Caliph (head of Muslim world)

Fatimids (Shi‘ites)

Seljuks (Sunnis), since 1055

1071 Seljuks defeat Byzantines atManzikert

Map Link: Europe and Muslim World c. 1097:

<http://www.shadowedrealm.com/lib/images/medieval/maps/map080.jpg>

Just war, according to St Augustine of Hippo(d. 430):

Proclaimed by a legitimate authority

For legitimate reasons

With right intention, only option

Warfare as an act of love

9th c. Spiritual benefits offered to holy warriors

mid 11th c. Pope Gregory VII (p. 1073-85) andothers expanding benefits, some popesleading campaigns

March 1095 Envoys from Alexius IComnenus (r. 1080-1118) at Councilof Piacenza

27th November 1095 Pope Urban II(p. 1088-95) preaches First Crusadeat Clermont

1096 People’s/ Peasants’ Crusade, led byPeter the Hermit and Walter thePenniless

Early 1097 “Official” crusading armies reachConstantinople

June 1097 Crusaders take Nicea

March 1098 Baldwin of Boulogne becomesCount of Edessa

June 1098 Crusaders take Antioch, eventuallygiven to Bohemond of Taranto

Jan 1099 Crusaders begin advance onJerusalem

June 1099 Crusaders besiege Jerusalem

15th July 1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem

August 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptianarmy

County of Edessa

Principality of Antioch

County of Tripoli

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Map Link: The Crusader States:

<http://www.shadowedrealm.com/lib/images/medieval/maps/map012.jpg>

Godfrey de Bouillon, advocatus sanctisepulchri, 1099-1100

Baldwin I (of Boulogne), King of Jerusalem,1100-18

(Baldwin of Le Bourg got Edessa)

The Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad)composed in public in 1105 by ‘Ali ibnTahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)

1110 Demonstrations in mosques of Baghdadcalling rulers to fight Crusaders

1119 Ilghazi of Mardin defeats Roger ofAntioch at Battle of Balat/Ager Sanguinis

1127 ‘Imad al-Din Zangi takes power inMosul

1128 Zangi takes control of Aleppo

1144 Zangi takes Edessa whileJoscelin II is away

1146 Zangi murdered by slave

Map Link: Zangi’s Territories:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg/2000px-Possession_of_Zengi_%281146%29.svg.png>

Impact of the First Crusade:

On W. Europeans/Crusaders: Expansion ofChristendom to include Outremer.Greater (if distorted) awareness ofIslam/Muslims

On Muslims: W. Europeans no longer asdistant barbarians. Regarded as invading,usually for plunder/to spread Christianity

Impact of the First Crusade:

On Byzantines: Exacerbated tensionsbetween Byzantines andW. Europeans. Mutual suspicionand distrust

On Papacy: Loss of control. Attemptsto re-assert this in future years

Fulcher of Chartres (1059-1127)

French, chaplain to Baldwin of Boulogne,went on First Crusade with him

Wrote Historia Iherosolymitana, usingmix of own experience and othereyewitnesses

Died of plague

Anna Comnena (1083-1153)

Daughter of Alexius Comnenus

Received high-quality education, marrieda historian (in 1097)

At 55 retired to a convent after failedpolitical intrigues

Wrote biography of father, the Alexiad

‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (1039-1106)

Damascene philologist and jurist

Wrote Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Jihad),which dictated over course of Muslimyears 498-99 (1105) in Mosque of BaytLihya (in suburbs of Damascus). Alsodictated part of work in public againin Jul-Aug 1105