Your

5%

To use a range of vocabulary and sentence

structures for clarity, purpose and effect,

with accurate spelling and punctuation.

identify and comment on the writer’s purposes and viewpoints,

and the overall effect of the text on the reader?

It helps if you read like a writer

Can you:

identify and comment on the structure and organisation of your present text, including grammatical and

presentational features?

explain and comment on the writer’s use of language, including grammatical and literary features

at word and sentence level?

A noun can be proper, common

or abstract.

A proper noun starts with a capital letter.

Get it right!

I, you, she, he,

it, we, they, this

Number 1:

To use a range ofvocabulary

nouns

A pronoun is used in place

of the noun. pronouns

An adjective describes the noun.

adjectives

Determiners before nouns place a limit e.g. some, this, a, an, two

It can also be comparative (bigger, higher) or superlative

(biggest, highest)

It describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

A verb is in every

sentence. verbs

Verbs are being, having and doing words.

They change according to when they happen (past, present or future).

Get it right!

A conjunction joins up ideas.

conjunctions

and, however, because, whereas, next, such as

An adverbgives more

information. adverbs

They often end in -ly such as (brightly)

emphasises another word

or phrase

extremely, strongly, unusually or exceptionally

intensifier

Commonpronouns

Im

e

you

you

he

him

she

her

Su

bje

ct P

ron

ou

nO

bje

ct

Pro

no

un

Po

ssessiv

e

Ad

jec

tive

my

your

his

her

mine

yours

his

hers

Po

ssessiv

e

Pro

no

un

Re

flex

ive

P

ron

ou

n

myself

yourself

himself

herself

More commonpronouns

itit

we

us

you

you

they

them

Su

bje

ct P

ron

ou

nO

bje

ct

Pro

no

un

Po

ssessiv

e

Ad

jec

tive

its

our

your

their

its

ours

yours

theirs

Po

ssessiv

e

Pro

no

un

Re

flex

ive

P

ron

ou

n

itself

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

When to use aconjunction

and

in addition

as well as

furthermore

also

adding

however

although

even though

unless

except

if / even if

exceptions

because

so

for

therefore

thus

cause &effect

equally in the same way similarly

comparing

when

whenever

while

meanwhile

since

until

time

whereas

instead of

alternatively

but

yet

on the other hand

contrasting

next

then

firstly

finally

after

afterwards

putting in order

for example such as for instance

giving examples

above all particularly especially

emphasising

in particular

Use a Thesaurus to find more...

Number 2:

To use a range ofsentences

They must be different lengths and different structures!

simple sentences

A simple

sentence contains

only one verb,

but it can be long

or short.

complex sentences

A complex

sentence using

a subordinate

clause gives more

information.

A sentence using subordinating or co-ordinating conjunctions

is useful for adding or explaining your thoughts.

To use a range ofsentences

Vary the order of clauses in your sentence to change the emphasis around your thinking.

A question?

A command starts with an imperative verb.

exclamation

An exclamation

conveys a

sense of emotion!

?

?

?

?

Number 3:

To use sentencesfor effect

Always design your sentences for the effect you want.

shortsentences

Short sentences can be used to create suspense and tension, or to give factual statements.

longsentences

Long sentences can be used for more detailed descriptions.

To use sentencesfor effect

Food and oxygen are carried by blood.

Passive voice

Blood carries food and oxygen.

Active voice

Using the active or passive voice to write your sentences

draws attention to different things.

Number 4:

To use accuratepunctuation

.A full stop marks the end of your sentence.

The next sentence starts with a capital letter.

Full stop

,A comma in a sentence makes things clearer for your reader. A comma in a

list saves you from repeating and.

Comma

“ ”

Use speech marks when you are writing dialogue. Put the speech marks at the

beginning and end of the direct speech, and the right punctuation mark inside

the speech mark.

Speech marks

Speech marks can also be used to quote someone else’s words.

?

A question mark is used at the end of a question.

Question mark

!

An exclamation mark is used to show emotion.

Exclamation mark

’ An apostrophe shows who owns something,

or where letters have been missed out (a contracted apostrophe)

Apostrophe

:A colon introduces a list or quotation, or can replace the phrase ‘and that is’.

Colon

;A semi colon can be used instead of a full

stop when you want to hint that one statement explains another.

Semi-colon

-

All three of these types of punctuation are used to surround information that is not essential.

Brackets can also be used as an aside to the reader. Commas used in

parenthesis usually repeat the same information in a different way.

Dashes

Brackets

Parenthetic commas

( )

, ,

...

