefs of dissolution and impaired evolution. A second front will be developed at Tetiaroa Atoll, where research will focus on the CO2 mitigation by Sea Water Air Condition (SWAC) that can replace the dependence of traditional A/C technology on fossil fuels. Over 4 years, we will build a sea simulation system at Mo'orea, within which 2-y experiments will be conducted to test the effects of CO2 on reef growth, dissolution, and evolution. The facility will be used to train a globally aware, and scientifically literate workforce who conduct research on the impacts of CO2 on coral reefs. In Tetiaroa, we will conduct experiments to evaluate the impacts of CO2 mitigation through implementation of SWAC. The project will support 1 postdoc, 1 technician, and 6 MS students. 2. The premise of this project is that: (1) mitigation is impossible without scientifically informed risk evaluation, and (2) a pathway to mitigation is provided by alternative technologies (i.e., SWAC). By advancing both issues, this proposal consolidates the role of CA as a regional leader in climate change research. 3. The project will be based at CSUN, and will provide employment, training, and education to the community from which this campus recruits. The benefits include reciprocal training and infrastructure with UCSB and UCB, and will use CA companies to construct ocean simulation technology. 4. By focusing on coral reefs, this study potentially impacts the > 100 million humans living within 50 km of coral reefs throughout the world 5. The research team has been working on ocean acidification in Mo'orea for a decade. 6. This project addresses processes affecting coastal areas bordered by coral reefs through all tropical regions. 7. (a) $500k/y, for a total of $2 million; (b) $200k/y matching funds from NSF, (c) partners: UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, Gump Research Station (Mo’orea).


114

Smart glasshouses for food, water and energy use Michael Loik and Sue Carter; Lisa Bentley UC Santa Cruz; CSU Sonoma [email protected]

Plants grow normally under Wavelength Selective Solar Windows (WSPVs) that generate electricity on the same footprint as greenhouse food production.



115

1. Project Purpose: To reduce water waste, and maximize the efficiency of simultaneous food and electricity production. We envision demonstration glasshouses in agricultural communities such as Salinas, Calexico, Manteca, and Redding. Project Design: We will compare electricity production, food growth, and water use efficiency (food produced/water required). Wavelength Selective Photovoltaic Systems (WSPVs) use an embedded luminescent dye within glasshouse windows to facilitate resonant sunlight energy transfer to narrow photovoltaics attached to the glass. Why? To de-carbonize the California food system, and reduce direct and indirect impacts of water and energy use in the food sector. How? Electricity generated helps power the glasshouse and reduces need for power from the grid. The new embedded monitoring and control system will quantify water flow in irrigation systems and detect waste on the glasshouse floor, improving glasshouse control through AI. When can it start? Immediately. How long will it be conducted? Three years. 2. Project role in accelerating California's mitigation effort. For a prototype WSPV glasshouse at UC Santa Cruz, all power needs were met in summer during initial measurements (Loik et al. 2017, Earth's Future https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000531). In this work, we will “smarten” the glasshouse with an embedded nanosensor network and control system to monitor and control water and energy use. By comparing WSPVs with conventional glasshouses, we expect differences in air temperature and humidity that are important for plant growth and electricity needs. We also anticipate discovering inefficient use of electricity for HVAC, which we can then control in a more efficient manner. We will install solid-state resistance grids in the glasshouse floor to detect water drainage from soils, which can feedback control on the irrigation system. 3. Local benefits: Renewable energy production reduces GHG emissions and health effects from coal fired power plants. Growing plants in glasshouses reduces exposure to pesticide drift for workers in disadvantaged communities. This technology should boost employment in hard-hit agricultural communities. California's future economy will be strengthened and more competitive with new technologies like this. By reducing water waste, we will reduce groundwater use and GHGs emissions for pumping and transporting water. 4. Large enough to include 50,000 or more population. Yes, existing conventional glasshouses can be retrofitted with WSPVs, meaning adoption can be nimble over large areas. 5. This technology is shovel-ready. WSPV prototypes and retrofits are up and running in California and Arizona. PI Loik has developed much of the hardware for the monitoring and control systems from single board computers and hardware adapted from the burgeoning Internet of Things. We will use Artifical Intelligence to adapt control systems to seasonal needs of the glasshouse operations. 6. Potential for scalability to regions outside California. This technology has high potential for transfer elsewhere. Demonstration glasshouses are already running in Canada. We have a patent in China for the WSPV technology. Patents are pending in the USA, Canada, Japan and the EU. 7. Cost per year: $1,000,000; total cost: $3,000,000; matching funds and source: we currently do not have matching funds; partners: Soliculture, Inc.


