can ayday erman ayday anadolu university satellite and space sciences research institute gis ostrava...

GIS Ostrava 2005Can AYDAYErman AYDAY

Anadolu UniversitySatellite and Space Sciences Research Institute

The Use of GIS and Handheld GPS Integration for the Preparation of

Quick Plans

Can AydaySatellite and Space Sciences Research Institute

Anadolu UniversityEskisehir-TURKEY

e–mail: [email protected]

Erman AydayElectrical and Electronic Engineering Department

Middle East Technical UniversityAnkara-TURKEY

e–mail: [email protected]



Contents

• GIS and GPS Integration– Definition of GIS– Definition of GPS

• Methodology– The aim of the study – Studied Areas– Equipment, Software and Data Collection

• Preparation of Maps and Plans– Preparation of quick GIS map of touristic area– Preparation of quick GIS map of industrial area

• Results and Recommendations



GIS and GPS Integration



Definition of GIS

• The glossary of GIS books generally describes the GIS as “An organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information”.

• Every interested person can find different GIS definitions which might be useful for their purpose.

• Each data for GIS must have geographic reference value and identify the location of it on the ground.



… con’t.

• Many users have been using computers for manipulation of spatial data since 1960’s.

• During the 1980’s, advances in computer hardware, particularly processing speed and data storage, catalyzed the development of GIS software for handling spatial data.

• GIS is filling a very real need in the face of the rapid growth of digital spatial data in a wide application fields, from social to technical studies.



… con’t.

• Data capture and storage is the most vital component of GIS.

• Collect and capture data from many different sources;– Especially by using GPS technology, – Aerial photographs, – Scanned maps, – Conventional surveys, – Digitized maps, – By remote sensing technology



… con’t.

• The GIS manager can organize this data and assign different layer names and define different feature classes.

• GIS combines layers of information about a place to give you a better understanding of that place.

• One of the main benefits of GIS is improved management of your organization and resources.



… con’t.



Definition of GPS

• All navigators including Magellan, Marco Polo and Piri Reis (who is known as very famous old Turkish sailor) had tried to find their positions more quickly and accurately.

• The most important way for the navigation whether it is for land or sea, is getting information about the location and finding the best route between the target and the destination.

• Today with the help of GPS this problem was solved.• Today Global Positioning System (GPS) is known the

most advanced technology in the navigation technology.



… con’t.

• GPS is also defined as an aerospace technology that uses satellites and ground receiver to determine position anywhere on the earth.

• Many years ago walking pace and some famous natural indicators, landmarks were used to find locations.

• In the 19th century the sextant is used for accurate position definition by measuring height of stars, sun and planets.



… con’t.

• In recent years the availability of global positioning system technology has permitted convenient, inexpensive, and accurate measurement of absolute location.

• GPS, another increasing useful form of GIS technology, was initially developed by the U.S. military but now is widely used for both military and civilian applications around the world, often in conjuction with GIS.

• Global Positioning System (GPS) refers to the group of 24 geosynchronous satellites owned and maintained by the U.S. Department of Defense (USDoD).



… con’t.

• The first GPS satellite put into orbit in 1978, then second generation satellites was launched in 1989. The GPS system became fully operated in 1995.

GPS Satellite GPS Constellation



... con’t.

• These GPS satellites have been launched on six different orbits around the world, and each orbit has four satellites.

• The altitude of the satellites orbit is 20.200 kms and each satellite revolves in every 12 hours at this altitude.

• Each satellite with atomic clocks in it and each satellite transmits a unique signal that is received by a GPS receiver on earth.

• A high precision quartz clock in a GPS receiver is calibrated to a satellite’s atomic clock via information imbedded in the GPS signal.



... con’t.

• Each GPS receiver on the earth generates the same code at the same time as satellite, this property which GPS has the ability to measure the time difference between the signals transmitted and received.

• It is known that these radio signals travel at a constant speed, 299,460 km/s in the atmosphere.

• So, it is possible to locate the precise location of the standing point with the GPS, for the intersection of four spheres with the known distance between GPS receivers and GPS satellites as radii.



... con’t.

Determining Position

Dash lines, actual intersection points,

Buffer zone, area of uncertainty,

Due to no atomic clock in the receiver

Solid lines indicates where the GPS receiver are located on the spheres.

Because of the errors in the receiver’s internal clock, the spheres do not intersect at one point.

The GPS receiver must change the size of the spheres until the intersection point is determined.



... con’t.

• Theoretically a minimum of four distance measurements is needed to find the precise X, Y and even Z location of the given point on the ground.

• It is possible to see at least four satellites on the ground at any time.

• At least 3 satellites are needed for 2-dimensional horizontal navigation.

• At least 4 satellites are needed for altitude (elevation) measurements.

• In the old days 95 % of all positions were accurate to within 25-100 meters.

