following 1973 war following 1973 war opportunities for peace, opportunities for peace, but also new obstacles but also new obstacles

Nixon’s National Nixon’s National Security Security Advisor/Secretary of Advisor/Secretary of State began process of State began process of ‘shuttle diplomacy’‘shuttle diplomacy’

Kissinger viewed Middle Kissinger viewed Middle East as a key East as a key component in Cold War component in Cold War conflictconflict

peace in the region peace in the region would undermine Soviet would undermine Soviet influenceinfluence

Camp David Accords - 1979Camp David Accords - 1979

Kissinger’s Kissinger’s meetings in meetings in Jerusalem, Cairo Jerusalem, Cairo and Damascus led and Damascus led to the signing of to the signing of Sinai I and Sinai II Sinai I and Sinai II (1974,1975)(1974,1975)

Egyptian and Egyptian and Israeli forces Israeli forces disengaged and a disengaged and a U.N. force was U.N. force was palced between palced between themthem

a similar a similar disengagement disengagement took place on the took place on the Golan Heights Golan Heights creating a creating a demilitarized zonedemilitarized zone

Kissinger iniatives failed Kissinger iniatives failed to lead to any to lead to any breakthrough in peace breakthrough in peace processprocess

Kissinger refused to Kissinger refused to speak with PLO until they speak with PLO until they accepted Resolution 242accepted Resolution 242

Arafat perceived as Arafat perceived as being an ally of the being an ally of the Soviets and the PLO Soviets and the PLO supportive of terrorist supportive of terrorist tacticstactics

in 1974 a group of PFLP in 1974 a group of PFLP fedayeen attacked the fedayeen attacked the village of Qiryat village of Qiryat Shemona in Israel - 18 Shemona in Israel - 18 Israelis died, including Israelis died, including childrenchildren

more children died in a more children died in a hostage-taking incident; hostage-taking incident; again Israel retaliatedagain Israel retaliated

Palestinian justification Palestinian justification for attacksfor attacks

Arab summit in Algiers Arab summit in Algiers following 1973 war made following 1973 war made important decisionsimportant decisions

PLO sole representative PLO sole representative of Palestinian peopleof Palestinian people

Peace could only be Peace could only be achieved through achieved through surrender of lands won by surrender of lands won by Israel in 1967 warIsrael in 1967 war

Habash’ ‘Rejectionist Habash’ ‘Rejectionist Front’ broke with the PLOFront’ broke with the PLO

in November in November 1974 Arafat 1974 Arafat addressed the addressed the U.N. - olive U.N. - olive branch and gunbranch and gun

PLO given PLO given observer status observer status at U.N.at U.N.

U.S. now willing U.S. now willing to support to support ‘legitimate ‘legitimate interests’ of interests’ of Palestinians if Palestinians if they accepted they accepted Resolution 242 Resolution 242 and Israel’s right and Israel’s right to existto exist

Israel turns rightIsrael turns right

trauma of near-defeat in trauma of near-defeat in 1973 war1973 war

Israel ever more Israel ever more dependent on U.S.dependent on U.S.

Yitzak Rabin elected as Yitzak Rabin elected as new Labour leader, new Labour leader, replacing Golda Meirreplacing Golda Meir

under Zionist pressure the under Zionist pressure the Rabin government Rabin government accepted the first Israeli accepted the first Israeli settlements in the West settlements in the West Bank - breaking Bank - breaking international lawinternational law

UN resolution (1975) UN resolution (1975) condemns Zionism as condemns Zionism as ‘racist’‘racist’

in 1976 protests in 1976 protests against Jewish against Jewish settlements led to settlements led to the death of six the death of six Palestinians - date Palestinians - date 30 March became an 30 March became an annual day of annual day of protest, ‘Land Day’protest, ‘Land Day’

commemoration commemoration spread to Occupied spread to Occupied Territories Territories

heightened sense of heightened sense of Palestinian Palestinian nationalismnationalism

municipal election municipal election brought victory to brought victory to the PLO and the PLO and nationalist nationalist candidatescandidates

LikudLikud

1976 - Israeli 1976 - Israeli commando raid freed commando raid freed Israeli hostages - Israeli hostages - Entebbe, UgandaEntebbe, Uganda

in Israeli elections the in Israeli elections the right-wing Likud party right-wing Likud party came to powercame to power

Likud was rooted in Likud was rooted in extremist groups like extremist groups like the Irgun of the 1940’s the Irgun of the 1940’s and found support and found support among the among the disadvantaged disadvantaged Sephardic communitySephardic community

hardline policy - all hardline policy - all lands of Palestine lands of Palestine given them by Godgiven them by God

new PM Menachem Beginnew PM Menachem Begin

Polish background, Irgun Polish background, Irgun fighterfighter

viewed all enemies as viewed all enemies as essentially anti-semiticessentially anti-semitic

policy - strong defensepolicy - strong defense

Foreign Minister, Moshe Foreign Minister, Moshe DayanDayan

Sharon responsible for Sharon responsible for settlements - within 25 settlements - within 25 years close to 450,000 years close to 450,000 Jewish settlers in Jewish settlers in Palestinian Occupied Palestinian Occupied TerritoriesTerritories

water resources of West water resources of West Bank exploited by Israel Bank exploited by Israel

Quest for PeaceQuest for Peace

Jimmy Carter elected Jimmy Carter elected U.S. president in U.S. president in 19761976

Carter declared his Carter declared his support for a support for a Palestinian Palestinian ‘homeland’‘homeland’

U.S. and European U.S. and European Community ruled that Community ruled that settlements were settlements were illegalillegal

both Sadat and Begin both Sadat and Begin were open to the idea were open to the idea of peace talksof peace talks

in November 1977 in November 1977 Sadat addressed the Sadat addressed the Knesset Knesset

Palestinians felt Palestinians felt excluded in excluded in negotiations - carried negotiations - carried out attack on bus near out attack on bus near Haifa - 37 Israelis killedHaifa - 37 Israelis killed

Carter now intervened Carter now intervened in the Egyptian/Israeli in the Egyptian/Israeli talks and invited Sadat talks and invited Sadat and Begin to Camp and Begin to Camp DavidDavid

Foreign Minister Moshe Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan accompanied Dayan accompanied Begin; Carter’s National Begin; Carter’s National Security Advisor was Security Advisor was Zbigniew BrezinskiZbigniew Brezinski

after fourteen days of after fourteen days of negotiations an negotiations an aggreement was aggreement was reachedreached

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

formal peace treaty formal peace treaty between Israel and between Israel and EgyptEgypt

Isreal withdrew its forces Isreal withdrew its forces from the Sinaifrom the Sinai

Egypt received major Egypt received major financial aid from the financial aid from the U.SU.S

Israel recognized Israel recognized ‘legitimate rights’ of ‘legitimate rights’ of Palestinian people and Palestinian people and promised ‘full autonomy’ promised ‘full autonomy’ after transitional periodafter transitional period

Israel now able to focus Israel now able to focus on PLO threat from on PLO threat from LebanonLebanon