116

Indigenous Leadership in Climate Solutions Beth Rose Middleton University of California, Davis [email protected]

Maidu Stewardship Project in Greenville, CA: these pictures taken from the same location show the overstocked forest and then the results of the tribal fire crew’s thinning and piling. Thinning is done with attention to preserving culturally important species, and opening the canopy to enable Black Oak to thrive. The thinning, piling, and burning reduce danger of catastrophic fire, and open the land for traditional management techniques, including low underburns for forest health. This is not a carbon offset project, but it exemplifies the type of tribally-led management that can meet CARB’s compliance offset protocol for forest projects. (Photos courtesy of Danny Manning, Asst. Fire Chief, Greenville Rancheria)



117

1. Tribal/ Indigenous carbon offset projects draw attention to both the benefits of carbon offsets—to meet tribal land restoration goals, enable buyback of tribal homelands, provide tribal employment, and contribute to GHG reduction—as well as significant concerns—for environmental benefits, human rights, and environmental justice. Environmental justice concerns are constitutive of Indigenous carbon offset projects, and these projects exemplify mechanisms to ensure that both the environment and vulnerable populations benefit. This 1.5-year study focuses on tribally-led projects providing offsets on California’s market. Could tribal carbon offset projects be scaled up? How can tribes be key partners in offset projects led by other jurisdictions within their territories? What are the costs/challenges and benefits/successes for Indigenous people providing offsets on California’s market?

Researchers will - Document the partners, processes, specific legal, economic, and political tools used, and scope of

Indigenous-led carbon offset projects participating in California’s market - Review offset protocols tribes are using in California, as well as on voluntary markets, and identify

specific barriers and disincentives to tribal participation. - Pending partners’ approval, develop nationwide map and database of tribal carbon projects - Create a how-to “handbook” on tribal carbon offset project development - Host (2) “Indigenizing the Carbon Market?” 1-day gatherings in 2018 and 2019

2. The cap-and-trade program is an important fiscal mechanism to reduce the emissions of California’s largest polluters. It is imperative to (1) ensure that it is not exacerbating tribal environmental inequalities, and (2) provide tribes with more tools to navigate the process.

3. Tribal carbon offset projects can enable Tribal land preservation, stewardship, and acquisition, if traditional land management mechanisms are built-in, traditional land rights are recognized, and funding is adequate to support monitoring and management.

4. Although Native nations are small in population and recognized land holdings, tribally-led offset projects are critical for two reasons: (1) California is composed of Indigenous homelands that were seized from tribal members beginning in the 1850s, and any decisions made on this land impact tribal self-governance, subsistence, and survival; (2) tribal lands are often resource-rich and conservation impacts can be significant; (3) tribal nations are the third sovereign government (federal, state, tribal), but they are often not at the table, despite the Governor’s commitment (Executive Order B-10-11) requiring all state agencies work with tribes.

5. Research has already begun with one partner and a publication is in process; research with other partners would begin in summer 2018, with the initial convening taking place in September 2018.

6. Lessons learned from Indigenous projects providing offsets on California’s market are critical for Tribes in other jurisdictions. This project contributes to existing Indigenous partnerships re: carbon offset projects.

7. Budget: $81,637 - 1 GSR/ quarter ($9,879) 2018-2019, and two summers ($10,000): $39,637 - 1 course release for PI: $9000 - Travel for (2) researchers to Indigenous carbon offset projects: $8,000 - Compensation for Indigenous project advisors/ participants: $5,000 - Host (2) “Indigenizing the Carbon Market?” gatherings: $20,000


118

Smarter building, landscaping, and paving with cool surfaces, shade trees, and low-carbon pavements Ronnen Levinson and George Ban-Weiss Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of Southern California [email protected]

Smarter building, landscaping, and paving practices can reduce the energy and carbon footprints of our communities. Cool roofs, cool walls and shade trees are demonstration-ready “cool community” measures that can conserve energy and mitigate the urban heat island, while low-carbon cement concrete (not shown) can reduce the energy and greenhouse gas emissions embodied in our sidewalks and heavy-duty roads.