• Nowadays, civilian users can expect 15 meters of horizontal accuracy or better 95 % of the time.



... con’t.

• Some new advanced systems in GPS, Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) have the ability to pick up correction signals and reduce the position error up to a couple of meters.

• Differential GPS can produce 1-2 cm of horizontal accuracy for property and cadastral surveys.

• In spite of the fact that all systems depend on high or low positional accuracy, all these data are used for mapping and GIS data collection applications.

• GPS can be used as a data capture tool for features, attributes and attribute values in GIS environment.



Methodology



Aim of the study

• Nowadays the data from cheap GPSs can be used to make plans and maps and the GPS data can be converted into the GIS environment more easily.

• GIS and GPS integration systems have some useful applications for the rapid preparation of plans and maps of small areas.

• The main aim of the study is try to explain GIS-GPS integrated systems and apply this methodology for two different aplication fields.



Studied Areas

• Two different areas were selected as the studied areas. • One of the areas belongs to industrial area and the other

belongs to touristic area according to land use classification. – Industrial area of Eskisehir, which is located in the

middle of Anatolia was selected as for the preparation of quick GIS map of industrial area,

– The second area, Gundogan, located in the north part of Bodrum is selected for the preparation of quick GIS map of touristic area.



Location maps of the studied areas



Aerial photos of the industrial area of Eskisehir

from S to N

from W to E



General view of Gundogan touristic area



Equipment, Software and Data Collection

• The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an essential tool for GIS users,

• Low cost, Magellan 315 type handheld GPS is used for collecting GPS data,

• There is a wide variety of free and low cost software packages on the market which allows data communications between GPS receivers and your computer, including full data editing and storage options.

Handheld GPS used for this study



... con’t.

• GPS TrackMaker is one of them and it is used in this study.

• GeoMedia Pro. 4.0 is used for GIS software in this study.• More than 50 waypoints were collected at the Gundogan

touristical area. • The UTM coordinates of the waypoints were recorded in

the GPS and the attributes of the hotel, restraurant and private site were obtained at the same time.

• More than 100 waypoints were collected in the industrial Area of Eskisehir.

• Factories and common utility buildings were selected as feature class.



Preparation of Maps and Plans



Preparation of quick GIS map of touristic area

• The waypoints which define the feature classes were collected for industrial and touristic areas,

• Registered Landsat ETM satellite image was used as background for Gundogan touristic area,

• Hotel classes and restaurant types were selected as attributes for tourist site,

• All the collected waypoints were imported in the GIS GeoMedia Pro software and it is seen that there is a good match between the collected GPS waypoints and registered satellite image,

• Non-graphic data which are the attributes of the touristic places were prepared in a simple database environment and jointed with the graphic objects.



Collected waypoints of touristic locations as feature classes on the satellite image of Bodrum region



GIS based map of the studied area by using GPS



Selected feature class (hotels) from the GIS based map



Attribute query according to the name of the hotel (Hotel Baia)



Attribute query for the Galimera Restaurant



Attribute query according to the name of the hotel (Hotel Catamaran)



Selection of common place (mosque) by using attribute query



Selection of common place (beach) by using attribute query



Preparation of quick GIS map of industrial area

• Types and categories of factories are selected as the main attributes for industrial site,

• Aerial photograph and satellite images were registered to the UTM coordinates before overlapping operation,

• The waypoints which were collected from the industrial area were overlapped on the aerial photograph and satellite images,

• At the end of these two applications it is seen that, good match was reached between the background registered images and the collected GPS data,

• Non-graphic data which are the attributes of the factories were prepared in a simple database environment and jointed with the graphic objects.



Collected waypoints as feature classes from

industrial area on the satellite image



GIS based map of the industrial area by using GPS



Selected category (food indst.) of feature class (firm) from the GIS based map

(aerial photo is used as registered background)



Selection of administrative and common places by

attribute query



Attribute query of the selected food industry (Yasin Cakir Flour Factory)



Attribute query of the selected food industry (Eti Biscuit and Craker Factory)



Different direction views of the selected junction



Query result link between map and data windows (Kilicoglu Tile and Brick Factory)



Query result link between map and data windows (Clothes factories)



Results and Recommendations



• At the end of these studies it is seen that, the collected waypoints by using handheld GPS receiver can be used easily for rapid data collection,

• These data have the ability to transfer rapidly from the GPS environment to the GIS environment,

• The maps and plans which are obtained by using handheld GPS and GIS softwares can be used effectively for getting information, querying and analysing the feature classes.

• Maps are used by the municipalities of these touristic places for giving information to the tourists and for planning and also for the interested person to find the factories which he is interested in.

can ayday erman ayday anadolu university satellite and space sciences research institute gis ostrava...

Documents

ayday satellite

contents gis

use of gis

gis manager

erman ayday electrical

different gis definitions

development of gis software

glossary of gis books