The three dots show where words have been left out. They are useful for leaving out irrelevant

parts of a quotation when writing a news story. They can also be used to build tension in story

writing by showing a pause in dialogue or narrative, or a character trailing off...

Ellipsis

Paragraphs(use cohesive devices to link your thinking)

Link paragraphs with time references or adverbials so

that the readers can follow the thread of your thinking.

Use an introductory sentence, then

develop it.

Start a new paragraph when you change what you are writing

about – place, time, character.

A paragraph is a section of writing, always around one

idea, within your text.

1

23

Number 5:

To spellaccurately Examples of ways to spell...

Porous rock has spaces between particles (use a mind map to help work out the

definition, look for Latin or Greek roots)

Understand the meaning of the word

wa/ter/falls me/an/ders ox/bow

Split the word into syllables or clap it

-tion endings mean a process: percolation

- cian endings are to do with jobs : musician

- sion endings after stems that end in –d: expand/ expansion

Think of the pattern

Examples of ways to spell...

Faith: faithful, faithfully, unfaithful, unfaithfully

Use theroot word

Practise spelling all the key words you need for your GCSE.

Practise the spelling rules from 'I am learning'

Write it down and check if you are right

Use a dictionary

GEOGRAPHY

Gary Eats Old Grey Rats And Paints House Yellow

Make up your memory hook

CommonGreek roots

Greek Root

anthropo

auto

bio

chron

dyna

dys

gram

graph

hetero

homo

hydr

hyper

hypo

logy

meter/metr

micro

mis/miso

mono

morph

nym

phil

phobia

photo/phos

pseudo

psycho

scope

techno

tele

therm

man; human

self

life

time

power

bad; hard; unlucky

thing written

writing

different

same

water

over; above; beyond

below; beneath

study of

measure

small

hate

one

form; shape

name

love

fear

light

false

soul; spirit

viewing instrument

art; science; skill

far off

heat

anthropologist

autobiography

biology

chronological

dynamic

dysfunctional

telegram

graphic

heterogenous

homogenous

hydration

hyperactive

hypothermia

psychology

perimeter

microscope

misanthrope

monologue

morphing

synonym

philosophy

claustrophobia

photograph

pseudonym

psychic

telescope

technological

telephone

thermal

Definition Example

CommonLatin roots

Latin Root

ambi

aqua

aud

bene

cent

circum

contra/counter

dict

duc/duct

fac

form

fort

fract

ject

jud

mal

mater

mit

mort

multi

pater

port

rupt

scrib/script

sect/sec

sent

spect

struct

vid/vis

voc

both

water

to hear

good

one hundred

around

against

to say

to lead

to do; to make

shape

strength

break

throw

judge

bad

mother

to send

death

many

father

to carry

to break

to write

to cut

to feel; to send

to look

to build

to see

voice; to call

ambiguous

aquarium

audience

benevolent

century

circumference

contradict

dictation

conduct

factory

reform

fortress

fracture

projection

prejudice

malevolent

maternal

transmit

mortal

multimedia

paternal

portable

bankrupt

inscription

section

consent

spectator

restructure

video

vocalise

Definition Example

CommonPrefixes

Prefix

anti-

de-

dis-

en-, em-

fore-

in-, im-

in-, im-, il-, ir-

inter-

mid-

mis-

non-

over-

pre-

re-

semi-

sub-

super-

trans-

un-

under-

against

opposite

not; opposite of

cause to

before; front of

in

not

between; among

middle

wrongly

not

over; too much

before

again

half; partly; not fully

under

above; beyond

across

not; opposite of

under; too little

anticlimax

devalue

discover

enact empower

foreshadow forearm

income impulse

indirect immoral illiterate

irreverent

interrupt

midfield

misspell

nonviolent

overeat

preview

rewrite

semifinal

subway

superhuman

transmit

unusual

underestimate

Definition Example

CommonSuffixes

Suffix

-able, -ible

-al, -lal

-ed

-en

-er, -or

-er

-est

-ful

-ic

-ing

-ion, -tion, -ation, -ition

-ity, -ty

-ive, -ative, -itive

-less

-ly

-ment

-ness

-ous, -eous, -ious

-s, -es

-y

is; can be

having characteristics of

past tense verbs; adjectives

made of

one who; person connected with

more

the most

full of

having characteristics of

verb forms; present participles

act; process

state of

adjective form of noun

without

how something is

state of being; act of

state of; condition of

having qualities of

more than one

characterised by

affordable

universal facial

the dog walked

golden

teacher professor

taller

tallest

helpful

poetic

sleeping

submission motion

activity

active sensitive

hopeless

lovely

contentment

openness

courageous gracious

trains

gloomy

Definition Example