can forest dwellers conserve wildlife in the absence of de ... · can forest dwellers conserve...
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Can Forest Dwellers Conserve Wildlife in the
Absence of de facto State Governance?
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Attributes of users
1. Autonomy
2. Common understanding
3. Salience
4. Distribution of interests
5. Discount rate
6. Trust
7. Organizational experience
Ostrom 1999
A framework 1980’s
Commons management
Community-based management – a solution?
GAP between conservation practice and commons theory
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Trust?
Salience?
Distribution of interests ?
3
2
Wildlife
Discount rates?
4
Other natural resources
5
External
Stakeholders
Pygmies
Bantu
1 Knowledge
Common understanding?
Prior oranizational experience?
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Common Understanding?
Hunters and farmer women have a shared understanding of the current conditions of wildlife
Hunters are more competent than women
Agreement on current species’ abundances amongst “experts” √
Hunters do not agree on population trends
90.4 % (N = 66) of the hunters indicated excessive hunting as the reason for observed declines
Users are aware of the impact of their actions (hunting) √, but do not agree on trends X
48.7 % of hunters could not imagine that certain wildlife species can go extinct
Bantu hunters and residents from villages with more market exposure where mean species abundance was lower, were more likely to imagine that certain species can go extinct
Traditional conceptions X and personal experience √ influence whether hunters can imagine extinction
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Salience? 2
Value orientations:
Anthropocentric (materialist) value orientation: average agreement 82 % attitudes approving the killing of animals
Biocentric (non-materialist) value orientation: average agreement 56.2 % attitudes favoring the protection of wild animals
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Salience? 2
Wildlife highly valued as a source of food and cash income √
Wildlife has a stronger salient
livelihood importance for Pygmies √ X
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Salience ? 2
Wildlife is salient for the poor √ X
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Distribution of interest ?
3 Bantu are wealthier than Pygmies: Mann-Whitney U-test p < 0.0005
Wildlife is less salient in the
livelihoods of the Bantu who have more means (financial, political power) than the Pygmies X
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Characterization Group Discount rate
Bantu (%)
Central African forest dwellers
“Diversified livelihoods”
0.21 56
"Farmers" 0.14 100
"Fishers" 0.17 79
Citizens of CT Heroin
addicts 0.045
Control
group 0.013
Bolivia Indian
Horticulturalists
Women 0.1
Men 0.083
High discount rates
constrain livelihood strategies available to local people as alternatives to hunting (Schooling seems a mediator variable (discount rats ↔ schooling ↔ fishing/hunting))
Discount rates ?
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5
Trust?
Question Mean score*
Std. deviation
1 Do you trust people in this village? 3.23 1.31
2 Will people from this village help you if you are in need?
2.29 0.96
3 Will people in this village lend you money if you are in need?
1.85 0.79
4 Do you think that people in this village will betray you if it is to their personal advantage? (reverse coded for analysis)
3.35 1.04
5 Do people in this village like to work collectively? 3.77 0.77
6 Do people in this village help one another if they need to solve a common problem?
3.25 0.97
Trust and social cohesion 2.96 0.97
Respondents trust less than half of the community members X
* Response scale 1 to 6
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Prior organizational experience
Pygmies Bantus
women men women men Total
16 29 35 54 134
Respondents currently active in a community organization
6 5 8 21 40
Percentage of all respondents (%) 29.9
Respondents who participate(d) in micro-project groups (prior and/or current)
7 9 10 26 52
Percentage of all respondents (%) 38.8
Respondents who participate(d) in a community organization (prior and/or current)
7 9 14 29 59
Percentage of all respondents (%) 44
Percentage thereof that participats/ed in micro-project groups
88.1
Successful prior organizational experience is weak X
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Conclusions
In the absence of accompanying measures communities in Northern Congo are unlikely to successfully manage wildlife resources in a sustainable manner, if given the responsibility and decision-making power.
For a CBNRM initiative to succeed, governmental authorities and/or non-governmental organizations have a crucial role to play.
The central question of agency remains:
Who would be the organizations or authorities to bear the costs and address all these issues?
?
Attributes of users Conducive?
1. Autonomy X
2. Common understanding √ X
3. Salience Pygmies √ Bantu X
4. Distribution of interests X
5. Discount rate XX
6. Trust X
7. Organizational experience XX
Ostrom 1999
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Many Thanks to
Janggen-Pöhn Stiftung
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Industrial logging, wildlife and
poverty: What can a benefit-sharing
agreement between industry and communities contribute?
5