119

Smarter building, landscaping, and paving practices can reduce the energy and carbon footprints of our communities. Cool roofs, cool walls, and shade trees are well-studied, ready-to-demonstrate measures that can conserve energy and mitigate the urban heat island; however, cool roofs and cool walls are not yet incorporated in the state’s building energy efficiency standards, and California’s cool roof requirements for homes are limited. Low-carbon cement concrete mixes could reduce the energy and greenhouse gas emissions required to pave our sidewalks and heavy-duty roads, but are not widely used for California pavements.

This project will accelerate California’s climate-change mitigation efforts through high-profile exhibitions of cool walls and shade trees that can inspire homeowners and urban planners, and demonstrations of the real-world performance of low-carbon cement concrete pavements aimed at contractors, engineers, and specifiers.

Cool roofs, cool walls, and shade trees are hammer, brush, and spade-ready measures that can be demonstrated in disadvantaged urban and rural residential neighborhoods where simulations predict them to be cost-effective. A three-year project—6 months of preparation, 12 months of baseline measurements, 12 months of cool-design measurements, and 6 months of analysis—could begin in 2019. Experimental validation of these two measures could be followed by community campaigns to re-roof homes, repaint walls, and plant shade trees, providing local jobs.

Low-carbon cement concrete mixes are available today, but need demonstration of ease of construction, engineering performance, service life, and economics in a multi-year project led by paving researchers and professionals.

Cool roof, cool wall, shade tree, and low-carbon cement concrete solutions would be readily scaled to warm regions outside California, including but not limited to the southwestern and southeastern United States.

Demonstrating cool roofs, cool walls and shade trees in two neighborhoods—one urban, one rural—would cost about $1M/year for three years, depending on the number of buildings studied. Potential partners/co-funders include cool roof and cool wall product manufacturers (many of whom collaborate with LBNL); tree advocates, such as TreePeople, the Sacramento Tree Foundation, the California Natural Resources Agency, and the U.S. Forest Service; cities and counties, including Sacramento, Fresno, and Los Angeles; municipal utilities, such as the Sacramento Municipal Utility District and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power; and organizations that promote regional climate initiatives, such as Climate Resolve.

The cost and duration of a low-carbon cement concrete demonstration project is TBD, pending consultation with pavement professionals.


120

Can Marine Protected Areas promote resilience in the face of climate change? Kerry Nickols; Adrian Stier and Nicholas Nidzieko; Tom Bell California State University Northridge; University of California, Santa Barbara; University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a powerful management tool for valuable species in California. We will examine the potential for MPAs to serve as climate change refuges.



121

This project will quantify the capacity of marine protected areas (MPAs) to promote ecosystem resilience by serving as refuges from ocean acidification via growth of kelp forests, a type of submerged aquatic vegetation. We will use a combination of satellite data, empirical observations, and modeling to develop a mechanistic understanding of the benefits MPAs provide to harvested organisms experiencing environmental stress. Our central hypothesis is that increased kelp biomass inside MPAs provides a refuge for commercially important organisms by moderating potentially harmful chemical conditions (i.e. low pH water). The hypothesis that MPAs can promote the capacity of kelp forests to serve as refuges from acidification emerges from previous studies demonstrating the capacity of MPAs to indirectly promote kelp biomass by increasing the abundance of species at the top of the food chain. Kelp forests uptake CO2 from seawater and can increase pH and may promote kelp forest ecosystem resilience by serving as climate change refuges – areas where biological habitats absorb the impacts of global change to buffer species from deleterious conditions such as ocean acidification. The work is interdisciplinary and combines expertise in oceanography, ecology, and remote sensing. This project could start in Fall 2018 or later and would last 2.5 years.

The state of California is committed to exploring mitigation and management of ocean acidification following the release of the findings of the West Coast Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Science Panel and the passage of California Senate Bill 1363, and there is interest in the use of giant kelp for such mitigation. This project will advance our understanding of the potential for kelp to ameliorate ocean acidification and also begin to address what the implications such amelioration might have for kelp forest organisms. This project could have important implications for California’s fishing and recreation industries, as well as the growing aquaculture industry, by identifying key linkages between kelp forests and organism success. This project will take place in and around MPAs in Southern California, a region supporting 70% of recreational fishing activities in the state. We already have much of the equipment in hand needed to conduct this research, along with preliminary data that suggest an important connection between seawater pH and kelp forest biomass. Although the project will focus in Southern California, the lessons learned can be applied to other temperate kelp systems around the globe.

