can the experience of playing a shooting game be as different as chalk and cheese ?
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Can the experience of playing a shooting game be as different as chalk and cheese ?. Wannes Ribbens – KU Leuven Steven Malliet – UA / KHLIM. Achtergrond. Recente kritiek op videogame-effectenstudies - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Can the experience of playing a shooting game be as different as chalk and cheese?
Wannes Ribbens – KU LeuvenSteven Malliet – UA / KHLIM
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Achtergrond
• Recente kritiek op videogame-effectenstudies
o Effecten van blootstelling zijn afhankelijk van individuele evaluaties van de spelers (Goldstein, 2005; Sherry, 2007)
o Spelersinterpretaties moeten beter in rekening gebracht worden (Goldstein, 1998; Klimmt, Schmid, Nosper, Hartmann, & Vorderer, 2006)
Blootstelling Focus op spelervaring en spelersbetrokkenheid
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Achtergrond• Game play als een onderhandelingsproces tussen speler
en spelo Game studies
• “Machines for a variety of expression” (Aarseth, 1997)
• Procedureel (Bogost, 2007) / simulationeel (Frasca, 2007)
o Game design• MDA framework (Hunicke, et al., 2004)
o Critical theory• “an act of appropriation by the players” (Malaby, 2007)
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In videogames heeft de speler een actieve rol in het creëren van de spelervaring en de inhoud van een spel (Juul, 2005; Simkins &
Steinkuehler, 2008).
De wijze waarop een spel gespeeld en ervaren wordt, kan een belangrijke rol spelen in het modereren of het verklaren van de mogelijke effecten van game play (Funk & Buchman, 1996; Weber,
et al., 2009).
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Overgang naar effectenstudies
• “Researchers from the social sciences and the humanities have largely talked past one another” (Williams, 2005, p.2).
• Kwantitatief <> Kwalitatief – theoretisch • Effectonderzoek gelinkt met televisiestudies
• Recent meer en meer integratie• Mediapsychologie (bv. Hartmann, 2011)
• Maar nog veel “braakliggend” terrein• Nieuwe concepten / Vertalen concepten traditionele media
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Speelstijlen
Identifying with predetermined violent strategies in video games may result in long-term desensitization to violence (Funk & Buchman, 1996)
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Speelstijlen
• Specifieke aspecten onderzocht• Social play (Gajadhar, de Kort, & Ijsselsteijn, 2008)
• Betrokkenheid (Calleja, 2007)
• Motieven: Uitdaging, competitie, … (Jansz & Tanis, 2005)
• …
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Speelstijlen• Sociale wetenschappen vooral inhoudsanalyses rond geweld
maar• Korte periode (Schmierbach, 2009)
• Verschillende spelers spelen anders (Lachlan & Maloney, 2009; Weber, 2009)
• Game design• Classificaties (Bartle, 1996; Bateman, 2009; Klug & Shell, 2006))
• Bekritiseerd omwille van beperkte empirische grondslag
• Game studies• Structurele analyses (Aarseth, 1997; Juul, 2005)
• Zegt weinig over de speler
• Culturele studies / Sociale wetenschappen• Specifieke focus op speelstijlen (Clarke & Duimering, 2006; Steinkuehler,
2005)
• Vaak rond MMORPGs
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Speelstijlen
• Vereisteno Focus op speler-spel interactieo Over voldoende tijd
• RQ1: Op welke wijze construeren spelers hun speelstijl in shooter games?
• RQ2: Worden verschillen in speelstijlen gevonden over verschillende shooter games heen?
• RQ3: Worden verschillen in speelstijlen gevonden binnen spelers van hetzelfde game?
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Methode (Ribbens & Poels, 2009)
• Drie methoden (N=26 studenten die shooter game speelden)o Kwalitatieve dagboekeno Retrospective think aloud protocolo Focusgroep interviews
• Eén analyseschema• Fictional world; game goals; game world; entities; interface; controls
• Games• GTA: San Andreas; GTAIV; Call of Duty: Modern Warfare; Half-Life 2; Medal of
Honor: European Assault; Counter-Strike.
• Inductieve analyse (Wester & Peeters, 2004)
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Speelassen
Gameplay driven
Efficiency
Reactive play
Risk-taking
Narrative driven
Exploration
Cognitive play
Prudent
Fictional world
Discovery
Strategy
Action
Verschillen tussen spelers van verschillende games maar ook binnen spelers van eenzelfde spel
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Speelstijlen
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Toekomstig effectenonderzoek?
Narratieve rechtvaardiging
Identificatie
Motivaties
Aanvallend - verdedigend
Cognitieve betrokkenheid
Experimenteren
…
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Beperkingen
• Steekproefo Studenten universiteito Verschillende rollen
• Gameso Beperkt aantal games