This project will cost $100,000/ yr (total cost $250,000), and will leverage startup funds and equipment valued at over $200,000 as well as data and resources from existing grants from the National Science Foundation. Our interdisciplinary collaborative team has partnerships with local non-profits, such as The Bay Foundation, as well as groups involved with the statewide MPA Collaborative Network, and other scientists.


122

Seagrass enhancement for increasing CO2 sequestration habitat, recreation, and water quality in San Diego Bay Walter Oechel, Donatella Zona, Kevin Hovel, Alexander Carsh San Diego State University [email protected]

CO2 uptake and release to the atmosphere in San Diego Bay. In the South Bay, where sea grass is abundant CO2 losses to the atmosphere are minimal and there can be a sink. Loss of CO2 to the atmosphere is highest where sea grass has been largely removed and destroyed by human activity. Fluxes are in gC-CO2 m-2 d-1. This proposed project will reduce CO2 emissions to the atmopshere by increasing seagrass extent by restoration and protection resulting in reduced CO2 emissions, increased CO2 uptake, and improved fish habitat, environmental quality, and recreational opportunities (Carsh, Oechel, et al. unpublished data).



123

This demonstration project will decrease net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from San Diego Bay, a large

emitter of CO2 to the atmosphere. High CO2 emissions are due in part to reduction in the subsurface vegetation that would otherwise absorb CO2 through photosynthesis and in part to organic matter input to the bay that increases Bay respiration and emissions. Most of the seagrass beds in San Diego Bay have been degraded or eliminated due to human activity such as boat anchoring, dredging, and increased turbidity. Reduction in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are targeted at 1.5 tons per ha-1 C-CO2 y-1 based on vegetated and non-vegetated regions of San Diego Bay. Emissions could be further reduced by reducing organic matter input into the bay from boats and land-based runoff. The main focus of this project will be revegetation of seagrass in the bay while monitoring the impact on net CO2 emissions and the cover, growth, and success of seagrass. Parallel efforts will be made to decrease sediment and organic matter loading to the bay. Further destruction of seagrass will be reduced by installation of moorings to reduce anchoring in the bay. The effectiveness in reduction of CO2 flux from the water surface to the atmosphere will be monitored by boat using pCO2 and eddy covariance techniques. The project can start immediately and will last for 5 years. Areas of proposed revegetation in Mission Bay will also be incorporated in this demonstration.

This demonstration project will directly contribute to reducing CO2 emissions in California. San Diego Bay is now a large net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. The magnitude of this source can be greatly reduced and potentially converted to a net sink for CO2 through the revegetation and protection. The actions proposed here will also improve fish habitat for ecologically and economically valuable species, as well as the water quality and recreational value of San Diego Bay. The approach proposed here is scalable and appropriate for bays, estuaries, and near-coastal areas throughout the state, and even outside California. Coastal waters are frequently sources of CO2 to the atmosphere due to human activities, including the reduction of healthy subsurface vegetation. These areas provide a substantial opportunity for mitigation of atmospheric CO2 and improvement in environmental quality and ecosystem services. Baseline patterns of CO2 exchange between San Diego Bay and the atmosphere are being collected on an ongoing process. Research on revegetation and protection of seagrass has been done. This project is shovel-ready and upon demonstration is scalable to bays and estuaries in and without California, and with adaptation, to coastal zones including kelp forests.

The scale of this demonstration can be altered depending on funding, but target funding is $200k/y for 5 years. Partners to include the San Diego Port Authority, the Navy, citizen’s groups, and the SDSU Coastal Marine Institute Laboratory (CMIL). 10% matching funding is available from SDSU in the form of boat usage, student and PI salary, and equipment.


124

Genomic Analysis of Ecosystem Health H. Bradley Shaffer, Thomas Smith and Thomas Gillespie University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

Illustrative species for which we can map their full genomic sequences onto their natural range to inform future distributions under a changing climate

https://www.eeb.ucla.edu/[email protected]


125

Project Purpose and Design: Southern California, is home to the largest list of threatened and endangered species in North America, making it one of only two places on the continent, and one of 36 places on earth, to be designated by Conservation International as a Biodiversity Hotspot. That designation reflects two essential aspects of biodiversity in our region: it is hyper diverse at a global scale, and it is severely threatened. Cutting edge genomic tools can now be used for virtually any species to inform us about the capacity for climate resilience of species that occupy southern California’s open spaces ranging from the Rim of the Valley lands surrounding the greater Los Angeles Basin, to our vast, threatened deserts to the isolated, climatologically vulnerable Penninsular mountain range from Tejon Pass to Mount Palomar. Some of these landscapes harbor abundant genomic variation that will allow species to rapidly adapt to climate change and avoid extinction. Others undoubtedly do not, but could if we shuffle currently isolated populations between remote regions. Genomic analyses, unthinkable five years ago, can tell us where we need to manage proactively to enable populations to adapt. Finally, fine-scale habitat mapping based on current and predicted future climate models inform us of where species will need to migrate if they are to survive, and whether they have corridors of appropriate habitat to reach their new refugia. If they lack those corridors, we need to acquire them before it is too late. We propose to use existing samples, collected by a cadre of university and agency professionals over the last 20 years, to sequence 100-200 carefully selected species from across LA and Southern California to assess the genetic health, variation and population connectivity that are essential components of a data-driven strategy for biodiversity management. Starting immediately, and completed in three years, we can model and deliver genomic data for these species. If chosen wisely with respect to their ecology and climate adaptation potential, they will serve as a model for the thousands of species that inhabit our region. It is the only effective way to model and protect the world-class biodiversity in our region from the ravages of climate change. From a public health perspective, the human benefits of a healthy, vibrant ecosystem are well established, and our project will deliver the ecosystem services and human health and well-being that only intact ecosystems can provide. Our project region, from Tejon Pass to the Mexico Border and the coast to the Colorado River, includes 24 million people—roughly 60% of California, and 7.5% of the US population. Although we model Southern California, our data are immediately scalable to the state and the country. Given the expertise at UCLA and the previous two decades of field collections, it can start tomorrow. Cost: $1,000,000 per year, $3,000,000 total. Matching: $300,000/year in faculty contributions of time and unpaid effort, field work and student support. Potential up to 1:1 matching from California Department of Fish and Wildlife, CalTrans, and US Fish and Wildlife service partners.


126

Advanced Energy for Disadvantaged Communities Stephanie Pincetl University of California, Los Angeles [email protected]

UCLA's replicable design addresses structural and programmatic barriers to adoption of clean energy technologies in disadvantaged communities.


127

UCLA, in partnership with LA County and other collaborators, has developed an innovative and replicable design that addresses barriers to clean energy adoption in disadvantaged communities. Developed under a $1.5M California Energy Commission planning grant to accelerate deployment of Advanced Energy Communities, this design utilizes a virtual net metering arrangement to provide locally generated GHG-free electricity from community solar and storage, to offset consumption of participants who "opt in" to the program.

Participants will also receive in-home energy efficiency upgrades and energy management tools at no upfront cost. The design specifically targets renters / multifamily building residents who lack agency to install rooftop solar, as well as households with insufficient resources to afford rooftop solar -- conditions which are prevalent in disadvantaged communities.

The project is sponsored by the County of Los Angeles 1st Supervisorial District. Additional partners include: The Energy Coalition; LA Cleantech Incubator; Day One, a community-based organization leading the community outreach, and the Bassett Unified School District. and is located in the LA County unincorporated areas of Avocado Heights / Bassett.

The pilot design will have immediate application to approximately 500 households and 7 primary / secondary schools, as well as broader community benefits of local green jobs, job training, and education programs. Replicability is a primary characteristic of the project, providing the potential to impact 100,000’s or more statewide, with specific benefits to disadvantaged communities.

This design is near shovel-ready, as required by the planning phase grant, and will compete for CEC implementation funding estimated to be $7-10M, with a 100% match requirement. The implementation grant RFP is expected to be released in March, 2018, and the 5-year grant period is expected to begin in Fall of 2018.

Construction costs for the community solar + storage assets are estimated at $26.2M; it is anticipated to be built and managed through private investment, under a power purchase agreement with LA County’s recently formed community choice aggregation agency. Implementation costs will include the following components, among others: project management; effectiveness evaluations and quantification of benefits; community outreach and education; and development of partnerships around green job opportunities and training.


128


129

Bending the Curve With 6 Clusters and 10

Solutions

http://uc-carbonneutralitysummit2015.ucsd.edu/_files/Bending-the-Curve.pdf

*Projections for 2100

http://uc-carbonneutralitysummit2015.ucsd.edu/_files/Bending-the-Curve.pdf

california collaborative for climate change solutions (c4s) · 2018-05-03 · california...

Documents